Evening Star Newspaper, July 23, 1922, Page 25

SOUTH AMERICA ENTERS NEW AND BETTER ERA Settlement of Peruvian-Chilian Contro- versy Removes Obstacle Which Has Hampered Solidarity. BY BEN McKELWAY. OMETHING far more significant than the amicable adjustment of an international dispute is seen Wwhatever one might choose to call the organization created to deal with questions between the America: Scope of Congress Broademed. in the formal ending Friday of| AS far as this is concerned, the the Peruvian-Chilean conference. Sec-|Pan-American Congress itself con- retary Hughes termed it the “dawn of | Stitutes an excellent working founda- a new day in Latin America.” Cer- |tion for what is needed. So far this tainly it marks the close of an old era | CONgTess, because of the delicacy of with the establishment of an ideal un- | the Chilean-Peruvian question and der such auspicious circumstances that jallied difficulties, has studlously it must become the guilding policy in a [avoided discussions involving diplo- new order-of relations butween the re- [ matic disputes between the American publics of the western world. republics. It has clung to purely 1t Is comforting to think that the|CSoMmmercial, educational and socla gravest danger of war in South Amer- | (30/C8, and accomplished commenda- fea has been removed. It is with a| The fact that a radical departure great deal of satis n that one|from the usual nature of these con- ghould considcr the heightened prectige ferences. is planned at Santiago next b g 8¢1year is shown by the Uruguay pro- which the United in | posal and another suggestion, so far Latin America from its part in the con- | tentative, that the question of limi- ference. But it is better still to be- | fAtion of ;’"d'flg'"e":h""' Latin Amer 2 4 b % be Iincluded on the program. e leve that Chile and Peru have set an | feasibility of including this latter _example which will live long after the | proposition has to a large degree de- conference hetween them has been for- | pended on the outcome of the Tacna- gottan: Arica controversy, and the success- ful conclusion of the conference vir- A South American Quarrel. tually guarantees that limitation of N i armament will be discussed. But if Tacna and Arica and the other bitter | Jimitation of armament or any other outgrowths of the war of the Pacific{qu 'stions of its importance comes were confined. strietly speaking. to Peru | Within_ the agenda of the congress. But thelr quarrel was pecu- | {he congress itself must be reorgan. ized hefore subject c n 3 outh American affair. As long O e e T e as it remained. there could be no hope olidarity between the republics southern continent Its exist- beyond the stage of discussion. For the delegates have limited power to act for their governments im such vr,uu(ers under the present constitu- tion. the has always been a handicap and Nttle could be done to bring about the enc P De Facto Goveraments. Another question of great Import- ance to South America, which might well be included on the program of the Pan-American Congress for con- sideration by that or any other duly appointed tribunal is the need of some fixed policy regarding the recognition of de facto governments. As long as there are revolutions in South America—and there is no rea- n to believe the danger is ended— bre spirit of real Pan- until this obstacle was re- deeper. Americal moved The Washington conference has suc- ceeded in his The most difficult and deli tion in South America was taken t of the theory that the conference table is the sensible method aling_with all disputes. Hughes said Frid & Chilean and Peruvian You have indicated that no in America is incapable Whatever the differences > ol sl ' THE SUNDAY BTAR, WASHINGTON: D. O, JULY 23, 1992_PART 2. The Story the 'Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following {s a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days e‘ndad July 22: The Hague.—The president of the commis- sion of the associated powers notified the Rus- sian _commission that further negotiations would be useless unless the Russians should present new proposals. M. Litvinoft replied that he would have nothing more to do with subcommittees, but would, If permitted, pre- nt new proposals at a plenary session. Ergo, # plenary session was held on July 19. Litvinoff proposed to ask his government “whether Russia is prepared, assuming credits in the sense intended by the Russian delega- tion cannot be given, first, to acknowledge the debts due by the Russian government or its predecessors to foreignérs, and, second, to agree to give effective compensation to for- eigners for property which has been national- ized, provided that the terms of payment of the debts and the terms of compensation, whether in the form of concession of prop- erties, or otherwise, be left to be agreed upon between the Russian government and the per- sons concerned in the course of two years. Litvinoft asked for a halt of the negotia- tions for seven days to allow time for Mos- cow's decision upon his proposal and for noti- fication to him of that decision. But the non- Russian commission, meeting later by itself, resolved that “it did not find in the terms of the Russian proposal the basis for an agree- ment,” and decided to end the conference on the next day. But why? Should the Moscow government adopt_Litvinof’s proposal would not a very solid basis for further negotiations be ‘thereby established, in recognition of the debts of the previous Russian regimes and in agreement to “give" effective compensation for national- lle:\ property”? It might seem so at first blush, before you dizcover the “joker.” . The joker (or, st any rate, so the non-Rus- sian delegates thought) is that Litvinoft's proposal contemplates a very subtle form of bolshevist propaganda. It proposes to bring the individual creditors of Russia into direct communication with the Moscow government .and to give each a stake in the life of that government. =Moreover, as a soviet delegate (with that ingenuousness which seems always to be as- soclated with cunning in the Muscovite) inti- mated, the next two years would be devoted by the soviet authorities, not merely to mak- ing tentative arrangements with indi idual creditors and to assoclated propaganda, but also to efforts to get financial assistance and to negotiations for de jure recognition of the Moscow government. It is not unmagnanimous, declared the French and Belgians (and it is =aid British agree with them). considering the past of the tween the republics of such as ndary dis- standing. the