Evening Star Newspaper, July 8, 1923, Page 37

TAX BURDEN BE SLASHED Also Organjie for Fight on Bonus, Re- MANUFACTURERS DEMAND ’ strictions on Immigration and Legis- lIative Moratorium for Railroads. BY HARDEN COLFAX. The organized manufacturers of the United States, more than 20,000 strong, representing invested capital ©of about $40,000,000.000 and employers of upward of 6,000,000 workers, have begun a concerted drive throughout the nation to swing the next Congress into line for the following four prin- ‘ciples: 1. Opposition to the enactment of soldier bonms law along the lines of recent proposals. 2. Enactment of what the manu- facturers regard as a constructive immigration law permitting the entry into the country of selected groups of workers when the need for such Wworkers is manifested by a labor shortage in their respective trades. 3. A legislative moratorium for the railroads. 4. Revision downward of tax bur- ‘dens placed upon industry, With respect to the last-named vrinciple, the manufacturers are ex- tending their efforts to state and local governments as well. They have come out squarely for the adoption of the budget system by lesser units of government and contemplate work- ing to that end in every state and clty where they have representation. Inauguration of the drive is an- nounced in a letter addressed to the various state associations of manu- facturers and the 6,000 or more mem- bers of the National Associatign of Manufacturers by J. E. Edgerton, Earl Constantine and James Fi Emery, . chairman, secretary and counsel, re- spectively, of the National Industrial Councll of New York city, A general campaign of education among the taxpayers of each state, to the end that the taxpayers may bring such proper pressure to bear upgn mem- bers of Congress as they can exert, is advocated. Large Effort Now. “You have an opportunity,” reads the letter, “that will not be repeated to discuss these subjects with your representatives and to make them topics for popular consideration in various forms through which opinion is formulated and expressed. Now is the period of growing opinion. Now is the time when constituencies. are open to argument. “By December (when the next Con- gress meets) many loose views will have crystallized into judgments. The time for correction of defects of rea- soning and the presentation of views is now. If you do not take advantage of the opportunity presented it will be too late when it has become that constituency and is reflected in the action of a representative.” First on the council's list of sub- jects to be discussed in that manner comes the soldier bonus. The council Government Getting On the Coal That the United States government 18 taking charge of the coal mining industry with a firm hand was shown by two important government agencies during the last week. Declaration by the Interstate Com- merce Commission that “there are at present more mines in the country than {s consistent with the efficient of carrler equipment and their yaggregate car supply,” in refusing a permit for a one-mile branch track in West Virginia to serve mines be- ing opened by the Pocahontas Fuel Company, was almost simultaneous with an important announcement by the Interior Department. This was to the effect that while in the past, because of prior develop- ment of coal mines and industries in the eastern states, coal mining in the public domain of the west has been overshadowed, but that in the years ahead leased mines may well become the more important. On this account every effort is being made by the Interior Depart- ment to establish the new system of leased coal mines on a correct basis, 50 as to protect the public interest in safe and eficient mining and at the same time not to unduly hamper initiative in operation. The growing importance of this " new leased coal mining industry is shown by the fact that a total of 380,000 acres of coal lands in fifteen western states—hard by which it is hoped to have factories built, so as to greatly reduce the coal haulage and 8o solve the recurrent coal crises—have been leased for mining operations. These figures do not in- clude Alaska, where coal mining operations are conducted under a dif- terent system. e This new system of leased mines fought the bonus long and success- fully when it appeared in the last Congress. Its attitude is unchanged. Bonus Seen as Lons. | “The man who supports the bonus as proposed,” reads the letter, pre- sumably in reference to the member of Congress who supports the idea, “risks permanent loss for small and questionable temporary gain. “We urge the imperative impor- tance of presenting this subject to your representatives and throughout Your communities in order that there may be a clear, popular understanding of the moral and economic issues in- volved in this unfortunate effort to add a staggering burden to our in- dustrial 1ife in the most delicate period of economic readjustment.” The councll foresees “an attempt to cut the present c 3 per cent immigration law to & 2 per cent law.” This the councll urges the manufac- turers throughout the country to op- pose. In support of its proposals it says: “Adminlstrative machinery to meet the condition would place the con- trol of the situation in the hands of the government, so that neither the employer could’ induce an unneces- sary supply nor could artificial com binations keep it below the demon- strated public nee: Sees Raliroad Trouble. With respect to the railroads, the council feels that “it is apparent that a radical attack Is to be made upon the existing transportation act. The act is by no means perfect, but it must be apparent that continued agi- tation and uncertainty as to the con- ditions under which the transporta- tlon service of the country is to be rendered will be a demoralizing in- fluence upon the conduct of business. “The railroads and the business of the country are sadly in need of a legislative moratorium.” I Governmen expenditures, the council points out, have reached a stage where “every thirty-eight peo- ple engaged In earning their living are supporting two public employes. Every Sixth Dollar In Tax. “The more we ask government to do,” the lettér continues, “the- more we must give it the means with which to do it. It has now reached a_‘point where one dollar out of every six of our net income must go into the public Treasury. Does not that make the whole subject of taxa- tion one which you must take up with your representative before he returns to participate in a Congress in which new and additional tax bur- dens are to be urged?’ The council's recommendations have been sent to the state assoclations of manufactugers in forty states. These assoclations average about 500 mem- bers each. Each member, in order to -obtain membership, must be an actual manufacturer. It is estimated that these assoclations, which form, through their officers, the council's advisory board, contain in membership 70 per cent of all the manufacturers, of whatever line, in the country a Grip Mining Industry is working out very encouragingly. Coal is now being_mined from go ernment land_in Washington, Mon- | tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado. and New Mexico. During the last year a total of 101 mines produced coaleon leased public land. | _Up to June 1 a total of 419 coal- prospecting permits were issued by the Department of the Interior on public lands—in Wyoming, 103; in | Colorado, 90; in Montana, 51; in Utah, 39; in Nevada, 34; in New Mexico, | 30; in_Oregon,’ 25, and in Washing- | ton, 21, | _Technical supervision of these coal | mining operations, with special re- | gard to maintaining maximum stand- |ards of safety and efficiency, is di- rected through a mining supervisor of the engineering staff of the Intg- rior Department, with headquarters in_Denver, Colo. It is now well agreed that the economic welfare of the country re- quires that manufacturing should be induced to spread westward instead of congesting along the Atlantic sea- board. This is desirable, not only be- cause manufacturing can be done cheaper when the plants are close to ‘the raw supplies, but because it will aid very materially in solving the rallroad transportation problem which has largely resulted from frelght cars going one way heavily laden and returning empty, and from the fact that the jam of coal cars to supply the already congested com- mercial area along the eastern coast is held up and in tourn. holds up freight cars, causing seasonal rail- road blockades. With the development of coal | mines and water power in the west- ern states is one of the biggest hopes {of the federal gavernment to solve | the coal and raflroad problems. Vast Expense and Greatest Care : Needed to Keep Golf Course Up What makes the grass grow so ver- dantly on the golf greens? Ordinary folks touring in their “fiivvers” past the palatial country clubs or even driving of an evening along the speedway past the municipal links wonder why their smaller front lawn at home does not have the same look and texture, Those who are not familiar with the business end of the pastime little realize how much labor and real money are expended on these twenty- vard-square plots that adorn landscape. Take by way of illustration the ninth hole at the Columbia Country Club, which is one of the best known in_this country—that cost $4,600 to build, not to mind the constant yearly expenditure to keep it in shape. This club spends annually about $20,000 to keep Its greens and fairways in whape, and has a gang of fourteen workmen for this job. i ‘Experts’ Study Required. Beyond this individual club expen- aiture, Uncle Sam has some soil and plant experts engaged in study and experimental work for the general advice of golf clubs in practically every community throughout the land. These experts explain that the special kind of grass—creeping bent —for golf greens is mot grown from moed. These grasses, the experts Yot out, produce very little viable seed, and there is no good seed of he kind on the market, nor is there likely to be any in the near future. Thus perishes the hope of the home- [ gown lawn aspirant.” Cut stems or tolons, furnish the only means ' of propagating the grass. This creeping grass has an efficient means of spreading. The plants send out long-jointed -runners, called stolons, which ‘can take root at each Joint, forming new plants in much the same manner as strawberry vines. This method of:vegetative planting the | has been practicsed for hundreds of ' years—the growing of sugar cane be- |ing a conspicuous example. ~Creep- ing bent grows in the same way from jcut pleces of runners contalning joints. These joints need not have have roots already on ' them when | planted in ‘order to have them grow. Planting Varies. Creeping bent cuttings may be i planted at any time-the ground is in | condition ‘to be worked, the experts |ot the Department of Agriculture ad- vise. The federal department has planted it at various times from early April till late in November. The late Iplantings, it has been found, make very little growth in the ‘fall, but the grass starts oft early in the spring jand grows faster than that planted in the spring. Midsummer plantings made good turf in a short time when well watered. - Experience has shown that late jummer plantings are usually desir- able because of the good grass grow- ing weather in September, but the re- suits obtained by the department show that it is safe to plant this grass by the vegetative method at any time. Creeping bent is a northern grass [2nd thrives only under humid condi- tions. It is probable that it -can be grown anywhere in the northern states if water is supplied during hot weather. The Department of Agri- culturs has not tried it-south of Rich- mond, but belleves it s worth experi- menting with throuhout the south wherever it can be kept well watered during the summer. ———e The first alarm clock made its ap- pearance in 1420 and its owner was a councillor of Milap. His clock unded a bell at a stated hour and at the same: time a little wax candle was lighted automaticall The United States Department of Agriculture. had bred a. variety of blueberry with ‘a ‘dlameter of more ' than three-fourths of ‘an’igch, - BY HENRY W.-BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended July Great Britain.—There was less unemploy- ment In Great Britain in April, 1923, than 1in any previous month since March, 1921. The fatio of unemployed labor to the total trade union membership-at the end of April was 11 1-10 per cent, as against 17 per cent at the end of April, 1922, and the record figure of 23 1-10 per cent at the end of Jjune, 1921. 