Evening Star Newspaper, June 10, 1923, Page 43

\ GERMANY'S LAST WORD | YET TO BE DE!iVERED British May Heed Belgium and Ask Abandonment of Passive Resist-- ance—Key to Settlement. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. ERMANY again has spoken in regard to reparations. Again her words have fallen upon deaf ears. Tenders regarded by many experts the world over as & basls of economic negotiations, it nevertheless remains a fact that the political phases of the whole reparations problem so far oversifadow the economic that there <hould be little expectation in Berlin that her proposals will be favorably received unless Germany in out-and- ' aut fashion meets the political de- mands of the invading power: Fiance and Belgium. Tt will be a difficult task for states- men of the old world to Agassociate aw: politleal the purely economic phases of the whole nroblem becausa of the YASreasing Aaily demands that are belng made T¥ the various political elements in . nllied countriee. As time ®oes on it will he incressingly more difficult for national leaders to modify purposes sxnresced in the nast. Thig particu- Yasly is true in the case of France. whera Premier Poincare has educated the Trench public to exactions to the “nth™* degree. and where modification Af nresant conrscs might bring on a nelitical cataclyam. Belgians Seek Adjustment. A< the situation stands the Beleians activalv ara striving to bring about an adjustment between the expressed Talicies of Premiers Poincare and Raldwin in the hope that onut of the maze of conflieting notions there will he arrived at courses leading to re- construction nrocesses with conse- auent resumption of Belgium's pros- verous trade. The Belgians at the yaoment are more inclined to tackle the reparations problem from r Poincare still largzely dominates indicated by the announcement } rom Brussels and Paris. subsequent the conference hetween Theanis. *hat neither the Bel- ne mor the French would seriously econsider anv German nots until the Gaormane confesead comnlete defeat anitulation to the French necn- national purposes in other words, skendonrent of the policv of resis ance. The Germans arzue that if they end their passive resistance the Trench then can carry out undis- turbed their molitical nurpose of re- maining in the Rhineland and the 4 Tubr indefinitely. Even if the French “hould withdraw as payments are made, the French would control the wholé of the Rhineland and the Ruhr for many years. With this in mind it is not hard to concelve why Chancellor Cuno and Foreign Min- ister Rosenborg amain dodged the Tssue and based their note on strictly ccomomic proposals. Had Cuno and Rosenbers agreed to the end nassive resistance at the moment, un- 4 Aoubtedly there would have been such tremendons reactions in Germany as fn hazard their tenure and possibly h about a situation extremely erave The Germans. having dodged the auestion of ending passive resistance, Fave again placed themselves in no- sition to he snubbed. and if all the aliied powers have not already in- formed Berlin that the latest Ger- an proposals are unacceptable such ireplies will not be deterred any great length of time. Position of French and Britinh. What of France and Britain? This I3 a question that necessarily enters Into every consideration of question: at hand. TUpon co-ordination of the policies of these two larger powers Aepends the eventual solution of the reparations question. Likewise there 1s the issue as to whether the allies will remain divided with the pos- «bility of prolonging unsettled con- ditions for many months. if not vears. The Belgians having informed Premier Poincare that under no cir- cumstances can they be led to an- tagonize England, are endeavoring o bring England into a supreme council meeting. there to attempt tome general _adjustment. France atates that if England agrees to the Toincare policy in the Ruhr and yesaraticns | a, nurely economic angle, but that Pre-| Poineare | of | Rhineland then France is ready to listen to England, otherwise there can be little hope of rapprochement between the two insofar as their German policles are concerned. At the moment some French statesmen are inclined to blame the English for not having told the Germans to agree to end passive resistance. It Is be- lieved that the Belgians will Inter- ' cede and request England to make some such indirect tender to the Ger- | mans in the hope of inspiring a new | note to the allles more in accordance | with the French viewpoint. i i Belgium's Po: m Unusual, ‘ The Belglan position is unusual in ' that Brussels is committed to occu- pational pressure in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. at the same time in- sisting with the French that Germany admit necesaity of concrete payments {and end her passive resistance to the allles, vet Belglum, acknowledging the gravity of prolonged unsettled | economic conditions, is joining with |the British viewpoint that the time has come for practicing to a degree the polley of give and take in re- Adjusting the amount of the repara- tions payments and the methods by which these payments should be made. {Belgian officials are in close touch with the foreign office in London and it in turn is in close touch with Rome. A a_consequence the viewpoints of |the “turee allies on economic phases iof the whole situation are drawing lelosar and closer. The question nat- urally ar as to how successful lany supreme council meeting would |be in case the British, Ttalians and Relgians insisted that some points heretofore considered by France as indispensible be walved for the sake of general adjustment. There is little | reason for helieving much would he accomplished unless previously the Germans had been informed ar to the irreducible demands of England, Bel- | zium and Ttaly and then make ten- ders along these lines previous to a sunreme council meeting. Premfer Poincare then might have some diffi- culty in rejecting the combined view- oint of three allied powers and | Germany. At least immediate ne- | eotiations mizht be brought about | from which some settlement would ! cventuate i i wwentlal. | German Capftnlatio British officiale