Evening Star Newspaper, July 27, 1924, Page 58

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTO: D. C, JULY 27 1924 -PART 5. Single Bullet Wins Peace After Conflict With Savage Horde The prospect of adventure Yured Maj. Foran (now a retired English army officer, who has also been a world traveler, ex- plorer, big-game hunter and Journalist) into the police force of British Bast Africa. In two previous articles he has told of arresting singlehanded two des- peradoes and of repulsing with a small force of men an attack of thousands of savage warri- ors. He was then ordered to conduct a punitive expedition esainst the powertul Nand, and it is witn this enterprise that the narrative is resumed Maj. Foran had the distine- tion of being the only news- paper correspondent to accom- Ppany the late President Roose- velt on his African hunting ex- pedition. He also accompanied the Prince of Wales as a corrg- spondent on his tour of India. BY MAJ. W. R. FORAN, F. R. G. S. HE news of the attack on Hyde-Eaker's post at Sobat by the Nandi tribe reached me at Kisumu the evening of the day that it was made. I had just marched in on foot from Mu- mias, having traveled forty-four miles quring the broiling hot day. Tired as I then was, I got together all my available men and took train from Kisumu for Muhoroni, a depot on the Uganda railway that was sit- uated about twelve miles from Sobat. The little government post at Sobat was halfway up the Nandi escarp- ment and in full view of Muhoroni. Fortunately, there was a telegraph line from Sobat to Muhoroni, and so Hyde-Baker had been able to send in the news to Kisumu and Nairobi be- fore the Nandi cut the wires. I arrived at Muhoroni about mid- night, and immediately detrained my little force of eighty East African po- licemen and my beloved machine gun. 1 started off for Sobat within 15 min- utes of our being detrained. 1 could hear occasional rifle fire from the hills, ang so knew that the meager sarrison of twenty-fivs policemen was still holding out. T had been unable to obtain any information from the frightened Indidn staff at the Muho- roni railroad depot, beyond that they had heard desultory rifie fire all day and haq seen nothing of the Nandi warriors. There was a bright moon overhead as I took the native path that led to- ward Sobat. The first part of the journey was over tree-covered grass Plains, but we were soon in the foot- hills. The ascent to Sobat was steep and I was feeling very tired. I led the small force, who trailed along in single file behind me, and so was able to check the pace to suit my convenience. Shortly after we reached the foot- hills I began to hear the calls of the Nandi warriors all around us. They were imitating the cries of a night owl, and it was done in a very realis- tic manner. But I knew—and so did my men—that it was the Nandl. We advanced with the utmost silence and as swiftly as we could. We haq been marching through the foothills for about fifteen minutes when the moon disappeared behind a black bank of clouds. A few min- utes later we were being deluged by a torrential downpour of rain. We were soon soaked to the skin, but T took comfort in the fact that so were the Nandi warriors. I hoped it would dampen their warlike instincts enough to keep them from attacking us as we approacheq Sobat. * % % % QHORTLY after the rain began the firing from Sobat post ceased en- tirely. I suspected that this simply tended to prove that the rain had forced the Nandi to withdraw from the attack and that. therefore, we were in time to relieve the little gar- rison. Then, above the sound the of the heavy rainstorm, recommenced the right-owl calls of the Nandi. They were now coming from all sides of us and were very much nearer than when we had first heard them. I began to feel very uncomfortable. I knew that now we must be within a couple of miles or so of Sobat and that the Xandi were most probably withdraw- ing from Sobat and making their way in our direction toward some secret rendezvous in the hill in our immediate neighborhood. But we could see absolutely nothing in that inky blackness of night or through the heavy sheets of rain. Suddenly I was thrown heavily to the ground and felt my face being forced into the mud. A heavy body was sitting on my back and others were on my arms and legs. T was un- able to move, though I struggled hard to escape from that vise-like hold. Finally T ceaseq struggling. T could hear the night-owl calls growing ever closer, and also the sound of my men withdrawing around me. Then T heard the quite unmistakable sound of the rifles be- ing loaded. Atthat moment itdawned upon me what had happened. My native policemen, whose eyes and ears were better attuned to night bushwork than mine, had seen the Nandi warriors close at hand and had thrown me down and covered my body with their own so as to keep me protected from the spears should the Nandi attack us. They must have thrown themselves on the ground in a circle about me, ready to drive off the warriors with their riflefire in case of an attack. But, although I very much appreciated this loyal so- licitude for my personal