Evening Star Newspaper, December 19, 1891, Page 11

- sf Z - THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D.C. SATURDAY. DECEMBER 19, 1891-SIXTEEN PAGES, A STREET I N BENARES. IN A WONDERFUL CITY | 33: A Visit to Benares, the Sacred City of the Hindoos. | BY THE RIVER GANGES. = | An Ancient City of Temples, the Mecea of the | Hindoos—Strange Sights—Where Monkeys Are Cared For-—-Golden Pagodas— The People at Their Bat ‘The Interesting View From the River—The Oriental Snake Charmers. Bexanes, Ixpra, Nov. 6, 1891. of Ths Even: se Star. E WERE TOLD aT Singapore by an Eng- lish army officer that if we wished to see the British India we should go to Benares. This vast city, said he, is one of the most ancient in Hindoostan, and is well worth visiting. We followed his ad- vice and were well re yak paid. Upon approaeb- ee ing the city the view is a Pais wonderful. Tall white a“ minarets, golden domes of mosques, temples and princely palaces rose before us, while at our feet the sacred Ganges | rollet its mighty flood. This view which lay befow us has thrilled the soul of countless milliees. What Jerusalem is to the Christian | and jJecca to the Mohammedan, Benares is to the Hndoo—the holiest spot on earth. Many | from the remotest province of India, | veastring his weary way by prayer and mance through months and years, upoi Tacuing thors gleaming spires has been tirilied with unspeakable joy. Paradise was bdore him. ‘The Gangee was to bim the river | ofeternal life. | oF THE oLvrsr crmies 1x Tae wot. | ™ warfounded, but before Romulus was heard of Penres was an ancient town; long before the sheherd boy of Bethlehem tended his father's flocs on the Judaean hills; before Jerusalem | becme the city of the Lord pilgrims visited thisacred shrine. Iethe earliest Hindoo records it is : as te great city. Kasi,supported byjShiva u its tident, to him ite shrines @ i ledicated. Merphis, Babylon and Ninevah were its con- teworaries, but they have all disappeared, wht Kasi remains the Hindoo’s claim to attest therreserving power of this mighty god. Here bramaus and buddhists learned in philosophy bev ciscussions as keen as ever were heard in Atbnian groves, en of A TEMPLE IN BENARES, Thus was this wonderfal place twenty-five centuries ago, and so is it now true that the seminaries have vanished. its scholars gone, | yet Romans, Hebrews, Greeks, Assyrians, | Egyptians, with their ‘religions, have disay peared as nations. but the Hindeo le. stil exist, their religion rema: and nares is how as it has been from the earliest ages, acity | of temples. WHES To VISIT INDIA. During the hot season im India it is almost impossible to go out upon the streets at noon-* day; the sun is broiling and the least exertion sends the blood up to an almost unendurable heat. But the cool season, which begins in November and lasts until April, is the time in which travelers should visit this old land and sh isthe only time in which to do active work. Then India isa peradise. The air is fragrant with the odor of sweet flowers, the trees bear their greenest foliage and the sun shines from a cloudless sky. ‘TRE HoT PERIOD commences in April and lasts until July, and it is this part of the year that tells most severely upon Europeans. The women and | children are sent to England. but many that Temain in India hasten to the Nilgherry oF Darjeling hills, the outpost of the Himalayas, Bnt those who are obliged to attend to business ; ere they are, aud if it bappens that this be in the lowlands, as in the valley of the Ganges, the beat is long and severe, and | torments day and night. Tho greater part of | fearfully. taken to avoid suns THE MONKEY PagoDA. The first thing wo visited upon reaching Benares was the monkey pagoda, where Hun- nooman is worshiped in the form of = monkey, because he bears an apish form. Monkeys are kindly cared for and the grand temple of Hun- Great care must be most interesting city of |} | where a native boat, provided with easy chairs, awaited our coming. We floated slowly down masts, bamboo yardsand sails of India matting. ‘he city is one of the oldest in the world. | Stately stone steps called “‘ghats” led down to ‘Twnty-six centuries have passed since Rome | the gods will remember and reward. The crowd ing their mouths and washing their beards; mothers were sousing their babie: bing them well with sacred mi la in_ the water. alike fests itvelf much the same by the flowing abont holiness, religion or devotion, he sav- ly grabbed one of the thieves by the tail | and pulled him off the house. A small Hindoo | boy, who was, perhaps, as intent upon getting | the plunder as the animal itself, joined in the battle. For about « niinate it'was a terrible | confusion of Brahman, monkeys and the boy. | Ina few seconds two more monkeys, answering to the howis and screams of their companion, joined in the fight. One monkey was endeay- oring to gnaw off the left ear of the Brahman, while he in turn was thrashing one of the ani- mals on the ground with its tail. The Hindoo Doy seemed to be getting the worst of it. Howling and moaning, he was rolling over and over upon a screeching monkey. But where were the bananas? Here and there on the paved ground lay a few skins, smeared on the pave- ment was the remains of the fruit, while high | upon the temple cat a number of those grinning and chattering images of Hunnooman quietly enjoying a feast, INSIDE THE TEMPLE was a court yard about fifty feet square, con- taining = pagoda in the center. There