Evening Star Newspaper, January 11, 1925, Page 39

Everyday Religion Not a Talk on Theology, But Upon Life and Right Living. BY RIGHT REV. JAMES E. FREEMAN, D. D., Bishop of Washington. . “WHO ARE THOU?” St. John i.22: “Who art thou? What #aayest thou of thyself?” “He said, I am the voice of one.” NOT always be neu- and silent. There comes a time in the life of every one of us when we must make declaration of the thing we stand for, the prin- ciples we avow and the cause we ad- vocate. Occasionally there may be wisdom in silence and an attitude of seeming neutrality, but such occa- »ions are rare. It is generally true that “the man with an idea has changed the face of the universe. deas and ideals must be articulate; fn themselves, apart from their ex- pression, they are valueless If the beautiful ideal of the painter or the poet is never expressed it dies at birth. The treasure, the riches of the world that we cherish, are the product of minds that dared to utter themselves. Challenged by men to mive expression to their ideals, their It their aspirations, they have readily and gladly uttered themselv and sometimes at infinite cost have given expression to convictions that have resulted in proud isolation from their fellows as, % ok % prophets and seers have been lonely men; lonely because they “counted not their lives dear unto themselve They have been of those— Who, seeing Contend Agatust Tt is no easy task to declare one's mclf, especially where it costs per- so! nconvenience and ultimate sac- rifice o stand up and be counted when in the rity and the odds against us calls for the finest kind of heroism. To run with the crowd, to bold to no fixed convictions, to have no ideal, and cheap and— cowardly. The real in the main far an end sublime, despising party rage { the spirit of the age the spirit of the times The words of the above text were addressed to a very remarkable man. e had been challenged by the ruling classes to state who he was and what he represented, “What sayest thou of thyself?” To his time he was an innovator, a proclaimer of strange doctrines. His utterances were those of one who was censured as with « passion. He essayed a role that was, by prevailing custom, utterly unpopular. There was noth- ing of softness or compromise in his speech. His very exterior as well as his habits were those of one who abandoned himself to a great cause The answer he gave is unique and altogether striking, “I am the voice of One” He would seem to say, “I am but the witness of another; I speak for One who is greater and mightier than L” “He that cometh after me is preferred before me.” This strange forerunner, “John the Baptizer,” as he was called, occupied the unique distinction of being a her- | Truth About P ald of Christ's. In spite of his fear- lessness, he drew multitudes to him, even to his wilderness haunts. Jesus Christ's ministry was ushered in by one who sought to be nothing more than a “volce” and articulate expres- sion of Him who, coming after, was to be the “Light of the world.” * ook ok Every age, indeed every movement, has had to have its interpreter. No great forward movement, no reforma- tion, no advance toward better condi- tion, but has had its bold and self- less forerunners. Some mighty voice has dared to express a truth far in advance of its common recognition by the people. “He's ahead of his time” is the oft-repeated observation of the unthinking and undiscriminating. The shallow and colorless perfods are those that lack men of vision and of unfettered tongues. Nothing is easier than sflence, and in times of stress or emergency nothing is cheaper. Our Christian religion has been challenged and its principies and pre- cepfs questioned in every age. In- deed, it has witnessed its greatest triumphs when it has experlenced its sternest dificulties. Jesus did not glve to men an easy way of salvation. We lean too hard upon that much- abused term, a “comfortable gospel.” The finest heroisms the world has witnessed have been exhibited by those who have dared to stand for deep and unfalling religious convic- tions. “Here I stand; I can do. no other, so help me God,” was the defi- ant utterance of him who stood be- fore kings and rulers. e The application of Christ's teach- ings to the common things of life is at the bar of public opinfon today. Thosq who belleve in His sover- eignty and power are challenged by an age that would live loosely and without recognition of those disci- plines and restraints that His pre- copts call for. There is no difficulty experienced in drawing to His stand- ard those who would simply worship Him according to convenlence and without abandonment of habits and practices that are selfish. Our churches might be thronged with | cager and reverent multitudes of such | folk. There is an appeal in the emo- tional and esthetic in religion. Its pageantry and soulful music are quite Irresistible. To be more than a silent, it irreverent, worshiper calls for finer qualities and more herofc attributes. To be the voice of Him, proclaim- ing in every place and under all con- | ditlons His soverelgnty and the su- premacy of His teachings; to be fear- less in defending His cause when it is inconvenient to do so, calls for courage and loyalty and the willing- ness to be sacrificed, If need be, for what one believes. An “inarticulate religion” was what Donald Harkey found in the British army, but an articulate religion is the only kind that will meet the chal- lenge of our age and win new laurels for its standards. (Copyright 1924.) orto Rico Half Hidden, Says Ex-Speaker BY CAYETANO COLL CUCHI. Former Speaker of the Porto Rican House of Representatives. Tn the last Sunday issue of your paper appeared a statement by the Resident Commissioner from Porto Nico regarding information on Porto Rican affairs made by ‘“unimportant ! ‘persons, with a tendency to discredit the Insular Government. The infor- mation to which the Commissioner refers that