Evening Star Newspaper, April 8, 1923, Page 45

STUDY OF ADVERTISING - TO SELL FARM PRODUCE Department of Agricuture Looks te Stabilizing Prices and Reducing Cost of BY WILL P. KENNEDY. OW newspaper advertising can be made a most valuable economic influence to prevent high prices for food supplies 10 be pald by the consumers and ruinous low prices to the producing farmers {s going to be shown by the Tnited States Department of Agricul- ture as a result of surveys now being made. To prevent seasonal gluts on the market during periods of: extraor- dinary production, and intermittent shortages, by stabilizing the market for agricultural products is a big opportunity for development of ju- dicious advertising removing the causes of economic disturbance; hard iimes, panics, famines and industrial unrest, federal experts, who have lLeen conducting the inquiry, are con- vineed g In order that the Yactory worker may “carry on” contentedly he must e “well fed, which means that the farmer must get a living wage for vroducing an adequate food supply. Tn order that the factories may be ept running to give employment the ‘armer, who comprises approximately «ane-half of the purchasing power o the country, must get some profit from his toil that he may spend for manufactured goods.. There interdependence. Advertising is looked to as the stabilizing influence which will bring bout and preserve general prosperity nd_happine: This is the opinion T officials of the Department o Agricultyre, who have made an in- tensive study of this problem. Studies Have Been Casual. Tn the past not much s done in Studying the possibilities of advertis- Mg as an economic influence on the marketing of agricultural products, except a study of advertising meth- ©ods that sell specific goods. For ex- ample, livestock breeders had a few casual studies made to find out the est methods of selling livestock. Some of these were by experiment stations. The Wisconsin station, for instance, gathered data regarding the results some breeders got and proved 10 thei wn satisfaction at least that some methods are better thar others, But within the last six years, and mostly since the war, we have ‘begun to advertise farm p nuets, with & view to Influencing sumption. Take the citrus fruit ers in Fiorida: They wanted the people know that grapefruit Ought to be eaten every day. They met out to show that grapefruit is Something the people would Rrow t. or eight n- grow- to let like. and something that made them | healthier by regular use Citrus Exchanee put this across, S, also. with oranges, the Citrus Fruit Girowers' Federation of Californiz put oranges oh the break t table all over the country In practically every home, , 5 There is today probably a total o $15.000,000 4 vear belng spent in vertising farm products, with a view 10 stabalizing the market by making {he demand constant throughout the year. The Florida Results Already Achieved. The federal experts base their con- viction on the possibilities of news- paper_ advertising upon results al- | ready achieved. They point out that | approxtmately $7.500.000 has been | spent during the past nine years in| advertising raisine. It had taken twenty years to effect this organiza- tion for co-operative marketing. As a result of this persistent advertising | the tonnage of fruit handled increased from 24,512 in 1912 to 152.497 in 1920, The receipts to the growers during the same period incrcased steadily om $1,499,. .71 to $38,416,827.8: That e growers found it ays advertize” is shown by the fact that | he advertising expenditures were in- creased from $120,803.74 in 1914 to 520,000 in 1922 An experience that goes back even | further than that. and which is prob- | ably the first big co-operative venture | in selling a farm product. was that of | 1he cranberry growers. with twenty- | “ix years of experience in selling | ihrough growers' co-operative agen- | cies. The three largest producing dis- | tricts are_in Massachusetts, New Jer- sev and Wisconsin, and the growers | in’these three widely separated local. ities had to be brought into one cen- tral selling assoclation. | They set out to educate the people that the cranberry {s neither a lux- ury nor a hollday fruit for use with urkey on Thanksgiving and Christ- nas, but taste just as good the year round,* “Glutted” and “famine” mar- ets have been eliminated, the de- | mand has been made more constant | 5 ve{‘li market prices have been stabil- 3 { Shifts in Consumption. The question that the Department of Agriculture is concerning itself about is the economic significance of such advertising to agriculture. Some people argue that there is no e in advertising farm products: that if you advertise one kind of aggicultural product and the people Sw¥g to it they will be swinging| away from something else; for in- stance, if you by advertising get them to eat more butter they will cat less meat. and if you get them 1o eat more meat they will eat less hread. They contend that advertis- ing just shifts the. consumption from one “farm product to_ another, but that it is impossible directly to in- IcAdoo Is No Longer | Under Prince Handicap | (Continued from First Page.) ably no oné point on which he would %0 further and stand firmer than in bhacking up Daugherty. But just be- ause Daugherty is his intimate nd was his campaign manager, for that reason some one other 'than Daugherty would be chosen to make a formal announcement of Harding's candidacy for renomintion. There are plenty of sources from which that announcement could come both with more force and with more propriety than from Daugherty. For example, it can be taken as quite certain that | i it were regarded as desirable every member of Harding's cabinet would unite in a formal request that he run again. In fact, although it was for- Zotten in the sensation that attended the announcement from Daugherty, as long ago as December Secretary THoover of the Department of Com- merce made, partly as an_announce- ment and partly as a prediction, the statement that Harding would be re- nominated. Every other member of the cabinet is equally loyal to Hard- ing. ck ok ok ok One of the factors by which Hard- ing is going to be judged in the tour he makes of the country this summer is whether or not he “stands up,” as the phrase is, to his recommendation that *America join “the international court. All who have hopes of him, #ud all who Zlig CORCEIR 30 the possiy is an! d- | in ad- | |have access to lagain to something else that is more Living. crease consumption through adver- tising. ~ Thers is no direct proof of that, the ‘Departmegt of Agriculture spe- clalists