Evening Star Newspaper, August 10, 1924, Page 30

THE EVENING STAR _wm. Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. SUNDAY.. ..August 10, 1924 THEODORE W. NOYES, . . .Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company Business Office, 11th St. and Pei n‘flv nia Ave. New York Oftice: 110 Ea t. Chicago Office: Tower ild ‘European Office: 16 Regent St.,London, England. The. Evening Star, with the Sunday morning edition. ix deliversd by carriers within the city at 80 cents per month: daily only, 45 cents per month: Sunday only, 20 cents per month ay be sent by mail or tele- Colleétion is made by car- Tiers at the end of each month. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. Daily and Sunday..1yr. Daily. only .......1yr. Sunday only ......1yr. All Other States. Daily and Sunday.1 yr., $10.00:"1 mo., 85¢ Daily only $7.01 Sunday onls $3.00; 1 mo., 25¢ Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled o the ‘use for republication news patches credited to it or not otherwise credited in_this paper and also the local news pub- likhed ‘herein. Al rights of publication of special dispatehes herein are also reserved. $6.0 2.40; 1 The Future Washington. The Commission of Fine Arts has given approval to the site tentatively chosen at the intersection of Sixteenth street, Columbia road and Mount Pleasant street for a statue of Francls Asbury, Methodist bishop of historic distinction: has chosen Meridian Park as the place for the statue “Serenity"; has under consideration the design for lamp-posts to replace those now used, and is advancing the artistic de- velopment of the Capital in many other ways. The creation of this com- mission has had important results to ‘Washington. It was a move to pro- tect the Capital against the erection of Government buildings out of har- mony with the whole scheme of public architecture and against the. setting up of sculpturally unworthy monu- ments. It was the opening of the way 1o public regulation by competent au- therity over the design of new con- struction. The power given the Com- missioners to restrict height of build- ings and the power of the Zoning Commission to control the character of buildings and the uses to which they may be put in certain quarters of the city were important steps. We are on the way, but we must advance. Washington is often called the most beautiful of cities. The word “beautiful” is overworked. There are quarters of Washington where build- ings and their setting in park and by ‘wide, smooth, tree-lined streets which are as fine quarters as in any other American city and as fine as any in Paris, Rome or Vienna. There are quarters in Washington which are mean and homely. Though we have no “slums” we have quarters which are distressing. Population, at least what might be called the old standard population, is leaving the city as it was planned by 1’Enfant, and is building quarters be- yond the 1791 bounds and making scores of villages. If the tide does not turn the old city will be depopulated. The cost of maintaining sewer, water, lighting, fire and police protection and other public service in the old city and extending it to the new city is very heavy and taxes are increasing. While emigrants from the old city sought cheaper homes in the “sub- ulbs” values in what were outlying sections have made remarkable in- creases, but in the old city, except in business districts and prospective busi- ness districts, there has not been an equal increase in property values be- yond the general increase in price which many authorities ascribe to cheap money or. the decreased pur- chasing power of a dollar. Yet there is plenty of room in old Washington it districts were well built and other- wise improved. The old city should be made a bet- ter city. Much of it will have to be rebuilt. Its ground plan is the best in the world, and there will not be need to condemn built-up districts for street extension as was necessary in Paris when the practical reconstruction of that city was begun under the third Napoleon and his engineer-architect Haussmann. Paris has come to its place as e city largely through laws and regulations as to the height, de- sign and general character of build- ings whick curb- “lawless individual- ism"” and ‘“architectural vagaries.” The building regulations of Paris might seem to Washingtonians bur- densome, and perhaps tyrannical, but if Washington is to be as grand a city as Paris, or the most splendid city of the world, its people will have to take a leaf out of the book of Paris. ——— It is better for an orator to register at the outset a decision not to speak than to go into the campaign with a surcharged ‘‘subconscious mind" which may overflow with embarrassing inad- wvertence. —————— The motto “Keep Cool With Cool- idge” does not, at this exact moment, suggest complete co-ordination be- tween the Weather Bureau and the ‘hite House. ———— Marines at Antietam. The Marine Corps expeditionary force of the East will march from Quantico to Antietam this month and will work out some problems on that historic ground. Last year the Ma- rines simulated battle service in the Wilderness, and much matter ap- peared in the press recalling the cam- paign in early May, 1864, which was the opening of Grant's' campaign against Lee's army and Richmond, which led, in April, 1865, to the cap- ture of the Confederate capital and a few days later to the surrender of the shattered Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House. When ‘the Marines were in the Wilderness the eye caught in print such place- names as Elys Ford, on the Rapidan; Germanna Ford, Mine Run, Orange turnpike and the plank road, Wilder- ness Tavern, Parker's store, Brock road, Catharpin road, Todd's Tavern and Corbin’s Bridge. In our Civil War they were places of tragic note. ‘With the Marines on the fleld of Antietam recollections will be revived of the fighting of September 17, 1862. It was the first Confederate attempt .at invasion of the North. - Historians disagree as to whether it was a Con- federate or a Union victory or a “draw,” - but Lee's purpose was thwarted, though at such cost to Mc- Clellan 'that he gould.not follow the withdrawn army of Lee. We shall probably read much of some of the passes in South Mountain, of