1t is understood that since April there has been a further improvement. The British house of commons has passed a bill which proposes to make the grounds of divorce the same for both sexes. Hitherto, a British wife has not been able to obtain a divorce on mere proof of her husband's mis- conduct, but had to furnish proof. in_addi- tion, of cruelty and desertion. The bill is now before the lords. Another excellent bill is before the com- mons which would forbid publication of the details of divorce court evidence. * %k %k ok France.—The total area of French posses- sions in Africa is 4,820.548 square mifes, in- cluding Cameroon and Togo, held under mandate of the league of nations. The popu- lution of these possessions is about 36,000.000. The total population of France's 'Asiatic possessions Is about 17.000,000. Altogetber the French foreign p ions, inciuding certain Pacific islands and St. Plerre, Miquelon, Guade- loupe, Martinique and Guiana in Amarica, total ‘about 5,000,000 square miles in area and 54,000,000 in population. The area of Fraxce proper is about 312,000 square miles and population in March, 1921, was about 39,000 ©00. The area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, Porto Rico and other possessions or quasi-possessions, is 3,026,789 square- miles. After experimenting in the opposite direc- tion for twenty vears the French government has restored instruction in the classics in_the Lycees, and has extended its scope. Four years of Latin and two of Greek are required of all. * % % K Germany.—The bloodiest Franco-Belgian occupation incident of of the the Ruhr occurred on June 30. when.a bomb exploded killing or wounding all on a parallel lation Duisburg under martial law, every train crossing the Dul; under armed escort. sided_since the Dulsberg incident the Pope, by prompt concerning reparations. A decree v Gen. De Goutte, by trial plants in the Ruhr, The most complete of cement, leather, rubber, paper and textiles are duplicated on an experi- mental scale, is now being operated by Uncle Sam in the bureau of stand- ards. Tn this plant also tests of the most practical character are made on the finished product during the investigation of the design, fab- rication, uses and properties of structural and miscellaneous mate- rials, such as metal, wood and con- crete structural _shapes, cement, stone, lime, gypsum, ete. Included in this equipment is the largest testing machine in the world, which the bureau of standards has ibeen called upon to use only once to !its full capacity, because the ma- now in service seldom withstand a This particular. machine has a crush- ing capacity of 10,000,000 pounds. Another has a compression capacity of 2,300,000 pounds.and a capacity in tension of one-half this figure. Machines Specially Made. Some of the machinery is specially designed for studies of such mate- rials as steel ¢ables, manila rope, brick walls and columns, , concrete and gypsum blocks, etc. With such machines it is possible to determine not only the strength of the materials entering into a steel or concrete column, for instance, but also the strength and deformation under different loads of the com- pleted column as well. This work is of great interest and value to manufacturers, especially of the various commodities concerned. Every line of work thus undertaken has its own particular advisory com- mittee, composed of representatives of the manufacturers in the fleld of industry which it affects. These representatives meet at the bureau of standards at frequent inter- Iul- and_discuss the progress of the Bathing Suit Comment By Doctors ‘“‘Amuses” ‘When it comes to explaining what i3 best for humanity—from the stand- point of health—our doctors are right there. In sickness or in health, they stand right by us. _But what amuses -us—yea, tickles our risibilities—is the announcement of the American Medical Society, in convention at San Francisco, in re- gard to bathing suits. “Bathing suits are not as healthy a8 nature's own garb, because they prevent the body from drying.” the medical men agree. One dootor grew enthusiastic about the sort of bath- ing suit worn by the small boy at the “ole swimmin' hole.” There can be no dispute among us laymen about the sherits of -the small boy’s bathing suit. We bow to the scientific discoveries of medicine. But; dootors, how can we return to first principles in this regard? It would seem. that’ among the needed inventions is the need for a bathing suit that isn't a bathing sult, yet serves the purpose of a bathing suit ‘without preventing the body from drying. Perhaps some inventor will fix that for us in time. Of course, the doctors were only speaking from the stand- point of heaith. And what is heaith between wearing a regulation bath- ing suit when we swim, or not swim« ming at all? As the poets might re- mark, it is better’to swim in a bath- inge suit .than not to.swim at all. ‘We listen respectfully to what the medical profession says—so far as health §s concerned. But we cannot figure any other way to do than pack alittle bathing suit around us when we go- swimming. —Omaha World Herald. The record of the largest number of notes struck by a musician in twelve hours is siad to have been made az.n ‘well known player, who struck 1,080,/ 300 notes: z :, 4 jority of columns or fabricated units | iload of more than 5,000,600 pounds.| A troop train filled with Belglan soldiers going home on furlough was crossing the Dulsburg bridge over the Rhine in one-of the cars, its occupants. Belgian soldiers were killed and thirt 3 wounded, and nine German workmen in a car track were hurt by splinters. ‘The crime was probably in revenge for the stiffening of regulations affecting the popu- in the Belgian area of occupation consequence of the murder, some days previ- ous. of two Belgian soldiers by Germans, The occupying authorities at once placed inprisoned the burgomaster and sixteen officials or leading citizens of the town as hostages, urg bridge on board one or more prominent Germans The - chorus of furfous protest raised by the German press over the death sentences for sabotage has a little sub- - denunciation of crime, somewhat softened the effect produced in France by his letter of the previous week vas lssued some little time ago authorizing confiscation the. occupying authorities of all including mines, the products of which might be applied to COMPOSite | regearches being carried out. manufacturing plant .in the world.