Evening Star Newspaper, June 3, 1923, Page 45

REPARATIONS PROBLEM SOON MAY BE SETTLED Germany’s New Tenders Expected -at Once—People to Escape Vassal- age to Industrialists. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. ERMANY is thoroughly awak- to the fact %hat in reparations procrastination ™ fthere is grave danger to the future of the state termany is aware of the: allies. particularly Relgium, have no other to Ustick it swards to them ¢ the other hand nations there o get the ened the fact France and purpose than the just cttled, among alli definite d that out” until war been on is 4 very re reparatio for moment onee and all and at the test 1 for the sake general advanc As the result of the trends both in Germany und without, it pected that to four months vitl mplete adjustment of the s hele perplesing problem, with Ger- iy actually getting down to the business of settling her war obliga- This is expected to be marked revival of in all those which hive been retarded SWHI Feconstruction proe- 3 Germany’s inability, else her refusal. to make monctary amends. Be Made, to reliable advices reach- the two new” ema- Berlin of uropean is e the next three New Necerdin Ing Tenders to Washington ming weeks will ser tenders natin These from form will come be- and memoranda o ngland more and more draw- together on the reparations ques- . will be consulted with the view determining whether the suggest- terms are in measure acceptabie. they are, then Chancellor Cuno is s xpected to act at once. If these do wet mee e meneral ideas of the more lenient of the allied powers, en Germany is expected to go i further. in the hope of bringing #hout a settlement satisfactory to all Cuno is beginning alize that fter all he must do what the French ve “Leen | the Germans should do—place adequate guarantees of payment where Germany's wealth her state-controlled enterprises, and Tevy a capital tax upon all prop- erty. with the view of caring for reparations pavments, 1t is declared the German cabinet haw decided to affer a sum approximating 600 ar wore gold marks guaranteed by a surre of @ portion of the German cipts, the er tion of a I whisky monoy the which to be ed i of the ailies, ender tf its of restored state Wiy Ruar: “pould in case ( is per- and Becoming ial rests il dor ston toha recei , aflic point of peak productio Germany probably will be a fou atorium hefore an- al payvments covering the full mount attered over thirtyv-siy Vears hegin, Germany's ¥ Really Ening ate Decided. vital maneuvering on between the government and the National Association of Ger-{sition nin and. i fate of Germany The French have irge percentage of has - insisted. that barons of Germany able 1o guarantee reparations nts to the allies, but throush propaganda and camouflage the in- dustrialists have been m, or less able 1o the outside worid as to their ability to actually aceomplish much along the However, in the negotiations ¢ & the past week the industrial aders emphasized not only their power. but possibly cast serious reflection upon their real purposes in promoting continuance of man resistance to allied demar.ds The industrialists, in short, are re- d to have agreed to underwrite reparations payments for the it provided the governmen. rights d railways izht-hour ds ental cffort to industrial advane n e abandone In shott. the industrialists of Ger- nany ha s payment of tions, sought to obtai hald upon the whole Germany and place ( in a state of vassalage The argument reasonably advanced that if the ind were able to make such prope week and amid chaotic the' Rhineland and - the were ahle to make them Ago. If they had done there is some reason for the French assertion there would be no reparations prob- lem today. Industry dur reports are ng the p to he St w dited n decids ted. and a ialist G the indus- have heen cels the hus be. in that it cease that all gov- take a hand life of the repari- strangle life of peoples fut rman may bhe rialists als last conditions in Ruhr. they two Proposals Are Spurned. As was to he expected, industrialist nraposals have been spurned capltal clements in Ger- tax, long op- dangerous to practically industrialis many and posed by government acread has been the D. C. Scientists Exploring Jungles The first New York have set sail fight America’s independence will attle along a front - jungles, rivers crawling with tiles and fever-ridden marshes, The little sists of Washington ded by with Dr. lian Maxon of the Smithsonfan tute as hix adjutant, Their ord- consists of brief cases and fleld classe They will fight to~ make Ameriea free from the rubber tyranny of foreign powers . The party now on_the hound for Nicaragua. They expect to return to Washington about the widdle of August. The object of the ivip is to make an exhaustive Study of the rubber industry in Nicaragua and possibly In other Central Ameri- can republic he developed American from to latest re army (ol men” cemni f the United Agricultus hartment s ocean under the direction s so0 rubber in the United States can be met without recourse 1o supplies under the exclusive con- trol of British and Dutch capital, with -onsequent price AxXing. It will be practically impossible, claimed. to introduce rubber cul- ture on American soil except in the Philippines and possibly i Porto Rico. But, if it is found pos- sible to extend the Central American crop the same purposes will be filled. The Washington scientists will de- termine, the best types of rubber for the Central American soil and study means to encourage the natives in taking up this branch of agricul- ture This is one of the first movas fol- lowing the recent warning of \ecre- tary of Commerce Hoover and other officials that somet to keep rubber prices rea~ynable for the American public and to prevent a | When installed, the roadwa; monopoly the hands of other va- tions. Besides Dr the