insist. They, have been in- vestigating because they want to know what influence this advertising is having on shifting the demand or) consumption and just how much. In other words, they are out to de- termine the influence of advertising on the consumer demand; does it in- crease the demand as a total or does it simply shift the demand from one product to another. A particularly good opportunity was afforded to start out with a study on milk in Boston, because state officials were interested and all branches of the business were well organized. A great deal of adver- tising was done. The school and health authoritles co-operated in the campaign by advocating more milk for school children. They were among the first in the country to get milk distributed to children in school at recess, which has spread generally to other cities. This distribution of small bottles of milk in_the school led to supplying straws_through which to suck it out of the bottle, because the children were more interested in drinking milk that way. i Widened Market for Milk. There was a widespread advertis- {ing campaign in Boston. particular- Iy in the newspapers. The Depart- { ment of Agriculture had four or five men there to measure the results. They made studies of various groups | of people to see what form of ad- | vértising influenced the people to| consume more milk, whigg was the! ! most effective form of sélling talk. ther the apneal of health, cheap- cleanliness, etc. Then these fagents of the federal department imade a study as to whether the in- | creased consumption continued after the campaign was over—in other words, whether it was at all perma- nent. The results of that preliminary survey have not vet been published. because the department officials have (been using it to develop a method ! of checking up. But that survey did | disciome that the federal officials can ot & very accurate sclentific_check n - th alue of advertising. It also prove&4 that milk consumption was | perman gntly increased without cut- | | ting_do®n tho consumption of other food So. advertising has apparently in- creased the cm!’\nnnllon of milk very I materially and”permanently and not affected the consumption of other | foodstuffs in consequence. Inquiry to Be Extended. The advertising studies of the l»e-! {partment of Agriculture this year are ’ Ito be spread out to cover the effect on demand for a good many special products, including raisins, citrus fruits and cranberries, because lhe."el |have been advertised extensively and there is a background of figures for { | comparison. This advertising has | lalready been done for a.number of {years. This is not experimenting with | la method of adwertising. but to learn | ! the effects of advertising. Later the! ldepartmegt may turn its attention to the methods of advertising. but is not ! 50 concerning itself just yet awhile. | The government specialists are in very close co-operation with the co- operative marketing associations, and | their books, so that is a_very reliable basis of fact which to draw conclusions, trying to get a thers fron The department is | line on the usefulness of advertising | 1o get people to consume foodstuffs | that are plentiful in some particular ear, av, for example, to use freely f potatoes when there Is an abnor- mal crop and they are cheap. thus letting the producer get rid of them at a reasonable price instead of al- lowing them to rot in the fields or in storage because there is not sufficient | demand. Then the next year to shift ‘l The Story the Week Has Told e e BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended April 7: BRITISH EMPIRE—50,000 coal miners Wales have gone on strike. Riding his own horse, Little Favorite, the Prince of Wales on Wednesday won by ten lengtlys the household brigade steeplechase in 2 fleld of five. The prince has had some pretty bad tumbles of late, but each time he puts his crown in fecpard he makes the crown safer. Greater Montreal has a population of about 1,000/000. Tt is the fifth city in size in the western hemisphere. Its port is the second in importance in North America; it leads all the ports of the world in shipments of grain. In 1922 it shipped 153.500,000 bushels of grain as against New York's 111,000,000, There is great building aotivity in Montreal, to meet the needs of the city's almost uncanny growth. within the past few years in popula- tion and business activities. L GERMANY—On March 31 the occupying authorities in Essen proceeded to requisition motor yehicles suitable for their use. There was no difficulty elsewhere, but at the great Krupp works a very serious affair occurred. A French detachment of one lieutenant and ten soldiers arrived at the Krupp garage at 7 o'clock in the morning. the said garage open- ing on a public street which runs through the Krupp works. They worked along without incident untile9 o'clock. At the tick of nine all the sirens of the Krupp establishment broke loose and the workers at that signal surged into the street. Tt is always. of course, impossible to get the exact truth concerning an episode of this sort, but the account which follows is probably substantially correct: The garage manager now pre-emptorily de- manded that the lieutenant and his men with- draw. The sirens kept on blowing and the crowd increasing. The latter smashed overhead lam fragments fell among the Frenchmen. One of the union Teaders of the workmen tried to persuade the crowd to withdraw but in vain, while the garage manager shouted, uring them not to allow anything to be removed from the arage. Stones and lumps of coal were thrown y the crowd, sticks were in evidence and, ac. cording to one account some revolver shols were fired by the workmen, who pressed in closer and closer. An automobile carrying two French civilian engineers drove up and the mob pounced on it, smashed it. handled the occupants severely, and carried them off as prisoners. Some one uncoupled the steam heating apparatus in the garage and the place was clouded with steam. This attack from the rear precipated the tragedy. It was a delicate situation for the licutenant He behaved coolly. He summoned the crowd in German to disperse. He repeated the sum- mons, then he ordered his men to fire in the air. At last he ordered them to fire to kill Two rounds were fired. Six Germans fell dead and about thirty cither were wounded or were badly hurt in the panic flight ven of those wounded or otherwise injured have since died Armored cars and tanks now arrived on the scene: the engincers were rescued and the requisitioning was carried out. Four Krupp directors have been arrested. charged with “complicity