Evening Star Newspaper, October 28, 1923, Page 31

OVERPOPULATION MENACE GIVES JAPAN HUGE TASK Expert Says Industrialization of Em- -, . pire to Be Tried After Failure - s The author of the followlng article, Which is one of & serles by him upon the industrialization and - entire recon-™ / “struction of Japan, Adachl Kiunosuke, (the foremost. writér upon_Japanese ters in Amer'ca, He has recently re- “turped to o United States after making a long and’careful investigation In Japan _and s statements may be considered “authoritative. The second article in t sjeries will ‘be published..in _tomorrow's (Btar. FIRST ARTICLE. BY ADACHI KINNOSUKE. UR beloved Nippon was in-a bad way, it seemed, every day 4n every way. Internally, she was piling up empty stomachs at the rate of 700,000 a year. This is impressive when you look at it in the light of the fact that Nippon is not nearly as large as the single state of California. Japan proper has less than 149,000 square miles, against Califors nja’s 155,000 And she has ten times the rocks and mountains that California has. The grimmest single fact of the year of grace, 1922, as far as Japan sas concerned, was that she had to import about 64,000,000 yens' worth of rfce to fight off starvation. From the international point of view, Japan was as ba off. Practically all the Amerl- can friends of mine told me that Japan was sitting up nights cooking up an uhholy war against the United States. “So, in January, this year, I went oyer there to_see one thing—just how Nippon was “Wworking out her salva- tion. And this is what T saw: Near the cradle city of the mikado culture, called Kyoto, is my old home town. called Kameoka, Rice flelds, most of them the size of an exaggerated pocket handkerchief, hug it on all stdes. Standing kneé deep in the mud of one of the paddy_fields, I found a son_ of the late fafmer Gombei—the faithful guardian of my fish poles which I' could not take home for reasons known to all the goin'-fishin’, youths of the old castle town, In those ancient days when I, too. was yvoung. He was eloquent ‘a picture of misery as et crow. 2 Cannot Leave Ancestors. “Why not try Manchuria,” I said, simply because he had poured into my ‘unprotected ears a breathless stream of hard-luck stories for ome solid hour without a let-up, Yor America “And leave this paddy -field?” said he, in the tone of a pious Bhuddist who had stumbled into an orthodox hades in the heart of the center court of a temple. “Leave the soil on which twenty-five gen of atgust ancestors tolled and died—the sacred soft-gift of august ancestors>" It {s my honest opinfon that he took me for a lunatic. A few hours from the port of Tsu- riga, on the Japan sea, north along the rocky headlands, you come to the old castle town of Fukul. All the way t6 the historic town there are thou- sands of paddy fields hanging mountaln_sid How they manage their footings up along those steep and inhospitable hiilsides is an agri- cultural miracle of the world, but they do. Mountains Menace. Early one morning I went forth to admire, not the miracle of paddy flelds. nor the pluck of the farmers, but the superb beauty with which ng'ure gowned the mountainous dis- trict. But naturally I forgot all ahs that when I met a young farmer and his entire family battiing with the wreck of his fleld. The field was not much bigger than a parior rpet, but it was In an aw- ful me 1t’ seemed that the rain had m: a considerable portion of mountain side slide right into it The farmer was going at it like a steam ecngine. But he was making little impression. It was a job for a Titan and not for a mere human farmer. 1 watched him a long time amd at last he came to rest. There- upon I opened a little conversation. Blames the Mountain. “Just what has happened?” I asked him. ¥ - “It's this august Mountain-san. Every time the rain comes down he slides down. That's his chronic ail- ment.” Evidently the farmer was glad to have a little chat. That afforded him an excuse for a much-needed rest. He was not complaining, but what a sky-winging of prices of everything— the cotton clothes, wooden clogs, chil- dren’s school books, fertilizer, ~char- coal; what a world ‘of sorrows for a farmer's small chest of treasure! And then this landslide right at the time when the rice was putting forth i's tender heads, It was too terrible 1) silence. That was the fifth time this year Mr. Hillside had slid down into his paddy field, he told me. ; *Have you heard of Chosen (Xorea)?" 1 asked him. He pointed out toward the sea. “Oh, ves, on the other side of the Nippon sea,” said he. So I told him of the Oriental Development Com- pany. He had heard of that, too. How the company was giving a colonist plenty of free land; loans of real money and loans of implements to cultivate the flelds—just to get a large number of the Nippon farmers to settle away from this original home of human con- gestion. ““Why not try_ your luck over there?” T suggested. All the genial lines froze instantly an the simple face of the young farmer; all the smiling light went out of his eyes. He looked at me with the bale- ful look of a haunted beast. *Honor- able colonization company agent?’ he wanted to know. I laughed right out at his cloudy face. That brought him back to himself. But he explained how often and persistently the man- catcher, the colonist grabber from ya- rious colonization companies in ‘the country, had been through the district trying to lure some of the silly ones away from the land of blossoms and of the gods and of the shrine festivals and go salling out Into unknown lands, infested with tigers and red-bearded barbarians. Bullt By His Ancestor. The farmer could not see how any mortal with half a sense gould think of doing such a thing. I pointed out to him the fact that quite 2 number of people had gone to America and to Korea. He admitted that readily and added: “Some folks do something some- times and then find it more comfortable to take to ships, but for good people, to leave this country with dumplings and flowers and the New Year's and Bon festivals! The thing was too {m- pious to think of for a single moment. It was all right for the criminals and lunatics to go to the United States or to Korea, of course. When I reminded him of Mr. Hillside with a sliding habit He became serious and told me the story of his small rice Geld. More than a hundred years ago pne of his ancestors came into the country. Where the paddy field was | there had been a bare hillside with a few pine trees, battling against a thousand rocks for their very exist- ence. ' His ancestor was a mere tenant farmer then, working on a flel mearby. But in winter days when there was nothing for him to do he ut in all his time on this rocky ountainside. People laughed at the iling old man, but he worked on. The paddy fleldd was the result of @even years of patient toll of this an- cestor. Sell it and leave the country? Ho did not care if there were twenty. andslides every season. He would al on | of Emigration. in believing him. These two farmers 1 met voice the majority sentiment of his class. Statistics back their con- tentions. Take Korea, for example. At the end of the Chinese war, in 1905, lhere! were something like 50,000 Japanese there. That was the time when Kor came under the decided in- fluence ot Japan. That also was the time & certain great leader of Japan had an Inspiration which turned out 1o be a hallucination. He thought that the one and the only way of looking after her ever-increasing population was to put the surplus in the general direction to Korea and Manchuria. He did not consult the farmers. He knew nothing of the *farmers. But he was a great statesman, The great Orlental Development Company was organized in 1908, at first with the pald-up capital of 20.