Bolivian ot tn the sea and i demand settled after the and Peru. Makes Tribunal Possible. There are many have long pointed to the need of a tribunal of some sort to deal strictly with ques- who to set up such a tiement _of of agency diplomatic as questions be- lies comes there are n the forth- Congress the op- in this direction. eady planned to that Ameri- ons” be formed at -an coneress, this smplish for the Ameri- what the European has fafled to provide, non-participation of mpt with the the hope al with commercial e American re realization, in Santia portunity Uruzui pre can th wnfth pa: to ac publics ne and, with modifi- cations, should constitute the needed or of The Your leading rditorial of July 17 Tudes as follows: Sven if adjustments of the railroad strike and the mine strike are arrived at, the government still should move forward to the finding of a permanent golution of such difficulties. The na- tion cannot afford, and the people will not submit, that there should be re- curring crises which threaten hard- hlp and suffering to the millions who fave no direct stake in the game Of industrial conflict and whose only de- sire is that the right thing and the * fair thing shall be done always to both employe and employer.” To which all the people will say with one accord, Amen! You have stated effectively the ail- ment that besets the body politic, which is the consuming public. and i their desire and determination to rid themselves of the same: but you stop ghort of suggesting any remedy, which would leave them without hope. Permit me through your columns to Bupply this omission. The two most important agencies to the comfort, welfare and prosperity of tho nation are coal and transpor- tation. There are, however, othef essential industries’ which are very jmportant to the welfare of the peo- ple. whose Interests are very ad- versely affected by strikes in those fndustries. In devising and apply- ing remedies, the agencies that are to ba regulated and controlled by the government for the public welfare are: First, transportation; second, all industries affected with ‘a national public interest, and. third, coal prop- erties and coal mining. The abuses existing in these industries, which have had much to do with causing labor union radicalism, coupled with the constantly recurring strikes, to the detriment of the people, will not be tolerated by them indefinitely; and Just as sure as night follows day unless these abuses and strikes are corrected by orderly, legal and con- stitutional methods they will be cor- rected In the course of time by the rough, ready and ofttimes unjust and destructive methods of revolution. In determining the remedies, agencies mentioned should be dealt with separately, and in this way I Wish to offer the following sugges- tions: Rallroads and Transportation. The labor board should be abolished. It 1s defective in two respects in par- ticular—viz., in that it has no power to enforce its findings, and, being composed of the representatives of three groups—the public, the rail- roads and labor—it can hardly be ex- peoted tr sct With unanimity upon any question that comes before it Furthermore, as rate and wage making are so interrelated, both questions should be handled by on and the same body to get the best results. Therefore the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commissicn, which has grown in experience and in the esteem of all interests concerned, should be enlarged and its powers strengthened so that they may have plenary powers for ihe regulation and control of the railroads and all other agencles of interstate transportation With power to fix rates, charges and wages, subject to appeal to the courts as to their reasonableness only, and with ample authority to enforce their decrees in respect thereto, Which can To the E: co tions affecti the rel ns of the merican republics The Chilean- ! vian controversy has always held up. however, as the fly n (tment which would spoil at the there are going to be de facto gov- lernments and the present hit-or-miss i policy of their recognition. And as long as this policy exists there are going to be revolutions. These po- {litical upheavals in South and Central America, which sometimes reach the epldemic stage, they are highly contagious, have done more. probab- ly. than any one thing to retard the development of certain of the small- er republ The country may be Moscow government, hension that, at the end of the conditional on_financial a. recognition. So there you are- to the Moscow present. tion, trade picking up, capital being !invested, and along comes a revolu- tion out of a clear sky—a revolution ! which does not express the will of the people, but usually is confined to the activity of a few political mal- contents who buy off the army and public officials and stage a “coup }detat” Then. during the inevitable period of revrganization, business is depressed. the people become rest- Jess and forelgn capital. so neces- sary for the development of a new country. becomes suspicious, and What has been done by one adminis- tration must be done over again by its successor. Many believe a fixed policy of rec- ognition would do a great deal to-. ward stopping this political evil. No government is going to survive un- less it received the bemefits of recog- nition and normal intercourse with its nelghbors. De facto govern- ments should be required to fulfill property foreign nationals and has since November 11. of such been ceedings. including an end. the conference there has ciation powers. * *x % Xk against the irregulars is being furlously urged. operators, are perennial—adding to the discomfort and burden of the peo- ple and doing incalculable injury to the general welfare and prosperity Uruguay’s sugges- | or ' American republics. leagu or tribunal, or congress, Proposes Measures to Prevent Strikes in Essential Industries with 2 national public interest. Iam [operate them by their agents, i ]h! th specified conditions before they re- ceive the recognition of their neigh- bors. And these conditions should be named and strictly enforced by the by their indirect and direct effects upon the industries of the country. ‘The American people are long- suffering, but they will not always tolerate this condition of affairs. So- clety has the right and is under the obligation, to say mothing of the im- pending necessity, to protect ftself, and to this end so-called private and Vested rights must and will have to Zive way In a measure and be sub- ordinated to the public good. Regulation of Coal Mines. We have already