admit *hat unless the-a is comnlete capitu'ation hy Ber- {1in t all of tha Franch Aamands there | | is 1ittle likelihood of allied agreement | at the moment. There i avery indi- | cation that Premier Baldwin will | e cautiously in hope of avoldine | further breach between the French_and British continental poli- cies. There are. however. Insistent | demands In England that he not com- { mit the Britieh to the French view- nofnt in regard to the general aues- tion of reparations and the Ruhr. Premier Baldwin is facing n severe | test. and if he maintains British in- | fluence abroad and respect at home for the moment, he will be in better | porition to prese home his policies jwhen the paychological time arrives | I for Britain to take a firm stand. With Germany evading the gen- eral gnestion of nassiv resistance. even Premier Baldwin cannot go far in bringing abont readjustment. | for <hould Premier Poincare give in | on this one point. and still sustain | others. his political tenure would be | hrought to a sudden end if the view- | noint of statesmen and neoples in | France has been interpreted correctly. Notwithstanding the general inac ceptable state of German note at the moment, there i every Indication that it will not be the last. and that in the immediate future still another offer will go forward to allied capl- [ tals and that it will be more in ac- card with their wishes in the matter. If there is such note it may be taken for granted that the British have done much for the cause of further concession According to advices which have reached Washington the Germans reallv are eager to end the whole deadlock once and for all time, but desire of the German government to tiation. with the hope of avoiding. for the sake of temporary expedienc: | concessions which this Germany gov ernment or any other cannot expect to tulfill. . Bureau of Mines Develops Many Valuable Explosives| A . One of the post-war questions that presented a problem of great propor- tlons was the disposal of the enor- mous supplies of TNT, pieric acid and other high explosives that had accumulated to an extent far beyond | the needs of the normal reserve of the armed forces of the United States fn time of peace. Much experimental work duee commercial explos vast stocks has been c at ihe experimental mine of the bureau of located mnear tsburgh This mine. heretofore but now being purchased by the government. has been used as a place where ex- plosions of various intensity to meet various needs have been staged to test the products made up by chem- iats. to of t ried pro- on ines Tn one case, a freight car was lifted | high in the air and much of it picked up in the valley over the ridge behind the mine when the dust cleared. Test Safety Devices. In this mine also are carried on tests of various safety devices. new machines for mining, new methods of shoring_up the ceilings and walls, the erection of barricades to cut off gas and fire after cxplosions in order to carry on rescue work, ‘new types of ventilation and sprinkling systems ¢ and various other experimental ac- tivities of the bureau of mines sta- scue créws are | trained. and kept | gencies in the nearby mining sections. | " Not far distant from the mine ig the main station of the bureau of mines, where the chemists work out | their methods of combating gases and the engineers do their office and labo- ratory work. This station. under charge of A. C. Fieldner. superintendent and super- vising chemist. is the result of the vision of Prof. Joseph Austin Holmes, first head of the bureau of mines when it was founded in 1910. Tt has a force of 25 appropriation of $£1,000,000, Its importance extends far beyond the mere saving of life and allevia- tion of the conditions under which miners work. It has aided, by its discoveries, in keeping the price of ready for emer- coal and metals from soaring to great | | heights. as many of the mechanical | devices have cut costs of production to low levels. Work of Great Value. Some of the explosives worked out | nave been of great value to the | farmer and to the reclamation work. | The Army and Navy have much for | which to thank the bureau. For in- |stance, hellum gas, in 1317 worth | $2.500"a_cubic foot, can now be pro- duced_at a cost of approximately 6 or 7 cents a cubic foot. This in- flammable gas is a great preventive of fatal accidents in the operation of lighter-than-air craft. Many of the discoveriessof the bureau naturally are never disclosed because of their value to the military forces of the country, but the work goes on, constantly ' improving conditions, | making new discoveries and. in gen- cral, putting the mining work of the | country on a more efficient and more | bearable basi China Acts to Abolish Ancient “Likin®; » Internal Tax Opposed at Arms Parley ‘What is likin and what is its effect In spite of the fact that likin is such an important problem that a speclal commission was created by the recent international conference in washington to give it due considera- tion, few persons know anything about it. Experts in the United States Bu reau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce explain that likin is “an in- terior barrier tax levied by military provincial governors in China, gen- erally without the consent of the hich are used for local administra expenses, It tends to increase ‘the price of imported goods when sold in the interior and of domestic mer- chandise when brought to the port for shipmant abroad.” entral government, the proceeds of f L&jl ‘#hia government has just been ad- | jvised that the Chinese ministry of | finance is preparing for the meetings | of the tariff commission and has is- | sued a circular telegram to the prov- | inces with the object of ascertaining | their views regarding the proposal | to abolish 1likin. This commission | was created by the Washington con- | ference for the consideration of the |abolition of likin and to determine | the conditions upon which the 213 | per cent surtax may be granted. | _ Reviewing the resolutions of the Washington conference, providing | first for the increase from a nominal |to an effective & per cent in the cus. toms revenues