Boons- boro, Sharpsburg and Keedysville. We shall see the once familiar names of Dunkard Church, Hagerstown pike, Nicodemus Hill and the sunken road, which came to be known as Bloody lane. Perhaps a good many will be moved to turn to the history of 1862 and then to look at a map of the field of Antietam. A great many Washingtonians pass through the center of the field by auto and note scores of markers by the roadside, but other scores of monu- ments along the creck and the fields below and above. the road from Keedysville to Sharpsburg are seen by few persons. Little conception of the fight is to be had by driving over the road through the center of the battle territory. It would be neces- | sary to read a chapter on the move- ments of the armies before they met, to have a map of the battlefield, and then to travel over the field; but a fairly satisfactory .way would be to understand the designs of Lee and McClellan and go to the top of the tower which has been built near Bloody lane, from which one may see a considerable extent of the fighting ground. e~ Constitutional Amendments. A unique view of the proposed amendment to the Constitution to en- able Congress to limit, regulate and prohibit child labor is taken by a man of Minneapolis, who has gone to the trouble of putting forth his objections in a leaflet which he distributes from the coolness of Bryants Pond, Me. The latitude is significant. Were it further South the hot weather might be at- tributed as a cause of this pronounce- ment. For it is in truth one of the strangest views that have ever been seriously—and certainly this must be serious, as it has been put in type— taken of the procedure of amending the fundamental law of the country. Briefly stated, this protestant urges that the child labor amendment is “unpatriotic, disloyal and revolution- ary.” It is revolutionary, he says, be- cause no such power as that proposed has ever before been given to Con- gress, because it proposes to introduce into the Constitution governmental powers foreign to it, which would de- prive the people of the respective States of the right of local self-govern- ment and transfer it to foreign hands. The present protestant against the amendment denies that the Constitu- tion can be amended except along cer- tain limited lines. He agrees that the Constitution itself gives the right to three-fourths of the States, at the pro- posal of two-thirds of Congress, to ef- fect changes, but those changés can extend only to “needs for the Consti- tution as expressed in its preamble.” No amendment that violates the prin- ciple of absolute sovereignty in the people of the States in local self- government is within the right of Con- gress to propose or the States them- selves to ratify. The author of this pamphlet de- clares that “no additional power was givén to Congreks inany of the amend- ments.” Yet the seventeenth amend- ment gave Congress the power to im- pose an ‘income tax upon the people, despite the provision of the original Constitution that “all duties, imposts and excisés” shall be uniform through- out the United States. Which clause was the essential basis of the Supreme Court's decision against the income tax law 30 years ago. It was to over- come that decision that the geven- teenth amendment was adopted. Again there is the eighteenth amendment, granting to- Congress the right to enact laws prohibitive of the manufac- ture and traffic in intoxicants, a sub- ject not mentioned in the original Constitution, . It is, of course, the idlest folly to propose that the Constitution cannot be amended in any way to any extent, with one exception, by reason of es- sential limitations comprised specifi- cally or inferentially in the funda- mental law itself. When the Consti- tution makers in Article V provided means for making amendments they placed only two limitations upon the nature and scope of future changes. One was that no amendment which might be made prior to the year 1308 should in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses of section 9, Ar- ticle T, which related to temporary provisions as to migration and direct taxes in advance of a census. The other, and the only specific, positive and permanent limitation, was that ‘“no State without its consent shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.” ——— As an evidence of childish impulse mingled with rapldly maturing men- tality might be cited the fact that Babe and Dickie wanted $10,000 with which to buy pley ‘toys. i ————— e The Dawes plan could not'be made thorough enough to provide against the usual expensive delays in prelim- inary discussion. Soviet Russia is gradually seeking modifications and relationships which will make it more. Ruseia and less soviet. . The Smoke Screen. A few hours after the Commission- ors amended the police regulations in an attempt to meet the smoke-screen device of liquor runners there was » smoke-screen case in the streets of the city. A prohibition officer gave chase to a party of suspects in an automo- bile, and the pursued and pursuers traveled through streets from South to North Washington at high speed. This was in the afternoon, when crowds of people and many machines were on the streets. The news report says: ‘“‘Other policemen on motor cycles joined the chase, but on every occasion when the police. were in a position to capture the flesing men the smoke-screen apparatus - ‘was brought ‘into play: successfully. The suspected car finally was lost in thick Thet a law-observing citisen was not killed during the flight and chase wunodlugh. The escape of the rum runners seems to have been due to the smake screen. The smoke screen is an evil in two ways. It endangers the life of persons in the streets and it helps bootleggers to escape. A heavier penalty is to be applied to bootleggers using a smoke screen, and it the new penalty does not discourage the smoke screeners it can be made heavier. The Commissioners have caused it to be written into police regulations that “any person causing the emission of smoke or gas of any character from a vehicle of any description for the purpose of hindering officers of the law in the performance of their duty shall be liable to & fine not exceed- ing $500.” Heretofore the smoke-screen,penalty ‘was a fine of $40, being the same pen- alty. which might be put upon any automobilist for letting his car “smoke.” The $500° penalty will no doubt help the cause of law and order, but the Commissioners have been con- servative. Success in bootlegging brings high profits, and there are per- sons who believe that a term of serv- ice on the work farm would be more effective than a fine. —— e The President’s Vacation. The President will take a vacation, and will probably spend the time at the Coolidge home, Plymouth, Vt. He will leave Washington after the notifi- cation ceremony August 14. There is no objection by any normal man that the President should have a vacation. It is @ pleasant thing to do, and be- lief is universal that a rest from hard work makes a man fitter for hard work. A good deal has been said that “the place for the President is at ‘Washington,” and that “people like to see a President stick to his job.”” That is true within reason. It sits better with most earnest men that a Presi- dent attend to business rather than make frequent and somewhat aimiess tours. These are often called “junk- ets,” but generally they impose hard- ship on a President making such trips. A number of repogts have recently been ment out that “friends of the President are urging him to take a va- cation.” One impression made by such reports is that they might be balloons sent up to find out whether people ap- prove a vacation for the President. They do, and they will wish him rest and peace of mind in the green hills of Vermont. —————— The A. F. of L. is apparently not quite satisfied with the willingness of John W. Davis to follow the example of the tattooed lady described by the museum manager as prepared to con- verse upon the topics of the day and answer each and every proper ques- tion. —_—————— When Richard Loeb tried to give purloined trinkets to a girl she told him he was ‘coo-coo.” Her attitude was discreet, but her language was scarcely such as should be addressed to a young man specializing on su- perior intellectual attainment. —_———— One objection to the utilization of the city's public shade places for park- ing purposes is the fact that it would deprive the flivver-pursued pedestrian of even the semblance of opportunity to take to the woods. ——— Politics will undoubtedly hold its own in popular discussion despite the fascinating prominence of such sub- jects as the theory of evolution and the possible - human habitability of Mars. ———————— After so many investigations it may be difficult in early August to decide whether the voting population is apathetic or stunned. ———— Assurances that a hot spell is broken are too often followed by dem- onstrations of the ease with which it can be mended. ————— SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Exceptional Case. A man whose eye was wandering Said, “See the pretty bird! Of this esylum I am king. Perhaps of me you've heard. 1 lacked & million dollars when These doors upon me shut. I'm one of those unusual men. An ordinary nut. “I haven't any complex strange; No phrases long and nice For me the doctors could arrange. I didn’t have the price. Although in science, I agree, No figure great I cut, It's some distinction now to be An ordinary nut.” ‘With the Masses. “You no longer wear a high hat and a Prince Albert coat when campaign- ing.” “Certainly not,” replied Senator Sorghum. “A statesman must not try to impress people too much with per- sonal dignity. He must show that his heart is warm with understanding syrhpathy for the things that enter closely into their daily lives and as. pirations. Hereafter I'm going to be photographed in my golf clothes.” Authoritative Opinion. The constable in pccents grim Excleimed, “That bathing suit's too slim!” Her smile was wonderful to see. “The camera man thinks not,” said she, Jud Tunkins says a good talker would, be more entertaining if as a rule he didn’t most generally wind up by tryin’ to sell you something. Again the Ultimate Consumer. The farmer smiles, since pigs end ‘wheat Are getting prices anappy. ‘We who ham sandwiches must eat Are not so wildly happy. Titles. “And you refused to marry a title?” " “Yes,” - answered Miss Cayenne. “When you marry & man you must expect to know him like & book. And titles are so frequently misleading!” “Don’t tell me 'bout de good old times,” said Uncle Eben. “Ten or fif- teen years fum now folks'll be talkin’ 'bout deshere times jes' de same way.” Mixing Morals and Medicine Bad Tendency, Says Marshall BY THOMAS R. MARSHALL, HERE seems to be a danger these days of a mixing of our morals and our medicine. So marveloys are the cures being ‘wrought by science that it is dificult to distinguish between the scientist and the Christian Scientist. For many years high-minded men have been pouring into the ears of the public the idea that in reality there is no such a thing as crime. ‘It is just dis- ease, they have been arguing, and ought to be treated as such. This may be true, but we are ap- proaching the time when the sort of treatment this disease should be sub- mitted to must be defined. More and more, In our endeavor to carry out the constitutional theory that one of the main objects of punishment is the reformation of the criminal, we have been developing the parole system. The penitentiaries are likely to be depopulated unless great increase in so-called crime sets in. Governors, pardon and parole boards, judges and Presidents are letting defendants go upon good behavior after they have been found guilty. It is debatable Whether we have not so liberalized the law by enlarging the parole idea as to have removed from the minds of men a sense of wrongdoing and the fear of punishment. At this particular time an effort to introduce a new element, or rather an old element worked over, in the de- fense of crime is to be noted. No one is to be convicted who has no moral sense. I do not know any better way to hold up a prize to stimulate eriminal conduct than to lay down the rule of law that a per- son may take life with impunity and &0 unwhipped of justice, some doctor or alienist is willing to testify that the person has no sense of right or wrong. What In Competence. If 2 man knows the amount of his estate and the names of those who are the