party is 1 in id Dr. Mason. ade of the following Department of Agriculture official | €apt. F. C. Baker. Robert Martin, I\ P Loomis, A. €. Ballentine and J. ¥. Jarven s problem out of | the | | ogre and will | | | \ | i | | | | | | recent weeks, nevertheless Lord Cur- | the English and Ru | trade will be forced to share their part, and to_the limit. With Gérmany showing a real spirit of seeking some settlement, there is cvery reason to believe a solution soon will be reached. For, when all is said and done. there is not one allied power today that can afford to spurn_reasonable and fair proposals rom Berlin Curzon va. Ru Overshadowed in large measure hy other events upon the continent in zon's effort to force soviet capitula- tion to British demands is one of the most significant and far-reaching steps taken by the foreign office since the war closed. When Lloyd George hrough Leonid Krassin, a trade | agreement with the bolsheviki in the | face of protests of other Kuropean | powers. who decried direct approach wWith the Russians. still in bad odor | s the result of forsaking the allles | in the war and the bolsheviki's re- | pudiation of international obliga- | tions, the mattey was hailed in Ei land as a step In the right direction. | s a matter of fact. this trade agree- | ment has accomplished but little ex- | cept In the sense of its being a bind- ing link for negotiations between | sians on perplex arising. Its eftected. | ing questions constantly | economic results have been nil up| to the present. But the Russian ! egime in Moscow has more and | more come te the. conclusion that . Russia can neither live nor advance | ithout the ald of outside capital | The Russians have regarded the | trade agrecment as an opening wedge Lord Curzon, knowing this and the soviet government's loathness to see | abandonment in face of the discour- | aging uphill fight to obtain any sort | ecognition. seized upon undue ag- | kression against British fishermen | and threatened the abrogation of the | greement in order to force| sions in the direction where | England most fears soviet machina- | tions—Persia and Afghanistan. in the direction of India cone 1 | hough agreements effested be- tween Lloyd George and presumably provided against undue Krassin | i 1.000.000,- | fact b | more. | rropaganda and | ions {are known has beeni,f his long tenure as viceroy, now | i | i state-controlled { pussia's prestige and are that it abandon | Bngland stands firm in | though | oughly vears | seven |traflic. which shows not only the num- | | | . to ascertain how it can | Ing investment that it is the poorest of | kind of business judgment to do with- that the enor- |out it. | ing must be done | perimental, for the purpose of per- { will form the covering. being so laid duce- the—{mpack Joadsy o |and Afghanistan was undermined and | | fore, | weeks, soviet encroachments upon the Brit- | ish cmpire in Asia, it is a well known that the government has not been lrath in the least to extend the bolsheviki’s position and. further- | wage @ steady disintegrating against British Institu- northern Indian tribes to have been fired to | revolutionary endeavors instrumentality of soviet | British influence in Persia | soviet The renewed througn the emissaries erywhere in the Mohammedan world efforts were made to discredit ail British enterprise of whatsoever | character. i Curzon, the man who kaows more about India and its danzerous o ents than any other man in Fritish government today. by virtue | is attempting to solidify Britain's po- against further soviet en achments. Continuing as they have since the bolsheviki selzed thv reing ot governmert in Russia, anv- thing might happen in so far as Brit- ain's _Asiatic possessons are con- cerned. It is not surprising, there that Curzon should seize upon the first real opportunity for a shuwdown with Russia and demand | that Britisn interests be sateguarded | to the extreme of Moscow withdraw- | ing soviet emissaries from Persia and | Afghanistan, the two logical pointg | £ dissemination of soviet propa- | anda and schemes directed against | Lngland. Settiement to Be Expected. Though the negotiations between the ‘Russians and the British have been continuing for more than two no definite decisions have been | reached, the Russians insisting thaty th Curzon demands encroach therefore ! the meantime It is unlikely will retrace her step. modifying the gen- eral tone of her demands for diple matic reasons. There is every rea- son for helieving that Russia will | capitulate to the Curzon demands, on ! the face of them at least, in the hope | of perpetuating Russian influence in | British financial marts. Though war | has been suggested, it is extremely unlikely. More likely there will come | a period of negotiations, in which the | at present innocuous trade pact will be given teeth and the future, thor- ! grounded on_clear under- standing, will bring closer co-opera- tion between the British and the Russians. This is particularly true in view of the fact that the extension of British export trade is one of the! grave probiems confronting any Eng- lish government. It may be expected that when the | smoke has disappeared England will | be able to rest easy in the knowledge | that Russian ecndeavors in the d rection of Asia will cease to be the | the territories of Asia be- ! come a maelstrom for conflicting | Eupopean politcal tides | Device Will Record | Weight of Traffic: Uncle Sam is ‘taking an automatic | permanent record of the economic | worth of our highways which he fs helping the states to build, which | also will show the development of highay transportation. An automatic device for recording i on! not acceptable. In that England possibly ber of vehicles which pass over ll(. but also their weight, is now being Washington-Balti- in front of the ampus of the University of Mary- ! and