safety, yet I would have preferred that they did mot rub my nose and mouth into the liquig mud, as they were now doing quite unintentionally. Ten minutes or more must have passed before I was allowed to strug- gle free from the friendly embrace of my native policemen. I stood up and wiped the mud from my face, and I cursed the native sergeant ma- jor in my best Kiswahili for the in- dignity that he had placed upon me. But there was no real anger in that cursing. On the contrary, I was really very proug of mv men for what they had done. Sergt. Maj. Ayenda, a fine, up- standing figure of a Kavirondo tribes- man, saluted stifly and looked apol- ogetically toward me. “I am sorry Bwamba Mkubwa (bir chief),” he said in his deep gutterul volce, “But I thought the Nandi were attacking—ang I did not want you % met nurt” laughed. * % %% W! could no longer hear any sounds of the Nandi and their owleaalls had oceased. The rain had also stopped as suddenly it had Captors. commenced. 1 gave the order to re- sume the march to Sobat, and we entered the Soma {(posij about half an hour later. Hyde-Baker and his little garrison gave us a very glad welcome. They told us that they had withstood the determined attack of thousands of *the Nandi all day and for most of the night, without suffering any casual- ties. They had run short of ammu- nition just about the time that the rain fell; and the Nandi had then withdrawn. So the rain had been providential. The Nandi did not again attack Sobat; but 1 remained there to help guard the post until the punitive expedition arrived from Nairobi. Fortunately, the government for long had been greatly annoyed by, the murders and other crimes committed by the Nandi, and a punitive force was being prepared in robi to | be launched axainst the tribe and bring them to their senses when news of the attack on Sobat precipi- tated matters. Two regiments of the King's African Rifles and for the task of bringing the Nandi alone would be tolerated from them. The punitive force was assembled at Muhoroni. The 2d and 3d Bat- tallons of the King's African Rifles, the latter a fine regiment of Yaos from Nyasaland who had done mag- nificent service In @ recent campaigr, divided into four different columns, while I was given command of the police column, railroad track and the footh Nandi country. My work was to stop the Nandi warriors and to prevent their cattle from being driven the country of the Lumbwa cousins, who lived to the south the railroad. For some time the column oper- ated about the Nandi country, but ‘was unable to bring the tribesmen to stand and fight. We burned every village to the ground, and many thousands of cattle and other live stock were captured. But still the Nandi were deflant and their Laibon (chief medicine man and king) re- fused to sue for peace. It began to look as if no good results were ever going to come of that large and cost. 1y punitive force. T had made my headquarters at Muhoroni, a very bad spot for mala- rial fever, and operated my force over the large area for which I was responsible from this point. Being on the railroad and close to the Nandi boundary, it was a most con- venient position for me. One afternoon a native spy arrived in my camp and reported that he knew where the Laibon of the Nandi tribe was in hiding. He offered to guide me to the place. As he was a Masai, and therefore a hereditary and traditional enemy of the Nandi, it looked as if there might be some- thing in his story. Anyway, it seemed worth while to me to take a chance on it. of the their ot * % x % IRECTLY it was dark I set out with my guide for the Nandl ter- ritory. I took with me a dozen of my very best and most reliable native policemen, all of them erstwhile Ma- sai warriors. Ihad previously warned my guide that at the very first sign of treachery he would be killed. He only grinned. There was no moon that night, and only the stars gave us any light for our long journey. Hour after hour we trailed along the narrow and winding native paths, the gulde leading, and I followed close at his heels, with my revolver ready for instant action. I was taking no chances. tween the military and the police, and 1 was very anxious to score off them. I knew that if I was lucky enough to capture the Laibon the Nandi rebel- lion would be ended. My information was that the Laibon and a secret fol- lowing of spearsmen were resting at a Nandi village that was hidden in the forests on the summit of the Nandi escarpment. I had no definite plan in my mind, but had decided to let luck play its hand for me when T arrived at the objective of my march. For several hours we crept silently along the trail in single file. There was not a sound except the light twit- ter of birds whom we had disturbed. ‘We avoided Sobat posts by making a detour, for 1 did not wish to alarm the garrison If they had heard us, they would have been certain to open fire and thus warn the Nandl that danger was lurking around the corner for them. I was certain that our visit to the Lalbon's temporary head- quarters must be a complete and sudden surprise if we were to be suc- And tuen we both “THE AGED