of China, then to 713 Iper cent. and ultimately to 121; per cent, the telegram requests the finance commissioners and directors of the Chinese customs to make a thorough Investigation of the likin question and to render opinions as to a suitable plan to abolish or de- crease likin THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D C. JUNE 10, 1923—PART 2 The Story the Week Has Told — BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended June 9: ¥ramce—The British government, after a long controversy involving some bitterness, has accepted the French ruling regarding the nationality of foreign-born persons domiciled in Morocco and Tunis; which acceptance may be construed as practical acknowledg- ment of French soverignty over northern Africa from Tripoli to the Atlantic, except for internationalized Tangler and the small Spanish zone. It would seem that in return France makes some concesslons regarding Tangler to Britain, imparting assurance that France shall not control the southern coast of the Straits of Glbraltar. French regula- tlons ‘ for Morocco and Tunis provide that residence for a certain perfod in those pro- tectorates of France automatically makes the resident a French citizen whatever the coun- try of his origin. It seems probable that the league of nations will take over Tangier. L I O Germany.—A new German notc on repara- tions was dellvered to the allies foreign offices on June 1t is, perhaps, more remarkable for what it omits than for what it contalns. To be understood, it should be read in con- nection with the interpretations given for- eclgn correspondents by Herr Rosenburg, the finance minister. It omits reference to the Ruhr occupation and to considerations of security for France. “it iimits itself,’ in the words of Herr Rosenberg, to “those points which the answers of the allies to the previous German notes had in common, and is supplementary to and explanatory of the German note of May 2." It _proposes to give the allies, in response to thelr demand for preclse guarantees: A mortgage of ten billion gold marks on the raflway system of the reich. yielding at 5 per cent interest an annual payment of 500,000.000 gold mariks; a mortgage of ten billion gold marks on German real estate. yvielding an equal annual payment, and a pledge of In port customs on consumable articles other than necessities, of the excise on tobacco, beer. wine and sugar, and of receipts of the spirits monopoly. It estimates the present yleld from the last named sources of revenue as 200,000,- 000 gold marks, but predicts a gradual in- crease under favorable economlic conditions 1o the pre-war total of 800,000,000 gold marks. The payments proposed would not commence until July 1, 192 A deflnite reparations total is not named. but despite justifiable inference to the contrary from the opening paragraph note, T take it that the new note being merely supplementary to and explanatory of the note of May 2, the May 2 offer of & thirty billion marks total (including payments in kind). still good. My interpretation of Herr Rosen- foggY Interpretation confirms me in this opinion. The 30,000,000.000 marks total in the May note is ‘a maximum, but my un derstanding is that the suggestions in that note of deductions from that maximum und. ziven circumstances are scrapped along with lopes of great International loans. It is true that the note renews the proposal \t reference of the whole question of total ind_the method of reparations payments to in international commission. as suggested by Secretary Hughes. but the Germans know very well that the French will not hear to that proposal and the charge by the Prench and part of the British press that its renewal has a purely propagandish motive may seem to many to have reason. The note concludes with the request for a conference to conslder the German proposals. It is to he remarked on this note that, in so far aa fairly definite guarantees are specified, it is & marked im- provement on previous German offers. It is. moreover. inoffensive in tone. and contains one splendid sentence: “Germany acxnowledges her lability to make reparations.”” But it certain to be rejected for the following rea- sons in chief: 1. It does not renounce resistance in the Ruhr nor accept the fundamental point of Franco-Belgian policy that evacuation of the Ruhr shall only be gradual and “pari passu” with reparations payments. The French and Belglan governments have repeatedly de- clared that they would reject any offer not embracing such renunciation and such accept- ance. 2. The payments offered are quite inade- quate. Their total would only about half cover the interest payments on internal loans contracted or soon to be contracted by e —. rench govermment for recomstruction pur- 3. The proposal of practical suppression of the reparations commission by an international commisslon to include neutrals is wholly un- acceptable to the French and Belgians. 4. Allied control of the administration of the “produciive ‘wuaranteen” I’ not "proposcd and obviously is not intended. But such con- trol seems to the French indispensable. Germany has been fairly qulet during the past week, but six persons were killed and twenty-thrce wounded at Lelpzig on June 6. whon"a crowd of workmen demonstrating against tho high cost of living clashed with police. The demonstrators were, it is re- ported, the first to fire and the police re- sponded with a deadly volley. The crowd, dlspersing, plundered food shops. A _considerable section of the main line used for the tramsport of food from the Ruhr into French and Belgium was destroyed by bombs on June 2. The allled raiiroad administration in the occupled territory fs reported to be increas ingly successful.” About 50,000 Germans daily use the railroads run by the occupying author- itlea in spite of vigorous propaganda against thelr use not unaccompanled by threats and even violence. Gen. Degoutte reports that since the debacie of the mark alienation of popular sympathy from the Berlin policy of resist- nce has become marked. He thinks that most of the workers and trading community would welcome cessation of resistance. He declares that German workmen are seeking employment under the occupying authorities in gratifying numbers. . * % ok X usanne.