contained in a letter addressed by “me to President Cool- idge, commenting upon the public finances of the island, and some oth- er statements made to congressmen and newspaper men concerning the frauds and violences perpetrated in the last elections held in Porto Rico. We are asking for an investiga- tion of the social, political and eco- nomic conditions of Porto Rico under and by the authority of the President or by Congress, The Commissioner and his friends are opposing that. ‘They know how this country would * be amazed to know the truth, other than represented by injerested re- ports of government officlals. Other Side of Picture. Every ons of the figures quoted by the Commissioner is true; but they represent only one side of the pic- ture. The other side is this: All the millions of our commercial trade are handled by half a dozen banks and 40 or 50 corporations. Fac- ing that there are 90 per cent of the total population of 00,000 of the poor peon and labor classes under- fed, barcfoot, sick and uneducated. e commissioner has been all his life a public employe, drawing a pub- lic salary and used to speak govern- mental language. I am a lawyer, a corporation lawyer, one of the few who profit out of the millions quoted by the commissioner; but my con- science rebels against the unbearable conditions of life in which the great majority of my countrymen live. I ?inow that this nation would help us “if only it knew"” and T want every body to know. For that reason, we are atking for congressional hearings nd investigations where all may be said, heard and contradicted, support- ed by proper evidence. Tt is misleading to use the per capita as a test for taxpaying ca- pacity—human souls are not taxed The real test must be the national in- come with relation to the national weaith. There is no means to estab- lish at present the pational income of Porto Rico. What the commissioner gives as the “national wealth” is the ‘assessed value of property,” which are two different things. That “as- sessed value of property” is heavily mortgaged, perhaps to a 50 per cent of the total. at a rate of interest from 9 to 18 per cent Enermous Production Cost. Besides, the cost of production be- ing enormous, the balance of trade til last year it was against it by nearly $2.000,000, and the condition of the sugar companies, regardless of officlal figures, is far from securs. Tt is not true that at the end of the fiscal year for 1924 the receipts of our treasury amounted to $12,618,- 053.39; but on the contrary, there were receipts only to the sum of $9,198,- 385.83, or perhaps less, because in that amount there are included trans- fors from trust funds into the gen- aral funds available for expenditures. The budgetary expenses being $12. 431,724.43, there was a considerable deficit which has been made good by a loan of $3,000,000 from the banks. That loan is counted by the Com- miesioner as recelpts, in order to show a oash balance In the treasury at the end of the year of $402,154.06. The commissioner mentions the sum of $3,035,661.81 as uncollected delinquent taxes, as if this amount of money represenied taxes uncollected during the year 1924, when as a mat- ter of fact they correspond to several years. The uncollected taxes from 1934 do not represent an amount of money equal te that of the $2,000 000 has lowered in favor of the island, unA‘Pl loan; and most of this uncollected taxes is now being litigated in the courts, without possibility of fore- telling results. Sugar Source of Taxation. Most of the opposition' made by sugar corporations to pay certain taxes, upon advice of their counsel, is due to the fact that sugar has been practically the only source of sub- stantial taxation in Porto Rico, and that the taxes were in many cases unconstitutional. The taxpaying capacity of Porto Rico Is unknown and the Government has not made the slightest effort to ascertain it. Sugar being the sole native staple that has good market, the only way found to meet the high expenses of the Government has been to overburden the sugar Industry. Evidence of this statement may be established by the fact that there is scarcely any factory which has a working capital of its own, all be- ing compelled to borrow money year- Iy at rates of 8 and more per cent. The sugar stock is under par value from 20 to 90 per cent. The sole mention of reforms in the sugar tarift brings forth a panic and the stock falls down to 50 or less per cent below par. The result of this tax burdening upon sugar is suffered by the labor- ers, who see themselves paid unrea- sonable wages, without hopes of any betterment, becaus the corporations allege that the profits of the business do not allow so. For the last four years most of the sugar corporations have paid no dividends; and in no case to my knowledge has a dividend been paid over 10 per cent in those four years. It may be that there Is some company or another that may make a better showing, but my statement means a fair average and perhaps more. The whole economic life of Porto Rico is fictitious and lable to be ruined at any moment if the present system continues in force. Admitting that we are a part of the United States and should participate in the fiscal burdens of our citizenship, we live entirely upon the generosity of the United States. Income, which should be federal, is turned into our treasury in the following amounts: 1924, Customs IS U. S. internal revenue 821,790 Income tax. .. 