was nothing particularly attractive aboutit. Look- ing through the door of the pagoda a hideous idol was seeu, before which a lamp was burn- ing. We took our time looking upon the archi tecture of the place and then returned to the 01 THE CITY FROM THE RIVER. ‘The culminating sight of Benares is the pano- rama of thecity from the Ganges when the people are bathing We made our arrange- ments the evening before, and early in the morning, soon after sunrise, drove to the river, with the current and had en excellent oppor- tunity of bebolding the city from the river. All bout us were canoes and sailing vessels, with | high, pointed prows and wide sterns, slender banks of the river, and thousands of the satives, old and young, bathing in the stream. Bathing a religious rite. To erect a “ghat” by which worshipers can reach the sacred stream, is regarded as a meritorious act which the were which we approached was very large. Old men were scrubbing their hands and faces, cleans- d_serub- Others, and chatting, were swimming about ‘Here youth, beauty and fashion @ it a resort, and human nature mani- aghi Ganges as by the seaside at Newport or Lar Harbor. We passed the place where the bodies of the dead are burned. After being cremated, or ly so, they are cast into the stream to be rne out to the ocean, so the spirit of the de- parted floats upon the eternal sorbed forever into tne self-existing Brabma {ox more likely into the open mouth of some angry crocodile). ‘THE VIEW ALOXG THE BANK is most imposing. Grand palaces erected by Princes and rajahs who wished to spend their last days near the sacred stream line the shore. Further down, however, we passed the city and were in the suburbs amid groves and gard- ens and native villages. Around one point of land whieh we turned the water was alive with crocodiles, which were basking in the sun or sporting in the stream. At other times as we fted along urftler the shady palms and in- haled the sweet perfume of jasi honey- suckles and magnolias, scene was very beautiful. White pagodas arose about the Sreen foliage and grass-thatched buts lined the SNAKE AND SCORPION CHARMERS. One morning we were awakened by the beat- ing of adrum under our window and upon looking out bekeld two natives making low salaams. They were snake charmers. The tallest one had a large boa constrictor wound about his neck and upon each arm was a coiled s1 ofa greenish hue, one of which glided t ground, wriggled between the man's legs and advanced to make our acquaint- ce, but turned back at the voice of his mas , ‘The tin then set down au earthen jar, from: which two cobras raised their hooded heads and hissed at us. At « whisper they ¢rept out of the vessel and worked themselves into a fierce rage under the tormenting of the jowmen. The other native had an earthen vessel filled with scorpions. They were as tractable as trained mice and clung to his fingers and crept over his chest. He hung them upon his ears and played all manner of tricks with them, and at one time his chest, armsand shoulders were one mass of these hairy creatures. GOLDEN Pagopas. One of the most interesting things in Benares is the court of Biseswara or the golden pagoda of the holy bull. The gateway, once glittering with precious stones, is now despoiled of its riches, but the dome-like roof is surmounted by four tall minarets, and the roof, minarets and spires are overlaid with the purest gold. ‘The Una Poorena is larger than the golden Pages, lees costly, but more imposing. The idol which it contains is a female figure with four arms and is a favorite with the women. 4 MOHAMMEDAN MosqUE. Another interesting edifice is the Madoo-rai- ke-dharara, a Mohammedan mosque with two slender white minarets which rise 225 feet from the ground. Beforo my cousin and myself started for Jubbulpore, via Allahabad, we climbed the winding stairs of one of these min- arcts and looked out upon the most charming view in all India. Below us lay the city wi red tiled roofs and clusters of tufted palms. The court of Bisewara with its roof of bur- gold dazed our eyes with its brightness. Nearly directly below us the sacred Ganges its way, while away to the northeant we caught the a the Himalayas towering in ung) q toget ile Dear onus ot as tramping of feet and the general hubbub of the street. made up a scene which, to say the least, was truly oriental. ———_.__ ‘Two Points of View. From Life. “No,” said Mr. Askin to the clergyman, “after I read one little item in the newspapers not long ego I don’t think it possible for you to convince me that there is any efficacy in prayer. “What was the statement you read?” asked “It was a compat: Mr. Stead, the well- known editor, that 400,000, in course of the services in THE FIRST FIREMEN. Manned the Bucket Line, RUNNING WITH THE BOYS. ‘The Beginning of the Old Volunteer Fire De- partment—Iwo Destructive Fires Early in the City’s History—Where the Original En- sine Companies Were Located. T I8 PERHAPS NOT GENERALLY known that in the ranks of the volunteer firemen of former years many of the first citi- zens of the land lent a band in the extinguish- ment of fires and in the saving of property. ‘The impression of many is that the old-time companies here and elsewhere were made up of more of the rowdy quality than anything else, and the public generally made no distine- tion between the membership and the hangers- on or runners, to whom the rowdyism should have been credited. Alexandria will always feel proud of the fact