|same time, where the manufacturing processes | ance, close contact is malntained with The Stor\y the Week ’ reparations or the service thercof. Pursuant ta this decree several important plant been scized. If action were tal to the limit under the decree it would selzure of most of the industrial output since the beginning of the Ruhr episode as there has been little exportation. The French are much comforted by the fact, that, upon seizure of & Krupp plant: near. Essen, its directorate hurriedly knuckled under and promised co- operation. . According to the Associated Press, on July 6 the French ambassador and - the Belglan dipiomatic agent in Berlin notified the Berlin government that diplomatic relations between their governments and the Berlin government will e suspended unless the latter “un- equivocally repudiates” the crimes committed by Germans in the Ruhr. It is reported that French troop: ardon about Frankfort-on-the-Main. week ended June 23 last, the Ger- circulation was Increased by about rillion marks. The total circulation on June 23 was about thirteen trillon marks, as against about four trilllons on March 7, 1923, about two billions on July 31, 1914 (the com- mencement of the war), and about eleven Lilllons on armistice day, November 11, 1918. % %k %k % Russia.—With the release of Dr. Tikhon from confinement, the conservative element of the Russia Orthodox Church again has a lead- er and the struggle has been joined once more iatween that element and the reforming groups, of which the “Living Church” is the most important. There seems little doubt that the soviet authorities are fomemting the discord, that was_probably their idea in relea Tikhon. On the 4th of July, Tikhon {si & manifesto declaring that his deposition from the office of patriarch and unfrocking by the “All-Russian Church Councll” were iilegal acts, and hence null and vold. They were ‘illegal, all right; but whether null and vold remains to be seen. re forme It is said that the leaders of the reforming- who have been wrangling over the seelng the danger in this ocounter- are now conferring with a view to & a united front against it. Both uld appear, are proficlent in the amenities of eeclesiastical controversy. A constitution for the Federated United States of Russia has been completed and now requires to its becoming effective only ratification by the next all-Russian con- gress of soviets. From the detalls reported. the constitution seems a rather. complicated groups, Has Told thereof? The alternative being offered of the Touse for the fita, it would seem hardly worth- while to make-a change. * %k ¥ K - . United States of Ameriea.—On July 6 Pres- ident Harding embarked at Tacoma on the transport “Henderson” for Alaska. Early this year a committee of the Amer- ican Iron and Steel Institute, whereof Judge Gary was chalrman, concluded that it was not practicable to abolish the twelve-hour day in the steel industry; the chief reason alleged being the scarcity of labor.- But on June 27 the directors of the institute ad- dressed a letter to President Harding in which they say: “We gre determined to exert every effort to secufe in the iron and steel industry of this county total abolition of the twelve-hour day at the earliest time practicable. This means the employment of large numbers.of work- men on-an elght-hour basls and all others on a basis of ten hours or less without an un- justifiable interruption to operations. The change cannot be effected overnight. It will involve many adjustments, some of them com- licated and difficult. but we think it can © brought about without undue delay when, as vou state it, there is a surplus of labor available.” Judge Gary estimates that 60,000 additional workers will be needed in the steel Industry to_make the elght-hour day practicable. He figures that the contemplated curtail- ment of the working day would increase the cost of steel 15 per cent. 2 ‘The neral reaction of labor leaders to Judge Gary's conditional assurance seems to be to the effect that felicitations on the arrival of the nlillenfum may well be post- poned until the millenium has hove in sight. Roland W. Boyden has resigned as Amer- ican “unofiicial observer” with the reparations commission. Col. James A. Logan, jr.. for- merly Mr. Bpyden's chief assistant, succeeds hi m. ‘The socialist party of America has been reduced from 118,000 in 1919 to 12,474 in_1923; in consequence of a defection of communis and other radical elements. * % ¥ ¥ Miscellaneoun.—A conference of British. French and Spanish experts is being held in ' London. trying to find a formula for accord B VAST WEALTH OF ALASKA TO BE SEEN BY HARDING Wonders in Undeveloped Regions Among: -Greatest Owned by U. S.—Bought for Pittance 56 Years Ago. During President Harding's visit in Alaska he will see a wonderland, even it he gets no farther than the Alaska | ariets of the Pacific northwest it will of the tourist. When he gets back | be a long time before lumber from this into the country he will find still iffore | forest wiil be exported. wonders and see the undeveloped Many Species Present. wealth of an empire, for with its 590,- | “The timber in the Tongass National 000 square miles the territory is one- | Forest runs 60 per cent western hem- third larger than the Atlantic states |lock and 20 per cent Sitka spruce. The from Maine to- Florida. | other 20 per cent comsists of western Ninety per cent of the towns and|Ted cedar, yellow cypi Todgepole mining camps can be reached rapidly | Pine, cottonwood and white fir. The from any part of the world by tele- |Yellow cypress is very valuable for graph and telephone. The United | cabinet making. All these specics ex- States Navy operates radio stations at | CePt the cedar are suitable for pulp - Cordova, Dutch Harbor, Saint George, | Manufacture. Saint Paul Island and Sitka, The sx..; "Mn'sk‘: prol m_\v‘..n develop into one of e prineipal paper sources of nal Corps now operates more than 4,000 | the United States. for national forest: - milés of wireless, land lines and cable.!in Alaska contain approximately 