- 000,000 yen—about $10,000,000 in gold. Then 1t was increased to 50, 000,000 yen. The government _of Japan backed it with all its power and credit. The government author- ized it to issue debenture bonds up to ten times its pafd-up capital. It ‘was a tremendous thing. And the one and only business of this com- pany was and is to persuade Japanese farmers to move into Korea and Man- churfa. It financed the Japanese farmer to lease land to the extent of five acres, “the ownership of which is to be transferred to him after the lapse of twenty-five years or less.” It finanCed the farmer in getting the implements and in disposing of his crops and in all possible ways. And this tremendous company has been at work for nearly fifteen years now. And the result? In 1921 there were less than 100,- 000 Japanese families in Korea, and the total number of men and women and children was less than_ 368,000. There were more than 50,000 Japanese already in Korea at the end of the Chinese war, as has been pointed out. Therefore, all the actiyities of the Oriental Development pany, together with all the other agencles to turn the surplus current of Jap- anese. population Korea-ward, show- ed the net result of slightly more than 300,000 Japanese transplanted in Korea since the Shimonoseki treaty, hich closed the Chinese war. That is at the annual rate of about 20,000 Japanese transplanted in Korea. Population Increases Rapidly. Meanwhile, the Japanese popula- tion was Increasing at the rate of 500,000 to 700,000 a year. And Korea 1s just across a narrow “sash of water” The farmer can board the splendidly appointed ferry steamer at Shimonoseki after dinner and find himself in the harbor of Fusan, Korea, at dawn the following morn- ing. It is not making a half-month's trip across the Pacific to the United ates. In+the light of this fact, compare the popular American opinion that the Japanese would flood the whole of the Pacific states of the United States the minute the immigration restriction bar is let up. It is a joke. A billion dollars of American money can never lure anything like a goodiy proportion of the Japanese farmers from thelir pocket handkerchief paddy fields which have come down to them through ten, twenty generations of their august an- cestors. There are only three classes of the Jepanese who are apt to move out of the country. First, thos who have done something which makes it mere pleasant the greater the distance they can put between their home villages and the present address. Then there Is a class of restless young man, who would rather adventure forth beyond the four seas than eat, largely of a student class whose parents are finan- cially unable to support them through any sort of schooling, Then still an- ether class, composed largely of the stepsons and daughters of fortune—the chronic and habitual failures. A closer study than is usually given by American newspapers and their writers will show that a mere fraction of the -total population of Nippom,., which stands at about 57,000,000 this year, are living_abroad—115,500 in the whole of the Unifed States, 17,800 in Canada, 78,800 in Manchuria and 34,260 in Brazil, Lacks Raw Materials. Emigration as a solution of the basic | populalion question of Nippon is a fails ure, an expensive fallure. Japan has refused to see this for years and years. But the logic of things as they come to pass has driven the understandings on this point 8o impressively that she can no longer insist on her blindness. 1f not in emigration, then where eise | is the way out for Japan? She is clothed with the glory of mountain and water undreamed of by the author of the Taj Mahal. But she is entirely nude of essential raw materials—sans iron, sans rubber, sans cotton; her coal is practically “exhausted. She is no England of the Pacific in this re- spect. She 18 working out her salvation, | nevertheless. Dhe how of it, the tre- mendous scope of her transformation, the spirit back of it all, these were the biggest things I found in Nippon, as I shall tell in the next article. Copyright (New York World) Press Publishing Company, 1923, 5 _ World’s Deepest e 1n razl The St. John del Rey mine in Brazil is ‘the deepist mine in the world, Thomas Read, supervising* engi- neer of the United States.bureau of mines, reports to the American In- stitute of Mining and Metallurgical Englineers, “Among _the large number of deep mines in the world there are several which do not differ much in depth, he says. “The St. Jobn del Rey mine has reached a vertical depth of 6.726 feet below the top of its shaft. Min- ers enter it, however, through an adit which intersects the shaft 324 feet below its top, wherefore it might Dbe said that the mine is really only 6,490 toot deep. “In the Kolar gold fleld of India there are a number of deep shafts, one of which reaches to a vertical depth of 6.140 feet below surface. 4n South Africa also there are a num- ber of deep shafts, the Village Deep being_6,100 feet early in 1921. The City Deep, Limited, proposed to sink to a depth of 7,000 feet, but presum- ably by the time it does so the St. John del Rey will be deeper than that, since it has been increasing in depth'at an average rate qf about 150 feet per year. “The deepest shaft in the United States, the Tamarack No.'5, although it is ‘only 5308 feet deep, actually approaches. nearer to the . center- of the earth (4,100 feet below sea level, as against 3,958 feet at St. John dei Rey). The deepest workings ip the Calumet & Hecla go down to 4,600 feet below sea level. 