at College Park, Md.. through | co-operation of the university with the United States bureau of public roads_and the state roads commis on of Maryland. Officials of the De- | partment of Agriculture expect this | device to confirm the resuits of in- vestigations previously made which | show that a Zood road is such a pay- ! installed on the more houlevard This device, which is being in-| stalled on the Washington-Baitimore road, was made by the bureau of pub- lic roads. “The value that such a record will have fs most obvious.” said Dean A. N. Johnson of the engineering de- partment of the university. “It will give a basis for determining the economic worth of our roads and in- dicate into what our highway trans- portation is developing.” Work is in progress at the uni- versity at present of calibrating the apparatus, casting the slabs of which will form the covering, and other- wise getting everything in readiness for the installation. which, it Iis hoped, will be undertaken within the next ten days or two weeks. This first installation will be ex- fecting and developing the apparatus. will_be unimpaired. the concrete labs, which ar to preserve intact the original surface. This is highly important in order that, as the traffic rolls over the apparatus, there shall he no incquali- ties in the surface which would in- BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is .a brief summary of the most Important news of the world for the seven days ended June 2: United States of America.—On May 26 Lieut. Harrison G. Crocker of the United States Alr Service established a new record for a single pilot machin making « non-stop flight of approximately 1,400 miles from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada in 11 hours and 29 minutes. The distance traveled was actually a little longer. as the officer hopped off ut Ellington Fileld near Houston, Tex.. flew south till over the gulf, then turned north and. having passed over a strip of Canadian territory, went on and landed at Selfridge Field, Mich. Lieut. Russel L. Maughan, well known to fame, wili attempt a_transcontinental flight trom Mitehel Field, Y., te San Francisco. between dawn and sunset some day this month. He proposes to make it in five hops. with thirty-minute stops at Dayton, St. Joseph. Cheyenne and a spot in Utah. He will use a Curtiss pursuit plane. To accomplish the proposed feat ap average speed of not less than 160 miles per hour will be required. planes will make an of Alaska this summer. Photo- graphic maps will be made and much infor- mation is expected concerning regions other- wise at present inaccessible, The United States Army transport Merritt has sailed from the Philippines with 529 of those Russian whites who fled from Viadivo- stok some months ago in the dilapidated little merchant fleet commanded by Admiral Stark on board. They come to the United States as immigrants The total of American war claims against Germany presented to the mixed claims com- missions is $1.479.064,314. The United States government ~ claims ' §366,113.000. including 44,810 for Rhine occupation costs. national industrial conference board finds that during the last six months about 100,000 negroes left the south for the north n consequence of our prohibition legislation the Royal Spanish steamship service to New York has been discontinued. * ok ok X The Britixh Emplre.—At a party caucus on May 29 Stanley Baldwin was unanimous! elected head of the conservative party, su ceeding Bonar Law. The reunification of that party appears to be almost complete. Most of the great ones who went into the wilder- ness in a huff because the die-hards smashed Lloyd George's coalition are now reconciled Sir Lamington Worthington-Evans has ac- cepted office in the cabinet as postmaster general. Sir Robert Horne. coalition chancellor of the exchequer. and Sir Ernest Pollock. coali tion attorney general. attended the caucus lord Balfour would have been there but fo iliness and sent a cordial letter. Austen Cham- berlain and Lord Birkenhead, however, who could have attended, did not We are told that craft of more than & d different new types are being built for British air service: from small planes to air dreadnaught, as one might call it, which carries a crew of eight Some of the hydro- airplanes, it is said. will be able to ride the roughest seas. The British government seems resolved to put through a great military and naval aircraft program. A document has been captured by Irieh Free State agents in which De Valera. address- ing the body of his followers, declares tha the republic can no longer be maintained by fighting and that further sacrifices to that end would be vain. Another captured docu- ment is an order signed by the republican hief of staff directing all ranks to dump their a s Thus officially, the Irish rebellion he takes itself to the limbo of lost causes * k¥ % Germany.—The strike which began Ruhr week before last continued extensive in the to spread up to and including May 29, on which date, according to reports, about 450,000 miners and upward of 60,000 metal workers were out. Tt was not & strike of communists—for very few of the strikers were communists—nor of a political complexion. Communist agitator: however, exploited the situation for their own purposes. They successfully agitated to spread the strike and in many instances induced the strikers to accept their leadership. No doubt there would have been some riots and clashes in any case, but the considerable disorders and casualties are chiefly attrib- utable to communist incitement. As I understand the matter. it was partly @ strike of employed or partially employed and partly a demonstration of unemployed the former demanding increases of pay ana the latter Increases of doles in view of the outrageous and ever-mounting cost of living, or. alternatively, decrease in costs