subordinated the rallroads to the public welfare by subfecting them to regulation and by taking from them the power to fix | their own rates and charges and lim- iting their earnipgs to 6 per cent on their present value. Congress has even gone o far, with the sanction of the Supreme ‘Court, as to regulate the renting of private property in the District of €olumbia, on the ground that it was a valid exercise of the police power in the interest of the Dublic weltare under the existing Zonditions in the District. The matter of our coal supply and of its cost to the consumers is of far fmore importance to the general and the natlonal welfares, in peace and in War, than 15 the matter of rents in the District. If legislation regulating the railroads and the renting or pri- Vate property is constitutional and Jastified by the necessities of the re- spective situations, surely there 15 greater warrant and justification for Peglsiation respecting coal and coal mining. That this industry may be Tegulated in the interest of the pub- Tic and the extortions and abuses therein ended, following legislation by Congfess, omitting necessarily the detalls and ail discussion of the legal questions prosperous under a good administra ble done within constitutional limita- tions. Within the limits of this communi- cation the details and legal questions cannot, of course, be discussed, but only an outline of the remedies pre- sented. Industries of Public Interest. To prevent strikes in industries af- fected with a national public interest Congress should create a commission or board the personnel of which should be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, without regard to their party affiliations or political bellets. They should be paid liberal salaries and hold their positions for life, or during good behavior; or, in other words, this board or commission should, in the way of personnel, pay and dignity, be on a parity with the Supreme Court of the nation, s0 as 1o inspire the respect and confidence of the public, and particularly labor and capital. This body should be empowered to formulate and en- force its own rules and regulations governing practice and procedure be- fore it. It should be clothed with |3 < every power requisite and necessary [!BVolve: not only to bring the disputing par- Proposed Act of Comgress. ties before it to hear and determine e ng & the questions at issue, but also to en-| An act by the Congress creating lo‘rche“\lp:nm n:irges eomvllu::- board or commission of the character witl s findings an ecree upon o ted e e be ih s Tkt | mentioned for {he Industrics Efecad ton ot its own motion over every dis. | With a national public Interest an pute likely to lead to s strike be- authorizing it to take over all the tween employers and employes In|coal mining properties in the country every industry in the country which e "ot 1t nature. 1 ‘aflected |In the mame of the government end satisfled, after careful consideration,|their supervision and control; the sald that such a law, limiting the jurisdic- tion of the board as Indicated, 1 would suggest the board to have the power to fix the within the constitutional power of the | Wages of the miners and the terms ana_conditions under which, they are to work in the several coal flelds, CRaT M ke Sad | M tne the prices at which coal shall be sold Not unnaturally, under all the cir- :g the pflb;ln: -:g- “(Im‘e“n‘?o‘v e:o e 80-called owners of - cumstances, the natlon made a great|,io, g fair return on the properties in mistake in the beginning In not re-|the way of & royalty or percentage serving to itself all the mineral re-[on the total annual production and i ould be in the form of falled to do this, we now find a basic|owners for the taking over and sub- necessity of the people, In peace and | ordination of their property to public in war—the coal supply—pre- uses and necessities. 'PPly—pre-empted | Uory 8o regoing ia merely by way of e remedies for prob- Congress to enact. by a handful of individuals, who regu- st late the output in such.a way.that|joms that are Erowing in sravity the cost of coal to the consumers s |from year to year, and which if not solved will- eventually wreck our in- stitutions and destroy our social order. The necessities of the solution are about four times what It should be, and in effect amounts to the imposi- tion by them of millions of dollars of | equal_to If -not greater than the = |magnitude of the problem. The difi- culties of working out the details of the proposed legisiation are not mini- mised, but it is belleved they are capabie of practical solution within constitutional limits and -fairness to all interests concerned if taken up In go | & non- _spirit and determination 2lto work them out for the greatest good to the greatest number. They are at least worthy of the effort, which should no longer be postponed. ALEXANDER SIDNEY R. ARMY OFFICERS RETIRE. Col. Nathan K. Averill, cavalry, will taxes upon ths people,' who hive .no voice whatever in the matter. The historians tell us we fought the war of the revolution because of taxation without representation. This . tax- ation of that time was infinite in comparison to that levied uj “coal * and it for the general support of the ernment, whereas the. taxes worthies {mpose upon us arbitrarily ®o_into their own pockets. <27 Coal is indispensable to the people’s comfort and to their material welfare and g1l their industrial activities. It cooks the nation’s food; it warms the people in orinter; the ‘rallroads and e steamships cannot operate with-|be placed on the retired list of the out; and without it Z o 3 without it the mills and fac- | Army on November 3 on his own ap- nmwlv'n o;u u‘:ll emplnym;‘n". The coal | Plication after more than thirty-two supply of s _country is practically | years’ and has been graited lnelh‘nlx:nl}.lbl:l, nnld y:ht lhe:- 'I:UV:¥ 1’nv- to.r:l’::'dnn. A any nution in the cost.of it to] Capt. Felix R. Holmes, infantrv, has the people. The coal strikes, because | been relieved of all duty and ordered of -the, munz:unnmt,ot these prov: ] to his home to await-Tetirement at eriles and the tnsatiats greed of thedthe convenience of tie government. - - * b mal n-us ld been to entertain an appre- two vears, agreements with creditors would be declared stance and de jure at the end of two years in a much less favorable relation government than you are at A final session of the commission of the as- sociated powers took place on July 20. commission adopted a resolution recommend- ing to the governments represented the “desirability of all governments not assist- ing thelr nationals in attempting to acquire in Russia which belonged Ireland.