2,517,051 That is more than one-half of our total revenues. G Profits Below Tarif. Besides, the tarift today as it is is the only reason why we can produce sugar. Sugar profits in Porto Rico $1,165,000 THE < BY WILL P. KENNEDY. HERE is general agricultural “color” aplenty in the com- plexion of the conference ap- pointed by President Coolidge, which is now intent upon an exhaustive investigation of farming conditions with a view to making such recommendations as would as- sist in bringing about more stable conditions in all branches of the in- dustry. The different colors—in the form of varled experiences on the part of the individual members—all blend into the formation of a commission admir- ably fitted to carry on investigational work of this nature. Ome thing is certain, f there is considerable to be done by the Federal Government and other agencies for the further res- toration of agriculture to a more profitable position, it will be ferreted out by the members of this commis- sion. And If there is little to be done in this respect, they will report as much. * ok K K When the President named Robert D. Carey of Wyoming as chaifman of the conference, this man of “great open spaces” was described merely as ex-governor of 1is State. The fact that he had spent most of the past 25 years in agrl- cultural and live- stock pursuits, and long ago qualified as a real “cow” man, were not included In news dispatches. Carey possesses the first registered cattle brand in his State and is president of a company which owns the largest herd of reg- istered Hereford cattle—the pictur- esque white-faces so common “out where the West begins"—in the United States. Such qualifications as these persuaded the President to ask him to head the committee. The elder Carey, Joseph M. went to what is now the State of Wyoming in 1869, having been appointed by President Grant as United States at- torney for the Territory of Wyoming. He was later judge of the Supreme Court of the Territory, delegate to Congress, was author of the enabling act which made Wyoming a State, and was its first United States Sen- ator. He also filled the gubernatorial chair which many years later was to be filled by his son. This son, Robert D. Carey, after be- ing graduated from Yale in 1900, im- mediately located in Careyhurst, Wyo. Eastern influences had not weaned him away from the plains as he at once assumed the management of the ranches and livestock interests of J. M Carey & Brother, of which com- pany he is still president. After serv- ing as president of the Wyoming State Falr Assoclation, head of the State stock growers' organization, and In other capacities, he was elected governor in 1919 and served until 1923. During his administration a farm loan act was passed whereby the permanent funds of the State were loaned to farmers at a low rate of Interest. A new highway act was passed and an extensive road-build- ing program undertaken Agricultural activities on the Careyhurst holdings are carried on intensively, and to a considerable ex- tent they have served as a private experimental station for the benefit of all farmers in that region. Many different kinds of crops have been tried out to determine their adapta- bility to local conditions, and one year more than 45 varieties of small grains were produced. Carey agri- cultural products won prizes at the St. Louis and Portland expositions and sweepstakes for the best agri- cultural exhibit on two occaslons at | the Wyoming State fair. Somewhat divorced from agricul- tural activity, but of more than pass- ing importance relative to his work as chief executive of his State were Carey’s pronouncements at the time the now notorious Teapot Dome oil leases were signed. As soon as he heard of the lease belng signed Carey protested to the President on the ground that the oil should be preserved for the future of the Navy, that the lease should have been sub- mitted to competitive bids, and that Wyoming should share in the pro- ceeds. After the lease was granted Carey strongly objected to the send- ing of Marines into Wyoming, advis- ing the President that the courts were still functioning and that legal steps should be taken to remove those who were alleged to be trespassing on the reserve. * ok % % 0. E. Bradfute, president of the American Farm Bureau Federation, undoubtedly holds the record among the members of commission f o r length of public service to agricul- ture. It was In 1900 that he was appointed on the board of control of the Ohio Ex- periment Station, and five years later he was transferred by Gov. Herrick— now Ambassador are somewhat less than the tariff. With free sugar, or even a reduced tariff, the industry would fall into pleces and the island would be totally ruined. When the conditlons are such it is gross fault to characterize our pub- ic finances as sound and our situa- tion as favorable. On the other hand, it is claimed by labor leaders that the corporations make enormous profits, that larger taxes should be paid, that they de- fraud the treasury by refusing to comply with the tax laws and that the workingmen are exploited and oppressed by the large landlords. It is unquestionable that the laborers are in a most deplorable condition.. It such condition is forced upon them by the greediness of corporations it should be clearly established and promptly stopped. 1 am not discrediting anybody: on the contrary, would like to see every- body get his share of credit for this state of things. I simply want some | direct action taken by Congress that would produce a report upon which to base proper legislation to develop | the immense possibilities that we have in Porto Rico for turning the island into an industrial country that would secure enough production to sustain Its 1,500,000 souls in a state of living conditions worthy of their American citizenship. (] to France—to a trusteeship of Ohio State University. In those two capacities he served a total of 25 years. For 27 years he was a breeder and exhibitor of pure-bred Aberdeen- Angus cattle and produced some of the most notable animals of this breed in America. Mr. Bradfute was one of the orig- inal committee of nine that organized the International Livestock Exposi- tion more than 25 years ago and still serves in this body. During that quarter century it has grown to the greatest show of its kind in the world. Bradfute was born in Green County, Ohfo, on a farm which members of