—A dispatch from Lausanne of Juno.1 states that the Angora government has “consented to recognize all the contracts between forelgners and the old Constantinople government up to 1920, when the Angora gov- ernment came into power.” This is a new attitude for the Angora government, which has previously ruled that such contracts to be still binding must have been ratificd by Angora. Tt would seem that under it the valldity of the 1914 concessions to France is re-estadlished and that by the same token certain of tke more important Chester con- cessions fall to the ground; for example, the concession for the Samsun-Bivas raflroad and 1the concession for port improvements at amsun. But latdr dispatches Intimate that the new ruling Is mystically qualified o that nobody knows where the matter stands. “Is It or isn't it.” as the Chinese emperor sald of the swish of a silk skirt The Turks and allies continue at logger- heads ever the question of the Ottoman debt. * * k% Bulgarta.—A DIl is about to be Introduced in the Bulgarian sobranje (national assembly) which makes profiteers liable to public whip- plng, confiscation of thelr vroperty and per- manent disbarment for business. Determina- tion of what constitutes profitcering or illegi- time speculation is left to communal coun- el This bill has a piquant charm The following as news i3 a little passe. but it is essential to the completeness of my wecord: A new sobranje. or parliament, has been elected in Bulgaria. It consists of 12 lLourgeois representatives, the several bour- geons parties having united for the elections; 15 communists and more than 200 mem- bers of the agrarian party. It i= a great victory for Premler Stamboulisk and a genuine one, even though it has to be borne in mind that most of personal leaders of the opposition parties are in Jail. including four the newly elected bourgeoise candidates. “I find few things in the world more inter- esting than this experiment in Bulgaria of a farmers’ government.” * ok ok X Ru, Col. Haskell has announced that by the end of July the work of the American Rellef Administration in Russia will have been completed and the last American omri‘Bl of that administration will have left that coun- : The coming harvest promises a goodly surplus over the needs of the population and after the harvest there should be no distress upon the head of food. The inadequacy of means of distribution stiil offers a difficulty. The greater part of the automobile trans- port used by the Americans has been sold 10 the Russian famine relief organization. Perhaps the medical and sanitary work of the American Rellef Administration has of late been more important than the famine relief. The daily capacity of hospitals and clinics now being maintained by the American Ielief Administration is more than 1,000,000. It leaves enough equipment and supplies to these insti- tutlons to last six months. Typhus and cholera have gradually been almost eliminated in the famine area. The new American treatment for trachoma justi- fles hope that before long this awful malady will also be well under control. The worst scourge at present is said to be malaria. But effective dealing with that scourge calls for undertakings on too grand a scale for present consideratfon. g It is understood that Moscow's reply to the latest British note is in Karsin's hands in Tondon but has not vet been delivered to the British foreign office. * k ok ok Chinn.—The negotiations with the Shang- tung bandits continue with good promise of a successful conclusion. On June 2 the bandits unconditionally released four more of their foreign captives; two Britons, one Mexican and one American. Eight foreigners still re- main in their hands. On June € the Che cabinet resigned immediate cause alleged being failure efforts to negotiate a domestic loan. It is reported that Sun Yat Sen is person- ally commanding his troops on his eastern Kwang Tung front. that above Canton on the North river his troops are falling back be- fore overwhelming odds. * % k ok nited States of Ameriea.—The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York city, has added to its classical collection a small solld bronze horse weighing twenty-five and a half pounds, a Greek masterplece dating as far back as 470 B. C. It is regarded by some as the finest horse in art; finer even than the horse which the Venetian, Gen. Colleon!, rides in Verro- chio’s great statue, even superior in the su- preme “values” of art to the horse which the Condittiere “Gattamelata” rides In Donatello's masterplece; worthy even of comparison with the painted horses of Chro Mengfu. or those of Han Kan; so fine, indeed, that it has tenta- tively been attributed to Kalamis. The census bureau estimates that on July 1 ork state will have a population of 10.843.661. and_New York city a population 7,625. The population of Manhattan is decreasing. * ¥k ¥ k Misseellancous,—Mrs. Hilton Philipson. one time Mabel Russell, a Galety actress. took her seat on June 7 as a member of the British house of commons. A force of 10,000 Spanish troops recently received a severe drubbing at the hands the Rif tribesmen in the Spanish zone Morocco. There a wild uproar in the Italian chamber on June 7, communist and fascisti members hurling denunciations at each other. From the time of Mussolini's accesslon to power until recently the Itallan lira rose steadfly in value. But of late much of the gain has been lost. On June 1 the lira was Wworth only 4.05 cents. The fall is attributed to lack of confidence created by dissensions in the fascisti ranks and a growing dubiety as to the permanence of fascisti ascendenc which ts reflectcd in a renewed assertiven of radical elements . In 1922 new shipping of a total of 2,467,000 tons was launched in the world: the cor- responding figure for 1913 was 3.332.000. Tn 1922 the United States launched 119,000 tons of new shipping as against 276,000 ton in 1913; Great Britain launched 1,031,000 ton in_ 1922 as against 1,932,000 tons in 1913. In 1822 Franch launched 1§4.500 tons: Hol- land. 163,000 tons: Italy. 