777,132 Rail Owners. Considerably more = than three- quarters of a million persons own the rallroads of the United States, accord- ing to a _compilation just completed by the Interstate Commerce Commis sion of the number of stockholder: of class oue railroads as of December 31, 1922, the latest date for ich of- ficial information is availal This does mot - take Into accou:& the very many other persons who own a rather be buried under the Ted clay idistributive share in life insurance of the hillside in the paddy field of'and other companies which may ! pecially BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a ‘brief summary of the most Important news of the warld for the seven days ended October 27: GREAT BRITAIN—On October 25,'in a speech to a convention of his party, Premier Baldwin, after referring to the increasing dan- ger of dumping on the British market by countries enjoying the export advantage of a depreciated currency (he was thinking chiefly of a Germany in plight to resume export on the grand scale), and to the Larriers to British trade presented by foreign tariff walls, in- creasing in number and height, made this im- portant statement: A “It 1s no good to go on pottering with ‘this question of unemployment. I have come to the conclusion that the only way of dealing with the question is by protecting the home markes This sounds like a bold pronunciamento—of a sort to make the shades of Bright and Cob- den very restless. I would like to know how it links up with what is golng on behind closed doors at the imperial conference of premiers and the imperial economic conference. i * kK K GERMANY—On October 12 Lord Curzon, the British forelgn secretary, vabled to Secretary Hughes three questions. “Would the United States government, if invited thereto by all the® European allies chiefly concerned in German reparations, des- ignate Americans to participate in an inquiry (apart from the reparations commission) into Germany's capacity to pay? “Would the United States government co- operate as above, even though the Invitation should not be unanimous (even though France should hold aloof, was meaning)? Supposing such an inquiry were to be intrusted to the reparations commission or to a body appointed by it, would the United States co-operate as above? ’ To which on the 15th Secretary Hughes re- plied “that the government of the United States Is entirely willing te’ take part in'an economic conference in which all the Euro- pean allfes chiefily concerned in German rep: rations participate, for the purpose of con- sidering the questions of the capacity of Ger- many to make reparations payments and an appropriate financial plan for securing such payments.” qJ1s added, nowever, certain welghty condi- ons: (1) The conference must be advisory only. (2) It must leave out of its déliberations the matter of debts of the allies to the United States, which debts constitute obligations en- tirely distinct from German reparations. Evidently the “conference” contemplated by the above is the “commission” suggested by our government last December. The government of the United States could not at present, said Mr. Hughes, appoint a member to the reparations commission, since such an appointment would require the con- sent of Congress. But he entertains no doubt that competent Americans would accept ap- pointment by the reparations commission &s members of zn advisory body for the purposes above state (A reasonable inference fa that there would be in this case real, though unavowed, co- operation by our government.) As to whether the United States government would co-operate In an inguiry from -which any of the great European allies should hold aloof, that government must reserve its de- clision. ® On the 26th the French, Belgian and Italian governments notifled London of their approval of the idea of an advisory body appointed by the reparations commission. It is reasonable to presume that such a body—of much the same complexion as the bankers' committee, on which Mr. J. . Mcrgan sat—will soon be at work. ~ Its .recommencations may or may mot avail more than did those of the bankers' committee, which availed not at all. But meantime—i. e., pending the completion of #he advisory committee’'s work and the re- action ‘of the’ reparations commission to its report—what? On October 19 the. repara- tions commission forwarded, with approval (even Sir John Bradbury; the British delegate, voting “yea"), a demand on the German gov- ernment by the governments of France, Bel- glum and Italy for certain deliveries in kind on reparations. account. On the 24th the commlssion recelved a mote from the German \ ) government, which stated that it was willing (in principle), a rather charming phrase, to resume deliveries in kind, bu that, owing to the effects of the Ruhr occupstion, it was un- able to finance deliveries. Itis réported that Poincare has so far relaxéd §s to consent to the appearance of a represensative of Strese- * mann before the commission, to_egplain In detail the position of his government. ‘Wil the commission grant Stresemann a - suspension of deliveries in kind? Would Poin- care accept such a decision? It is a critical situation, with most delicate nuance: The dispatches leave us much to seek as to the situation in the Ruhr. If unemployment is as great as some reports aver, and if Strese- mann has held'to his announced program—no provision by the reich government of doles or free food for the unemployed since the 20th— by all precedents the Ruhr should by now be a hell's cauldron unless peradventure there are municipal relief arrangements adequate to stave off disaster for the present. There is great conflict in the dispatches &s to how fare the negotiations between the Geoupying au- thorities and the industrial groups. I must wait for more light on the Ruhr. On October 21 the Rhineland republic was proclaimed at Aix-la-Chapelle—a republic, be it noted, outside the reich. ‘Whatever the present condition of the enter prise, the auspices point to its early demise. It has been managed without intelligence, it ob- viously engages little popular support, and the French higher authorities, however guestion- able may be the attitude of some local com- manders, are not for it. The higher author- ities know well enough that such a state, Jif established. could have but brief life and that its estabilshment would completely “ball up” the reparations problem and alienate the British and Italians. I state the above cau- tiously; the latest accounts are fantastic. There is another separatist movement afoot in the Rhine palatinate, an appanage of Bavaria. A palatinate republic has been: proclaimed; whether to be within or without the reich, and what may be the present status of this ad- venture I cannot say. There are a thousand other details of the strangely complicated scene which clamor for notice; as, the communist effert in Ham- burg, Bremen and ‘northward, bloodily sup- pressed by -the police; the disloyal and pre- Pposterous behavior of Bavaria; the coneilia- tory recent attitude of red Saxony and red Thuringia; the food riots all over the reich; the appointment of a food dictator, who ap- pears to be setting about his task 'with