100 If the President should get inland he | 000,000 cords of timber suitable for paper will see the Coast Range morth of Cross | manufacture, Experts report that these Sound, which has twelve peaks that | forests could produce 2,000,000 cords of exceed 10,000 feet, while Saint Ellas pulpwood annually for centuries with reaches 18,024 and Logan 19,5640 above | out depletion. About §,000.000 tons of the sea. Then there fs the Wrangell | Pulpwood annually are required to keep group, to the east of Copper River;| us supplied with cnough paper. The which has eight summits above 10,000 | Tongass National Forest could casily feet, and Mount Blackburn reaching | SUpply one-third of this amount indefi- 16,140 feet above the sea. Then there |nitely. This forest also is rich in water are the glaclers, the last of the ice age. | power. It would take more than 250 Some of them have faces three miles | 000 horses to produce as much power as across and 300 feet high. The greatest | that which the streams and rivers of ice mass Is the Malaspine glacier on the, Southern Alaska supply. l “Western hemlock and the Sitka southern side of Saint Elias. This has an area of about 1,200 square miles. &pruce are the best for paper making. {The spruce trees are generally souni t From Russin. \d of good quality. The hemlock trees ‘ are not so good, being subject to Remembering Nome ." not any nearer decay at the butts. This often causes Sitka than Boston s to Tampa you get | fluted trunks. The butt logs from suc an fdeaa of the territorial empire the |trees usually are inferior. This defect head of the nation will visit. It was|!D the hemlock reduces its market value fifty-six years ago last May that the it is used by the fishing. mining, rail- road and agricultural Interests. On a count of its great distance from the . to about one-half that of the spruce f paper making, Some of the paper mil | ent variables in plant procedure. and {llusory affair. slan governments con tormal negotiations Ten sumption of normi four, \ * % Yo China—We get the of date, June 30, forces of Sun Yat narth river front, Kw and now ] and doubtful struggl on the west front the strongly reinforced an Moreover. that Sun Yat Sen recent! teristic note to the fore mates that the foreig: indus- government by their At the to preserve a proper bal- the consumers of the commodities manufactured by these industrie this way two sets of inters brought together in the study problems in which both are interested from different viewpoints. Among the problems now being con- sidered are the durability of varlous types of bullding stone, a study of the theory of reinforced concrete design, a_study of the proportioning of con- crete, studles of cement control, uses of lime and gypsum products, studles of the constitution of Portland cement, of the comforting and wearing values of fabrics, the simplification of paper sizes, of the power loss In tires through In terjor friction, and the relative wear of leather produced by different meth- | ods of tanning. Operate Raper Mill. Paper is being made at the bureau of standards in a mill the customary processes can be repro- duced. In this mill experiments are made with a view to studying the ef- fect on the finished products of differ- New raw materials and new processes are experimented with and lots of paper made for investigation and use. In another part of the plart mill in which similar studies relating to the textile industry are carried out. Here they start with the bale of cot- ton and end with the finished thread, yarn, cloth or hosiery. Leather soles and rubber tires are given such wearing tests as furnish comparative measurements of _their durabllity in actual service. An ap- paratus is in use which shows not only the amount of energy absorbed by a tire'in use, but also demonstrates the advantage of a cord over a fabric tire. Studles of new types of tanning ma- terials or new ingredients for rubber goods are made with special reference to their durability In service. To this end the tanning and working of leather and the compounding and vulcanizing of rubber are also carried out to a plant scale. is a The conference in Tokyo. between repre: tatives of the Japanese and the soviet commercial relatiogs be- tween Russia and Japan, is sald <“ng slowly against painful difficultles. the southern fighting area. show Sen advancing vang S| troops retreat- ing before them; on the east front a bitter forces of Sun Yat Sen and of Chen K Ming, the offensive role being Sun Yat Sen struggle there expected. to withdraw recognition from the Peking gov- ernment, as unworthy and unrepresentative of China and dominated by militarists. less with the best of motives), are responsible for the continued existence of that nefarious But what has Sun Yat Set to offer in lieu in which any of | us- templating a basis for with a view to r to be mov- * ¥ vaguest’reports from The latest report ‘constitutionalist” on the Samoa, has ‘between ing creaks e in process Kwang 8 forces being d intensification of the Broken 1y addressed a charac- ign powers urging them sented. by He inti- homo, older n vernments (doubt- recognition of it. | The treaty with Cuba which enables |Americans to be gouged on thelr | sugar bill through market manipula- tion should be abrogated. according to Representative Whitmell P. Mar- ltin of Louistana, who 1s recognized |as speaking with authority for the | American sugar producers. | 1t is the market for the Cubar. not |the domestic, sugars that is being | manipulated, he points out, and it] | will be found that the manipulations, |though done by American interests, will be traced to Cuba, where, of course, our courts are without juris- diction. The American refiners, who either own or control the Cuban crop, interests, are disposing of the Cuban sugar in small quantities, o as to make it appear that there is a short- age and, hence, a good reason for the increase in price. Market Later Flooded. It will be found, however, that when the, domestic sugars come on the market in October, November and December there is plenty of Cuban sugar still available, and that these same sugars will be used to flood the market and depress the price of the domestic article in order to thereby discourage the production of sugar in this country. Sp long as