his family have owned and operated for a century—a rare occurrence in this country of shifting land owner- ship and retired farmers. Today his sons are running the home place and will continue to do 8o, for the Brad- futes make the boast that they are financially interested in nothing but the products of the soil. When the farm bureau got its start in 1918, Bradfute was one of the pio- neer organizers and served thrae years as first president of the Ohio State organization. He also acted as chalrman of the organization com- SUNDAY 'STAR, 'WASHINGTON, mittea which brought 31 States to- gother in the formation of the Amer- ican Farm Bureau Federation. After terving for two years as vice presi- dent he was elected head of the no- tional organization and has just er- tered upon his third term. * ok ok % Dr. William M. Jardine, president of the Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege, lecturer and writer on agricul- tural subjects, was a “cattle puncher' fn the Big Hole Basin of Montana funtil he was 20 vears of age. His experience ha s been complex, varied, intensive a n d extensive. Born on an Idaho ranch in 1879, Jardine remained in this rugged at- mosphere until he was 15 years old when he migrated to Montana, where he lived the life of a ranger of the early days for five years. He then entered the Utah Agricultural College. Dr. Jardine had been a good student and it was not long after he graduated before he was called back to his alma mater to become head of the agricultural department. Then the United States Department of Agri- culture became interested in his work on grain and in 1906 he came to Washington to fill the position of as- sistant United States cerealist in charge of the grain work in the Western half of the country. He took charge of the agronomy work at the Kansas Agricultural College in 1910, and later filled several impor- tant positions in that institution be- fore he becams its president in 1918, During the World War Dr. Jardine had charge of agricultural produetion in Kansas and won a national repu- tation for his efforts in this field. Besides his college connections, he has served in other agricultural ca- pacities, among them being agri- cultural advisor to the American Bankers' Association and a lecturer at the national school for the train- ing of secretaries of chamber of com- merce. He long has maintained an enviable reputation as a writer and lecturer on agricultural subjects and last Summer won particular prom- inence for his vigorous attack on the McNary-Haugen bill, which was de- feated in the House of Representa- tives. U Few men crowd as much practical experience and success into a lifetime as that credited to Ralph Merritt, president and managing diréctor of the Sun-Maid Raisin Growers of California, who is the youngest member - of the President’s farm conference. Born in Rio Vista, Cal, in 1853, he attend- ed the public schools and grad- uated from the college of agri- culture, Univer- sity of California, in From bovhood he lived on cattle ranches and shortly after grad- uation from the university returned to became vice president and gen- eral manager of Miller & Lux, one of the largest land-owning and cat- tle-raising organizations in the West. In 1912 in response to the request of the regents of the university he re- turned to that institution to reor- ganize its business and financial af- fairs, at the same time keeping in close touch with argicultural matters and operating farming properties. In 1917, at the outbreak of the World War, Merritt was appointed by the governor of California to or- ganize the draft, and was then ap- pointed by the President as Federal food administrator for California. He also headed the Pacific division of the Food Purchase Board, buying all food supplies for the Army, Navy and Allles from the Pacific coast for overseas use. After the war Merritt returned to farming, developing large properties 190 'D. 0, JANUKRY Tf, T025-PART 2 in the San Joaquin Valley. In 1921 he became president and general manager of the Rice Growers' As- sociation, bringing the rice industry from depression and chaos to sub- stantial success and profit. In January, 1928, Mr. Merritt be- came president and managing director of the Sun-Maid Raisin Growers, Te- organizing the raisin industry and assuming the responsibility for re- building of the raisin industry of California. Today the Sun-Maid Raisin Growers of California repre- sent the largest co-operative market- ing organization in the world, which markets its own products under its own brand through its own world- wide selling agencies. In addition to obperating large farming interests and carrying responsibilities of the Sun- Maid Raisin Growers and Rice Growers' Associations, he s regent of the University of California, director of the California Development As- sociation and active in many State matters. * ¥ ¥ ¥ A life-long experience in agricul- tural experiment station and chemis- try work in many sections of the country is credit- ed to R M Thatcher, director of the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Born on a farm fin northern Ohio he was taken at an early date to Buffalo County, Nebr., where his people _continued their farming ‘ac- tivities. At the Nebraska College o f Agricultur Thatcher was given three degrees, including the honorary degres of doc- tor of agriculture in 1923, in recog- nition of “his scientific work. Before and while attending college he managed his father's 800-acre Nebraska farm. After being gradu- ated from his regular college course he was made assistapt chemist at the Nebraska Experiment Station, a posi- tion which he held for two years be- fore going to the State of Washing- ton, where in 1907 he was made di- rector of the experiment station From superintendent of farmers’ in- stitutes in Washington, Thatcher was promoted to the head of the agri- cultural department, and in 1913 was called to the University