Intel- ligence and firmuess; the Iinexprassible de- moralization of the finances; much else. * ok %k ok SPAIN—One hears without dissatisfaction that Capt. Gen. Primo De Rivera, baving dis- covered that he cannot carry on officlally without the aid of civilians with axperience of the intricate machinery of civil adminis- tration, is about to alter his government ac- cordingly. . De Rivera is said to be a man of common sense and of a pretty humor. It does not yet appear whather he i3 merely the servant of a movement and by no means his own man, or whether he Is, so to speak, the movement, or, at any rate. the prime mover: whether, in simple language, he is the tail or the dog. * K K % ITALY—On October 31, the anniversary of the consummation of fascist control in Italy, there will be a tremendous celebration in Rome. Five hundred fiying machines, includ- ing seaplanes and airships, will evolute above the sacred city, while thousands of fascisti march past the tomb of the unknown soldler. At night the aircraft will enact an &ir raid while anti-alrcraft guns crackle multitudi- nously. The most Interesting feature of tha cele- bration will be a bonfire on the Capitoline nill of government securities, sacrified by the holders to the necessities of the state. Whatever Mussolini's extravagances ‘in_ the forelgn fleld, there is no denying that he has accomplished splendid results in the domestic economic field. It looks as though-he might make the budget balance for the year. * k k % CHINA—"Alas.” Joseph Vance's father might have said, there is always a “hinseck” in the amber. I told last week of how Tsao Kun's new government made an on the whole “satisactory” reply to the diplomats’ notes of demand_and protest concerning the Linching affair. But behold the sequel; Wellington Koo, who was, 80 to speak, the interim government which ' preceded Tsao Kun's, and whom -Tsao Kun was_delighted . to contidne as foreign minister, has resigned that office for the fol- lowing reason: [] Tsao Kun, did, indeed, as demanded by the® diplomats, dism{ss the ‘Tuchun of Shantung from his ‘tuchunate, but at the same time he afowed him to retire from active service with increased rank and with some sort of.deco- ration implying distingulshed services. Koo i been associating with such western char- acters as Sir Robert Cecil, and is no longer capable of “bright, celestial thought: * ¥ %, k- ' UNITED STATES OF AMERICA—The Moros in Mindanao are on the rampage again. About - a fortnight ago a party of them murdered three school teachers and ten members of the constabulary. They would rampage anyhow, but one of the chief impulsions to rampaging is their hot objection to having Filipinos in authority over them. They regard the latter as an inferfor race. Well, aren't they? Gen. Wood has gone to'Mindanao to investigate. ‘The Oklahoma house, having presented -to the senate articles of impeachment against Gov. Walton, the senate on October 23, sus- pended the governor from office and on the 26th resqglved itself into a court of impeach- ment for his trial. There are twenty-one articles in the bill of impeachment, ingluding allegations of financial irregularities. The governor will appear before the senate court on November 10. A very interesting investigation by a senate committee of the past operation of-the Vet- erans’ Bureau is now in process. Charles P. Steinmetz, one of the greatest of electrical geniuses, died suddenly on Friday. He was equally great in pure and in applied electrical sclence. The convention of the Ku Klux Klan in Dallas, Tex.. does not seem to have been.the compléte success predicted. Only 75,000 100 per cent Americans were present, instead of the 250,000 advertised. Thinking of the Klan, one wonders whether the American sense of humor s not a popular fallacy. Oh, you klokards and klabees! Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont, declares that the time may be near when “there will be set up a woman's government by women for women, children and humanity in general.” Certain scientists declare that another ice age I8 close upon us. Why, oh, why does it * %k * MISGELLANEOUS—The German nationalist party, i. the party advocating union of Austria witn Germany, received a stunning defeat in the recent Austrian general elec- tions. There was a little counter-revolution, or rather insurrection in Greece during the week, headed, it would seem, by ex-army offi- cers, friends of the late Constantine, who wanted their jobs back. It was casily sup- pressed with few casualties. There will be general elections in Greece in December. Perhaps thereafter Col. Plastiras and the revolutionary committee will relinquish thelr dictatorship; perhaps they won't. The third internationale has a doughty ally in the peasants’ international, the first conference of which concluded its scssions at the Kremlin on October 16. Addressing the bucolic throng, Zinoviev pleasantly unbosomed himself as follows: *“1_see approach the German proletarian revolution, which, like a refreshing stream, will pass over decaycd Europe and discharge the atmosphere.” In view of the recent disaster, the Japanese have occasion to congratulate themselves on the admirable past conduct of their national finances. The external national debt of Japan is only about 1.300,000,000 yen, the internal about 2,500,000,000 yen, which total the equiva. lent of about $1,900,000,000. The coming elections in Mexleo promise ex- >itement. There was a little pre-election en- rtainment the other day in the Mexican ‘hamber. One member shot another in the eg, and two others stood up to each other with “the dukes.” There have been other inci- dents more bloody, but not so picturesque; for example, five were killed in a clash of factions in_Mexico City October 21. The greater vart of the population of Eu- Tope is now ruled by dictators. There are dictatorships in Russia. Germany. Italy, Spain, Hungary, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. vdelay? “AS A UNION MAN SEES IT BY JAMES M. LYNCH, Former President of the International Typographical Uaion. Second Artitle. HE president of the American Federation of Labor is gun- ning -for the communists in and out of the labor move- ment. Tn a number of recent public addresses Mr. Gompers has exposed the trickery and the sophistry of the advocates of one big union and has linked their activities with the work- ers’ party, the communists and the Trade Union Educational League, the latter the creature of W. Z. Foster and exploited by his paper, the. Labor Herald, published in Chicago. One does not have to go far for the evidence to justify Mr. Gompers in his determination that the wage earners shall know the facts and thus be able to appreciate the menace that confronts them and thelr organizations, and to guard against it. In the Foster trial, following the Bridgeman raid, in