of food necessarles; in other words, a living income. When the 'strikers and-unemployed took to closing or looting stores they found them- selves up against the municipal police, (Where there were such), the firemen and organiza- tion of volunteers, the last-named presumably mostly of the middle class. The fighting was. on the whole, about an even thing. On May 29 the strike was still increasing. On the 30th, to the devastation of the communists. it prac ally ceased, the government having con- eded half the increases of pay and doles demanded. On the same day, security police from Duesseldorf and the Rhineland (per- mission having been given by the occupying authorities) entered the chief centers of com- munist activity-—Bochum, Dortmund. Gelsen- kirschen—and rounded up and clapped in quod # considerable number of reds. The Ruhr | ow pacified. The total casualties during the episode were approximately forty killed and three hundred wounded. It is to be remarked that, unless the government puts a curb on food prices and the mark, the episode will probably repeat itself. The sudden further slump in the mark since the wage incre; were granted has offset those increases and the consequent sityation is regarded with alarm, Similar strikes and demonstrations in unoc cupied Germany. especially in_Dresden. but without accompaniment of much violence and ended by partial concessions, are reported But, justas I have completed the above, comes a report of a clash in Bautzen, Saxony, be- tween rioting crowds and police, on the night of May $1-June 1, with & number of casual- ties The Ruhr occupation and other woes noth- withstanding, it is reported that German im- poris in March totaled 503.100.000 gold marks in value as against 446,200,000 in February und exports 435,800,000 gold-marks as against 30.600.000 in February. And it is declared that tonnage entering and clearing at Hamburg ntinues steadily to increase. The figures cited may or may not be correcl. One’s atti- tude toward statistics should always be skep- tica On June 1 the German paper mark fell to 79,000 to the dollar; below the Austrian crown * k¥ ¥ onference.—On May 26 war was averted by a The Lausanne between Greece and Turkey compromise as follows (1) Turkey waives Indemnity. ) Raragatch, her claim for an the river serves town of from the cedes to cross the Adrianople railroad Bulgarian border thre road which match. the which Rulgaria cession means little Venizelos. who is acting in chief for Greece at Lausanne, showed his usual cleverness in making it: since it is likely 1o cause further fetion between Bulgaria and Turkey as in Turkey Maritza station which runs the rail- Rulj with Dedea- western Thrace. use of have). The Greece and in fact Greece Cits connects ria seaport has or is to to is the olden days. Cession by Turkey to Bul- garia of that little strip was one of the con- ditions on which Bulgaria entered the great war on the side of the central powers. Turkey has won a complete victory on the capitulations issue. The consular courts are abolished. Turkey, to be sure, consents to name some foreign “judicial advisers” but the Turkish courts are not required to follow their advice in cases regarding foreigners The allles made their last stand on the d mand that the legal advisers be given a veto power over arrests of allied natlonals and over searches of their premises. The Turks would not concede more than that the legal advisers should be notified of such arrests or domiciliary searches. Even the Institution of legal adviser is to lapse at the end of five years. The representative of the Angora govern- ment and the representatives of the holders of bonds of the Ottoman debt failed to reach agreement at their recent conference in Paris. Hassan Bey, Ismet Pasha's financial expert, insisted th @ payment of interest henceforth should be i4 Turkish paper francs, while the representatives of the bondholders stood out for payment in gold francs or pounds sterling, as nominated in the bond. So the issue re- verted to the Lausanne conference. It is. 1 belleve, almost the only issue of importance remaining to be decided. About four-fifths of the Ottoman debit is held in France. Turkey has withdrawn her claim Island of Kastelorizo. Mr. Grew. our “official observer” plus at Lausanne, hag received full power to negotiate A treaty or treaties of amity and commerce betwee: the United States and Turkey, to supersede existing treaties. * ok % X LS .~ One hears that Gen. Chen Kwang Ming, who early in the year was compelled. under pressure of forces loyal Sun Yat Sen which greatly outnumbered his own. to retire from Canton, gave a bad beating the other day to an army of Sun's. This is good news, for Chen is reported one of the ablest, sanest and most honorable men in China, whereas Sun Yat Sen grows madder da Yesterday he was as mad as a March hare, now a hatter is sane in the comparison. One hears. too, that 60.000 troops of Wu PPel Fu's have entered Kwangtung to help China. And. finally. one hears that Sun's chief supporters in Fukien province have gone over to the enemy The ink of the above is not vet dry when a vague report comes along of certain suc- cesses of Sun’s troops. Negotiations with the Shangtung bandits are reported to he in a new and satisfactory hase. The bandits have unconditionally re- eased Maj. Allen, U. S. A, and an English- man: why. does not appear * ok ok ¥ Miscellaneous.—The rebellion zilian state of Rio Grande Do but seems to be going against the rebels. At a meeting in Paris on May 29 between the Austrian loan commission and Thomas W Lamont of J. P. Morgan & Co. preliminary wrrangements for an American share in the proposed $£130.000.000 Austrian government loan were completed; that share to be $25.000.