natural objects of his bounty, he is regarded as competent to make a will, even though he be Insane. This principle could well be written into the criminal law. If it has not yet been declared to be the law, pres- ervation of society sooner or later will require that it be so declared that when a man knows he is killing— it matters not whether he feels badly about it or whether he believes or not that he has a right to kill—he has killed, and is responsible for his act. This new idea that a feeble-minded- ness in moral concepts is a defense of crime is a direct reversal of the principle upon which the defense of insanity is reaily based. To be insane it is necessary that at some time the person was sane. One cannot get out of something that he never was in. The defense of insanity assumes that at one time the defendant would have known what he did was wrong. but that he was overpowered by a mental disturbance anq was unable not to act. The insanity defense was ed until recently on total lack of moral sense and absence of sensibility of conduct. If the ‘idea that persons who Kkill in order to obtain a mental thrill, who slay, it might be said, for the fun of it, may be succe: ed of horrible murder: we shall have to change the law. Every man is supposed to know what the law {s. It makes no difference, even- though’ the law may be cone cealed in.small type in large volumes, if a man violates the law he must pay its penalty. Must Walk Side by Stde. The law of the land and the law of life must walk side by side. Other- wise there will be no such thing as peace snd good order in soclety. If the young people of today are to de- vote themselves exclusively to intel- lectual attainments, if they are to Pay no attention to morals, if they are to give no consideration as to whether a thing is right or wrong, it they are tg make no effort to de- termine whefher a certain course of condyct would violate the law of the land “or the law of life or both we shall be in a sorry state if the courts do not punish and punish with se- verity. One s supposed to know what he can know; he is only excused from that knowledge which he can- not acquire. The young who go blindly forward without endeavoring to ascertain anything about what is right or wrong either in morals or law and who seek thrills and n experiences regardless of conse- fellows . must " conduet. ‘You had ample opportunity to know, to upder- stand. to realize; you availed your- self of none of these in order to find a path toward & right life: you chose to walk in darkness, and if you have fallen into one of the pits of the law you will have to suffer.” Insanity and crfme too often are linked together in our criminal courts. A life is snuffed out. Heredi- tary insanity, brain storm, hallucina- tion, illusion, delusion, any of them, may cause a jury to find the defend- e. He stays a few weeks in al for criminal insane, then suddenly seems to recover all hi ulties. He has a hearing, is discharged and comes out a free man of sound mind. Liable te Reeur. The person who has once been in- sane is liable to become insane again. For this reagon and in behalf of jus- tice, the law should be readjusted to cover cases where insanity is plead- ed as a defense of crime. I would submit certain questions to the jury. The first questions would be: “Did the defendant commit the crime?” “Is he guilty?" “What should his punish- ment be, if sane? 1In the event of a verdict of guilt, the jury should be asked: “Was the defendant insane at the time of the commission of the i reniL foUnd gullty and ingane, the defendant should be incarcerated in a eriminally insane hospital, and should he recover his mind prior to the expiration of the term fixed for punishment, he should be transferred to the regular penitentiary, there to be confined until the end of his term and until he has expiated his crime. I am of & mind that there would be less crime, fewer insane periods in which crime s committed, if it were understood that incarceration would follow just the same as though the defendant were sane. (Copyright, 1924, by 21st Century Press.) s to prevail, MAIL BY DIRIGIBLE BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN Uncle Sam may add the giant Zep- plin ZR3 to his air mail service. In fact, if he does not do that, and can- not find some other commercial use to which to put his new leviathan of the air, he will have a white elephant on his hands, for under the terms of the peace treaty under which Ger- many has been building the ZR3 for the United States the ship cannot be used for military purposes. She may be used in an experimental service carrying both passengers and mail, or she may be turned over to the Post Office Department and used entirely for mail. At the office of the Second Assistant Postmaster General it is stated that no plans have been .made for taking the Zepplin over for the air mail, but it is known that the matter has been under consideration. One obstacle in the way of adapt- ing the ZR3 to the mall service is the expense of her operation and her original cost of $1,000,000. With a crew of 12 officers and 30 men, with the amount of fuel and oil that her five 400-horsepower engines will con- sume, and with the numerous other items of operating cost, it would be virtually impossible for the ship to pay expenses at any rate that could be charged for transporting either passengers or first-class mail. She has accommodations for 20 passen- gers d in addition can carry two and a half tons of mail or freight. Without passengers her capacity is 5% tons of frelght. That mean more than 175,000 letters of 1 ounce or less, but the maximum postage revenues would not be im- ive. P However, if the commerclal use of the great rigid dirigibles is to be developed, necessarliy some money will be lost or wasted in the course of the experiment. Private indivi- duals or companies are not likely to bear this burden, inasmuch as they are not certain of getting their money back even if the experiment should prove successful. Hence it is argued that the Government should finance anything that is done in this direc- tion. Aside from the possible com- merolal importance of the dirigible as & means of transporting p: gers and freight, its value in ti ‘war is