which the de- fendant escaped because of an equal- ly divided jury, Ruthenberg, one of our leading communists, and Foster, under oath, furnished the details of the scheme to contro] the labor unions of America d that his effort was command of the trade unions. Foster admitted that he had been pursuing this policy ever since he had had anything to do with the labor move- ment. While his goal has always been to put the workers in control of the state, he testified, his methods had changed. Foster also admitted the truth of the charge that he went to Russia in 1921 and brought back a program laid down by Lenin and other Rus- sian communists for a revolution in the United States, based uporm the organization of the working men into industrial unions instead of the American_craft unions. He testified that he had organized the Trade Unfon Educational League and had started the Labor Herald as the offi- clal organ of that league to carry out this program. He said that he and his associates had been “boring from within" the American Federation of Labdr, using methods he had learned in the I W. W. movement some years ago, and that the object was to over- throw the capitalist system and set up & communist state of soclety. Programs Differ. Foster explained the differences be- twen communism and syndicalism. both as to the goals and tactics of the two movements. He said the syndical- ists belleved in the labor unions making a direct assault on the capi- talist system and operating industry and soclety without a state, while the communists believe in organizing a conducted dnder plans perfected in Moscow and orders from that center of red activity and propaganda. Theory Sounds Fime. Briefly, the conspiracy seeks to amalgamate all unions into a single industry or its subsidiaries into what is termed one big union, so that the wage earners “may be the better equipped to meet the employer on the economic field” and that when necessary, in order to enforce de- mands, all of those employes will act together in negotiations and in strikes under a single and fully em- powered leadership. This sounds nice, another beautiful theory, many times exploded, but the trouble is that the Memorles of the wage earn- ers, like those of people generally, are short. The real object is politi- cal. The proponents of the movement know that it cannot now be made to work for many reasons, but they also know that if it could be made effec- tive its subsequent failure will not hurt its communist _progenitors; rather will it help them, for in defeat and despair the wage earners are pe- cullarly susceptible to economic nos- trums, fakers and schemers. They are willing to grasp at straws, to embrace any doctrine that promises relief. The communists and their ilk are great promisers. They know what they want and they are mnot bothered with consclences. “One big union” means that mil- lions of wage earners will be under the guidance and domination of its proponents and when it fails eco- nomically and turns to politics, exert- ed through the communist party, the same tricksters will be in command, S0 much nearer their dream of po- litical power and its ruthle: ipplica- tion. ‘Russia furnishes the inspira- tion and the example. : Expiains Objective. At the St. Joseph trial, questioned as to his objective and as to his ac- tivities in "the labor government, Foster made the admission that his program of industrial unionism is the key to the whole revolutiohary move- ment. It was contended .that this aspect of the case was all-important because all communist literature, es- the works of Lenin and his ancestor than to wander across a,directly have as part of their asséts| many other prominent leaders of the big sea and become a king of strangs | railroad stocks. eople. No, the farmer-grabbers for ‘There were -on the date above men- he colonization companies did not tioned 777,132 railroad stockholders, fo a thriving business age, he told me, and I Balb o trouble: Boiders which was an increase of 24,165 stock- Russian soviet republic-and the com- munist internationale at Moscow, em- phasizes the fact that communism e:x; political party to take control of the -state and then do away with the capitalist system. The witness testified he no longer belleved in the syndicalist doctrine that there should be no state and no general supervising body, but that the workers in each industry should manage the affairs of that particular industry. Foster said he no longer approved the anarchist doctrine, hich he subscribed to in “Syndical- sm,” of each taking what he needs, abolishing all ownership. As to the general strike Foster testified that as the writer of “Syndicalism,” as secre- tary of the Syndicalist League of North Ameriea and in speeches and articles he had advocated bringing about the revolution by the general strike. At the Bridgeman convention Fos- ter said he made an extemporaneous speech on the work of the Trade Union Educational League. He gave @ long acéount of what he had said to convince the communists of the ne- cessity of working hard to propogate the industrial union idea among the | workers. He also reported progress, especially mentloning the _Chicago Federation of Labor as having come out In favor of the amalgamation theory and of a labor party. He ‘also said that radicals ana lib. erals, who believed the Gompers ma- chine in the American Federation of Labor too powerful to be overthrown, were mistaken. The whole labor vote of the country, he added, ought to get together in one labor party, in- stead of splitting up and negating itselt in the existing parties. His speech, Foster sald, included ‘ the statement that he had attended the congress of the Red Internationale in Russia and that the “Red” Interna- tionale had adopted the industrial program he had been advocating for years. On his return to America he testified he told the convention, he had put his industrial program be- fore the central executive commi tee of the communist party at a meet- ing in New York and the committee had indorsed it. He added that he had told the convention that the com- munists should get together with all other radicals and liberals in the Trade Union Educational League, which he referred to as “a left bloc movement.” 