101,000 tons: Japan 52,000 tons, and the British dominions, 62,800 tons. Germany is the only country in the world which launched more tonnage in 1922 than in 1921. Her figure for 1922 was 525,800, for 1921, 509,000 tons; for 1913, 465,000. The of borough was their limit of proposals has not yet : heen reached, inasmuch as it is the | leave as much as possible to nego- | 0 and annually uses an | BY FREDERICK CUNLIFFE-OWEN, i C.B.E. i real history of the disarma- ment conference at Washington has yet to be written. In spite of the i presence of the most brilllant and 1 argus-eyed newspaper correspondents { trom all parts of the world, some of the principal features of the congress escaped their attention. Much went on behind the scenes, is customary in these international palavers, men- tion of which was omitted from the daily officlal communiques to the press. Thus while the avowed ob- Ject of the conference was to bring about such a degree of universal naval disarmament and international agreement with regard to the peace- ful policies of the great powers, pos- sessed of territories bordering on the ! Pacific ocean. with the idea of avert- ing or, at any rate, reducing to a ! minimum all possible causes for war, | the chiet purpose in the eves of the American and English public was to { bring about a triendly termination of {4he offensive and defemsive alliance i hetween Great Britain and Japan, ! the existence of which was very gen- eraliy but quite unjustly regarded as an obstacle to the complete under- standing and loyalty of friendship ! petween the two great English- | speaking powers of the world. Neither Great Britain nor America could deny the advantage which both had derived from the services ren- dered by Japan to the cause of the entente in policing the Pacific ocean during the great war. She was en- titied to their gratitude and it was, { therefore, a matter of importance, in view of the popular prejudice against the treaty in American and English dominions, to bring it to a close with- { out giving any offense to the land of the rising sun. or to the national pride of its high-spirited and wonderful eople. e x ok % K i i That the Anglo-Japanese treaty passed out of existence a year and a half ago is a matter of public record. The Washington disarmament con- gress may be said to have constituted ! the celebration of its wake. But what is not generally known is that its demise was followed almost Im- mediately. and at the congress, by a bitter conflict between the United States and Japan, in which Great Britain felt herself bound to line up with America against the power to whom she had been until then so closely united by ties of an offensive and defensive jalliance. The conflict was_on the subject of Japan's claim to the monopoly of wireless telegra- | phy in China, which she contended had been granted to her to the ex- clusion of all other foreign powers by the Peking government. Japan's pretensions to monopoly of wireless telegraphy in, China were based on the concession granted to the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha Company, a strong and semi-official organization at Tokio, with ‘widely diversified inte ests. The grant of this alleged mo- nopoly to the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha Company did not, however, prevent the Peking authorities from, some time afterward, concluding a_ contract with an Amerfcan concern, the Fed- cral Telegraph Company of Delaware, . for the construction of a number of radio stations in China * % Quite naturally when the question of Japan's claims to a monopoly of wireless telegraphy in China crop- ped up at the Disarmament Congress, in spite of the efforts made to elimi- nato it from the discussion as cal- to defeat its officlally declared ob- cause of the Delaware Federal Tele- graph Company claring that it could not. and would not recognize the validity of the monopoly granted by the Peking gov- ernment to the Mitsu Bussian Kaisha concern, a monopoly totally at variance with the existing interna- tional agreements on the subject of China, especially with reference to the so-called open-door policy. One of the powers at the congress showed a disposition to make captal of the sue for purpose of diplomatic trou- ble. But Great Britain lined up squarely with the United States and ! pronounced herself so unhesitatingly | against the recognition of the validity {of the Miteui monopoly that Japan concluded that the issue had best be sidetracked for the time being and that no further attempt be then made to press the matter. 1t is only fair to add that Baron Kato and his associates lent them- selves to the sidetracking of the Mit- sui monopoly controversy, at any rate for the time being. They were bring_Japan out of the conference prestige or to the national pride of her people, and with the acquisition of the greatest amount of favor and goodwill on the part of the powers of the entente. After the annulment of the Anglo-Japanese treaty and her retirement from Shantung, and from much of the Siberian mainiand, it was necessary that she should save her | face, especially in the eyes of her people by creating the impression fhat her representatives at Washing- ton had vastly strengthened the bonds of her friendship with the TUnited States and Great Britain. * ok ok K But it was not long after the re- turn of Baron Kato to Tokio, that the true facts of the case became known and that the relations of Dai Nippon towards the two great Eng- lish speaking powers underwent a merked change. Japan was not Yiow to realize that Great Britain. called upon to choose between an alliance with her and intimate co- operation with the United States, had given preference to the latter, and ! that from theneeforth she was likely | to find the United States and England working hand in hand in the prob- lems of the far Orlent. While the relations of her government con- tinued perfectly correct and even cordial, what may be described as the social atmosphere of the lieges of the Mikado toward the Americans and the British cooled considerably. Charles B. Warren. a singularly able and successtul diplomat, who had done extremely well in the delicate