unquestioned, and it is regarded as & common sense measure of pre- paredness for the Government to en- courage the bullding and use of the craft. The Menace of the Storms. Another obstacle that must be over- come before the Zeppelin type of air- ship can be used successfully as a regular carrier of mail or passengers is its unwieldiness and the dificulty of handling it in rough weather. It will be remembered that the Shenandoah was torn loose from its Lakehurst mooring during a storm some months ago and was threatened | D with complete disaster. Only the most 'skillful efforts .or and crew saved it, and even then it suffered considerable damage. More recently the S| andoah was return- ing to its hangar after a test ctuise and, a storm coming up, it was im- possible to make a safe landing with it for several hours. Storms with high winds are ever- present possibilities. Any carrier that is used in commercial transpor- tation must be capable of being operated on a regular edule and as long as a gale may make a landing impossible or delay it for an indefinite period the air liner will not be a strictly business proposition. In b !he' ZRl.rdone ‘lt:n‘ .t(h‘lp . been taken toward solving s o claimed. The motors sald to be landing place as in handling an automobile. m a dirigible its headway it is more easily affected by the wind and maneuvering it to its hangar or ‘mooring mast becomes difficult. ‘With its reversible motors it is sal that the ZR-3 oan approach .its land- Ing place at practically full speed, Slow Mown qulfkly, reverse and back and descend at practically the r the pilot has determined upon, the n type e would | Ges the officers |, motors realize the' of the designers e mcrflfil engineers this Zeppelin may mark a new era in the construction and ope ation of the lighter than air vessels. Compared to the Shemandoah. The ZR-3 is both larger and faster than the Shenandoah. Its gas capac- ity is 2,400,000 cubio feet as against 2,115,000 for the American built ship, and its engines have a total of 750 more horsepower. Its maximum speed i8 75 to 80 miles an hour and its cruising speed is 60 miles, while the Shenandoah has a maximum of 60 miles and a cruising speed of 45 miles an hour. The latter requires a crew of 9 officers and 22 men, while the new ship needs 12 officers and 30 men as a regular crew, although it is sald that it can be operated with 16_men. With a dead weight of 45 tons the ZR-3 has a total lifting capacity of twice that, and it is claimed that with a maximum supply of fuel it can re- main in the air four days and a half and cruise appproximately 8,000 miles. The ZR-3, which is the one hundred and sixteenth airship of its kind to be constructed by the Zeppelin Com- pany, is now practically completed and will be ready for trial flights as 800N as the tests of its engines have been finished, which will be some time during August. By the first of Sep- tember it is expected that everything will be in readiness for the flight to this country. hen the new transatlantic flight is made the ZR-3 will be manned by a. rman crew, with Hugo Eckner, a director of the Zeppelin Company. in charge. There will be three Ameri- cans aboard, however—Capt. G. W. Steele of the United States Navy, who is slated as the future commander of the ship; Lieut. Comdr. Kraus and Maj. Kennedy. When the dirigible has been delivered at Lakehurst, N. J., it will be formally taken over by the Government, but until that time it will be entirely under the control of the Zeppelin Company. Accomedations for Passengers, Passengers on the ZR-3 will be ac- commodated in the main car hung from the keel of the vessel near the front. There are five passenger compartments, quite similar to those of a Pullman, except that the berths are arranged crosswise instead of lengthwise. Back of these compart- ments are the lavatoriés, storeroom, entrance hall and kitchen. In the front is the pilot's cabin, with all the instruments, mechanisms and controls necessary in the navigation of. the leviathan. Accommodations for the officers and crew are provided along a passage- that extends the entire length of ! ship inside the keel. Five cars suspended in the rear of the main car carry the engines. Along the in- ner passageway there are also some 20 compartments for mail th er and spare parts; 70 tanks for gasoline; 26 tanks for ballast, and 5 for oll. Thir. hree tons of fuel can ed at a maximum. : In appearance the ZR-3 would re. semble an enormous silver-wrapped cigar were it not for her gondolas and the giant fins of her tail and steering apparatus. Liquidating Morocco. The statement made in Paris the other day by Gen. Berenguer, former 8panish high commissioner in Mo- rooco, that “the Moroccan business can be liquidated in a few years to the best interests of Spain if we con- tinue the methods which hive been and still are being employed by Marshal Lyautey,” would sound bet- ter if Bpxdn n& more to show for the years she has already spent in :ml ing the country. The world a8 been waiting patiently for t rament to ‘exhibit sel n_settling the issue in Ner portion of Morocce. If continuance of the methods that id (are bein, ‘h.y‘flhull r surrender he woul i g Morosco to ready demonstrated that mo can Moroocans in satistactory Capital Sidelights BY WILL P. KENNEDY. ‘What do you know about the great seal of the United States? ¢ Scarcely was the Ink dry on the signatures to the Declaration of iny dependence, which was signed about 3 o'clock on July 4, 1776, when the Continental Congress, desiring to complete the evidences of the inde- pendence of the United States by formally adopting an official sign. of sovereignty and a national coat of arms, at 4 o'clock on the same day, named Dr. Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (three of the five men who had drawn up the Declara- tion) as a committee to prepare.a device for a seal of the United States. This committee called to its as- sistance Eugene Pierre Du Simitiere, a West Indian Frenchman who lived in Philadelphia and who had a repu- tation as an artist and author. Papers preserved in. the Congressional Library show the original drawing made for this committee, which re- ported on August 20. This report was pot' acted upon and for four years the United States existed with- out a coat of arms and Congress did business witheut an officlal seal. *x %8 The American Minister to” France, Silas Deane, complained of the infor- mality and impropriety of the repre- sentatives of a sovereign nation be- ing without a seal with which to au- thenticate their official acts. A com- mittee of Congress of which William Ellery of Rhode Island was chalir- man urged Congress to act upon the device for a public seal, but it was not until March 35, 1780 that the report taken up. Then - another com- ee composed of James Lovell of Massachusetts, John Morin Scott of Virginia &nd William C. Houston of New Jersey was appainted. Lovell was a Boston school teacher, 4 Harvard graduate, had been im- prisoned by the British after the bat- tle of Bunker Hill, but later e: changed, he entered Congress and was chairman of the foreign affairs com- mittee. The report of this committee met the same fate as that of the first committee, but is important because it shows for the first time the use of the constellation of 13 stars, the shield and the red and white stripes, (from the flag adopted on June 14, 1777), and the olive branch as an emblem of peace. * % % % Nothing further was done until May, 1783, when Arthur Middleton of South Carolina, Elias Boudinot of New Jersey and Edward Rutledge of South Carolima were appoipted a committee to design a seal. called in Willlam Barton of Philade! phia. This Barton and Charles Thom- son, secretary of the Congress, to whom Congress had turned over the report of this committes with the Barton design, worked out the first design approved by Congress and cut 28 the great seal of the United States, The distinction of producing the arms cannot justly be accorded to either, but belongs wholly to both, with the larger share of distinction to the secretary, Charles.Thomson. 17"l'zhl.! seal was adopted on June 20, * * * x The different features of the seal had all been in common use in Amer- ica. In the North Carolina Paper cur- rency of 1775 appears a bundle of 13 arrows; in the Maryland currency ot the same year a hand grasping an olive branch with 13 leaves; on a $50 bill {ssued in 1778 is an unfinished pyramid with the motto “Perennis n the Massachusetts copper penny of 1776 are 13 stars, surrounding an eagle; the flag had the 13 stripes and 30 had the seal of the Board of Ad- miralty, adopted May, 1780. * x x x Soon after the 'seal was adopted the obverse was cut in brass; but the identity of the engraver is unknown. It was intended to be impressed in WAX over a paper wafer, and is found on a commission dated September 16, 1782, granting full power and au- thority to Gen. Washington to ar- range with the British for exchange of prisoners of war. This commis- sion is signed by John Hanson of Maryland, President of Congress and countersigned by Charles Thomson, secretary, the seal being affixed in the upper left-hand corner, instead of the flower left-hand corner, as is now the custom. This, the first great seal to be made, continued in use for 69 years. * ko x % When the Congress under the Ar- ticles of Confederation ceased to exist and the new Government went into operation Charles Thomson continued In charge of the great seal until re- lieved of that duty by President Washington on July 24, 1789, w! directed” him Lo “turn the | e Bog nto the custody of Roge: Alden until the Départment of State was created and the Secretary of State named as official cu: the great seal. iotiansior * ¥ x % ‘When Daniel Webster was Secre: tary of State that department in 1341 discarded the seal of 1782 and without authority from Congress had a new die cut by Edward Stabler of Sandy Spring, Md, where he was postmaster. This is known as “the unofficial seal.” * x ok % Theodore F. Frelinghuysen, when Secretary of State in 1883, took the matter up with Congress, which on July 7, 1884, authorized a new seal. It Wwas then determined not to cut the reverse, which had been prescribed as part of the seal by the act of 1782, but went unnoticed; again the act of September 15,1789, continued the seal as prescribed In 1782, but no :&;r! was then made to' design or cut the reverse; when the s of 1841 was made the reverse was still ignored, and in 1883 it was definitely deter- mined, after designs had been drawn, to abandon it. The design of the ob- verse of the seal of 1834 was deter- mined upon with great care. It was an largement with some modifica- tions of the seal of 1782, the modifica- tions betng closer adherence to the law creating the seal. * % k% The seal now in use was cut June 15, 1903, after John Hay, while Secre- tary of State, had asked Congress to provide funds for this purpose. It was then written into the law that the great. seal should be recut from the original model. 3 This seal—of which there -is no d plicate anywhere—is kept in a s clally designed case under-lock in the State Department. P. F. Allen is in direct cllltodr’.. It was recently used on 870 commissions in the course of reorganization of the foreign service unde;“thl Rogers bill that passed * % %% The great seal cannot be aMxed to &ny paper that does not bear.the President's signature. In 1803 Chiet Justice Marshall delivered an opinion relative to the seal. It is affixed to the commissions of all cabinet ofi- cers and diplomatic and consular o~ gers, all ceremonious communicatiol from the Presi to foreign govern: conventions al the h t eads of ts, on all treaties, the Erestdent with Tareitn pomers: w _powers; lania ‘.'»