3 Foster said the relationship be- tween the communist party of Amer- ica and his Trade Union Educational League was confined to an indorse- ment by the communists of the league. Foster said he pointed out to the Bridgman convention that the socialist party had failed to con- House Appropriations Body Must Fill Many Vacancies (Continued from First Page.) gives Increased work and importance to the appropriations committee of the House, which will first act upon these reclassiffed salaries. Thero is another condition which complicates the situation ahead of the appropriations committee. Chairman Madden recently had a serious heart attack. His close friends have been urging that he relax his arduous de- votlon to the work- of the appropri- tions committee which he reorgax- zed in the last Congress, and there- by lengthen his years of service and influence in the Howmse. Of course, Chairman Madden is now about again and on duty dally at’ his desk in fll’ Capitol, giving no indication that hi intends to quit or to “let down.” He ‘has well ordered ideas in hig mind for further systematizsing the ,work of his committes, which he'is anxious to seae worked out before he relin- uishes that post. - Should - Representative Madden re- tire from the chairmanship it would probably be given as a.well-earned reward for very efficie service to Representative Daniel R. Anthony of Kagsas, who is-now chairman of the subcommittee handling the Army ap- propriation bill. There are now twelve vacancies on the appropriations committee, but two former members. who were tem- mw lvv‘?l;‘.{l‘:l“ - porarily .out of Congress are return- ing, and as they will probably be r instated as members of the appropria- tions committee on account of their valuable experience, the present pros- pect is_that there will be only ten places to be filled. Four of these zro chairmen of subcommittees—“Uncle Joe” Cannon, who retired, was chair- man of the subcommittee on the legis- lative, executive and judicial appro- priations; C. m Slemp, now private secretary to- President Cool- idge, was chairman of the subcom- mittee on post office appropriations; Patrick H. Kelley of Michigan, who retired to make the run for the Sen- ate, was chairman of the subcommit+ tee’ on_naval appropriations, and James W. Husted of New York was chajrman of the subcommittee ‘on th State and Justice departments &p- propriations. The two members who are return- ing are Representative William S. Vare of Pennsylvania, who resigned to go to the state senate, and Rep- resentative Thomas W. Harrison of Virginia, Who was unseated in favor of John Paul, but who has since been re-elected. The others who Wwill not returi are Charles F. Ogden of Kentucky, Wil- liam H. Stafford of Wisconsin, Elijah C. Hutchinson of New Jersey, Robert E. Evans of Nebraska and Henry Z. Osborne of California (deceased), ali republicans, and Thomas U. Sisson of uflnnmt (recently deceaged), | centrate on trade-union .work and, as a result, It had collapsed in the first test. Therefore, he said, he was glad to see the communist party was preparing to build on a trade-union foundation. He told the conveation, he said, that there had been too much talk in the radical moyement in thig country and not enough prac- tical leadership. “I also told the convention about the power of the Gompers machine,” Foster said. YThere is an opinion in some circles that the Gompers machine is very strong. I told them this is not true, and the machine is strong only be- cause the progressives and radicals in the unions are not organized. 1 told them there are hundreds of thousands of strategic offices in the unions going begging because we have no one prepared to take.them.” Do you see the point? Fill the of- fices that are “going begging” with trained radicals and then “bore from within” in the work of political ex- ploitation of the unions. Foster made the frank admission that he wished to see the American government supplanted by a dicta- torship of the proletariat on the lines of the Russian soviet. He was not sure, he said, whether an armed In- surrection would be necessary to bring this about. Foster's testimony, in addition to his admission that he belleved in a revolution to overthrow this government, included the state- ment that he accepted the communist doctrine that the revolutionists are not bound by the existing laws of capitalist countries. The witness said he believed the present state of civ- ilization was only a milestone in a loug road that would swrely lead to a proletariat dictatorship here, as in other countries. Favor Soviet Recognition. It is my impression that the great bulk of the organized wage earners favor recognition of the Russian soviet republic. This does not mean that they approve of that govern- ment or its methods, They are of the opinion that if.the fear of outside interference with Russian affairs, { Which might result in the restoration of the autocracy, can be removed | from the minds of the Russian peo- ple, thdt if they can thus be left free to give their attention to their own government, they will speedily bring about reforms that will result in a great repubHc whose conduct and form of government will commend it to_other nations and other peoples. Under the present government the people of Russia have that for which they have dreamed -and | Jears—the ownership of iand. the land they are no longer serfs or bondsmen; they are free. But, being freo, they want more freedom, they want direct representation in the gov- ernment of their country. Take away the menace of war, and this enlarged freedom they will demand and obtain. On the other hand, our working Deople resent the attempts of the Russian control to interfere and proselytize.in this republic: They re- sent the attempts at propaganda, as represented by the activities of ‘the communists party in this country, acting under orders fraom Moscow, t0 sovietize America. The desire for recognition of Russia is_tempered and halted by this brasen effort, to be propagated through one big union, to center political control of the world in Moscow. That our communists are the ac- credited agents of Moscow was made !plain in the Foster trial at Bfidgman. It will be recalled by the readers of these articles that Ruthenberg was the principal witness for the defense, and that this same Ruthenberg is the mastér mind and impelling force of the communist movement in this country and on this. continent. The regrettable thing about this trial is “that {t gave this suave and plausidle PAN-AMERICAN RED CROSS. PARLEY TO OPEN NE American Delegation Sees <Siéfiificanf Step Toward Clo WERA | ‘ ser: Harmony in Humanitarian Effort. BY BEN Me¢RKELWAY. OHN BARTON PAYNE; chairman of the Armerican ‘Red Cross, whose recent mission” to’ Mexico terminated so successfully, em- barked from New York yesterday on another mission of far-reaching impor- tance among the nations in‘the western hemisphere, a mission which has as its object the encouragefment of interna- tional * friendship and helpfulness in times of distress. - Judge Payne heads a || delegation from the United States which will represent this country and the American Red Cross at the first Pan- American Red Cross conference, which meets in Buenos Aires, Novem- ber 25 to December. 