role of American ambassador to Toklo, felt the altered conditions with regard to the United States, so much that he came home. and much of the old time intimacy that had from time immemorial existed ~between the members of the British embassy at Tokio and the natives of high and low degree. disappeared. Tn fact the Engiish embassy and the English culated to wreck the conference and | jects, the United States espoused the | to the extent of de-l anxious on behalf of ther country to| with the least possible damage to her ! people in Japan that the Anglo-Japanese alliance had ceased to exist and that its death at the hands of the Englizh, and the| transfer of the latter's affection, their | {rupport, and of their mutual co-op- | eration to people of their own race, {blood and language. while not as- Isalled, was nevertheless resented | * % ok % | Up to the time of the disarmament |conference in Washington, Japan's activities in China had recelved a sort of grudging support from the Eng- lish government, which, in the matter did not represent the views and the Pprejudices of the British nation. But since the last eighteen months there has been a distinct change. John |Bull and Uncle Sam are working {hand in hand in a spirit of mutual ‘kundors(lndlng, and with a view to |the open door and absence of all monopoly, and this naturally has brought the two powers strongly {against the determination of Japan ito secure the political, and above all, the economic domination and controi i of China. i Now while the present ‘government is seeking to maintain. at ! lany rate. a semblance of the friend- i liest relations with the United States ,and with Great Britain, yet it cannot {be denied that the Japanese people {are becoming alive to the altered con- | ditions. and the controversy on the subject of the wireless system in China is becoming all the time more acute. And some of the most eminent and conservative statesmen in Japan, realizing that their empire's interests are contrary to those of the two great English speaking powers, are turning their direction elsewhere, namely, to- ward soviet Russia and indirectly, to- ward Germany. * ok % % i Japanese | Among the leaders of this new course of policy adopted by Japan is Viscount Goto, who was minister of foreign affairs at Tokio in 1917 and | 1918, and who at one moment ac- cepted the office of mayor of Tokio at the urgent request of the fmperial | government, which needed a par- ticularly strong man to assume charge and control of the metropolis. Viscount Goto has taken up the active presidency of the new Russo-Japanese Soclety, which has been in existence since last fall,’ and as such assumed | the responsibility of inviting M. Joffe, the plenipotentiary of the soviet gov- i ernment at Moscow to Japan, whera he has been living for several months in constant intercourse with states- men, politicians, captains of industry and of commerce, publicists, etc., in| Japan, with the result that something | very much akin to a permanent un- derstanding now_exists between soviet Russia and Japan, which is not precisely favorable, either to the TUnited States or to Great Britain. Quite recently the Japanese min- | ister plenipotentiary at Warsaw, while on his way from Tokio to re- Join his post, made a prolonged stay at Moscow, where he carrifed on a numbei of ‘conferences with the bol- sheviki authorities, and in this con- nection jt is not without some significance that the Stinnes interests have now established an understand- ing based on mutual co-operation with the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha wire- less monoply concern at Tokio, and with other Japanese undertakings in China, promoted and indorsed by the Mikado government. Indeed, Stinnes 13 credited with having recently con- Great Britain Supports United States Fight on | Japan’s Claim to Wireless Monopoly in China undertakings in China £ Japanes: Of the Peking government it is un necessary to say anything connection. It is nothing but & mere figure of speech and its leaders are here today and gone tomorrow, with no stability, credit or popular confi- dence. It simply does not count, and while on the one hand the so-called republic there may at any moment glve way to a monarchial restoration in favor of the sixteen-year old em- peror, engineered by the armies of one provincial governor or the other. or the executive power may be seized upon by some nominee of the Jap- anese and Russian soviet interests, the Chinese people themselves. their | industrial and commercial population, and above all, thelr great manufac- turing and trading guilds, which are | guided by the traditions and the ex- perience of centuries, are all favor- able to the American and British co- operation. and have instituted an- other far reaching and boycott of Japanese merchandise | throughout the length and breadth of | what “was formerly celestial kingdom This boveatt of Japan is not wit- out reacting very seriously on the bolshevist interests in Asia, that too at a moment which is particularly inconvenient, namely, at a time when Lord Curzon, turning to account his well nigh unique experience of the Orient. has called upon his govern- ment to use its influence upon the Sassoons and other British subjects of their kind who control the entire native banking business of Asia, and of northern and central Africa, financing all native commerce and trade, especially in the interior of Asia, and of central and northern Africa for untold generations. * ok ok ok known as the It is this financial power, wielded by Lord Curzon upon the entire na- | tive financing of oriental and north and central African trade, which, with its menace of blacklisting all bolshevist commerce and industry in Asia. is enabling him to deal with the soviet government at Moscow with a master hand, and which has already compelled it to concede to most of his demands, notably in con- nection with British fishing rights in Russia’s northern waters and in_the liberation and compensation of Brit- ish fishing boats and their crews, which had been captured, the boats and their cargoes confiscated and their officers and crews thrown into prison. 