‘.;’:’m..n Il proclamations of the all exequaturs to forelgn consular of- ficers in the United States who are appointed by the' heads of the gov- ernments they represent; to warrants by the President récelve persons su de y forelgn governments undei fi"‘“"“ tresties, and { MEN AND AFFAIRS BY ROBERT T. SMALL The country at large is to get its first view of “Al" Smith. The Gov- ernor of New York State, whose pop- ularity ‘within that State knows no bounds, is to be one of the biggest figures in the Democratic national campaign. Regardless of whether he consents to run for governor again, Al is to take the stump for John W. Davis, and a large section of the East and Middle West will get a taste of his interesting personality and pic- turesqueness on the platform. The governor may even go to the Far West before the campaign-is over. Wherever he goes there will be a decided splash of color. There will not be the same whirlwind of excite- ment that marks one of his rip-roar- ing trips through the East Side du: ing election times in New York City. but the country will find much to in- terest itsel with when Al Smith comes around. His friends belleve that a wide speaking tour in behalf of the national ticket would be the making of Al. They believe that if the country knows him as well as the folks at home, some day it will call him to the White House. So Al is going forth, not alone to carry out his pledge to do all within his power to ineure the election of Mr. Davis and his running mate, Mr. Bryan, but to make a little “character” of his own. If the governor can get some of his personal magnetism, his rare qualities of good humor, his flavor of the sidewalks of New York, over to the people at large. there is no question but that he will be regarded in the future as one of the outstand- ing assets of his party. m present indications Governor Al is going to start out in perfect tune. And he expects to warm up as he goes alone.. The governor won't talk over that Massachusetts radio, for if you can’t say something about your opponents, what's the use of making a stump speech? The Bay Staters, under their mew rule of ex- treme politeness, would have to turn off the microphone on Governor Al before he got fairly started. Al says the time has come to “treat ‘em rough”—meaning, of course; the Republicans—and he proposes to start right out with & dose of “rasp- berries.” There are 80 many “crack- pots” among the Republicans, the governor expects to have a hard time, he says. calling them all by name. He declares that a lot of Republican Congressmen can't knock out Presi- dent Coolidge's brains one minute in Washington and the next minute proclaim him as the saviour of the country. 3 “That'e a lot of bologna,” says the governor. No man knows better how to han- dle a political throng than Al Smith. Heard and Seen Restaurant partons furnish an in- exhaustible supply of types for the student of human nature who hap- pens to be away from home for his meals. They add a spice to the food which does not have to be sprinkled on with a salt or pepper shaker. This spice may not be taken at all, if the patron prefers simply by refusing to look at the people around him. ‘The minute he lifts his head, how- ever, or allows his eyes to wander across the voom, he finds himself making observations. At once he becomes a student of human nature in the raw. b A restaurant has no way of keep- ing a man out unless something pal- pably is the matter with him. It is a sort of public service corporation, and, like the street car, cannot re- fuse a man simply because his clothes are not of the latest cut * * * The man who has no table man- ners is onme of the commonest res- taurant types. He is the one people say “must have been brought up in a trough.” This specimen needs a book of eti- quette about as much as any one in modern civilized life. There is no dog or cat in the world that could not give him pointers. Your honest house cat will grab a Plece of meat with sundry growls and snarls, turn her head to one side, and go after it like a tiger would a buck it had dragged down. This restaurant cousin goes the cat and tiger many degrees better. He leuns over the table, his legs clinched around its legs, as if he were afraid it might get away from him. His_face suspended a few inches trom hia plate, he proceeds to imbibe his food in a manner that would make any respectable hog blush with shame. A rallroad train coming over the great divide has nothing on him. In a certain downtown restaurant one of this type daily furnished amusement to other patrons and to the restaurant employes. His noises were so outrageous that they actually ‘were funny. 3 Not content with racing his engine, he would get up at sundry times dur- ing his meal, and walk around the room, making new and fearsome sounds, to the utter astonishment of newcomers. * * % Then there is the fussy patron. This type may be either male or female. Nothing suits him. If he orders his eggs ‘“once over” he is sure to claim they were cooked some other way. ‘The It will not pour, or, if it does pour, something is the matter with the vinegar cruet. Another type common to restau- rants {s the man who walks all around seeking this, that and the other condiment. His table is always undersupplied. He pounces down on another guest. “Are you using this catsup?’ h asks, suavely, as he mak the ' bottle. He asks enough, but his manner belies word. * * % The merry lovers are to be met with frequently. 3 They take chairs side by side, and remain much more interested in each other than thelr food. He usually thinks it necessary to lace his arm protectingly around the gu‘i{ ©of her chair. The rest of the conl\lm.flh!efil like standing up in a body.and hollering: "gw heavens' sake, hug her and be done_with it™ 2 “These are just a few of the.types. The list is long, and any reader can expand it from his own observations. Maybe he knows the restaurant where the tumblers are marshaled in rows, with a naive sign above: “Clean.” CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. Correct the Evil of _Varying Weights! To the Editor of The Star: I thoroughly. enjoyed reading the article “in Fhe Star some days ago calling attention to the variety of welghts that are found upon welgh- ing on the many scales found in pub- lic places in our city. I.most heartily commend the article and hope that the city authorities will follow up the matter and correct it. The same thing is true everywhere. ave & ut from the tle :ohtli- P:m 'l‘l: ;.