WARRIOR WHO HAD ADDRESSED THE SPEAR- MEN NOW STRODE FOR- WARD.” the | a column | of East African police were detailed to a proper sense of the conduct that operating along the into | There had been keen rivalry be- | “TELL THEM TO SURRENDER,” 1 ORDERED. “0 Sleeping Village—Cou NANDI WARRIORS,” CALLED THE OLD LABIAN, “KILL THE WITF MAN AND HIS MEN.” cessful in capturing him. Just before daybreak we reached our goal. I swiftly surrounded the hut occupied by the Laibon as pointed out to me my guide. We had en- tered the village so silently that not even the pariah dogs had barked. There was a deathly stillness, und I could almost hear my heart's vigorous beating. DMy excitement was intense. I did not know how many warriors that village held, and the least alarm- ing note might mean that the whole of my small force would be killed in- stantly. I whispered my instructions to the native police sergeant, a man whom I could trust implicitly, and he nodded his head to show that he understood and would obey. I had told him that he was not to let the Masai guide out of his sight or reach, and that if our plans miscarried or treachery was evident he was to kill the guide first of all. Then I told him to place his men so that they commanded the hut of the Laibon and the approaches to it. I was going to crawl into that mud- walled and grass-thatched hut. cap- ture the Laibon, drag him out of it, and make good our escape. At least, that was my intention. It remained to be seen if this was possibie of execution. My final instructions to the ser- geant were that if any Nandi warriors approached they were to be made cap- tives or else silently killed. If I blew my whistle, two men were to enter the hut to my assistance. With a final look around to see that all my men were posted as I wished, T advanced to the Laibon’s hut. On my hands and knees I crawled into that black cavern, which was very evil-smelling. There was still no sound from the village. In the hut I could hear the heavy snores of the occupant. T hoped that this would prove to be the Laibon and that he would be alone. * ok Kk * QF cntering the interior of the hut I silently rose to my feet and tried to stab the darkness with my eves. But I could see nothing. Guided by the snoring, I crept for- ward until I stood right over a re- cumbent figure. ‘With a softly breathed prayer for success, I threw myself upon the sleeper. There came a surprised yelp ot fright, and the snoring abruptly ceased. My right hand gripped the sleeper’s throat, while my left stuffed a handkerchief into his mouth. A moment later I had fixed the hand- cuffs on the man's wrists. “Get up! And be silent, or you die,” 1 commanded in a flerce whisper, us- ing the Nandi dialect, .with which 1 had become fairly conversant. The man rose slowly to his feet. 1 drew my revolver and pressed it into his ribs. “Outsid I shoot you.’ My captive silently made toward the door, with my revolver urging him onward. At the entrance we crawled The ‘slightest noise and through on our hands and knees, and a few seconds later we stood outside of the hut. 1 knew the Laibon by sight. 1 glanced at my captive and my heart pounded . with joy, for this was the man. At that moment a cock crowed, and it was followed immediately by the triumphant greeting of the other do- mestic fowls to the new day. It was time to be off on our return journey, for in a few minutes the village would be awake. As we turned to strike the home trail a Nandi warrior emerged from a hut close at hand, rubbed his eyes, and then stood looking at us with utter amazement depicted on-his face. In his hands he held a long-bladed spear. 1 covered him with my re- volver and ordered one of my men to make him a prisoner. Signaling to my small party to move off with the Laibon, I followed my policemen who had run to capture the warrior. The man was raising his spear in a threatening manner. I rushed at him and cut him across the shoulders with a hippopotamus hide whip that I carried attached to my belt. He instantly dropped his spear and surrendered. We hurried off after the others, dragging our unwilling prisoner with us. He was far too dumfounded to make any outery to warn the rest of the village. Our luck was in! Before we had got clear of the vil- lage ali the Nandi warriors had emerged from their huts, and stood with spears raised in anger and doubt | looking at us. I ordered my men to hurry back to Muhoroni with their prisoners while I covered their re- treat. Then suddenly, with a wild yell of anger and lust for blood, the Nandi warriors rushed at us. A brain-wave came to me and I halted my men. Then in a few strides I took my stand beside the Laibon. I placed my re- volver to his head and faced the on- coming warriors. There was no time to be squeam- ish about shooting a defenseless man. It was his Nfe or ours, or so it seemed. “Tell your warriors to halt or I kill ¥ou, O Laibon!" I roared at him. “A goat's hide Luys a goat's hide, and a gourd a gourd,” he answered me through his gag. “You kill me and my men will kill all of you.” “Obey my words, O Laibon, or you surely die.’ “One death does not draw water for another death always,” he mum- bled. I could see that his mind was doubtful and that a little more pres- sure might win the day. The Nandi warriors were now advancing more boldly, and the situation was critical. They were now within spear-throw- ing range. “Send hares to the -elephant, not elephants to the hare!” I exclaimed angrily in the Nandi dialect. “The sun is owned by every one, but a man’s body is owned by him- self alone,” the Laibon growled. “But I obey. Remove this rag from my mouth and I will halt them.” It took only a second to remove the gag. Meanwhile the Nandi war- riors had halted, seemingly ‘doubtful what to do—whether boldly to attack or do nothing. My chance for bluff- ing had come. “Tell them to surrender, and the British government will treat you and them kindly,” I ordered, thrust- ing my revolver at his head more forcibly. “O Nandi warriors,” called the old Laibon, “don’t throw away the figs which grow at the bottom ef the tree and hasten to pick up those which grow at the top. Kill the white man and his men™ * % % % TH‘E time for parleying had passed. As T heard that Nandl proverb, which is the equivalent of our say- ing, “a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” I pressed the trigger. There was a loud explosion, and the aged Laibon crumpled in his tracks and lay still on the ground at my feet. The Nandi warriors had started forward at the command of their king; but they now halted once mor. and stared in wonderment—first at the body of the Lalbon and then at ma : “Burrender, and throw down your spears, O Nandi,” I shouted to them. “Your Laibon Is dead. Let there be| no more bloodshed, but live hence- forth in peace with the white men."! For several minutes they hesitated | and still stood in a menacing circle before us. My men were lying down around me, with their rifles ready for instant action. They secmed a mighty East African Police Official Undertakes With Desperate Stroke to Quell Nandi Uprising, Directed by an Aged and Crafty Chieftain—I.ead- ing Small Expeditionary Force Into Perilous, Hostile Region, Former Soldier Stealthily Ente Rescue—Angry Tribesmen, Aroused After Spy Has Led the Way to Their Hiding Place, Await Word of Their Commander to Annihilate His rageous Act Foils a small force to subdue those hundreds of fierce-looking warriors; and I knew that our hope of safety was only to be found in the preservation of a bold front. T'hen, all of a sudden, an aged war- rior stepped to the front and faced the Nandi In rapid speech he ex- horted them to obey the words of the white man and make peace with the government. “O Nandi, the Laibon is dead; and now there is no Laibon to guide us,” he exclaimed, in a thick, gutteral voice. “Lay down your spears, and make peace. Remember that a hyena does not remain out during the hot hours of the day unless there is some reason for it. Somewhere aear at hand there must be other soldiers and white men. Kill these men, and others will exact their revenge. A | bull cannot bellow in two places at once; 5o let there be peace.” The Nandi warriors appeared to be considering this speech, and they were whispering among themselves. The scales of victory or defeat ap- peared to be held evenly in the balance. “Don’t show a hyena how well you can bite, for his jaws are more pow- erful than yours,” I shouted to them. I knew they would understand my meaning, for it was the Nandi pro- verb for “pride comes before a fall.” Miraculously, 8o it seemed to me, my words turned the scale in favor of peace. The aged warrior who had ad- dressed the spearmen, now strode forward, and halted when a few paces from me. He threw his spear on the ground at my feet. “There shall be peace, O White | Man,” he cried in a loud voice that echoed among the hills surround- ing us. With a loud shout of excitement, the remainder of the Nandi warriors | now advanced, while we still covered {them with our weapons, and threw | their spears in a heap before me. | “It is well done,” I shouted to them. “The ox falls in spite of its four legs. Henceforth, you will stand strong with the aid of the justice and w dom of the white men, O Nandi. There is peace!"” With wild shouts of satisfaction and relief, the Nandi began to danee with graceful movements in front of me. It was easy to see that they were hugely delighted at the cessa- tion of hostilities. Come, O Nandi,” T thundered above the din, “foliow me to Muhoroni, and there the terms of peace will be ar- ranged with the government.™ * % % ¥ AND: presenty, that strange looking procession stasted forth on tne return trail to Muhoron!. In tha center of the Nandi warriors was borne the dead body of their laibon, being carried on a bier of spears om the shoulders of four stalwart war- riors. 