- 600, Preliminary arrangements have now been completed with all the national banking groups whose participation is heing sought exeept the Italian Great Britain has granted independence Transjordania. with the Emir Abdullah of the House of Hedjaz as ruler. It is. however. as 1 nnderstand it. a qualified independence, Great Britain refaining her “interest” in the country There is”apt to be much virtue in your “interest to the in the Bra- Sul continues to Curzon’s Free Hand as Foreign Minister Has Restored British Empire’s Prestige BY FREDERICK CUNLIFFE-OWEY, | C. B. E. LTHOUGH present political con- ditions in England. especially | in view of the aggressive atti- | tude of the numerous Il!mrk i | | | | party in the commons, have rendered it imperative that the premiership chould be held by a member of the lower house of parliament at minster, yet it is the Marquis of Cur- zon. whose unique experience ac-; quired during. a career of forty vears| in the highest offices of the crown ! pre-eminently fitted him for the post. | who remains as secretary of state for| foreign affairs. the dominant figure of the present conservative adminis- tration in England With the domestic affaire of Great Britain. which are mainly those of a fiscal and business character. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin. who is, above everything else, a business man, like the great’ Sir Robert Peel and Joseph Chamberlain, is particularly well fitted to deal, and they may be considered as in exceptionaliy capable hands. But the problems by which to the requiremenis enum- by Lord Curzon, and every- possible indeed was done to and obstruct his efforts, the pal ones of which were directed thing hamper prin to securing the liberation f the com- | manders and the crews of the several | British trawlers, who had been cap- tured while fishing, not within three-mile limit of territorial waters on the Murman coast. but beyond a twelve-mile limit, and who had been hrown into jail. condemned to long terms of imprisonment and had their boats confiscated. -Vet. these were English working men persuing a per- ctly legitimate calling and ing 1o those very classes which the lahor party in the house of commons professes to represent and to cham- %ok ox After much futile negotiation. Lord Curzon, in the face of a good deal of misgiving it i3 said on the part of je¢ven some of his ministerial col- | leagues, presented an ultimatum to the soviet government ihreatening |not war, as has been alleged, but a rupture of the trade agreement which | has existed for the past vear between | Great Britain and the soviet govern- ment at Moscow. Fears were ex- pressed in certain circles in England { through the | belong- | | not only the United Kingdom but the | great British Empire as a whole are | Sonfronted at the present time, are | mainly of an international nature. | Upon their solution depends the ques- | tion of peace and war. so vital to the | Welfare and to the progress of man- Kind. And in the management of | international situations, especiaily those of an intricate and troublesome character, pregnant with danger. | Lord Curzon is a past master, und} without a peer. | It Is no exaggeration to assert that, today his Infiyence in the concert of powers both great and smiall is su-| preme. Al /f them are more or less | consclously fwayed by his views, and | submit, no§ always with the best]| grace, to his guidance. This is not because of any predilection for the | country to which he belongs, or to| any Iong-s/nndlnx sympathy with its policies. Hut it is entirel vased upon his profoind knowledge of all the {ssues thasz call for attention. upon his amaz/ng experience of the cir- cumstances that have brought them to the fore, and upon his understand- ing and prophetic vision as to the consequences. P One has only to look back at his | achievements since the downfall of Lioyd George emancipated the depart- ment of foreign affairs from embar- rassing interference by the late premier. who. seldom saw eye to eyve with the sovereign's principal con- stitutional adviser on international matters, and who was frequently led by his brilliant but impulsive nature to embark upon policies which were bound in the long run to turn to the disadvantage of the empire. Thus, when Lord Curzon recovered sole and undivided control of the helm of the ship of state, he found Great Britain on_the brink of war with the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey straining at the leash to hurl them- selves once more at one another's throats, the entire Balkans seething with unrest largely due to an offer made by Lloyd George to the Ser- bians, to occupy Constantinople, which, of course, have precipitated a conflagration of world-wide magni- tude. Great Britain's relations with France were strained to the very breaking point, the premiers of the two countries having to all intents and purposes ceased to be on speak- ing terms, while Italy was so embit- tered agajnst England that she was turning her attention toward Ger- many. As for_the relations between Great Britain and Russia. they were just about as bad as they could be, While in the valley of the Nile, mat- ters had feached such a pasa that the nglish government had publicly threatened Egypt with the deprival sowrglsnly and _indenendence| Wocke Worde VISCOUNT CURZON. which had been conceded to her. not as a right but as an act of grace, a ear previously 3 * ok X Today the entire outlook has changed. The second congress of Lausanne, now in sight of a success- ful termination to which the United States delegate, J. C.