6. The conference was called in con- formity with a resolution adopted by the general council of Red Cross so- cleties in Geneva in March, 1922, and is the first to be held for the Red Cross societies of the western hemi- sphere. It s the third conference of Red Cross societies held at the sug- gestion of the league of nations. The main objects of the forthcoming con- ‘erence are to build up in the two Americas a great, cohesive Red Cross organization for mutual help in time of disasters, and to encourage the de- velopment of international friendli- ness and helpfulness between the gov_|the founding of a school for nurses. ernments and peoples of North and & wth America. Program Comprehensive. The program of the conference in- cludes discussions and reports on such matters as enlarging the member- ship of the Red Cross; the activities of the Red Cross socleties in relation to governmental and private organi- zations engaged In social welfare and health work; the adaptation to Ameri- can conditions of the Red Cross peace program so far as it has to do with public health nursing. child welfare, popular health instruction and the organization of campaigns against al- coholism and the abuse of drugs, venereal disease, malaria, tubercu- losis, yellow fever, hookworm and other epidemlc diseases. Before leaving Washington Judge Payne declared that in addition to the opportunity he hoped the confer- ence would offer for furthering the humanitarian work of the Red Cross, there is another significance to the mission. “The countries of Central and South America,” he said, “are ready to un- dertake a larger share of the inter- national responsibility of Red Cross activity. This is-a phase which should not be overlooked, and, in fact, stands forth as a turning point in lh‘e rela- tions of Spanish Amerlca with the world. Latin Americans, generous by nature, after years of ploneering in 2 territory several times larger than Europe, now find themselves in a position to gratify their larger im- pulses; and this coming conference is 2 co-operative effort to organize for the service of alleviation of suffering and amelioration of disaster in lands Dbeyond their borders.” Accompanying Judge Payne are Col. Ernest P. Bicknell, vice chairman of the American Red Cross, in charge | of foreign operations; Arthur W. Dunn, national director, American Junior Red Cross; Henry J. Furber and Dr. J. D. Long, assistant surgeon general of the United States public health service, who will represent the public_health’ service and the Pan- American Sanitary Bureau and the Pan-American Union. Officials to Attend. Each of the national Red Cross societies to be represented at the Buenos Alres conference had the privilege of Inviting in a consultive capacity such government and health authorities from the parent nation as they desired, and In addition to these experts there will be repre- sentatives of the international com- mittee of the Red Cross, the secre- tariat of the League of Red Cross Socleties, the international labor of- fice, the international health board of the Rockfeller Foundation, the Na- tional Health Council and similar or- ganizations. As the Amerlcan Red Cross has car- ried to extenslve lengths the develop- ment of many of the projects covered in the program, its reports on its close relationship with the United States gov- ernment, on the establishment of for- eign schools of nursing, on public health nursing, educational activities in nutri- tion, first aid, life-saving, and the Junior ] doctrinaire his opportunity for an | audience before which to place his “cause.” While a regrettable menace to free speech, yet the trial was of value in many ways to the labor movement, | for it showed clearly the domination | of the communists in this country by their Russian brethren and the readi- ness of our reds to take orders from the soviet authorities, It also made clear the methods that are followed in making these orders effective. We are reprinting or summarizing the testimony that bears out these con- clusions. Bear in mind that . this| testimony was given undef oath by | Ruthenberg, principal witness for the defense, and by the defgndant testi- fying in his own behalf. The principal witness described the difference between communism and anarchism. and communism and so- | clalism. He declared that the com- munists, following Marx, believed | that it was impossible to force a revolution by the minority using vio- lence, that it could only come by an | organization of the majority of the| workers, which should strive for po- litical power before economic power. “In the question of force, the wit- ness continued, “the communist in- ternationale has told the communist party of America that to talk about force in the United States was non- senge, that there are no historical conditions to suggest such propagan- da here and that we should merely advocate here today the first step of the workers and the farmers to unite themselves politically for the strug- glo against capitalism, They told us to organize a labor party and to urge the unions to amalgamate and to propagate the idea of industrial unions instead of craft unions, so that all the workers in an industry can be organized into one union.” In Touch With Moscow. Ruthenberg testified that the work- ers' party still had a direct connec- tion with” the communist _interna- tionale and that he himself had com- municated _several times recently with one Polacco in Moscow, secre- tary ‘of the executive committes of the communist internationale. He also admitted that the New York city meeting had taken up the question of whether communist work here was to Dbe carried on in the open hereafter and.that he had translated a lengthy speech delivered by a man named Pepper. According to_ Ruthenberg, Pepper told the New York commu- nists that the leaders of the interna- tlonale in Moscow favored an open. communist movement in America, be- cause they believed the political sit- uation here had changed enough to make it possible to-advocate publicly a revolution and dictatorship by the proletariat. Ruthenbers said that the com- munist party had an industrial de- partment, through which members of the party who were also trade unton- ists, were organized to carry on a campaign within the unions for the industrial program of the party. The American Federation of Labor, through its. executive council, has not hesitated to apply discipline to Red Cross movement will prove of spe: clal interest. ‘The pan-American Red Cross conrer: ence will find the Red Cross movement: well established in the majority of South American countries and ready to undertake much of the new work plan- ned. % The Argentine Red Cross is now. sup- porting schools for the training of meld and women in the profession of nurs- ing. Its Junior Red Cross work has; taken on a nation-wide aspect, Wi every school in the country enrolicd. Campaigns in public health and sanita- tion are carried on through advertising and publicity and camps are maintained 16r the care of undernourished children. Clinics and dispensaries are maintained . in some of the larger cities. 