of Minnesota and placed In charge of the division of agricultural chemistry. In 1917 Dr. Thatcher held the posi- tion of dean of the agricultural de- partment and head of the experiment station. His next move was across the eastern half of the United States to New York where today he is di- rector of the experiment station at Geneva and head of the agricultural station under Cormell University. * % x ¥ Not long ago some individual had his doubts about the agricultural con- nections of C. S. Barrett, president Farmers' Union, chairman of the National Board of Farm Organiza- tions, and one of the pioneer farm organization men on the President’s Fommission. This individual went down into Georgia with the idea of satistying his con- tention and was told®by friends of Barrett that they would give him 31,000 reward it he produced any man in the world who produced as many sorts of farm products as Barrett does. He quit on his investigation right there. “Charley” Barrett is known as one of the “wheel horses” in farm activi- ties. He was bogn on a Georgia farm and today lives in Union City in that State which, by the way, was named for the national organization of which he is now serving his twentfeth year as president—the national Farmers’ Union. He owns and oper- ates six farms scattered from the Blue Ridge Mountains to Florida and raises everything from Japanese per- Spirit of New Italy to Aid Mussolini in War on Foes (Continued from First Page.) ing charges that he governs by dictator- ship alone. Mussolini feels that at heart the nation is with him, and would much rather have a semblance of dictatorship in national affairs than resort to the old method of government by timid cliques that merely permitted Italy to drift, not forward, but into unchartable courses. The opposition is waging a tre- mendous fight against Mussolini, having made the murder of Deputy Giacomo Matteotti a signal for con- certed offensive against the Mussolini regime. When Mussolini first came Into power he refused to proceed against his political enemies and exterminate them, as has been the case In prac- tically all other Buropean revolu- tions. He pursued a course of trying to win them over on the principle that bye-gones are bye-gones, and if Italy was to assume her new place in the sun, this policy necessarily would have to be pursued. His enemies, however, halled his temporizing as weakness. A vast section of the Italian people, even Fascisti them- selves, began to suspect that this strong man was no longer strong, and as he kept his peace and refused to act against the’opposition with the vigor marking his selzure of govern- ment, this feeling grew. When it appeared that the opposition was gaining force, the open break of for- mer Premler Salandra marking the moment, Mussolinl appeared in the chamber of deputies, and in forceful terms declared his willingness to as- sume responsibllity for every crime charged against the Fascisti, and, furthermore, would end within 34 hours the intolerable political situa- tion that had arisen and which was menacing the permanency of the gov- ernment. Mussolini kept his word. Throughout the length and breadth of Italy the Fascisti came into play, and within a short time opposition organizations were disrupted, their newspaper mouthpieces suppressed and arrests were general. Signifi- cantly with this show of force re- turned the old confidence in Musso- lini, returned many of the doubters, and general became the belief that after all the Italian people had not, misplaced their confidence. Notwithstanding, Mussolinl con- tinues to be a target for enemies, both within and without Ttaly. Misin- terpretation of Mussolini and his mo- tives in other nations vary with the misunderstanding of his motives and the motives of the Italian peopls who have made Mussolini possible. For without thé people’s support Mussolint could not have retained his position for the more than two years that he has been in power. Likewise, mis- Interpretation of Mussolini varfes in other nations as the desires and political schemes of these nations have been frustrated by Mussolini. Whatever his methods, no matter how they may appear to be arbitrary and in violation of many of the more democratic tenants of western gov- ernments, Mussolini is the epitome the living representation, of that seething cauldron of ambition born in the hearts and minds of the new Italy, created by the young Italy,and as such will seek no quarters and give none. As he continues to pursue this policy respect for him within Italy will grow. Whatever strictly political develop- ments in the next few days, there is every indication that Mussolini will retain his power and the preponderant vote of the people of Italy will be registered for fascismo in the new elections. Mussolini is far from political sunset. But should the unexpected transpire there stands the erect form of the Duke of Avsta, as strong a character and as determined to see Italy's destinies realized. s I Germany’s New History. Germany got a new government six years ago; now she is going to have a new history. The stentorian Hohen- zollerns and fox: trotting crown princes that have littered the page: of German history since Frederick the Great will be fewer. Dynasties and imperial wars will be somewhat sup- pressed, and the massive loyalty of a people that carried the nation un- flinching through sacrifice in peace and hard suffering in war will be writ- ten_high. The heroes of Germany are the Ger- man people, not the Hohenzollerns, and it is well that the new history of the German republic should say as much.