° Grew, has notably contributed. finds England once more re-established in her old- time position as the most trusted waell wisher of Turkey, having com- pletely supplanted the other powers, notably Germany, in that role. Mu- tual confidence has been to a great extent established beiween Downing street and Angora, where England is no longer regarded as the most bitter enemy, but as the best friend. With regard to France, Lord Curzon has recovered the good will of Great Britain's ally in the great war, first of all by refusing the offers which were made to him at one moment last fall by the Turks to conclude a separate agreement with him at the expense of France, and then by the moral backing which he gave to the Paris government's enceavor to force Germany to fulfill her treaty pledges in the matter of reparations. Lo Curzon _absolutely declined to e moved by the clamor raised by the labor elements in England, against the military occupation of the Ruhr. and while expressing a doubt as to the efficacy cf the measures adopted by Premier Poincaire, he proclaimed them to be fully justified in view of the manifest bad faith and fraudulent bankrupt tactics of Germany in deal- with the question of reparations due for the wholesale devastation and de- struction wrought by the kaiser's troops on French soll. Indeed, Lord attitude with regard i9.3he occupation of the Ruhr has had the result of developing on the part of Germany for the first time a dispo- sition to meet her obligations to France. instead of endeavoring. as heretofore, to entirely evade them. * % % x Greece and Turkey. in the persons of Venizelos and Ismet Pasha, have sfiaken hands at Lausanne. and as for Italy, the recent visit of King Keorge and Queen Mary to Rome, the popular warmth of their reception there and the radical change in the attitude of the Mussolini administration. toward Great Britain, all go to show the ex- tent of the harmony which has now taken the place of the former resent- ment existing between Downing street, in London, and the consulta in the Eternal city. It may be said with- out any fear of contradiction that never has the understanding between England and Italy been so complete and genuine as at the present moment. But the principal feather in the cap of Lord Curzon is his masterly management of the Russian problem, from which he has emerged with a vastly enhanced prestige, not only in Europe, but also in Asia and especially in Russia. He has accomplished this in the face of almost insuperable diffi- culties, not the least among which was the reckless, shortsighted and ignorant championship of the ex- tremist bolshevist elements at Mos- cow by British labor. Ramsay Mac- Donald, for leader in the house of commons. and his friends endeavored to convince their friends at Moscow that, thanks to their championship of the bolshevist cause, the British em- pire was powerless to enforce its de- mands for satisfaction and for redress. Labor cmissaries were even sent from London, 1o that this ultimatum would result in & revival of the most sanguinary scenes of the bolshevist regime, and unite all Russia in a war against all occi- dental powers. and Indeed against western civilization, It was generally understood at first that the rupture of this trade agree- ment between Great Britain and Rus- sia_would only affect the latter's business relations and commercial intercourse with the western powers and especiallv. of course. with the United Kingdom and that it would put a stop to the volume of trade be- tween Great Britain and Russia. which in 1922 represented a turn- over of over $100,000,000. But the general public in England and abroad had little conception of the extent of the menace used by Lord Curzon in bringing the soviets to book. and in securing first and foremost the immediate release of the imprisoned British trawlers, the restoration of their ships and compensation for their cargoes. but also the adoption of measures for the immediate mone- {tary reparation to the families of those English citizens who have succumbed. either to violence or to hardships in Muscovite prisons. The real heads of the soviet gov- ernment at Moscow, appreciated that the rupture of the trade agreement with Great Britain would be followed in all probability by similar action on the part of the other foreign powers and would close to Russia all the sources from which she draws foreign money. that there would no longer be any means of the disposal abroad of Russia’s rapidly reviving industries and of her growing grain exports. Five years ago she was starving and famine stricken. This vear, thanks to the encouragement afforded by the trade agreement, she {s assured of surplus crops allowing for the export of no less than a million tons of her grain. Land Gifts in Year Acreage large enough to include Con- necticut, Delaware and Maryland has been given away by Uncle Sam during the last vear to private citizens, first come, first served, with the single excep- tion that ex-service men are given first choice of location. This represents 12,- 904,821 acres of public domain to which (complete ownership has been surrendered to private citizens, and more than half of this total went into constructive ‘home-building uses. The homestead act was passed by Congress in 1862, since which time 208,- 000,000 acres of public land—the ceding of which to the central government was a big contest in the Continental, Con- gress and prevented the signing of the Articles of Confederation by all of the states until the Revolution was about over—have been entered and patents is- Sghomesteadern,_ 2 STRESSES EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE MOVIES Dr. Tigert Believes This Use of Great In- dustry Is Only Beginning—Suit Would BY BEN McKELWAY. OTION pictures and radio are destined to take a prominent place in education of the future, Dr. John J. Tigert, United States commissioner of educa- tion, believes, and the attention of Congress will be directed to these probabilities not only by federal offi- clals, but by educators and leaders in the industries The Federal Trade Commission now prosecuting a suit in which expects to show that it is possible for the motion picture tndustry to control the minds of the American people and