in resistance to the troops” They will_probably be tried by court martial. They are,” it 1s said, notorfous for nationalis sympathics. It i difficult not to believe that The affair was organized and engineered by nationalist agitators. but it will be equally difficult to prove the complicity of the direc- tors. The mob, of course, Was victimized. Once assembled it was easy for a few agitators judiciously distributed to achieve the tragic result. Who set the sirens going? We are not likely to know the answer to that qued- tion. On the 3rd, at Recklinghausen interfering with a F'rench sentry was shot by the latter. There has been some sabotage on the railways, and some thirly persons sus- pected of sabotage have been arrested. But. except for the Krupp incident, it has been a fairly tranquil week im the Ruhr. The decree requiring the striking German in whose a German railwaymen in the occupled territory te re- turn to work under penalty of expulsion went into effect on April 3. It is understood that none has obeyed the decree. The action of the occupying authorities in the matter will be awaited with interest. They have made a beginning by expelling some forty railroad officials and leaders of “passive resistance.” * k% ok RUSSIA—The vicar general of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia, Mgr. Constantine Butchkavitch, condemned to death by the soviet supreme court, on charges of resistance to requisitioning by the soviet authorities of church treasures, of counter-revolutionary ac- tivities and of treasonable correspondence with the Polish government, was on March 31 exe- cuted by a firing squad. The soviet government’s interpretation of what constitutes “counter-revolutionary” ac- tivity is calculated to destroy all the old religions. For example, the giving of religious instruction to the young is by that interpre- tation a_counter-révolutionary activity. The most serious charge against Mgr. Butchkavitch was, of course, that of treason- able correspondence with Poland. According to sources of information which seem to deserve credit, the evidence submitted on this head was exceedingly flimsy. 1If the truth is other- wise and the evidence was sufficlent properly to sustain the charge, then unless the soviet government is utterly indifferent to world opinion. it will publish that evidence. Mean- time, the world will consider the execution of the vicar general a judicial murder, hideous evidence of Moscow's resolve to exterpiate the old religions. No doubt, however, our apol- ogists for Moscow will tell us.that the new religion, communism, cannot for its life's sake, brook rivals, and cannot be expected to be nicer in its methods than ' other militant religions have been. One hears of anti-religious demonstrations throughout Russia, and in particular of anti- passover carnivals of Jewish communists at which the ceremonies of the passover festival were burlesqued. On the other hand. one hears (with some skepticism as to the authen- ticity of the reports) of anti-bolshevist peasant demonstrations in the Ukraine because of the soviet ~ government's treatment of church officials; ard of their bloody suppression. According to a Jewish telegraph agency, the Polish people (the Foles are ardent Catholics and Russian Roman Catholics are mostly of Polish blood) are much excited over the exe- cution of Vicar Gen. Butchkavitch, the wrath expressing itself in attacks on Jews, for, says a Polish paper, Mgr. Butchkavitch was mur- dered by ‘“the ‘red Jewish tyrants: pursuant to their policy of destroying the Catholic faith in Russia” It is a strange and com- plicated world. A Reports greatly differ as to Lenin's condi- tion. According to some he is improving. {According to others his malady is incurabl he may die at any moment; he may linge on indefinitely. * k% ok EGYPT—Lord Carnarvon died at Cairo on April 5, of blood poisoning caused (so the faculty find) by infection of the wound caused by the bite of an insect at Tutankhamen's tomb: and ensuing pneumonia. Some persons think the gods of ancient Egyptiany thus had their revenge of him for disturbing a pharaoh’s tomb. Others think he may have touched some object in the tomb smeared with poison in order to kill tomb- robbers, potent polson: surely to retain its virtue for more than three thousand years. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle can’t make up h! mind about the matter. “I think it possible, s he, “some occult influence caused Lord rnarvon’s death. 1 don't say that some Ggyptian spirit did kill Lord Carnarvon, but I think it possible. There are many malevolent spirits.” There seems to be about the same amount of superstition and gullibility in the world today as there was in Tutankhamen's time Tle British government has allowed the Igyptians’ nationalist leader, Zaghlout Pasha, to leave Gibraltar with permission to go any- where he pleases except to Egypt. Since December, 1921, Zaghlout has been in exile-in lalta. Ceylon, the Seychelles and finally braltar, being allowed a limited liberty under surveillance. ~The British government is granting this indulgence because of Zaghlout's alleged ill health. b The Egyptian nationalists, of course, inter- pret the indulgence as a sign of weakness. and, therefore, are making extravagant de- mand: * X X ¥ ETHIOPIA—For some years an expedition under the joint auspices of Harvard University and . the Boston Museum of Fine Arts has been exploring on the sites of Napata, once capital of the state of Ethiopla, and of the more famous Meroe, which succeeded Napata as capital. On the site of Meroe there are more than two hundred pyramids covering sepulchral chambers. The excavations have énabled Dr. Reisner. head of the expedition to reqeuatruct in faint and imperfect outline the hfbtory of the Ethioplan kingdom from 70 B. C. to 350 A. D. The most interesting of 'Dr. Relsner's findings will give offense to some, for he finds that “Candace” simply meant “queen” or, to more precise “queen- comsort;” and that all the sovereigns of the Ethfopian state were males, except that some few dowager queens acted as regents during the minorities of their sons. : * Kok k UNITED STATES OF AMERICA—The port facilities at New Orleans are to be increased incalculably through the construction of a six-mile ship canal with a minimum depth of thirty feet, from the Mississippl to Lake Pontchartrain. On_the lake is being constructed an inner harbor. There are locks at the river entrance to the canal, the construction of which was no mean engineering feat. A ship canal from Lake Pontchartrain to the sea by way of Lake Borgne has been projected. Such a canal would provide a ship channel from New Orleans to the sea, half the length of the river route and, moreover, without the cur- rent which ships passing up the river have to buck. Some of us who feel “the abhorred approaches of old age” may live to see the Mississippi fully in possession’ of her own again as a result of the New Orleans port improvement. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is back with us to assist” in certain tests of alleged psychic phenomena to be conducted under the auspices of the Scientific American. Sir Arthur says that psychic. investigation is the most im- portant thing in the world, more important than ‘nternational politics, than the Rubr. than bolshevism. Well. doubtless, Sir, Arthur is rlrlly right.. At any rate the investigation will $ntrigue mankind long after the Ruhr episode is part and parcel of the dreadful past, and bolshevism has entered the limbo of dead mendacities. But ectoplasm, psychic light and spirit photographs are not a bit more goose-fleshy than some of Sir Arthur's delightful tales Angora is giving us an_object lession In prohibition enforcement. It would simplify matters if we were to embrace Islam. In a last desperate effort to beat Harvard. M. Coue has been engaged as head foot ball coach at Yale, though this action was bitterly opposed by 4 considerable faction of Yale alumni who consider the vounger school of Yale poets a sufficlent compensation for foot ball defeats. * % ok ok MISCELLANEOUS—The Bulgarian court which has been so long trying the members of the Bulgarian cabinet which was in office when Bulgaria joined Germany in the world war and several of the generals then exercia- ing command, has at last concluded its labors Six former cabinet officials have been sentenced to life imprisonment. Sentences of imprison- ment, varying from five to fifteen vears, were pronounced in other cases. In addition heavy fines were imposed. Costa Rica proposes that a pan-American court of justice be formed under the auspices of the pan?American Union. Dr. Nahum Slousch, director of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, and one time professor in the Sorbonne, i3 satisfied by an inscription on a tablet found in an ancient synagogue unearthed near the hot baths of Tiberias that the date of the creation was 7.400 yvears ago instead of 5,680, as the Jewish calendar places it. One hestifates to accept the new date before a thorough investigation of Dr. Slousch’s evidence. the length of fighting Harding on this issue; they are quite ready to go to the extreme of saying that becaus Harding has indorsed the court, for that reason he should not be renoin nated. In this sort of fight popula feeling is most likely to swing in favor of whichever man, or self as most powerfully beleving in the cause he speaks for. plentiful. To Change Eating Habits. The Department of Agriculture is alto studying the effect of advertis- ing in another w as a means of getting the people to eat the right| things at the right time. Take product like strawberries. which be- | gin to move from the south in-Janu- ary. This year, about February 1, you could buy good southern berries in Washington for about 45 cents & box. They were just about as good sttaw- berries as could be had for 45 cents in May or June, but the people were shy of them because they thought them a luxury, whereas, used for dessert, they would have been just as cheap as pudding, pie, cake, or most any- thing else, All of this fits in with the gereral problem to stabilize prices through more orderly marketing; of equaliz- ing demand with supply, and of work- | ing for economy in marketing. ~This is brought about by preventing losses through gluts, at which time the pro- ducer loses and the consumer gains nothing. and in the long run having the consumer co-operate with the pro- ducer in meeting changes due to providence. The new idea is to use straight- away methods of paid advertising to get the consumers’ attention. This was started during the war, when there were broad-gauged advertising campaigns, with everybody helping through patriotic motives to regulate the food supply and consumption. It has been shown that advertising is a legitimate cost factor in market- nig_cranberries and other perishable food crops. The Department of Agri- culture is seeking to determine | whether it is a cost that is properly safeguarded—then it will see about better methods of advertising to im- prove the situation. bility of renominating and re-elect- ing him, regard this as a serious test. This is looked upon seriously, as a matter of course, by all that consids erable army of republicans who bé- lieve in the international court and in s'll]l further international co-opera- tion. ‘ But the same view is taken by other republican leaders who have no particular preoccupation about inter- national policies. From the point of view of this group it is a matter of judging Harding as 2 man. As oneof these expressed it: “If it turns out that Harding merely wrote that rec- ommendation that America join the international court as if he were throwing off an editorfal for the Marion Star, and if he stops there, it will give the impression. to a fatal degree, that he is not a man who has strong convictions; that he has not the spirit that fights for what he be- lleves in.” If the end of the summer should show that Harding merely threw his proposal into the Senate and stopped with that, it will allenate still more of those who think that Harding should be more firm with the Senate than he has so far shown himself to be. * ¥ * % At the same time it must be faced by the republican party as a fact that thero is a strong group of republi- can leaders, centering. about the irreconcilables who made the fight against the league of nations, who propose to make as determined a fight against the intlrnational court as they did against the lemgue. These leadars are £0t QulY WA 20 £ ] Rubber Trust’s Greed Arouses American Ire (Continued from First Page.) of i he Commerce and Agriculture under ti appropriation of $500,000 made avail- able by Congress in March. Three measures of protection are to be in- vestigated. Y “the possibility of collective action by our importers for their pro- e Omd, the possibility of develop- f new rubber-producing areas T hin the United States and else- Where as new sources of supply, thus freeing us from our total dependence on British and Dutch plantations. Third, the development of new and improved processes of reclaiming used rubber so that it will be again as good as new. Available in Many Plants. Rubber can be extracted from =z great variety of different plants and trees. Some