—The attack of the national army in southwest Ireland The city of Water- ABLE dispatches recently an- nounced that Belgium had declded to substitute Novem- ber 11 for August 4 as a na. tional fete day or holiday. tlonal fete day of Belgium 21, and is celebrated in that country as Independence day. the celebration continues over three days, but the 21st is the important for from July Leopold I ascended the throne of Bel- gium, dates the independence of that separation from Holland. Belglum designated August 4 as a national holiday, for it commemorated the invasion of Belgium by the Ger- mans, or rather it commemorated the herolsm of that gallant nation In de- tying the German hordes that men- aced its sovereignty. day of grief, but not a day of humill- ation, for the Belgian resistance to the German armies made Belgium the “hero and martyr of nations. Belgium has decided to give national significance to a happier day, and has added November 11, to her list of holidays. “Every nation has its special days," temarks President C. A. Herrick of Girard College, standing Days,” and as with an in- dividual the enjoyment of his pleas- ures is the finest index of his char- acter, 80 in national life the holidays and the days which are made out- standing afford an Index by which national character may be guaged. A nation, declared W. Bourke Cock- ran, may be known by its festivals. Began as “Unlucky” Days. It is somewhat curious that the in- stitution of holidays owes its exist- ence to the bellet of primitive peo- ples that certaln days were unlucky days and on those days the usual occupations and employments were day, country, forbidden. the year. a In the progri of another nature developed. As na- tional consciousness among the world powers increased days were set aside | for commemorating_great events in national history. -stituted Bastille day, July:14, when the power of thrown, and the countries of South America designated the date on which freedom from Spanish rule was es- tahlished. The oldest and most im- nt date on which freedom from forelgn rule was declared is July ‘4, 1776, when the American colonies at- ted their independence of Then, too, holidays were established to perpetuate the memories of great men such as Washington, Lincoln and Bolivar. . En 2% Vietorts day. but 1 as Victoria day, but later the day observed throtghout the 'Bfiulh -x- por! . The thereon to other confiscated 1917, without the consept former owners or concessionaires.’” The commission adopted a report of its pro- the reports of its subcommittees, and resolved the conference at The report declared that throughout complete unanimity among the delegates of the asso- three ber of days thus set apart included more than a fifth of all the days in And as time went on and the significance of tfle days changed the number of holidays increased. In the Greek city of Tarentum at the time of its greatest prosperity the number of holidays exceeded the number of working days. Of the 356 days in the Roman calendar, 109 were heid to be unlawful for political or judicial business. Under the empire Roman holidays increased until at the middle of the fourth century their number was 175. Many Christian fe tivals were borrowed or adopted from pagan celebrations and were given a new meaning by the church. of being tabooed days they became times for. special observance. As is well known the word “holiday” was derived directly from thé “holy day,” the term coming from the church custom of setting*'aside a day for the e:avnuun of usual employments and oting it to religiqus gbservance. ‘ford, on the irregulars’ right flank, and the city of Limerick, on. their left flank, were captured on Friday. Except In the southwest, the ac- tivities of the irregulars have ceased to be of great importance, though a certain amount of guerrilla warfare continues in spots. Up to July 18, 2,000 irregulars had been cap- tured. Michael Collins is in the field, com- manding in,chief the national army. The irregulars have been indulging, as usual, in wanton cruelty and destruction. x % * * Germany.—The central committee of -the German people's party has announced that “the reconstruction of Germany Is possible only on the basis of a republican constitu- tion.” Excellent, if honestly put forth. But the government is not to be reorganized to include representatives of the people’ party, and in the present posture of affairs that is good. Whether without such repre- sentation the people’s party will give effective support to the government remains to be seen. It is happy news that the independent so- clallsts have promised support to the govern- ment, and equally happy news that they will not ask representation therein for the reason that they fear that such participation might embarrass the government. Germany has pald the cash reparations in- stallment which was due July 15. The committee on guarantees returned to Paris from Germany on July 17, but has not yet submitted its report. On that report much hangs. * Xk X Xk Italy—Premier De Facta asked for a vote of confidence, was defeated and, of course, resigned. He was defeated because Father Sturzo, head of the Catholic or popular party so willed it, and, apparently, Father Sturzo turned against him the Catholic party’s votes because of dissatisfaction with his failure to deal effectively with the recent developments in the feud between the fascisti and the com- munists. An alliance between the moderate socialists and the Catholics with a view to bringing into power a government which should proceed to root out the society of the facisti has long been regarded by many as a possibility. But a considerable part of the Catholic party do not wish to take extreme measures against the fascisti, whom, for all their excesses, they consider to have saved Italy from the com- munists, and it would seem that Father Sturzo does not contemplate such an alliance. Fur- thermore, an attempt to suppress the facisti would precipitate a very serious civil war, and Father Sturzo, we may be sure, would not wish to do that. Deputy Mussolini, the lead- er of the fascisti, a man not given to bluster. said to the chamber on Wednesday: “I wish to’ solemnly and emphatically state that no cabinet will be able to govern Italy should machine guns against the fascisti figure in its program. We have numerous disciplined well-organized forces. We will react with extreme violence against any attempt to sup- press us.'” As a matter of fact, it seems likely