—Chicago Daily. Tribune, his own Members of Coolidge Farm Commission Are Real Farmers and Cattle Growers simmons to cotton and all the way back to alligator pears. The menner {n which Mr. Barrett handles the tenants on his farms is of particular {mportanc Each tenant is furnished everything and shares on a 50-50 basis with the own- er. Mr. Barrett was a member of the Country Life Commission, ap- pointed by President Roosevelt, and has served in a host of capacities as- soclated with farm interests. * k% X Fred H. Bixby, president of the American Natfonal Livestock Associa- tion, qualifies as an authority on agriculture and livestock for the particular reason that he operates a 15,000-acre place known as the Rancho Los Ala- mitos, Long Beach, Cal; pas- tures livestock on 100,000 acres in that State and 150,000 acres in the Tonto Nation- al Forest reserve in Arizona. Ex- tensive as his holdings and operations are, he has found time to devote to valuable as- sistance in livestock association work. With members of his family Bixby moved to the present California ranch when he was two years of age and has been actively operating it during the greater part of his life- time. On the ‘extensive ranch of 15, 000 acres a wide varlety of crops are grown including 3,700 acres of sugar beets, 200 acres of oranges and sub- stantlal crobs of hay and grains, beans and all kinds of vegetables. Besides serving his third year as head of the national livestock as- sociation, Bixby has served terms as president of the California Cattle- men’'s Assoclation. At present he is president of the Alamitos Land Co., in California, and is on the board of directors of the Long Beach Branch of the Security Trust and Savings Bank of Los Angeles. These contacts have enabled him to closely study agricultural land development as well as finance. * x % x A close association with the live- stock industry and particular at- tention to sheep had been the forte of W. C. Coftee, dean of the col- lege of agricul- ture, University of Minnesota. Born on a farm, 50 miles from In- dianapolis, Coffee was attracted to livestock farming and after a sea- son’s tutelage un- der an expert sheep man, re- turned to his In- diana farm where he met with suc- cess i fitting Shrohpshire sheep for show. After serving as caretaker of the herds at the University of II- linofs, he entered the teaching pro- fession and was promptly dubbed “the overalls professol He was gradu- ated from the Illinols Collegs of Agriculture in 1906 and recelved his mater's degree in 1909. During the same year he traveled widely in Great Britain and Europs where he had a first-hand opportunity of study- ing the foreign livestock situation He won particular note several vears ago as a breeder of Rambouillet sheep, one ram which he raised at the University of Illinois having sold for the extremely high price of $1,600 President Taft in 1911 appointed Coffee to the Federal Tariff Board, and in a study of the cost of pro- ducing wool and mutton he visited every Western State and came in contact with hundreds of sheep farmers During the 18 years that Coffes was associated with the University of Il- linols he won a natlonal reputation as an expert in sheep husbandry and wrote a valuable text book on the subject which is now used in schools and colleges. He went to the Uni- versity of Minnesota in 1931 to be- come dean of the department of agri- culture. This department as con- stituted today comprises the college of agriculture, three schools for in- struction of sub-colleglate rank, and the experiment station work, consist- ing of a cemtral station and efght branches. A Yotal of 400 persons are under the personal direction of Coffee in his present work. * k% % L. J. Taber, master of the National Grange, has more than a legitimate claim to being a farmer in all its aspects. He comes from a line of Quakers who have been farming fog almost 300 years. Early in life he moved to Belmont County, Ohlo, and lived on the same place until two vears ago, when he became master of the grange, one of the largest and oldest assoclations in the United States. Since that time his headquarters have been in Columbus, but he was too securely anchored as a farmer and continues to follow progress in the home place. Taber was just 7 years old when he began milking cows and he has since been closely assocfated with the dairy development in his State. When he was married to a farm girl the father of the young woman presented her with a young Jersey calf, an ani- mal which has produced thres gold- medal descendants and several silver medal winners. This cow has helped make daily history on the Taber farm. Taber has devoted 25 years of his life to the furthering of the organiza- tlon which has rewarded him with the highest honor in fts gift. First 2s a county deputy organizer, then as national deputy, then as lecturer for the Ohlo organization, Taber has worked in the association from the ground up. For eight years he was master of the Ohio Grange and is now serving his second term as na- tional leader. During the time he was lecturer in Ohio the grange in- creased in membership from 50,000 to more than 105,000. He was a mem- ber of the wheat price committee during the World War, as well as on the Ohio State Council for De- fense and the Btate Food Administra- thom, - Tiag B Howe About ° Jingo-SoIdiers; The Young Man’s Chance; The Lowly and Morgan. BY E. W. HOWE, “The Sage of Potato Hill.” AM always sorry when a military man becomes prominent and makes speeches and writes for print. These men always de- clare we are-in danger and should prepare for war. How common the story that New York is unprotected and might be easily destroyed! ¢ 1t comes from military men. Yet in the wars in United States history we have usyally attacked. Other nations have let us alone. The military debt under which we are now staggering— and will stagger for many vears to come—was the result of our engag- ing in war when we were not at- tacked. We attacked Spain, Mexico. Germany. I have seen enough of soldiers and saflors to know they are educated and intelligent gentlemen, but they give bad advice. This constant talk about danger from attack does great harm, and it isn't true. It does not become gentlemen. Military men are rapidly promoted as a