of these plants and trees can be grown in the United States. The Department of Agriculture ex- pects to investigate the possibility of developing these varieties, so that their growth and the extraction of rubber from them may be commer- cially profitable. With the small amount of investigation that has thus far been made it is not possible to say either that this is or is not practica- ble. It is possible also to produce rubber in Central America, in the Philippines and South American areas, and the question of developing other varleties of rubber plants and rubber plantations of now known varieties will also be investigated. It is also believed that since rubber is a definite chemical compound it is entirely within the realm of possibil- ity to develop a process for reclaim- ing used rubber chemically, so thatas much as 40 per cent of the rubber supply could come from this source. ‘Way to Early Relief. Both of the above remedies to the situation will take much time. Par- ticularly the development of new sources: of production to an appreci- able producing basis would require not less than nine.or ten years. Per- haps the most effective relief to be made immedjately available to the American public will be found to be legislative authorization to our rub- ber importers to take such action in co-operation with each other as will oftset the combinations of foreign producers. It is interesting to note that this rubber situation has a parallel in his- tory In the sugar industry. At the time of the Napoleonic wars the sole source of sugar supply was the sugar cane. This also was British con- trolled, and the British at that time undertook -to restrict the supply and thus raise the price to the rest of the | world. Out of that restriction grew the beet sugar industry, which today supplies more than 50 per cent of tne world's sugar. Will we have a repe- tition of that history, and out of this attempted “restriction, again by the British, develop a new source of rube ber which will become of equal or greater importance than the present subber-producing plant? 3 men, | makes the strongest fight, shows him- | | i | i | German War Attitude Cited To Clear France of -Charges To the Bilitor of The Star: When T read the reply to my for- mer article in The Star, relating to the attempt of France to secure a prompt payment of reparation, I did not intend to make any response thereto. The lady who wrote this reply evidently has had access to authorities which ave quite different from those that T have had oppor- tunity to consult. The increasing threats of the remewal of war in Europe lead me to believe that an answer to the accusations made against France by the writer referred to should be published. It appears to me that there is an organized propa ganda at the present time, both in England and the United States, in- tended to support the Germans in thelr attitude respecting the non- payment of reparations. I beg per- mission, therefore, to present some historic facts which it seems to me will serve to show that the criticlsm of my former paper was unwarranted. Any one who reads the memoirs of Prince Bismarck, which have now been beautifully translated into Eng- lish, will find that immediately on the conclusion of the successful campaign against Austria, which secured for Prussia_the hegemony of the German states, he began to plan for a war against France. Some extracts from this {lluminating biography will show his attitude. < “I did not doubt that a Franco- German war must take place before the constitution of the united Ger- many could be realized. I was at that time (1866) preoccupied with the idea of delaying the outbreak of this war until our fighting strength should be increased by the Prussian military legislation. ~This aim of mine was not even approximately reached in 1867. Each year's post- ponement of the war would add 100, 000 trained soldiers to our army. I felt the urgent necessity of letting other countries see no trace of actual or prospective obstacles consequent on our Internal condition. I wished to offer them the spectacle of a united national sentiment, and the more so as it was impossible to judge what allies France would have on her side in a war against us. Ruthlessness of Bismarck. .To show that Bismarck was wholly insensible to any sense of right or propriety in such matters, the follow- ing quotation will suffic “In a war of this sort, when it be- comes a matter of life and death, one does not look at the weapons one seizes, nor the value of what one de- stroys in using, them; one is gulded at the moment by no other thought than the issue of the war and the pres- ervation of one's external independ- ence. The settling of affairs and reparation of the damage have to|of the telegram Bismarck hit upon a- take place after the peace.” In this connection the Germans are now evidently taking a dose of Bis- marck’s remedy, and it is a remark- ably bitter pill to them, but they have the authority of their own statesman to justify what the allies have de- manded. The Germans are seeking in every possible way to place the in- itiation of the worid war on other na- tions, particularly on Russia, France and England. With the same idea in view, Bilsmarck so manipulated the Dbeginning of the war which he had so long planned against France as to make it appear, at least as far as the declaration of war was concerned in 1870, that France was the aggressor. He was looking dor a cause of war. He thought he had found one when the Spanish authorities elected a Ho- henzollerp prince as King of -Spaln.| Naturally, France protested against a Hohenzollern sitting on the throne of Spain. The ambassador at Berlin was instructed to secure from the German government a disavowal of | this candidacy. Neither Bismarck nor King Willlam was in Berlin. The Trench ambassador, Benedetti, visited King William at Ems. Under the i stress of the French protest the Ger- | man prince had refused the offer of the crown. France was anxious to secure a pledge that no future Ho- henzollern candidate should be put | forward for this place. King William when interviewed by Benedettl and ask- ed to make such a promise very prop- erly and rather firmly declined. When the French authorities were informed of this declination at the meeting of the French cabinet it was resolved that as the present danger had passed the refusal of King Wil- liam to pledge himself to the future would not be regarded as a casus belll. When Bismarck learned. that the offer of the crown had been de- lclined he was very despondent. He had hoped that this offer would lead France to declare war. Prussia was now ready