{: !m‘:’éd fi‘::lnxm disagreement of from one to eight He treats them to a lot of the pic- turesque slang of the day, just to show that he knows their ianguage and then he drills a lot of good, hard, common sense into their heads. Mr. Davis looks to Al Smith to be one of his most effective campaigners. * % ¥ * Some of the old political prognos- ticators of the National Capital are figuring that the La Follette-Wheeler ticket is going to get a ot of votes this year because the two Senators, running for President and Vioe President, are going to make more promises than either of the two old parties. There are a large number of voters always attracted to the loudest of the band wagons. Some even are won away from the older parties. And that is to be the case this year. “The situation” sald a Western Government official to the writer, “reminds me of a campaign in Colo- rado not S0 many years ago. We had a real radical running for office, and 1 was surprised to find one of my oldest Republican friends had made up his mind to vote for the man. Oh, this man had promised everything. He had promised to build more roads, to raise the price of farm products, to increase school facilities. build new State bulldings. spend millions of dollars in every direction—and at the same time to cut taxes in half. “I asked my friend if he believed the candidate, if he believed it pos- sible to do all these things. He re- plled that he did not. 1 asked him then, why it was that he proposed to vote'for the hot-air merchant. **Well,’ he replied, ‘bewteen a fel- low that' don’t promise you nothing, and one that promises you the whole works, I'm going to vote for the whole 'works ‘cause even if you don't Eet all he says he'll do, mebbe you'll get something.’ " * % % ¥ Former Senator George Chamber- lin of Oregon, now practicing law in ‘Washington, has been hearing the old political fire bells ringing out there in the West, but he Insists he through with office holding for all time to come and can't be weaned away from the comfort and peace and interest of his present profession The Democratic tempters in Oregon have been writing the former Sena- tor. telling him he is far from for- gotten. They have even said that one of the aspirants for the Repub- lican nomination for Senator men- tioned Mr. Chamberlin's name at his meeting a few nights ago and the demonstrations that followed nearly broke up the show. Fifty Years Ago In The Star Not much attention was given 50 years ago to the training of children in the domestic arts outside of such education as they were enabled to ob- tain from Cooking Schools Urged nome. This as Necessary. mi ey 57 however, ‘was being discussed, as is to be noted in The Star of August 4, 1874: “The Baltimore Sun thinks we ought to imitate England in the mat- ter of cooking schools and include among other female accomplishments the knowledge of the culinary art. There Is no doubt that a general knowledge of this kind would ma- terially enhance our comfort and healthfulness. As a rule Americans are too careless about what they put into their mouths, and generally eat so rapidly that they are unable to judge whether theif food is properly prepared or not. As a rule, we eat much faster than our English cousins and are in too much of a hurry to criticise the cookery, provided it be simply palatable. In too many cases cooking is left altogether to ignorant and slovenly servants, when the fe- male head of the house should super- vise it and at least see that the ves- sels used are clean. “Prof. Blot, who is supposed to be good authority, says he knows of no country where there is so much ex- cellent material for food and where so much is thrown away or spoiled in its preparation as in America, and all because the people do not realize the great importance of cookery. There is no telling how many cases of dys- pepsia and other diseases have their origin in the kitchen. In New York the Free Training School for Women is about to organize a cooking class and practical twice a week. similar schools could be established in every school in the country. We can hardly hope for this, however, until girls are brought up to under- stand the importance of acquiring such knowledge and its bearing on their future lives." * . * ¥ ‘The following in The Star of Au- gust 7, 1874, will bring back to mem- ory the name of a steamboat that once plied the Potomac and was fa- miliar to every Steamer Mary washi ngtontan a w.'mmn. half century and less ago: “The building and placing on the Potomac of the steamer Mary Wash- ingten is an event of much more im- portance to Washington and the country below than it might seem to’ most persons than a mére announce- ment of the fact. Intended to ply regularly between the city and the dings on the river as far down as & point below Mount Vernon, it is the first and & much needed step toward bringing into direct communication the consumer in town and the pro- ducer whose rich flelds and orchards line the banks of the Potomac and its numerous estuaries. It insures to the former fresher and cheaper fruits, vegetables and milk than he has yet been able to obtain from that pro- auctive locality, and it secures for the latter a better and more certain market than he has heretofore been able to find for his products. In this respect alone the new enterprise can be made of inestimable advantage: but its benefits need not stop here. Being sure of cheap, sure and co venient means of transportatfon, pe ple living in the city will be induced to buy sites and build for summer use, if not for permanent oceupancy, residences on the commanding hills and beautiful slopes lying on both sides of the river, thus adding to the comfort of our city population and value to the land in the neighbor- hood. Viewing the matter in this light, we trust that the projectors of the enterprise will meet with all the success they hope for and that the Mary Washington is only a pioneer of other prosperous ventures of the same character yet to follow.” For many years the Mary Wash- ington plied the river and was pops- lar as an excursion boat, in addition to'serving as a freight carrier for the river landings. Later she was suc- ceeded in the excursion service by the 3 . _Corcoran, which was burned about 35 years ago. pounds. The “drop-a-penny-in-the- slot” scales are gullty of false = vertising and are selling under false pretenses. In the campaign for good health emphasis is placed upon & per- son's weight, so this places a far greater gullt upon these inaccurate scales. They defraud the public, not only of money, but of valuable knowl- edge. "Fhis thing_should be correctéd and I commend The Star for the begin- ning it Bas made and hope it will through. / FAGE Mok. ETCHISON. is lessons will be given It will be desirable if