result of war, as politicians are promoted as a result of elections. This is dhe of the bad features of our military system. There is an old story that in China doctors are paid to keep their patients well. When a doctor’s patient becomes ill he iy be- leved to be a dangerous doctor.and his head s cut off. Military men should be paid to keep us out of wars, rather than to en- courage us to engage in them. We have been so educated in the war idea by military men that a man of peace is belleved to be a coward. The most sensible and decent thing in the world is peace, yet peace has been made disreputable by profes- sional soldiers. I always liked that story of an- tiquity about Asoka, a mighty king and general. He became so famillar with the horrors of war that he hated it, and thereafter devoted his life to peace. And his nation prospered more be- cause of peace than it had ever pros- pered because of war. Besides, his memory is blessed everywhere by mankind. Why should our military think more of Asoka and Napoleon? A great soldier, but Napoleon was 8o quarrelsome, impudent, mean, that he was a pest. and died miserably in- stead of gloriously, as Asoka did. * ok % ow Young men -often say they haven't the chance now their fathers had, when the country was newer. Noth- ing in it. There is pioneering voung men may engage in now that will pay them hgndsomely. Let them pipneer in the old-time efficiency, in the old- time devotion to their jobs. The old fellows have wandered away some- what from these virtues. They have too short hours, too many do live- wire stunts and belong to too many clubs. Let their sons bring them back to a realization of these faults. There is so much shiftlessness everywhere now, even in the best business places, that the young men will find great appreciation for better work. And pay! There is a sack of money walt- ing to be shaken into every young man's lap who will work as many hours as he should and practice the reliability, politeness and efclency the older men preach and s=o fre- quently neglect themselves. e An old fellow writes me: “I note your free discussion of women and your profound admiration for good ones. The best ones have strange traces of devilment in their make-up. I have lived with my wife 43 years. We have seven children, all of them married and doing well. I adore my wife, and have since I first met her, but occasionally I detect her in mean little tricks that shock me. Were men not less of she not married to the most indulgent man in the world, she could be as mean as sin e : It has been said many times—and always foolishly—that the radical of today is always the conservative of tomorrow. A radical s never a con- servative; he is always demanding a lot of things he is not honestly en titled to; alwavs in revolt againat the natural order and compelling the conservatives to make him behave himself. On election day it becama necessary for the conservatives tn again go to considerable trouble and rub the noses of radicals in facts. It will be necessary in all time to come for conservatives to control the radicals, who want to eat not only the nest egg but the setting hens and the addled eggs under them. It is true enough that the con- servatives closely investigate every argument put forward by the rad cals, and if sense is found in one it is adopted. But there is rarely sense in the arguments and proposals of radicals. Whenever conservatives have adopted a radical proposition it has usually turned out to be a mis- take. A startling feature of the re- cent election was the number of rad ical propositions rejected after trial The commonest of the common people are becoming convinced that the propositions of the radicals are al- ways foolish. * 3k kk Some one wrote in a magazine the other day that every one cooks bacon wrong, and tells how it should bs done. Where did thls guy get the notion that milllons of people have been cooking bacon millions of yea and that none of them have discov- ered the right way? Here is evi- dently another advice-giving ass who has entirely too good an opinion of himself. o In a certain town thers is a whits man who hauls slop with an old, half-crippled team of horses and dis- reputable wagon. He lives in the suburbs in half tent, half shack. He assoclates & good deal with colored people. A colored husband, indeed, talks of taking a shot at the white man. He 1s a poor man—one of the lowly. What sound foundation is there for the talk that this man is better than J. P. Morgan, an interna- tional financier, a very rich man and very generous philanthropist? How much truth is there in the story that it Mr. Morgan and this poor man should die at the same time Mr. Mor- gan would go to hell and this poor man to Abraham's bosom? * x % % Falrly capable and reliable mon are so scarce that they are commanding enormous incomes. Most of them get twice as much as they are sctu- ally worth. I'am only a second or third rater at my trade, but have steady habits, and have been able to get first-rate pay. Young men com- ing on should know that the great thing to consider is reasonable reli- ability, reasonable industry. There are so many idlers, so many unreli- able men, that these simple qualities attract great attention. And I agal declare my opinion that there is more pleasure in doing vour work fairly well and In meeting the obligatio every man owes himself than can be found in dissipation of any kind. *x % % Married people tell funny storles on themselves. I was talking lately to a wife who says that she com- plained to her husband a good deal in her early married life because he didn't say frequently he loved her. The husband finally tired of it and said to her: told vou once T loved you, and I don’t want to hear any more about it.” (Copyright. 