the existing treaty with Cuba remains as it is, the only hope of competition with Cuba is the do- mestic industry. The Cuban treaty provides that Cuba shall pay 20 per cent less duty than other foreign countries, and this means that while other countries must pay 2.20 per pound to place their sugars upon our | market, the Cubans only pay 1.76 per pound, or a difference of 44 cents per hundred pounds. Sees Little Appreciation. treaty was negotiated soon through the assistance of threw off the This | atter Cuba, | the Unitea States, alded and abetted by certain banking | Cuba, Lumbermen Prove Capital Ideal Site of Headquarters The importance of Washington as & business center to’ practically every industry and to the United States government as well, because the loca- tion of mational headquarters here by associations and industries has proved very helptul to administrative officers of the government and committees of Congress, is well illustrated by the experfence of the National Lumber Manufgcturers’ ‘Assoclation. The offices of this association were moved to Washington in 1921, be- cause it was considered that for & national association of its nature, having no merchandising function whatever, it would be more conven- fent to have the headquarters here. A considerable part of the work of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Assoclation relates to the contacts .of the industry with various depart- ments of the government, notably the United States forest. service of the Department of Agriculture, the lum- ber division and other divisions of the Department of Commerce, the in- ternal revenue bureau of the Treasury Department, the Interstate, Commerce Commission and varlous commissions and other agencies of the government having technical or administrative re- lations to the industries. The National Lumber Manufactur- ers’ Assoclation’ was orgapized in 1902 and is a federation corhposed of fourteen regional associations of lum- ber manufacturers. As it is not cen- cerned . with merchandising lumber, which is entirely a function of ind! vidual manufacturers .and the r gional associations, it conducts no commercial business: in Washington nor._elsewhere. -Through its. member associations the-National-represents| ahout; 2,000 of " the" largest ~ lumber | manufactureérs in the United States and more than 2,500 sawmill enter- prises manufacturing about 18,000,- 000,000 feet of ‘lumber annually, or approximately 60 per cent of the entire lumber production of the United States. All of the regional assoclations are in frequent com- munication with the Washington office. All of the advantages which were expected to accrue from establish- ment of headquarters in Washington have been realized. Location in Washington makes it possible to dis- pose of business with the govern- ment much more promptly and also more satisfactordly. than at any other location, the officers of the ‘assocla- tion point out. The increasing inti- macy and number of relations be- tween government and business, due chiefly to the complexities of tax- ation and the now numerous laws and governmental regulations of and in- quiries {fito business, tend ‘to make ‘Washington more and more the. capi- tal of national business as well as the political capital. ‘This tendency not only helptul to-business, but also to the govern- ment, which, in discharging its vari- ous functions _that impinge upon business, finds its work greatly facili- tated. by being able to use group organizations of.industry established here. The government's objectives are-quickly explained and interpreted to members of the group, and the group- organization able -to meet government requirements much more effectively than individual action could. : : % Another Important advantage.of bd- ing _in Washington.is -that .80 ‘many of the national business associations either have .headquarters or. active branches hers. ‘This facilitates the tri ction of matters bearing on re- “latlons between different industries.’ | Washington cof tystive: on the perplexed question of Tangier. The council of the league of nations has decided to attempt to arrange an tional loan for Greece in order to relfeve the latter's refugee situation. An important treaty between Great Britain and the kingdom of Hejaz, has been signed but its precise terms have not been disclosed Capt. E. T. Pollock, governor of American interna- found in the Tonga Islands a live giant tortolse left there by Capt. James Cook in 1773, presumably letters and a date were cut in the shell. is blind and, says Capt. Pollock, “when walk- The poor old fellow like an ox-cart.” 'Tis' sald the Galapages turtles live 400,000 years. News arrives of the discovery of a skull in South Africa elaimed to be found in 1921. G. Elliott Smith, writing some time ago, in- clined to_think that Rhodeslan man (repre- the wkeleton), was a member of species of genu: older than the mine (Rhodesia) fragments 1t will be recalled that Prof. Broken Hill fragments of even than the Heidelberg species, the oldest previously known (or recognized) species of genus homo. One recalls Darwin's pet theor: was the cradle of the human family as well as of the anthrold apes. that Africa Testing Machine of 10,000,000 Abrogation of Sugar Pact Pounds Capacity Owned by U. S. With Cuba to Be Sought Spanish yoke and became an inde- pendent country. “The people of the United States gave their money and fought a suc- cessful war with Spain, to the end that Cuba might enjoy the blessings of freedom and liberty,” Representa- tive Martin recalls, “but instead of showing appreciation for these blessings. which without the inter- vention of the United States they would never have attained. we find that the Cuban, aided and abetted by | American capital, is abusing the fu- | vors and privileges extended by this country to extort millions of dolla: from the American people, and at the same time attempting to destroy a domestic industry, so that this ex- tortion may continue indefinitely.” Would Protect Market. The fact that Cuba, at a time when this country was recovering from the effects of the great ,war, openly| boasted that it would demand not less than 24 cents a pound for the raw sugar it produced. tv sufficient, he belleves, to show that it is no longer entitled to any favors or