that De Facta will be succeeded by either Orlando or Denicola, both men of much greater pres- tige than De Facta. Either would be expected effectively to assert the majesty of govern- ment (the fascismo organization was formed to supply the lack of such assertion) and dis- creetly to abate the nuisance the fascisti have become. Possibly a wise statesman might find a way to prune, chasten and restrain that or- ganization and employ it on lawful occasions in thegservice of the state. It Vould seem that the recent hot revival of hostilities between fascisti and communists began on May 24. May 24 was the anniversary of the entry of Italy into the great war. At Rome the great feature of the day was the funeral of one of the greatest of the war heroes, Enrico Totl. The royal guards and a considerable band of fascisti (in military formation). returning from the funeral, were passing_through a communist section of the city when the latter were fired upon from buildings along the route. They broke ranks to search out the snipers. The royal guards intervened, but before the incident was closed twenty-one persons were wounded. That was a typical plece of communist behavior, of a sort to soften one's disapproval of the fascisti. Since that date clashes between fascisti and communists have occurred in Rome, Genoa, Holidays of Nations pire and its dependencies as Empire importance but still widely observed are the birth- day. Days of less of Wales. The na is July It is true that birthday. 21, 1831, when Canada, “The Queen, Bologna, Trieste, Parma, Tolentino, Novara and elsewhere. The other day the fascisti drove out the communists’ loc: governments from Viterbo, Alatri and Cremona. It was the Cremona business that started the violent dis- cussion in the camera which resulted in the fall of De Facta. It seems that at Cremona the fascisti attacked the house of a Catholic deputy who was pleased to call himself a “Christian communist,” and that they thus aroused the wrath of Father Sturzo. The fascisti are not careful enough to distingulsh between pink socialists. and red communists, or between ordinary communists and Chri tlan communists. Theoretically their activi- tles are solely by way of reprisal. Practically one may be sure this is not entirely so. The Italians are winning through a most difficult phase of national life by methods which must seem peculiar to us;. but %o may our methods seem pecullar to the Italians. They are, when all's said, a very great people. (Orlando has been asked to form a cabinet.) * X X X United States of America.—On July 19 Chair- man Hooper of the Raflroad Labor Board is- sued the following statement: “As there does not seem to be any probability of reconciling. the amtipodal views of the carriers and the men on the question at issue, neither the labor board nor any of its members are now engaged in any further efforts along that line.” The “question at issue” is understood to be thet of seniority rights, other points of difference offering no insuperable obstacle to a settlement. The railroad managements stand by their new men and will not restore their former seniority status to returning strikers. \ Conditions in the shopmen's strike have not ‘changed very materially since last week. On July 15 the policy committee of the United Mine Workers signified their rejection of the President’s proposal of a coal commis- slon—or, to be more precise, of a_commission empowered as proposed by the President. A fact-find_commission by all means, yes, but the combination of a scientific investigation commission with a wage arbitration board, no. As the proposal was to be accepted or rejected as a whole, it was, in effect, rejected. On July 17 the majority of the representa- tives of bituminous operators assembled at Washington accepted unconditionally the President’s proposal. A minority, whilé sub- scribing to “the principle of arbitration” and approving, “in principle,” a fact-finding com- mission, could not see their way to acceptance of the proposal without drastic modifications of its details—in effect, they rejected the proposal. i The President’s efforts for voluntary adjust- ment having failed. he “invited” the bitu- minous operators to resume mining operations. He also wired the governors of twenty-eight coal-producing states. requesting them to co- operate with the federal government in its effort to procure resumption of mining opera- tions, and to furnish protection to efforts to resume. The response was. with exceptions of no great importance, cordial. It is under- stood that the operators. in general, propose to acquit themselves like brave men (for it will zens, and operations. anxiously watching to see, for stocks of coal are running dangerously low, especially in the northwest. quick promise should be fields of Indiana and Illinois the difficulties seem almost insuperable, and the interaction of the coal which has in the falling off of shipments from non-union mines, is Again one by the President to avert the threatening coal famine fail cess, what then? Miscellaneous.—A battle, declared to be de- cisive, has forces of Sun Yat-Sen and Chen Kwang-Ming in the vicinity of Shao- river and on north of Canton. torious. The arbitration agreement between Chile and Peru has been consummated and Presi- dent Harding has been named arbitrator. Queen's Birthday Patent. In the latter half of the last century few things did more to foster British days of King George and the Prince unity and patriotism than the queen's Every year on May 24, not only in the British Isles, but in India, and the other colonles and dependencies, the theme of oration was God Bless Her. sovereign was ever more widely loved by the people at home or abroad than Victorfa. After her death her birth- day was made a statutory holiday No It marked a1only to Empire day. But Armistice da¥. | tjon. |to the day School exercises are in his book, “Out- self-sacrifice. empire. the national fete day countries saint In some cases the num- rated. servance of any day. new nation: the same reason, pendence day, Instead tional of time holldays 'a month unofficially. mid-autumn. ‘Thus France in-| ° tOCracy -Was over- land. s endence and des, May g,“ g ot ‘Guoen: Victoris, | brates y: emrber 7. ration, celebrates the adoption of the No American act of 1867, all the Canadian colonies under one great confederation. henceforth to be known as the Dominion of Canada. Dominion day arouses a national en- thusiasm which is a most important factor in the development of any na- Large importance is attached in educational circles. and Dutch