4 It is only necessary to add in con- clusion that American and British co- operation, especially backed by the great Guilds of China and by that nation’s 400,000,000 thrifty, industrial and hard working people, form quite as irresistible a combination for the welfare of mankind, for the cause of peace and for the advance of civili- zation in Asia, as the working hand ! in hand of the two great English speaking powers, not bound by any treaty, but working for a common end can prove in Europe. —_— In times when ~mummies were thought less of than today many were exported and purchased by color manufacturers, who ground them down by machinery and turncd them into a delicate brown liquid paint, which was the delight of all artists, in this| st drastic BY BEN McKELWAY. IXTEEN plenary sessions, at which four conventlons were approved and signed and seventy-three resolutions were adopted. are tersely summarized by the State De- partment as results of the fifth Pan- |American Congress, which ended its [sessions in Santiago last month. The |summarization was made last week in {the form of a formal statement, the first joffictal resume of the congress which has reached Washington While the treaties were approved and signed by the congress and the resolu- tions—seventy-three of them — were passed, definite resuits of the congress vet depend upon the action of the re- publics which were represented by dele- | | Bates. The treaties have yet to be rati- fled, while the resolutions go no fur- ther than to recommend action either by the republics themselves or by the Pan-American Union’s governing board. Treaty to Settle Dixputes. The sole accomplishment of the conference, from a political stand- point, was its adoption of the treaty {for settlement of disputes between | {the American republics, a convention {similar to the Bryan treaties and modeled on the treaty entered into {last Fcbruary between the United States and the Central American |countries. The state Department |calls attention to the fact that this {is a treaty “exclusively American in | character, providing a means of set- tlement of American disputes hy Americans.” This treaty would an- swer, in theory, a demand for an instrument of its kind. But it must {8011 be ratified by each of the Amer!- lcan republie: Ratifications are {sometimes painfully slow. The treaty, furthermore, while providing for the appointment of a commission of five members which would study and report on_differences incapable {of diplomatic adjustment, confines the | | powers of this commission to study-| !ing and reporting. The reporta do| {not have the force of arbitral awards. Trade Agreement Treatles. | { Three other treaties signed hy the| icongress deal with revigion of the jexisting “trade-mark convention,” the uniformity of nomenclature for jthe classification of merchandise and a treaty to clarify the different and varylng customs laws, decrees and | regulations between the contracting states. The trade-mark convention was revised in a manner which now affords, in the language of the State { Department, “all the protection that ican be reasonably expected for ! American trade-mar! on this conti- jnent” The treaty, whose purpose is ito make more clearly understood the Ivarious customs laws between thel { American republics, provides, among {other things, that the inter-American ihigh commission will publish a hand- {book containing the laws of the vari- ‘qus countries. ! Reorganize Pan-American HBoard. Among the seventy-three resolu- tions adopted by the conference is one which is particularly interesting It refers to the reorganization {of the Pan-American Union's govern- {ing board to authorize an American republic without a diplomatic repre- \sentative accredited to the United jtates to appoint a special represent- {ative on the governing board. The | |same Tesolution provides for thel | election by the board of its chairman, | who heretofore has been the United i States Secretary of State. It will be interesting to see whether the gov- jerning board of the Pan-American | here. were made to feel jtributed several millions of dollars to | Union acts in accordance with the) { resolution, as sentiment for what it| | provides has not been very favorable, | iso far as Washington diplomats are i concerned. Another resolution dealing h the Pan-American Union's governing {board provides for the appointment |of permanent committees to assist Tax Agreement The farmers and manufacturers whose interest in taxation is general- Iy considered to be antagonistic or iat least rivalrous, are getting to- gether, and have already a tentative | { agreement on principles of taxation as a result of a number of confer- { ences. Representatives of organizations of met representatives of or- ons of manufacturers and are { now inviting criticisms and sugges- | tions on the following preliminary | draft of their enunciation of taxation | principles from the viewpoint of the producers {7 All cost of government must be pald by its citizens and ought not to exceed the smallest sum necessary to | essential government activities. The federal government should a Miners at 2,400-Foot | Unbearabl | rarmers ganizat Strange as it may seem to Wash-| ingtonians. sweltering in the heat of | the past few days and thankful for| each little puff of breeze, conditions | have been found where, for a given | temperature and degree of humidity, | a breeze makes the heat all the more unbearable. Investigations have been made by Dr. R. R. Sayers, chief surgeon, and D. Harrington, supervising mining engineer of the bureau of mines, at |the 2,400 foot level in various mines ’ln an effort to work out some means of making a little less intolerable | the conditlons under which the miners Work. Their investigations have dis- Jlosed a degree of suffering that Seems beyond the power of man to | stand. Force Changes Monthly. In fact, in one mine they found that froquently men worked but a single shift of seven hours and then quit the job. Others, going back after! the first shift, have stuck it out for; a month or so, and then they, too, have sought work elsewhere. An en- tire new working force is hired dur- ing the