0 The Bolivian Red' Cross is of recent’ origin and. its membership ix small. Its+ most notable work, it is reported, has- been in the military camps during sum- mer maneuvers, where a complete serv- ice has been established. It also main talns a public consultation office in L Paz, with trained and student nurses ins attendance. T Brasil Soclety Strong. : The Brazilian Red Cross, founded in 1806, includes among its larger activitics aid to victims in times of epidemics and catastrophes, the maintenance of a na- tional crusade against tuberculosis and" A large national Red Cross headquarters is now under construction in Rio Ja- neiro, which will contain offices for the grganization and a well equipped emer- gency hospital. The Brazilian Red- Cross_established itself as a_national necessity at the time of the 1918 influ- enza epidemic, the overflow of the San Francisco river and other calamitles. Chile founded a_Red Cross society, at_the time of the Pacific war, in 1870, which passed out of existence some vears later. Starting again: with the same organization in 1903, the Chilean organization has become one of the best in South America, has thrown itself into social wWelfare and public health work. Ever: chapter now maintains a dispensary, clinic and vaccination service, milk stations, protection to children ati home and in school, prevention and cure of socfal discases, alcoholism, tuberculosis and the civic, hygiene and moral education of the individ- ! ual. The Columbia Red Cross was or- ganized in 19156 and since has been reorganized as an auxiliary to the sanitary service of the army. Costa Rica Soclety New. 3 The Costa Rican society as recently reorganized maintains first aid sta- tions, free medicines and prescrip- tions to those unable to pay. A sani- tary brigade and Junior Red Cross also are maintained. The Cuban Red Cross has rendered numerous and important eervices to the nation in times of distress, and sent funds to Europe during the pro- tracted Balkan war. During the Eu- ropean war it sent eleven shiploads of medical and food supplies overseas. While the Dominican Republic has contributed funds for relief abroad, no national society has been organ- ized there, and such Hed Cross work as is done comes from the American Red Cross. The Ecuadorean Red Cross, founded in 1910, is doing good work in a number of public heaith lines, it is said. In Guatemala a mational so- clety was organized last January. In Honduras no soclety has been formed. Mexico’s turbulent political condi, tion in the past has prevented the formation of & national organization there, although one chapter was formed and has done good work in a number of national calamities. Nicaragua has no Red Cross. Pan- ama’'s organization includes a tuber- cular ciinic #nd a baby clinic, visit- ing nurses and an orphan asylunc, Paraguay's, Red Cross has devoted. its work to co-operation with exist- ing beneficent and charitable organ-: izations. The Peruvian Red Cross was urganized during the war of th Pacific and has rendered service in’ times of national calamities and epis; demics. Salvador has had a Red, Cross organization since 1885, The Uruguayan Red Cross has rendered extensive aid during a revolution and, now directs sixty boards and delega- tions in the various departments in 4 public health campaign. The Vene- zuelan Red Cross operates a dispenss, ary in the capital, has organized a school for nurses and a junior Red” Cross. oo e R s e e, e S news bureau, in a review of commus- nist activities as affecting the labor | unlons, excoriates the red agitator: Here are; some of the paragraphs re ferring to the communist: - “In his own circle the communist who thoroughly understands his les son will acknowledge that there is nothlhg in common between unions. and dreams. S “He jeers at democracy and talks+ of the ‘mob’ when he and his kind.: privately refer to the people as a. whole. "He insists that the workers must be led, and he intends to do: the leading. “When he talks to trade unionists, however, he affects a most weeping interest in the workers' welfare. “That he believes in autocracy is indicated by this statement, printed in the first issue (March, 1922) of the Labor Herald, official organ of thg Communist Trade Union Educational League: “* ¢ * the fate of all labor' organizations in every country des> pends primarily upon the activities. of @ minute minority of clea sighted, enthusiastic militants scat: tered throughout the great organized- masses of sluggish workers. “ ‘These live spirits are the natural head of the working class, the driving force of the labor movement. “ ‘They are the only ones who reall understand what the labor struggle means, and who have practical plang. for its prosegution. The above Is not intended, of course;~ for the eye of trade unlonists, who are expected to raise money, buy lit- erature and furnish audiences for fancy pictures of a world to come. Against this unusually frank state- ment, that every communist, I W. W.A: one big unionite, and other revolu~. tionist accepts, is the trade-union. idea of educating the workers and" going oniy as far and as fast at anys one time as the collective intelligence, of the workers will permit. o The trade unions place all power in' the membership. Policles Different. . The revolutionists have a differeny. policy, which is rarely referred to by them. Théy accept the autocrati ideal. They believe in rulership from above, and contemptuously refer to. “the great organized masses of slug- gish workers™ who must be led by the- “clear-sighted minority.” , ‘And they mean themselves, of course, when they talk of a “clear sighted minority.” The trade-union theory gives all, power to the workers, while tha* other secretly expresses contempt for the workers, whom they would pubes licly soothe by their soapy phrases. || It is as impossible to compromise these two theorles as it is to mix oil and water, There is no place: in the trade:® union movement for revolutionists. They are not interested in improv- ing the workers' conditions. Their object is to overthrow soclety and” establish a “dictatorship of the porss letariat.” By this they mean rulership by the ‘“elear-sighted minority” over the great organized masses of slug~ gish workers’™ Their one big union and their indus- city central labor ions inoculated with the communist germ and show ing virulent reaction. Detroit was called to order, and Seattle and Min- neapolis have been given a time limit in which to retract. . The-federation trial and amalgamation schemes ure not iIntended for industrial purposes, but for political purposes—to be the groundwork for their revélution. (Copyright, 1823, by the McCluré N ? (Copyrig] ")im‘” Sl eWspAPEr