with its trained army, the largest in the world. The south Ger- man states were on friendly terms with Prussia and evidently would join Prussia if the French declared war. . Bismarck was so depressed at the escape of the enemy that he had made up his mind to resign his po- sition as chancellor of the kir-jom. He had gone to Berlin and invited Moltke, the chief of staff, and Roon, the minister of war, to dine with him. It was a lugubrious assembly. Let me describe it in Bismarck's own words: Queen Dreaded W “Through this inclination to take state business upon himself in person and alone the king had been forced into a position which I could not defend. In my judgment his majesty, while at | Ems, ought to have refused every busi- |ness communication from the French negotiator. Ihave been told thst Queen Augusta implored her husband with tears before his departure from Ems for Berlin to bear in mind Jena and Tilsit and avert war. I consider the statement authoritative even to the tears.” . This trio who had assembled for the dinner party were like hungry lions with fresh meat which they had smelled from afar suddenly taken away. In re- spect of his two companions Bismarck ‘Both were greatly depressed. 1 maintained the position that I could not offer up my sense of honor to politics, that both of them being professional soldiers and consequently without free- dom of choice, need not take the same point of view of ,a responsible foreign winister.” It was while the dinner was going on that the king’s telegram was receiv- ed. The language of the telegram caused extreme dejection on the part of the guests. After a careful study I plan to change the wording so as to rouse the temper of the French-peo- ple to uncontrollable anger and thus force them to make a declaration of war. I must tell this part of the story in Bismarck's own words: “T put a few questions to Maltke as to the extent of his confidence in the state our pre tions, especially as to the time t would still- re- quire in order to meet this sudden risk of war. He answered that if there was to be war he expected no advantage to us by deferring itsout- break. 1In the presence of my guests I reduced the telegrgm by striking out words, but not’by adding or altering, to the following form (Then follows the amended tele- sram.) * * * The difference in“the effect “of the abbreviated text of- the Ema telegram-as comparsd-#ith-that produced by the original was not the result of stronger words, but of the form, which made the announcement appear decisive, while the original version would only have been re- garded 2% 2 Dostponement of negotia- ons s pending and to be con- tinued at Berlin.” s Jeyful Over Prospect. The effect of the altered telegram was as stimulating to Moltke and Roon as i® was to the French. The three conspirators knew that the Em- peror of France would at once de- clare war on the receipt of this news in the form in which it had been placed. Bismarck tells of its effects on his guests as follows “This explanation brought about in the two generals a revulsion to a more joyous mood. the liveliness of which surprised me. Thej sudden recovered their pleasure’ in eating and drinking_and spoke in a more joyful vein. Roon said: ‘Our God of old lives still and will not let us perish in disgrace’ Moltke so far relinquished his passive equanimity that, glancing up joyously toward the celling and abandoning his usual punctillousness of speech, he smote his hand upon his breast and said: ‘If I may but live to lead our armies in such a war, then the devil may come directly afterward and take away this old carcass.’ These quotations from Bismarck, which ought to be regarded at least by our pro-German citizens as au- thoritative,~how in a most convincing way that the war of '70 was deliber- ately planned and brought about by Bismarck. There is no doubt but that the war of 1914 was equally well prepared for, definitely planned and directly forced upon the world. In regard to what France has done for us, I may say that there is a gen- eral impression in this country that France has rendered us great public service on at least two occasions. \One of these occasions was during the revolutionary war, when she aided us on land and ‘sea in our efforts toward independence. These aids were typi- fled by the immortal glory we asso- clate with the names of Lafayette and Rochambeau. .If my critic will go to Lafayette Square she will see the statues that commemorate our grati tude. She may also note, if she would g0 & mile farther south, that the statue of Frederick the Great has disappeared. The other occasion on which France aided us was when she sold us for a paltry sum that great empire of Louisiana, now the center of our agricultural and economic wealth. Following in our steps after the revolutionary war, she beatified the idea of democratic institutions by her own revolution, which destroyed for all time the old world concep- tion of the divine rights of kings and brought into the foreground her motto of “Liberte, Egalite, Frater- nite.” By her friendship and sym- pathy, by her arts and letters, by her sclence and legal codes, by her sim- ple and honest welghts and measures, she has helped American democracy to hold steadfastly its leadership in the betterment of the world. As to her great men, when we think of -the leaders of armies the image of Na- poleon comes to our view; when we 2sk Who 18 the world’s greatest bene- factor, we say Pasteur: when we call to mind the ideal historian and states- man, we think of Guizot; when asked what foreigner has had the keenest appreciation of America, we name De Toqueville; in the world of chemistry, Lavoisier is always at the head of the list; if we recall the foreign am- bassadors who have best understood us and whom we hold first in our hearts, Jusserand will forever be as- soclated with Bryce. Any one who thinks that France is not properly honored and loved by the American people sadly misjudges the heart of our people. Submitted to Plebiscite. My -erftic also accuses France of having robbed Italy of Nice and Savoy when Italy was not in a posi- tion to resent the act. She:forgets that in 1889 Framce sent to Italy her acmies, sehich belped Italy to win Arbitration BY BEN McKELWAY. Jacob’s renowned sale of a perfect- 1y good birthright to Esau, who gave in return a paltry mess of pottage, with resulting bad feeling on both sides, is an anclent example of the disputes which always arise in trade. Imagine the complications which might have resulted if Jacob had lived in the United States and spoken English, while Esau lived in Argen- tina and spoke Spanish, with the add- ed