privileges that are not extended to other countries. Representative Martin concludes, and Intends to impress upon Con- gress when it reassembles,” that the only way the manipulation of the sugar market can be controlled and the American people guaranteed a free and open market, regulated by tthe law of supply and demand, lies in the maintenance of a fair, ade- quate and permanent tariff, which, by placing the domestic industry on a parity with that of other countries, will encourage its development and permit the American people to pur- chase their sugars at a fair price on & competitive and unmanipulated market. Couple this with the abro- gation of the existing treaty with which excludes competition from' other countries. and in the course of a few years the production of jsugar would so increase in thfs codntry as to make us independent of the world. German Canaries Again Are Imported Germany .is recovering from the war in:at least one important re- spect. During the last two years the importation of canaries into thls country from Germany. has reached pre-war levels, according to official statistics. Having thrown his solicitous care about children, mothers, public health, ex-soldlers, the farmer, hogs, cattle, corn, watermelons and what not, Uncle Sam has just extended his ministrations to canarfes. An Inter- esting book, giving advice on the feeding, bathing, breeding and gen- eral care of canaries, has just been published by the blological survey of the Department of Agriculture. One of the functions of the bio- logical survey is to inspect the im- portation of birds from foreign coun- tries, - . Last year more than 150,000 cana- ries were imported from Europe and the orfent. The European species probably came originally from the Canary Islands, but there has been much interbreeding with the serin finch, a native of Europe, witich is difficult now recognized, with many varieties. In rearing song canarfes the aim is to' produce males with clear, soft, pleasing _songs, with long rolls or trills. ‘When fledged, the young birds are. put in rooms with males noted - for their soft songs, where they develop their own vocal powers by imitation. Ordinarily these train- ing rooms are kept .darkened to n:tendency to:objectionable loud- Britis-warships scrap ed-since the ) E - 280 destroyers and 101 submarifics, LR to distinguish from the wild canary. ered college is its senate, About fourteen distinct strains -n‘:‘:‘.‘f o votes of this parliament. United States paid Russia $7,200,000 for the territory. Uncle Sam occupied the territory in the following October. In the untold wealth of the country gold, copper, fisheries and many other elements figure. Perhaps the most im- portant of all natural resources, says -| Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Tree Association. is the forest wealth. Its importance in connection with the future economic position of the United States cannot be overestimated, he says, and its bearing on the news pulp ‘production cannot be overesti- mated. “There are two great national forests that cover 20,579,740 acres, or about 3% per cent of the total area of Alaska,” Mr. Pack points out. “The larger of these woodlands, the Tongass Natlonal Forest, is estimated to contain 70,000,000,000 board feet of timber ripe for marketing. Stands of 100,000 board feet per acre are not infrequent. 12,000 Miles of Shore. “This is the Alaskan forest that will =ome day be shipping large amounts of timber to the states. It has over 12,000 miles of shore line and 90 per cent of the usable timber is within two miles of tidewater. This makes it easy to log the timber and load the lumber directly from the forests to the steamers. This forest is 1,500 miles closer to the main- land markets than is the other Alaskan national forest. “In most of the national forests the rangers ride around their “‘beats’ on on horseback. The foresters' in the Tongass use motor boats. They travel two men to a 35-foot boat, which is provided with comfortable eating and sleeping quarters. The rangers live on the boat all the time. During the sum- mer they work sixteen to twenty hours daily. The days are long and the nights short and they must travel long dis- tances. “The other big timberfand the Chugach National Forest. It is a smaller edition of the Tongass Forest. Its trees are not so large and the stand of timber only about one-half as heavy as. in the Tongass. Experts estimate that it contains 7.000,000,000 board feet of lumber. Western hemlock predom- inates. There is also much spruce, poplar and birch. Stands of 40,000 to 50,000 feet of lumber are not unusual. “The lumber of the Chugach National Forcst will play an important part in the Industrial life of Alaska. Even now is Two Great Events Of Catholics (Continued from First Page.) cratic, rule of the church in this country, and to give to the bishops, the clergy and the laity a voice in the conduct of its affairs. The first of the provincial synods took place in Baltimore in 1829, and was followed by others In 1833, 1837, 1840, 1843, 1846 and 1849.~ Uniting on some ad- ministrative policy, the American provincial synods were able to pre- sent more or less unanimous recom- mendations to the papacy. This great- 1y facilitated the relations of he Vatican with the United States, and, since there is force in unity, it vastly increased the standing, the prestige | and the influence of the Catholic Church in this what was then a mis- sionary land. * ok ok . Pius IX had made a study of the matter, for which he developed a sympathetic interest, and, in view of the ever-growing perils to Which the church was exposed, came to the conclusion that it would strengthen it it that is to say, if the dioceses and even. the lalty were permitted a volce in its administration. He was confirmed In his views by the im- pression left upon him by great gatheriags of forelgn bishops around him on the.occasion of the promul- gation of the doctrine of the Immacu- late Conception in December, 1854, and then at the time of the canoniza- tion of the twenty-five Japanese martyrs in June, 1867, in the pres- ence of some 600 bishops, and, lastly, on the occasion of the eighteenth centenary of the martyrdom of St. Peter 'and St. Paul. He found his conversation with these prelates, coming from all parts of