possessions. days are celebrated. | poland observes May 3 as Consti- Spanish Infimemce Felt. That the Spanish influence is still telt in South”America and that pride in the great Spanish explorer is main tained fs-shown by the fact that Dis covery day, October 12, & number of South American repub- lics. ‘It is not the chief fefe day, but it 1s one that is widely celebrated. entina .obgerves May 25 as Inde- Boilvia, August 6; Brasil also cele- rusry 24 as the day of the constitution, an "November 15 a8 the day of the throughout the empire. Dominion day, in Canada, July 1, is second in importance in that country Dominion_ day rth which united conducted in connection with which a Canadian sentiment is Inculcated. ress of the people of Canada toward freedom and self-government Wwas obtained only through struggle and Dominion day fosters a spirit which has made the people of British North America loyal not only to Canada, but to the British The prog- Other ‘National Fete Days. Throughout the French possessions |November 20 al celebrated In France is observed, and the same | birthday, August 31. rule obtains throughout the Spanish | celebrates September 26 as Dominion Norway has set apart May 17 as In Spanish In Mohammedan countries events in | tution day. December Mohammedan history are commemo- In Egypt holidays are cele- brated by Mohammedans, Jews and Christians. There is no general ob- Some of the the offispring of the world war, have established natisnal fete days. The Baltic states have designated November 18 as their in- dependence day. Czechoslovakia has named October 27 as marking the date when independence was declared. Finland has set apart December 6 for while the German republic honors November 9 as the anniversary of its revolution. menia has set apart May 28 as Inde- to commemorate the declaration of Independence and the establishment of the republic in 191%. China observes October 10 as the an- niversary of the revolution that over- turned the throne and transformed the empire into a republic, but the na- pirit is leas in evidence than in the occidental countries, for the new year celebration is the most m- portant holiday in that land. It lasts for several days officially and perhaps Ar- The popular holidays are those marking the com- ing of spring, summer, autumn and is observed in d procis. require nerve) and public-spirited citi- to_make every effort to resume With what success, the country is Should the experiment not give of success, what then? It remarked that in the important and railroad strikes, the effect of shown itself o remarkably of late another important consideration. asks, should this effort instituted to give immediate promise of suc- * % X * been fought between the main Chau, on the railroad, the North railre about 150 miles Chen’s warriors were vic- mation of the republic. She also com- pliments France by observing July 14 as Liberty day and this country by celebrating November .25 as United States day. Chile observes September 15-19 as National Independence days; Colombia July 20, Costa Rica Sep- tember 15, and Ecuador August 10. Cuba’s Independence day 18 May February is remembered for {ne revolution of Baire and Uctober 10 for the revolution of Yara. The Dominican Republic celebrates on February 27 the founding of the republic and on August 16 the be- ginning of the war for independence. Guatemala has September 15 as its Independence day as have Honduras, Nicaragua and Salvador. Paraguay takes two days to celebrate its inde- pendence, May 14 and 15. It also ob- serves November as_Adoption of the Constitution day. Panama cele- brates November 3, its separation from Colombia, and November 25, its independence of Spain. Peru takes three days to celebrate its independ- ence, July 28, 29 and 30. Uruguay has Liberty day May 25. Venezuela has designated October 28 as Bolivar day. when the deeds of the great liberator are recalled. It has also set apart April 19 as the day for cammemorat- ing the first movement for inde- pendence. Celebrate Thelr Independence. Denmark observes June 5 as Consti- tution day. Greece observes April 7 as Independence day and Haitl Jan- uary 1. Italy's national holiday is September 20. Japan, besides opserv- ing the new year holidays, celebrates February 11, anniversary of the coro- nation of the first emperor, and Au- gust 31, the emperor's birthday an- niversary. Jugoslavia commemorates December 1, the anniversary of na- tional unity and also celebrates July 12, the king's birthday. Liberia’s In- dependence day is July 26. The Mo- hammedan holy days are observed in Mesopotamia as in other Moslem countries. Mexico celebrates its in [ dependence September 16. February 151 observed as Constitution day and the anniversary of the revolution. The Netheriands observe the queen’s New Zealand day. the date marking its independence. 1 is Independ- ence day in Portugal, and October 5 is observed as the date of the estab- lishment of the republic. Rumania celebrates February 6 as' the union of the principalities. Russia observes March 11 as_the anniversary of the revolution. Siam has a holiday De- cember 27in commemoration of the coronation of the king. Siberia has set apart March 11 for celebration of the Russian revolution. In addition to its church holldays, Spain observes a “holiday of the race” October 12, Columbus or Discovery day. The only holiday of civic significance in Tur- key is July 23, anniversary of the proclamation of the constitution. Nome by Act of Comgress. The United States has no national holldays established by Congress. Each state designates its own holi- days, but when the President pro claims a holiday, such as Thanksgiv ing day, the states adopt the same date. Certaln days are observed as holi- days in some states and mot in oth- era. June 19, the birthday of Robert E. Lee, is observed by nine southern states. Mardi Gras day is celebrated by three. Lincoln’s birthday, Feb: ary 12, is observed by twenty. states, Alaska and Hawail. February 22, Washington’s birthday, is_cele- brated by every state in the Union and the American possessions. March 4, Inauguration day, is a holiday only in_ the District of Columb March 30 is observed in Alaska as Seward day and October 18 as Alaska day. April 13, Jefferson's birthday, honored only in Alabama. April 26 is 2 memorial day in four southern states and May 10 in two. Jane 3, the birthday of Jefferson Davis, is observed as a holiday in mine south- ern states. October 12, Columbus day, celebrafed in thirty-three states, ‘and Porto ‘Rico and twehty-bne for- ipublic_loving fancy stationery |[FRANCE CANNOT SPILL EUROPE’S APPLE CART Government Leads Way for Revision of Reparations, But Will Insist on . Adequate Safety Guarantees. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. HE French peasant is one of the most frugal persons in the world. That is axiomatic. He skimps and he saves and he- protects every living thing that will enhunce his state of financlal and domest!: fety. When he needs fire- wood he does not go to the timbered places and ruthlessly nly ax and saw and snuff out the lives of the trees that they may meet temporary necessity. Far from it. Instead, he cuts off the limbs. The trunk of the tree is left, gaunt and stark, but it The life of the tree is pre- Each year it sends out new and when seasonable these again are cut and aced into little bundies to supply family needs. The tree lives on and on, ever an asset. Dead it would meet but temporary needs. Living it furnishes fuel through the years. It is this spirit, this knowledge that it 18 better to each year take small measure of return rather than destroy the source of supply. that is expected to Spring paramount in the minds of the French people as a {whole and eventually lead to a eafe and sane solution of the whole Ger- man reparations problem which to- day is the chief issue before Europe, the question upon which the immedi- ate progress of many nations and miore than 250,000,800 of people rests. Paves Way for Changes. The government in Paris is paving the way for radical changes in regard to exactions from Germany. Already people generally are being led to be- lieve that the present agreement whereby Germany Is committed to pay to the allies the total sum of 332.- 000,000,000 gold marks never can be realized and that to enforce military sanctions against the Teutons will. | figuratively speaking, “spill the apple cart.’ Geriaany cannot pay it thermore, military sanctions will only £o to increase the strained condition of the French treasury without jog- ging Germany a whit or a jot.” In fact, the pecple are more and more being prepared for a reduction of the total reparations figures in order that something of material Iimport may be realized without so crippling i Germany that scarcely anything can | be taken. In short, the French are beginning to adopt the British viewpoint in re- gard to reparations. It cannot be said, however, that France has com- | pletely given in to the heretofore much-abused theory of Lloyd George that there must be curtailment in order that there be some meed of realization. Heretofore Poincare has irattled the saber and shouted loudly | and long against any attempt to re- adjust reparations figures. But with the stand of the reparations commi: sion and its committee on guarantees, that Germany, if she is saved, must be granted a moratorium and that payments be made in kind if Ger- many is not to collapse and drag other nations with her, has influenced the French government to consider other wi and means of collecting Germany's war debt than the appli- cation of military sanctions and con- | sequent seizure of valuable Germany territories. Must Have Guarantees. One thing must be taken for granted by all those closely follow- ing the trend of events in Europe. France will never consent to any ar- rangement that does not first of all provide for the security of France. t is therefore not strange that in the informal approaches between France and England in recent weeks that the French should insist that Great Brit- ain promise to defend France in case she is attacked.' In other words, the French are demanding that Liloyd George live up to spoken promises during the conference of peace in Paris, where a defensive alliance wa. held out to the French for conce sions in other directions. That de- fensive alliance never has been rati- fied by Britain. but that it will be| before there is any definite agreement as to revision of reparations is taken | for granted. R There has been distinct advance in bringing the French and British Viewpoints as to reparations closer together In_recent weeks, and it is reported e enc ent vided Britain will government. Drov ff France's debt to England iy 22 per cent of the and wave Britain's Aliotted reparations, will agree to the feduction of the total reparations fig- Ures to something like 50.000.000.000 ¥old marks, which would be scattered fhrough the years and consist largely of payment in kind. Premiers Confer Soom. Premiers Poincare and Lloyd George are soon to confer in London on the reparations question. One of the sev- ‘eral plans looking toward reduction of reparations and mutually agree- able - concessions otherwise will be Fur- | loath to cancel her debts to o provided she thought by so am’:?:fi: could preserve the peace of Europ: England never has regarded the pay- ment of her shire of reparations as vital to the continued prosperity of the natlon as France regards hers. Therefore. Lloyd George will find 1it- tle opposition in England and the dominlons to debt cancellation. though it must be admitted that England would regard debt cancellation by the United States the next logical step if win country would do her part in eneral adjustinent o conditions. Pl France has notified that she regards agreement, whereby furnish France with marks' worth of goods ment_of the reparatin ount. eame in effect July 15.- France undoubt- edly is preparing to utilize such stor In the devastated regfons. which hav sorely taxed the French treasury. Inasmuch as the provinces affected have organized to receive this means of assistance, rather than further di- | rect drains upon the French treasury. (it indicates the trend of thouzht in France. the the Germany 7,000, Germans Weisbaden is to Fear Dumping of Goods. France, as other nations, fears Ger- man dumping of goods which would result if payment in kind. goods such as other nations manufacture is dumped promiscuiously upon creditor nations without some means of regu- lation, and this regulation is expected to be brougit :hout throush serrements to be effccted regarding reduction of { the German dcbt 1t is suggesred in 1 1o d the idea has found support in other coun- tries—that Germany be not permitted to pay in x nd as will interfere with the industrial or economic out- put of other nations, but that - | many furnish such materials as will { contribute to the adv ment of al- lied industry, such as machines for the construction of necded factories and materia's desired by other coun- tries, but which do not in large meen- ure come in direct competition with the output of these individual coun- i tries