1925.) Accomplishments Are Cited As League Ends Fifth Year (Continued from First Page.) of Natfons was begun have failed to materialize. Lacunae will exist in any written instrument and some minds will hold back from any ex- periment thus begun because its charter fails to provide for possible but remote contingencles. The de- bates at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States were replete with such indications and the Constitution is conspicuously incomplete with respect to many needs of our national life. Thus it is constitutionally possible for Presi- dent Coolidgs to choose all the mem- bers of his cabinet from his own State of Massachusetts; vet this pos- sibility does not worry the people of Texas or of California because of their confidence that good sense and good faith will be exercised by the President and that any President will take account of political necessities not covered by legal restraint. Such Dprocesses are familiar to the peoples of most other countries. Yet, when the covenant of the League of Nations was being debated scant allowance was made for them in some quarters and the covenant was thought by some to be defective merely because of remote contingencies which its provisions failed to cover. In five vears, however, none of the lacunae in the covenant has given very serfous trouble. A few attempts have been made to fill in the gaps and several amendments have come into effect during the past year. But, in the main, the meaning has been given pracision only as affairs have necessitated it. Practice and procedure have been established as the good faith and good sense of the hour dictated. In five years’ experi- ence, the covenant has proved to have been more adequately drafted than one would have expected of the war-weary world of 1919, Curb on War. In one important respect, however, opinion has goné beyond the cove- nant during this interim, and its march has been taken into account during the past year in the drafting ‘of & new instrument designed to sup- plement and in some particulars to supersede the covenant's provisions. The framers of the covenant went be- yond any precedent in providing that each member of the league should agree that every dispute should be submitted to & peaceful procedure and that it would in no case “resort to war uitil three months after the award by the arbitrators or the re- port by the council.” The step would have been deemed chimerical by the delegates at either of The Hague conferences. Yet events seem to have shown that it did not go far enough. And at the fifth assembly, in 1934, the delegates of 48 states collaborat- ed in drafting a new protocol, which iis a much more thoroughgoing at- tempt to outlaw war. Though it has now been signed by 17 states, this protocol may never come into effect. But in any case it will have fur- nished a new starting point for fu- ture effort, and it seems likely that on this basis some further progress will be made toward putting war outside the pale of law. Five vears are a short period in human affairs. But they have been long enougli for-a. voluminous record of successfud co-operation to be built up. Even if Mr. Wilson had never advocated his fourteenth point, per- haps somfe machinery would have been improvised for the acute situa- tions which were bound to follow the war. Perhaps the settiement in Up- per Silesia and in Memel, perhaps even the financial restoration in Aus- tria, could have been undertaken by some sort of supreme council or con- ference of ambassadors. And ar- rangements might have been included In the treaties of peace themselves which would have discharged in some way the functions of the league in conection with the protection of mi- noritles, the supervision of the man- dates and even the administration of Dansig and the Saar. But the record contains much more It is a long story of an effort to in- troduce law and order into a compli- cated world suddenly dwindled by in- vention and Industry into a serles of communities which for many purposes constitute a single unit. Such ac- tivities of the league as the registra- tion and publication of 800 interna- tional treaties, the organization of intellectual co-operation, and the ex- tension of international labor legisla- tion indicate the degree to which the existence of a world community has been taken account of. Aided Many Settlements. For a period there was danger that the league would be shelved. Out- standing problems left over by the war eclipsed the importance of its earlier activities. But in its most spectacular function—that of handling international disputes—scope has not been denied to it during these five years. The Aaland Islands dispute, the Vilna dispute, the Corfu dispute, the Memel dispute, the Mosul dispute —these are only the outstanding cases in a long line of settlements aided. The capiti fact today 1is that in spite of the Uissatisfaction with the peace treaties, in spite of the inade- quateness of the covenant, in spite of the discouragements of the post-war situation and in spite of the uncer- tainties of the future, the league lives and grows. For 55 peoples of the world it is a symbol of peace and understanding and co-operation. The momentum already achleved cannot fail to keep it golng for yvears to come. If the experiment can go on for a quarter of a century, if the Per- manent Court of International Jus- tive can| continue to build a cumu- lating case-law, If the tradition and habit of international conference can be kept alive by the annual meetings of the assembly and the International Labor Conference and by the quar- terly meetings of the council, if the secretariat and the permanent com- mittees can continue even part of their acitvities of the past five years, it may not be too sanguine for us to hope that the future will find in the League of Nations some compensation for the nightmare which our genera- tion calls the war. Strong on Gestures. From the Kaosas City Star ‘Washington reports that France has made several gestures toward opening negotiations for the funding of its American debt. The French are strong on gestures,