course of every month. To get down to facts and figures, in one test, 2,400 feet down, the men | upon whom' the tests were made sat still for one hour. They did no work and moved as little as possible. At the oxpiration of the hour their temperatures were taken and found across appointment. states should adopt ducive to the prohibition of the ship ment country clal authorization shipment 1s made” American the go as far as the prohibition the stood, sent the maximum a majo! Amerie tion, rather weak water aged by the congress, which adopted & number of Ject. | and - 3~ AN-AMERICAN CONGRESS RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED State Department’s Resume of Santiago Sessions Show 4 Conventions Signe’d and 73 Resolutions Adopted. {the Pan-American Union in its study of econon and commerctal reiations e American states, inter- labor organizations in tie countries, questions of hyglene in the American republics and the development of intellectual co-operation between American un: versitles. between natlonal Amerlcan Discourages Liquor Shipments. * If the United States delegation hail any high hopes of obtaining a who hearted promisc of co the other efforts to the there operation fri in Hquo United must have been d T resolution whic was adopted reads that the Americar American republics prevent smuggling borders of the its States “measures of intoxicating beverages to « where their consumption prohibited without the previous spe of the competent country from whicl and although the delegation put on record that this measure docs not laws of the resolution cemed to repre- eptable to t ty of the other republics of 2 As it stands. the resol which is only a resolution and meaningless authority of the fact United because State: gt Better Communieation Taken Up. Better communication and highways was eacour- resolutions on this sub- The encouragement of mari- time communication between the re publics was asked In a resolution which recommended adoption of uni form laws and regulatio in the ports of entry and the granting of such exemptions and facilit possible to the other states Recommending further tion of the Pan-American the congress requested motor roads be built ference be called to cuss this latter subje place to be determined later by governing board of the Pan-Americ Union. Anot for formation of an inter-American com mercial aviation commission, wh would be established for the consid- eration of laws relative to commer- cial aviation. and which will meet at a place and date to be determined by the governing board of the Pan- American Union. Commission to Be Formed. An inter-American electrical com munications commission would be formed, in accordance with another resolution of the congress, wh weuld study the co-operation be tween the Americ: republics regard ing electrical communications and t« prepare a convention establishing equitable proportional rates and uni form rules governing inter-American electrical communications. This con mission also would be called by the Pan-American Union, which would pass on its findings and submit them to_the members of the union. The governing board of the Pan-. American Union is charged with calling still further conferences which would study standardization of machine 100, and the holding of annual commercial exhibitions. The congress also recommended a Pa. American university conference to e held in Santiago, Chile, in 1925, whiel will discuss measures toward encour aging th change of univresit: rofessor: educational informa- tion. Other merc construe- railway that id that a resolutions _encourage th protection f literary and artisti copyright, the interchange of agri cultural information. a convention o American Red Cross societies, American press conference to be held in Washington and the erection of a monument in Washington b or of Henry Clay Near Between Farmers and Manufacturers | propriate no new sources of taxatio: The fullest co-operation should be developed between federal and state governments to limit and define the sources of their respective revenues. Every person should be taxed 1 Just proportion to his ability to pa The form and amount of taxes should be definite and neither di courage individual initiative in the operation of existing production no the establishment of new ent. prise. A tax on net personal incon justly gradu according to abilit to pay is a fair measure of taxation Discriminatory e, taxes grow ing out of war eqergencies should b repealed should be definitely in_advance of collcction. Means for tax adjustment should i provided in each collection d subject to final appeal. The collection of taxes should con form to established business pract | recognize the 'S con- venience Level Find Heat assessed e If Any Breeze Hits Them to have risen to 101 and 102 the pulses jumped from normal to 186 per minute in the cate of one subjec and from 1 with the others. Th men were all weak. dizzy and unabie to think rapidiy. Their clothing was soaked and they were able to pour the perspiration from their shoes s great was its quantity. This test_was taken at a tempera- ture of 98.5 degrees Fahrenheit and with the air saturated—that s, con taining all the moisture that it could This condition, of course, would soy obtain with perspiring men working in the particular point where the tes: was made. Breeze Drives Men Out. The test was repeated, and this time with the strong breeze keepiny the air in constant and rapid motion The symptoms indicated in the firs test were greatly aggravated and th men were forced to leave. The investigation disclosed mine that the men were in on unable to | work more than fifteen minutes at a time, and that a five-minute, and sometimes longer, rest was required between these work periods. A sup ply of water was piped down to the men at a temperature of 65 degrees and of this they drank copiously. After the men reached the surfac: of the mine their blood pressure wa taken and was found to be far bel normall Tepid shower baths, ending with a cold dash of water in som: cases, failed to bring the blood pres- sure back to normal, and even after a hearty meal the pressure was found to bg slow in returning.