1 led the march, with my duven Dolicemen bringing up the fear. ‘We must have seemed a ve Ty Stranee party as we approached Sobat post The hundreds of Nandi—there wers two to three hundred of them, it afte ward was shown—were chanting their songs of peace as we marched for- ward. The regular rhythm 'of their naked feet sounded like the drum ac- companiment to their fierce songs. Hyde-Baker gave us a rousing wel come when we returned to his pnst. And the telegraph wires were soon carrying the message to the East African government that the laibon of the Nandi was dead, and that there was peace in his country. When the commander of the mili- tary expedition reached Sobat, the whole of the Nandi tribe had come in there to make peace and lay down their spears. My captives had vol- unteered to go out and bring in their brother-warriors. They had done their work well, for the country around Sobat was black with our erstwhile | enemies. A few days later, Sir Donald Stewart, the Governor of British East Africa, reached Sobat and held a b shauri (conference) with the senior | chieftains of the tribe. The terms of peace were agreed upon, and the nec | essary fines for ill-conduct in the past and as a guarantee of future good be- | havior were collected, and a new lai- | bon of the tribe was appointed by the governor at the unanimous vote of ths | warriors. So did peace come to the warlika Nandi country. And never since have they borne arms against the British government. | "1 returned to my station at Kisuma, having been heartily congratuiated per- sonally by the governor. A few weeks later 1 was promoted for my services | by being transferred to Mombasa, th, coastal town of the country. Thi after Nairobi, was the senior charge station for the police of East Africa. (Copyright, 1924.) Dental Materials Used in Tests To Find Most Efficient Methods BY GEORGE H. DACY. AKING the dents out modern dentistry is the object of Government re- | search work now in progress | at the Bureau of Standards, where Dr. Wiimer Souder is studying the physical properties of all dental materlals and attempting to stand- ardize the technique of tooth-filling and preservation. It is a far cry from the wooden false teeth of the Japanese, anq the oxen molars of the early days of primitive dentistry, to the remark- able achievements of modern tooth insurance and protection. The fakirs of 2,000 years ago, who claim- ed that the toothache was caused by worms, would today be greeted by jeers. Yet for several centurles these dental magicians prospered. They burneq incense and used rub- ber tubes to conduct the warm smoke to the aching tooth of the patient. The heat relieved the pain temporarily. More than 40 centuries ago the priests of Egypt treated toothache with poulties of oil, fennel seed, in- cense and onions. The scientific evidence is that wealthy Egyptians who lost their teeth used crude wooden substitutes carved from hard- wood. The records of ancient life show that gold fillings and crowns were found in the mouths of Egyptian mummies. It is more than likely that the gold was originally placed in such teeth as ornaments. Even the skulls of the early Indians who inhabited North and South America show teeth inlaid with gold, turquoise, red cement, rock crystal and similar materials. In Japan years ago the custom was to dye the teeth of married women black for identification purposes. Four thousand years ago the Chinese were familiar with what they called 16 different kinds of tooth dis- eases. Their popular cure-all was to plerce the flesh of the sufferer with a needle. This usually hurt so much that he soon forgot all about his throbbing tooth. Dental history reports that the Etruscans of northern Italy, who antedated the Greeks and Romans, were the first to use crude dental tools ‘and fill cavities with gold or cap defective teeth with gold crowns. Even ox teeth were used to replace human teeth, being fastened in place with springs and clips. The earliest work of this sort of which there is any written record was performed about the middle of the fifteenth century. Thereafter, when the. extraction of teeth was In its ploneering period, attempts were made to pull teeth in order to fill them, with the idea of then replacing them in the patient’s mouth. In the course of time a cer- tain dental investigator discovered a way to make porcelain teeth to sup- plant the artificlal teeth carved from bone or fvory. It was not until 1820, however, that the manufacture of porcelain teeth was introduced to the United States. % k% READ the story of the many trou- bles which Gen. George Wash- ington's false teeth gave him if you want to gain #n idea of the hard- ships which patients had o suffer be- fore the science of dentistry was per- of fected to its present status. Wash- ington’s teeth were made of bone and ivory and were held in place by wire cumbersome teeth whenever gave him much pain. In the babyhood of the American colonies what little dentistry was practiced was by itinerant quacks who used the lure of music and sleight-of-hand performances to at- tract trade to their wandering, curb- side chairs. Queer to tell, the first professional dentists in the world were barbers. The barbers were the surgeons who pulled teeth and bled their patients to relieve any of a half-hundred ail- ments. In fact, the red and white colors of the modern barber pole were the ancient colors of the barbers When the United States finally took up dentistry in characteristic fashion, the new world fostered the profession, which