Great public | fostered ana enterpriges would be irectly made realizable | through German endcaivor and these accounts would he applicable against the gum total of revised reparations. {In this way the industrial life of each of the creditor nutions would be enhaneed. The emulovient b= {lem would be relicved through | creased work by virtue of increased manufactures made possible by Ger- man machinery. It is sugpested 2180 | that the manufactures or others aided by German contribution. float bonds * to be taken by the respective gov- ernments as liens, and thut these newly created concerns pay to the governments certain percentage of | their business receipts each vear in { the liquidation of such bond Woul | Such plan. though possible, has its | defects and undoubtedly woula re- j quire many months for successful ap- plication. but unless some system is worked out whereby the allies can | control the acceptance of German goods and their distribution. un- doubtedly Germany's cheaply pro- duced stores will far toward un- dermining _the business other | nations. But some means will be found to solve the situation as the allies more and mor that pavments in kind must compose the larger part of the reparations totals no matter whether they be cur- tailed or not The other solution left to the allies is the reduction of the total sum of cash reparations with the view of stabilizing the mark and giving Ger- many a chance to adjust her interna Control Distribution. and external budgets through the me- dium of outside ioa This adjust- ment is alone possible through re- duction of rep: currency stabilization and lo S n case there {1s reduction throurh Franco-British arrangements. the sum total of repa- rations would be divided into annul- ties, these not to bear heavily upor Germany at any juncture. Germany's anxiety would be relic and with { Germany once more taking hier place with other natio plving her- | %elf to the prompi payment of the de- manded sums, none of which would be beyonda her ability, there i no question but that loans in plenty Would be furnished by outside finan- The nations of Europe et down to the gen- eral business of ironing out the finan- cial and economic kinks that have come to pass through the war and its aftermath. With the Hague pa and the Russian the air, it is the cial interests generally could ng into history jon still left in ncensus of opinfon in European foreign offices, accord- ing to reliable advices reaching Washington, that the reparaijons is- sue should be tackled and settleq once for all in order that when the Rus slan question again becomes para- mount there will be no distracting | influences and the whole adjustment can be undertaken with an assurar warranting final and dec agree- ments everywhere. adopted. Great Britain would not be elgn countries. Alabama observes October 13 _as Fraternal day. Seven states and Hawail and eleven foreign countries celebrate November 11, Armistice or Victory day. Arizona observes February 4 and April 8 as Arbor days and February 14 as Admission day. California cele- brates Setpember 9 as Admission day. observes August 1 as Col Idaho has set apart June 15 as Pioneer day. Maine and Massa. chusetts have designated Apr Patriots’ day. and ‘Massachusetts ob- serves also June 17 as Bunker Hill da: Missouri has set apart October 1 as Missouri day. Nebraska observes April 22 as Arbor day. Wyoming April 29, and New Mexico March 11. North Carolina April 12 commemorates the Halifax in- Aipendence resolutions and May 20 the signing of the ‘Mecklenburg declaration of independence. Porto Rico and the Philippines observe Occupation days {meaning _ occupation by _American Porto Rico's Occupation day 5, that in the Philippines Au ‘Maryland has set apart Sep- day. Repudia- Uon day is celebrated in_ Frederick count; Md. November 23. It s a)f-holiday in commemoration of the repudiation of the stamp act in 1765. " Texas has two notable state daye. 2, Texas g day (S8am [0} Memo and April 21. San is t 18. fomber 12 as Defenders’ rial day) }‘lecT:lo. day. Utah has its Pioneer day July 2i. Vermont celebrates the Bennington August 16. ——————— NEW U.S.ENVELOPE FANCY Post Office Department Announces High-Grade Issue. A brand-new style of stamped en- velope with “class. This is Uncle Sam's latest offering those of fastldious epistolary ‘battle of to ta sald a statement to- “need the shun the office-request stamped envelopes. The new offering, Third Assistant Postmaster General Glover said, will be “an envelope ‘of superior grade containing excellent paper and cost- ing but a trifie more.” % It will be furnished in place of the standard-grade - stamped envelope now in use, will be banded in pack- of 25, and will be placed on all post offices as soon &8 fi"" of standard quali e. “No longer,” duy from the department, As I See It (Continued from 1'irst Page.) age Lorimer would have been a major prophet. His instinct for the tenden- cles, needs and aspirations of the American public probably is greater than that of any other living Amer- jcan public man. In his day Roo velt was his only rival So when Lorimer says that women are to rule the world mamma and the girls should begin to practice reigning. As a matter of fact, the world is ruled by its leisure classes. And mamma and the girls are about the only members of the leisure classes which a busy and excited generation has left. The wire and the pipe have given woman freedom—not entire freedom. She still has to see to tbs housework, have the babies and man- age the domestic affairs of her men But housework is to an unbelievable extent a matter of pressing buttons, turning faucets and telephoning to some one to come and do something. So gamma and the girls have cheir hours of ease. They read our newspapers for us, censor our books, accept or reject our plays and direct much public senti- ment. They are intensely interested in politics as It affects the home. Hence the growing interest in domes- tic measures, and the growing num- ber of food inspectors, milk experts. market controllers, and the preva- lence of controversies about the price of light, heat and water and power. Mamma and the girls are on the job. : It's not destined to be an easy job, this matter of governing man. For he is recalcitrant and hates high taxes. But what do mamma and the girls carc? Sc they will have it out with father, as they have had it out with him for ten thousand years. It may be the new heaven for mamma, but it's the same old earth for father. Mother will rule, but father will keep on kicking, as it was in the beginning Mr. Lorimer