the world as they did, so instructive, so en- lightening. and so broadening of the ecclesiastical horizon. that he came to’ the conclusion_to summon another ecumenical council for 1869, great- 1y to the dismay of the reaction- ary elements, which held that it would ‘tend to weaken the authority of the supreme pontiff, Plus IX, however, persisted. His idea was that this council would constitute a sort of international parllament of the church, just in the same way especially when unanimous, — would Strengthen tha authority of the holy seat by giving a sort of legislative indorsement to the pontiff, at the same time popularizing his rule, which, by its centralization, was in danger. of becoming too autocratic to conform with the spirit of the times. * % ¥ % Pius IX carried the day. The twen- ty-first- ecumenical council com- menced its sessions in the Christmas season of 1869 at the Vatican. It agreed that a plurality of ‘votes was sullictent to ¢arry a proposal and it were to be democratized—| in British Columbia are now using thes species of pulpwood and report that they make high-grade paper. “If a pulp and paper industry is built up in Alaska, it will be of great benefit to that northern count It will in- crease the population by creatng a d: mand for more labor. It will aid the farming operations by making a_hon market for their products. It will in prove transportation and develop all kinds of business. None Exported. “Altogether 420,000,000 feet of lumber have been cut and sold from the na- tional forests of Alaska in the past ten vears. This has been made into piling saw logs and shingle bolts. All this lumber has been used in Alaska ani none of it has been exported. Much of * the timber was cut &o that it would fall almost_into tidewater. Then the logs were fastened together in rafts and towed to the sawmills. One tvpical raft of logs contained more than 1.500,000 feet of lumber. It is not unusual f spruce trees in Alaska to attain a d ameter of from six to nine feet and ty contain 10,000 to 15,000 feet of lumber. “Southeastern Alaxka has many deep-water harbors open the year around. Practically all the timber in that section is controlled by the gov- ernment and is within the Tongass Na tional Forest. This means thix impor- tant crop will be handled properly. No waste of material will occur. Cutting will be permitted only where the good of the forest justifies such work. - Gold Dincovered. “Discovery of gold in 1538 served to direct the attention of the public anew to Alaska. The latest explorations un- der P. S. Smith of the geological sur- vey appear in Survey Bulletin 536, Ex j ploration of the Mount Katmai region by Dr. Robert F. Griggs in 1917 again drew ention fo the country. This reglon is called by thé Indlans ‘the val- lev of ten thousand smokes' The Katmai_crater is the largest in the world, being nin iles in circumfer- ence and 3,600 f. “Much history n made s Peter the Grea up a program f: exploring Alaska fust a few days before his death. It was not until 1741 that Berlng _got into the count representative of his majes The czars have gone but Alaska st remains, perhaps the greatest asset Uncle Sam possesses.” Are Ahead Throughout World 1 that the Pope. as president of the | council, should *have the direction of | the procedure. His direction was | characterized by much liberality. Tn- deed, among the complaints whici he. admitted for discussion was onc | to the effect that the papal chair | and the Roman congregation of th {curla—that is to say. its chief state departments—were monopolized al- most_entirely by Itallan prelates, and that the control of the church was too much centralized at Rome. The dlscussions were marked, thanks to him, by a considerable amount of independence. Quite a number of reforms were voted on and accepted while the dogma of infallibility whici gave rise to much heated de- | bate. and which was violently op posed by a number of the foreign governments, and even by such com manding figures of the church as Cardinal Prince Schwarzenherg of Praguc, Cardinal Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, Bishop Dupanioup of Or- leans, Archbishop Kendrick of & Louis and the English Cardinal New | man, was finally passed on the very day before the declaration of the war of 1870, by a vote of 535 against 2, opposing, and nearly 150 not voting Immediately afterward the war broke out and the council was not dismissed, ! but merely adjoined and prorogucd until an indefinite date. * ok ok % Subsequently, all the bishops and prelates who had opposed the dogma of infallibility in the council gave their adhesion thereto. But owing to the adjournment of the council, it failed to define the utterances and the pronouncements of the pontiff. which are to be regarded as invested with infallibility. The only indic: tion that is furnished thercof is con- tained in the declaration that his pro- nouncements are endowed with in- fallibility when he speaks “ex cathe- dra, apd in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, and in the exer- clse of his doctrinal office.” That is a matter which remains to be dealt with probably by the next ecumen- ical council two years hence. Mean- while the possibility of any arbitrary pronouncement on the part of the supreme pontiff, invested with infalli- bility by the dogma of 1870. is safe- guarded by the fact that it would be subjected to @ie previous discussion and approval of ihe college of car- dinale, which is the senate of the church, and the indorsement by the vote of an ecumenical couneil, Which is its international parltament. » vote of the ecumenical council. mno matter how unanimous: no decision of the college of cardinals, can be con- sidered as having any binding or legal value until approved of, signed ahd promulgated by the Pope, who, a shown above, would hesitate to issue any decree as invested with infalli- bility. unless he received the pre- vious approval of the majority of the votes, both of the sacred college and of the ecumenical council, If Pius XI iy summoning another ecumenical council for the “holy year” in 1925, it Is because he wishes, like his predecessor and namesake. Plus IX, to bring the Roman Catholic Church In closer and broader com- munion with its hierarchy, its clergy and {ts near 300,000,000 adherents,