difficulties arising over the fact that Jacob made his sale under the laws of one land, while Esau made his purchase under the laws of another! As long as there is trade there will be the inevitable disputes between traders. And when there is foreign trade, with the parties to the dispute living in different countries, speaking different languages and doing busi- ness under different laws ang cus- | toms, these disputes do anythinx but foster good relations. Thelr adjust- ment through litigation, always a long, tedious and expensive process, leaves a bad taste in the mouths of all concerned, especially on the tongue of the man who feels he got the worst of the deal. Ameriea’s Logical Field. Mighty forces are working these | days to build up a greater trade, and with it a closer understanding, be- tween the business men of the Amer: can republies. South America, at,our very door, presents the logical field for American enterprise. Naturally, one of the steps of prime importance in developing this trade is the provi- | sion of an agency to settle peacefully | the disputes in trade through the| logical means of arbitration. 1 Meeting now in Santiago, Chile, are representatives of all but three of the American republics—Bolivia, Peru and Mexico—who have gathered for the fifth pan-American conference. One of the big things which should come out of this conference is an agree- ment among the American republics to promote the arbitration of com- mercial disputes which arlse between their business men. For the first time in the history of the pan-American conference this subject has been placed on the program, and its inclu- sion augurs well for ultimate success. Has Worked in Practice. Arbitration of commercial disputes is not a new idea. The subject has been under discussion, especially in Europe, for half a century. And where it has been tried it has been successful. The common bond be- tween business men of-different na tionalities is the trade in which they are engaged, and mediation by men familiar with both the goods and the trade provides an efficient and expe- ditious manner of settling disputes that may arise. Disputes in foreign trade, it must be remembered, come not because men lack integrity, but because there are honest differences of opinion and because there is al- ways the possibility of misunder- standing and misinterpretation of the terms of a sale or a contract. More- over, circumstances over which nei- ther buver nor seller has control may prevent one or the other from meet- ing his full obligations. The first, and one of the few, suc- cessful arbitration agreements was reached between the Chamber of Commerce of the United States and the Bolsa de Commercio of Buenos Alres, Argentina, in 1916, and has been effective since, with modifica- tions to meet new conditions. Since then this plan has been extended in the form of agreements between the United States Chamber of Commerce and the Asociacion de Comercio of Panama, Associacao Commercial do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Camara de Comercio of Asuncion and similar bodies in Bogota, Caracas. Montevideo and Guayaquil. The International Chamber of Commerce, with head- quarters in Paris; has recently estab- lished a world court of arbitration for the settlement and adjustment of commercial disputes, the plan being based_largely upon that followed by the United States chamber and the above-mentioned Latin American ‘commercial organizations. Based on Voluntary Assent. ] { The salient feature of the arbitr: United States government working conditions that could not be tolerated by private employers, it is declared by the Fed- erated American Engineering Socie- ties. which appeals for a federal safety m. legislation providing for the safe con- sizuction and equipment of buildings, Tegular inspection of conditions and he training of employes to observe proper precautions against accident. of “some Creatoith "autnority_similar to that of industrial commissions in the seve, Oral states for preventing unsafe con- ditions of work in the federal estab- ents” is urge e e government should. fn its in- dustrial plants, set an example to private employers by providing for fts.own employes working conditions Which are safe, hygienic and sani- tary,” says a statement issued by the ing federation. e emgineers asaert that these ievils have been pointed out by con- Eressional joint commission on re- Classification _of salaries, but no remedy has been applied. Federal The sanctions I|her independence of Austria. The { French and Italian governments agreed that certain French-speaking provinces, namely, Savoy and Nice, Should, in gratitude for this assist- ance, become French, provided fnhabitants so desired. Subsequently a plebiscite was held. In Savoy 130,000 voters approved the union with France, while only 2,000 voted dgamst it. In the province of Nice, 2 much smaller domain, 25,000 votes Svere for union with France and only 160 against it. The union of these countries with France was not a theft, but an act to which all the Linterested parties agreed. B My critic deplores the sending of French colonial troops into occupied areas of Germany. A few such troops may have been 80 placed. Do we forget that we sent 200,000 colored soldiers across the sea and gquartered them among the French? Does his- tory show they were not received by the French people with joy? Is there any historical evidence ‘that they were mot brave and patriotic American soldiers? Does not Germany also pro- test against French troops in the Ruhr? I have tried to answer every one of the allegations of my critic and T trust that my answers are based on such indubitable historic docu- ments that they will not be called again in question, unless equally reliable authority can be cited in support of the opposite side of the auestion. This country is bound to ¥rance by all ties of patriotism, love of liberty and freedom and aspira- tions for a better and higher type of democratic rule. France has led the way against traditional monarchy in Europe. France has maintained a republic now for more than fifty years. At the time of its declaration ahe was under-ihe irqn hsel of the administrative | the | - | |SEEKING SQUARE DEAL AS BASIS FOR TRADE Delegates to Santiago Congress Will: Endéavor to_Formulate Scheme for of Disputes. tion agreement. according to the United States Chamber of Commerc is that the plan rests entirely upon the voluntary assent of the persons engaged in the trade and upon the influence of the two commercial or- ganizations to enforce the awards made. The parties seeking to arbi- trate are free to choose their ow: arbitrators and the official arbitrators on the lists maintained by the two organizations are called upon only in the event that parties to a contro versy fail themselves to name arbi trators. Being an arrangement between the commercial organizations of two dif- ferent countries, the plan makes « striking advance over virtually all early forms of arbitration. The fact that an arbitration takes place in the United States, for instance, does no: mean that it is conducted entirely under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States or of a_committee designated by it. On the contrary, the arbitration proceeds under the auspices of a committee on which there are representatives of the Argentine chamber as well This principle of joint representation is carried on all ‘through the plan The fact that the seller {s in Buenos Aires and the buyer in the United States does not prevent each from having assurance that his point of view and his conditions will have at- tentlon. Method a Simple Ome. Arbitration under the present pian is quite simple. All merchants are urged to insert in their contracts what is known as the “standard clause,” stipulating that all disputed questions which may cause contro- versy Telating to the contract shall be submitted to arbitration under the rules adopted. Tt is provided that both parties to the contract shall fix the place where the arbitration will occur, but, should they fail to do 8o the arbitration will take place in the country where the consignee Tesides. | Insertion of the “standard clause” in a contract binds the parties to desig- nate representatives to act for them With these conditions provided for in advance, the way is left clear for the speedy adjustment of any future dif- ficulties. Provided the merchants fail to agree on arbitrators within thirty days-gfter the desire for arbitration has been expressed, the committee on arbitration in the country where the arbiration will occur is authorized to select three impartial persons, who { may proceed to adjust the dispute as it they had been agreed upon before- hand by the partfes to the dispute The advantage of the plan to tha merchant who has a dispute on hand and no agreement to arbitrate is this: He has at his disposal the good offices of influential commercial organizations which have entered into an agreement to promote arbitration in every way He should place his case before the commercial organization in his own country—in the United States it would be the National Chamber of Commerce —and enlist its assistance in reaching an agreement or in arranging for arbi- tration. Many Collateral Benefits. Many benefits are derived from the {plan in cases whieh do not even reach the stage of formal arbitration, accord- ing to the National Chamber of Com- merce. The existence of the agreement with Argentina calls attention of the merchants in both countries to the readiness of the two commercial organi- zations to use their good offices in re- moving the misunderstandings upon which most controversies, in the final analysis, are based. During the war business conditions were so upset, and the ordinary channels of trade between the United States and Argentina £o un- settled, that many difficulties and dis- putes arose. When these controversies Were brought fo the attention of either organization, it is pointed out, an en- deavor was made to arrive at the facts {mpartially, and in most instances there was found an honest error that existed without the knowledge of either party. When this error was called to the at- tention of partles concerned, almost in- Variably prompt steps were taken to Tectify the error in & way that proved acceptable, A “much_easier, simpler and more practical way of going_about clearing b a misunderstanding than hiring nu- merous lawvers and paying fat fees to find, after all, that no real difficulty existed in the first place. Engineers Criticize U. S. Government For Not Safeguarding Its Employes | safety standards were drawn up | during the war, it was said, but there |is no officer with authority to enforce | them. The statement continues: | Although the United States Em- | ployes’ Compensation Commission is | now expending approximately $3.000.- 1000 per annum to alleviate the results |of industrial accidents, it has no au- | thority to take action of a preventive {nature, which might obviate the necessity for this _expenditure and | the loss of life and limb which it con- notes.” A The Federated Engineering Socle- ties also recommends the adoption by the several states of uniform legislac tion aiming at the creation of ad- ministrative officials who shall have power to make and to enforce regu- Tations for ths prevention of accidents and industrial diseases. k ‘Safe -methods of practice in indus- try say the engineers, ‘represent’ one of the ways to eliminate the waste of human life and of materials in ‘manufacturing and productive processes, and it is a proper function of the state to safeguard the lives the 1imbs and the health of those en gaged In industry and gainful occu pations of whatever kind. ‘conquero she was stripped of her | eastern boundaries and made to pay | a huge sum in gold to the conquering lordes. Battled Against Odds. During the existence of the | public she was attacked in the most | brutal manner by an overwhelming | force and made the most heroc stand | against these 0dds that has ever been known in the history of mankind. To her aid came nearly all the nations of the earth, realizing the justice of her cause and the danger which would ensue to all nations if her en- emies were victorious. She estab- lished by the defense of Verdun a chapter in history which has been unequaled in its heroic sacrifice 1 behalf of mankind. In that defen: the phrase, “Thou shalt not pass’ has become a symbol of the resistence of freedom to tyranny. It is well to warn our people against the insidious ! propaganda which is now spreading {in all directions. Especially should { we guard against the feeling whicl: seems to have gained so0 great a vogue, that justice, right and honesty should give place to the demauds ef trade and commerce. All good peopie hope to see the rejuvenation of Ger- many, but not because they desire German trade, or German commerce. We all wish to see the citizens of Germany rise to that plane of pa- triofic love for their country which only the merit of their country can command. It is not, I believe, the habit of our country to let the bal ance of trade, the prosperity of com- merce and the desirability of cos tar dyes take the place of the sgirit of patriotism and the obligation of gratude. . . HARVEY W, WILEX, . re-