to direct their whole process of thought on matters political, with re- gard to clothing and even custom. The possibility of monopolizing the motion pictures and radio for polit- ical purposes. especially iu a great national campaign. has already been gravely considered by party leaders, especially when the bill for federal censorship was under discussion. and the commanding positions taken by William G. McAdoo and Will H. Hays in ‘the motion picture industry have also directed public consideration to this problem. Was Witne: Dr. Tigert has been a witness the Federal Trade Commission’s suit, and there In sworn testimony gave his views regarding the importance of motion pictures to general educa- tion. He differentiates between edu- cation in a narrow, restricted sense, as acquired in schools, and education in a broad sense, representing the ex- perience gathered during an entire lifetime Consldering education in this broader sense. Dr. Tigert believes the motion plctures today are having a greater effect on the people in mold- Ing sentiment. habits and lines of thought. than the schools. and he glives four Instances to prove his con- tention. There are twenty million persons in the motion picture houses everv day, for instance. while the schools, with a total enrollment of twenty-two million, really muster only -sixteen million in attendance. &and the motion picture houses are doing business seven daye a weck. Learning Through the Eve. Thomas Edison testified and Commissioner Tigert agreed. that much more information is acquired the eve than through any or from all other sources Mr. Edison estimated that §5 to 80 per cent of knowledge comes through the eve. And as the motion pictures in Suit. other sense schools only partly , it 18 obvious that the motion pictures impart information more.generally than the schools, The schools run on an average only eight or nine months. and the motion | picture theaters are running all year. eve, and the through the ey Children's Influence Negligible. The indirect effect of the motion | pictures is greater because childrer going to school do not have much influence in molding public opinion, while an important employer going to the movies and talking about them afterward to his employes, associates in business or at the club indirectly influences those about him. The importance of the motion pic- tures in Americanization work is also emphasizeq by Commissioner Tigert Secretary Lane. in a notable speech. declared that ou cannot Ameri- canize people with books.” expls {U. S. Now Is Facing { Timber Shortage m First Page.) the fiorest serviee and their drive on With a view to general of the public tn the ! menace and the necessity fo | servation and reforestation Urgen Development of Methads. To make the practice of inten forestry universal or the ! throughout the United States so to meet requirements, means the de- velopment of scientific knowledge and technical methods of timber growing comparable with what has slowly and at large cost been obtained for agricultural crops. . Tt will require effective protection agail fires. It will require methods of cutting the mature timber that insure prompt and complete refor- estation. It will require the selection and concentration of growth on the best species in each region It will { Yequire cultural operations, such as | thinnings. which in Européan coun- tries vield, and in th country may be expected to vield, a revenue from forest land before the main crop reaches maturity. 1t will require that the cut be so regulated that only the experts Congress edu- ave con- | tlowly realize. Lwill be { cation even rule as more than the total growth of the whole forest Cannot Hasten Process. Even if intensive management could be applied instantly to the en- tire area of forest land in the United States, it would take a generation or two to bring about forest conditions as favorable to high production those now to be found on small areas in this country or over large areas under forest management in Europe. So that the situation sums up some- thing like this: Even if Uncle Sam gets the best possible co-operation from private industry. many must pass before we can make our forests produce through growth as much timber as is now taken from them each year. A period of lumber shortage is inescapable as Medical Service Free to Seamen The far-flung cry for help—"S. O. §”—has long since, even before the world war, focused the attention of peoples the world over on how wire- less has tremendously lessened the dangers that befall men who go down to the sea in ships. Few, however. even the master mariners, realize as vet that all seamen have & right to medical service by radio while at sea. Surgeon General H. S. Cumming of the public health service emphasizes that “even the expense of calling the service by radio from away out at sea is borne by the radio companies. without expense to ship or sailor. This medical service is really a sort of subsidy to merchant ships and sallors. A century and a quarter ago. when Congress established the pubiic health service, under the title of the marine hospital service, it Girected it to render medical ald to every American seaman who applied for it. and that for this each seaman should pay 20 cents a month. This was in 1798 In 1870 the tax was doubled. In 1885 it was abol 1 Since then all such aid has been e . . it in recently, | make their appeal solely through the | mature timber will be taken, and no | years | Show Great Influence Possible. 