strides. Medical schools previously had refused to train professional dentists. Iighty-five years ago, the they advanced by rapid | busily engaged in the national laboratories with specially designcd appliances and instruments to de- termine the dimensional changes of all alloys and accessory materials, such as plaster of parts and silica and their responses to heat exposure. For this research the experimenters had to design and construct special appliances. A sort of automatic chewing or masticating machine has been perfected under Uncle Sam's supervision, and it is used in making tatigue tests of varlous dental ma- terials. This remarkable mechanism duplicates the processes of mastica- tion. Heat treatment furnaces have also becn expressly made for this scientific |investigation, while special tempera- ture - measuring devices have been | adapted to its requirements. A comparator is another interesting piece of apparatus in Dr. Souder's | when he began to investigate the dental properties of gold. Strange to say, though, practically nothing has been done in this line of investiga- tion. More than $5,000.000 worth ot | goid. including that buried with the dead, is annually was'ed as a result 5t inferior dental wo-k. Uncle Sam | says this extravagant expenditure can be markedly curtaiied by stand- ardization of the dental gold and the systems of using the valuable ma- terial Professional records show that more than 100 different formulas for dental gold are now in use. The Federal investigators are striving to eliminate the chaff from the grain—the efficient |from the infficient. They maintain that, for each special purpose, one | formula better than all others. | They aim to determine the best use | for the best formula. During the war is { the Bureau of TESTING LABORATORY OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, IN CHARGE OF WILMER SOUDER, WHERE ALL SORTS OF DENTAL MATER[A[S ARE TESTED AND STANDARDIZED. Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first institution of its kind in the world, was established. From that day to this America has led the universe in dental achievements. Skillful American dentists are always in demand in all parts of the world. Despite that the United States has gone far in the advancement of dentistry and dental surgery, there is much left to do, according to the in- vestigations of Dr. Wilmer Souder of the Bureau of Standards. The physical problems of dentistry have been neglected. Defective ma- terials or defective manipulation of these materials cause recurrent cavities. Lven today inferior ma- terials are in widespread use. Large losses result annually as a con- sequence. More than 57 different diseases of man are now directly traceable to de- fective teeth. A small cavity properly treated and filled in time may pre- vent rheumatism, neuritis, indiges- tion, heart trouble or many other springs. Small wonder that Gen.| George delighted in retirtag to Mount Vernon, where he cowld remove his troubles which subsequently may develop from faulty teeth. Dr. Souder ‘and his assistants are laboratory. sional changes of materials and used in making shrinkage tests. P HE physical properties and out- standing attributes of the alloys of the preclous metals, such as gold, silver and platinum, are being investi- gated. Waxes of various types are being studied. All materials which play an ' important part in modern dentistry are under the microscope, of investigative science. The object of all this search and research is to as- certain definite data to demonstrate which dental materials are the best to use and the preferable ways in which to use them. Uncle S8am will disseminate all the facts and figures obtained in this curlous research among the dental profession for the permanent improvement of the busi- ness and in order to eliminate the inefficient practices which now are followed. Considering that gold has been used in flling teeth or in wiring false teeth in place for several thousand years, at least, it would seem that Uncle Sam had gone off on a tangent . is It measures the dimen- ' Standards inaugurated its dental re- search. Amalgam was then in great demand. The Army bought it in amounts of 10,000 ounces or greater and one purchase followed another in endless sequence. There were o many grades of amalgam offered on the market that finally the Surgeon General of the Army referred the matter to the Bureau of Standards to ascertain which of the materials was the best. A number of manufacturers co-operated with the bureau in the resultant investigation. They adopt- ed the high standards recommended by Uncle Sam. Requests came from all parts of the United States and {Canada that gold inlay material should be similarly tested and stund- ardized The future development of the dental industry will unquestionably center around the gold inlay which, according to the findings of dertal seience, is much superior for the fill- ing of cavities to amalgam. To stand- ardize inlay processes and to reduce them to the ymost effective methods is one of the purposes of the national investigations, unique in the history of dental acience. \