1ing that the hest way is to take them around the country and point to our institutione and to our landmarks of history and explain what they mean to the prospective citizen Obviously it is impossible 1o take all of those-to be Americanized on u sightseeing trip about the countrs ito “Ser Amegi irst.” but the mo tion pietur be made a_common medium of communication. The pic- jture is a universal medium of com- municating ideas, no matter whar language these people may speak Wide Use Inevitable. Dr. Tigert maintains that a wide use of the motion picture in educution is inevitable. It can be ped i more rapidly an educative agency by producing the best kind of pic tures. He believes that posterity will deve demand not an artist’s drawing or ar actor's portrayal of a but the actual picture as the event 100k Thomas Edison ion that the historic of event the place. expressed the ops motion picture business has not vet started. Dr. Tigert calc lates that It has reached a relativels high degree of deveiopment for the atrical, amusement nd commercial purposes, but that in the fleld of education it is only heginning. Ulti- mately, he predicts, en from a eom merelal standr Nt the greatest op portunity of the motion picture in- dustry s going to be in the produc- tlon of educational filme. There are only 14,000 moving n ture houses in this country. whil there are 276,000 schools. 1f {he m: tion pictures of an educational natur are made available they will be de manded not only by all these schools but by churches and othe organiza- l!mw Interested in the public welfars The average crowd in « school 13 not as ge as the average crowd i a theater. and so there will be larger businessfrom the commerein viewpoint in having to produce mors films to supply the demand of who want to see them Results of a Questionnaire, Commissioner Tigert recently ceived more than 1.200 replies a questionnaire he sent to school peopla all over the country asking them 1n Istate whether they had need for edu cative fiims and of what kind—his torical. geographical. ete—so that would be to give the best lin the power of the federal bureay to get them the right sort of fiime 1 Out of the 1.200 less than half a dozer of those replyving f. that they did not have use for educative films, and only one thought the use of motin picture in the hools would decrease. The use of radio in education work s more speculative and problematical although the possibilities are un hounded Dr. Tigert believes that i has a big future. His bureau without any special appropriation last vear |did some broadcasting which while it cannot be taken as representative of what the bureau could do with prope: support showed a wide and strong general interest | Possibilities In Radlo. it | other ha the bureau of education or agency had available llectures of an educational nature pre Ipared by authorities there would un |doubtedly be a great demand f Ithem. Take, for example, the need |for properly trained feachers. whera {now it is admitted that comparatively few are properly trained. If mem- bers of faculties in teachers’ colleges | of national and international standing could ~be employed to prepare for broadcasting thé lectures they ara daily giving in college classrooms teachers all over the country could take these courses and there would be a very beneficial teacher-training service established Dr. Stepanek Aid To Czech Nation (Continued from First Page.) somae central the was sent Entering he Vienna and Moscow Austrian o foreign service Constantinople and thers when oke called the war | ut and during way hack to Vien the war was stationed many in Work During War. of his s placed hy Rer he w use diplomatic training his fellow-country men at the head Czecho slovakian revolutionary organization 1t was a dangerous and difficult task during the stirring days of the war. The Czechs and Jugoslavs decided hold a conference in Geneva and seek the aid of the allies. He could not cross Germany and consequently had to go to the Dalmatian coast and across the Adriatic. It had been se cretly arranged for a French sub; marine to meet him and his asso- ciates. but it failed to appear They waited at Spoleto f wind they could cross to Italy in a tiny fishing boat. An enemy plane hovered over them. threatening destruction to their craft. After eighteen hours of terror they reached the Italian shore, only to be arrested |and sent to Rome as spies. Eleven Jugoslavs were detained. but Dr Stepanek was freed by Premier Or. lando und soon reached Geneva From there he went to Paris and after the armistice returned home. Afterward at the peace conference it was his duty as a representativa of Czechoslovakia to help obtaln ,mngnm n for the new republic. Freedom has always tingled in his veins. He declares that nobody rear- ed in a free cauntry can comprehend the. hatred oppressed peoples have for |dvnasties. There is a constant burn. {ing in the heart. he says; and yet his people realized there was nothing they could do in peace times to gai) their independence sily un- derstand the feelings Roget Casement,” he said of the enough Brother ‘Slapped Statue. of his brothers shared this same bitter hatred of Austrian rule At a meeting of students long be- fore the war, to give vent to his feelings he slapped the face of a statue of Emperor Franz Joseph, ‘What was intended to be a somewhat playful blow was sufficient to unbal- ance the old emperor's likene: i fell to the floor and smashed into a thousand pieces. An Austrian guard witnessed the incident, arrested the youth and he had to serve a generous term in_jail. Dr. epanek is eager for the Czechs to have every modern inven- tion and innovation that”is used with success elsewhere. From Washing. ton he is going to the Pacific coast “I want to meet the big engineers, college presidents, automobile mak- ers and farmers of the country,” ex- plained this brilliant diplomat, who looks and talks like an American; this fervid patriot, who has accom- plished so much for his own people while he s still under forty years of age. One _— Japanese begin building their at the top. The root is first [built and elevated on u skeleton frame. Then it affords shelter to the workmen from. storms. The ! houses