that Washington was an active member of the Friendship Company of that city, ‘That city Still preserves as a memento beyond price leather fire buckets marked with his initials. It is also well known that the busy Benja Franklin was an early advocate of volunteer fire organizations, and, with other distinguished men, run and worked the machine of the Hi- bernia Fire Company, primitive as it was, at fires in Philadelphia. George Koss, another signer of the Declaration, was an active mem- ber of the Union of Lancaster, Pa. President Fillmore was a member of the Eagle Hose of Buffalo for many years, and President Bu- chanan was an active member of a Lancaster, Pa., company for over forty years. In the organization of the District com- panies the foremost citizens took part and it was not a rare thing that members of Con- gress would leave the halls of legislation to as- sist in battling with the devouring clement by Passing water down the line trom pump or Teservoir to the engine, from which it was forced on the fire. And notwithstanding the contrary impressions the volunteer companies of the District aimed to and generally succeeded as far as actual membership is concerned in holding on its rolis men of character. Those who without pay or reward manned the bra! and worked for the common good prior to the disbanding of the old organizations and the establishment of the paid department in 1864, are fast passing away. THE VETERAN VOLUNTEER FIREMEN. A number of those who remain have, as yol- unteer firemen in other cities have done, formed the association known as the Veteran Yolunteer Firemen’s Association of the District. ‘The objects are to keep alive the memories of the past, to maintain old-time apparatus, col- lect mementoes, é&c. This association’ was formed in 1887 and hada number of meeting places till the present year, when, under the authority of an act of Congress, the use of the present headquarters was granted them. It Was quite appropriate that this old building at the corner of 19th and H streets should Le thus used,as thatand the old Anacostia house, %h and K streets southeast, are the only two of the old-time engine houses standing. building, since it was turned over to the trus- tees of ‘the association, has been throughly renovated und improved, and already the walls are well crowded with pictures, hats, badges, papers and other paraphernalia which recall memories of the days of cisterns and pumps. Not the least interesting are tie printe rosters of the old companies,some of them dat- ing back to the '30's, and some of the record books, that of the Columbia dating from 1818, the Franklin from 1830 and the Union from 1838. THE FIRST FIRE COMPANIES. Much has been written from time to time as to the organization of the companies in the early part of the century, but there has always been some uncertainty as to the exact dates of organization. is more than probable that the beginnings of the companies were sc small, the apparatus so crude, the water supply so limited and the population so scanty, that trom almost insignificant neighborhood’ meetings companies gradually evolved, finally selecting a leader or director, adopting a name and rules for Working the machine, passing buckets, &e. About 1800, when the city was a cluster of villages, when neighbors visited one another by making their way over marsh and mire and through undergrowth, the necessity for fire ap- paratus in the hands of men of experience be- came apparent, for the residences were crected in little clusters. There was not much danger of extensive conflagration, because it was then acity of magnificent distances, if it could be called acity at all. About the Capito! there was some settlement and for the ac- commodation of legislators and sojourners. hotels—Conrad and New Jersey avenue between A and B streets southeast, Coolidge’s, Ist and A streets northeast, and’ Steele's, 1st and A streets southeast. ADout the navy yard there was also a settlement, also one ai the lower end of New Jersey avenue. Pennsylvania avenue was not then the main thoroughfare be- tween the departments and the Capitol, for it skirted the low grounds on the north side of the liber, afterward called the canal, and F street, then known as the Ridge, was the prin- cipal street between the eastern and western parts of the city. Settlements about Sth street and between 10th and 15th streets were along F street. About Iand 20th streets and the Hamburg neighborhood toward the river were the principal settlements west of the executive departments. There were also some settle- ments toward the lower part of 44 street. TO PROTECT GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS. The general government, as carly as May, 1800, made an appropriation of less than €600 to purchase two fire engines for the Treasury Department, but there is no record as to how they were manned, &c. It Is said, however, that one was located in a one-story frame about opposite the south portico of ‘the tre the corporation in 1803 made appropr: for the purchase of engines for the protection of the markets and property, but ihere is no record of the organization of companies till the following year—1804. There is but little doubt that the predecessor of the Union was located at the West market, which was then on the triangular space formed by 20th and I streets and fennsylvania avenue, and was housed ina shed at the west end of the market, while in the town hall on 20th street the meetings were held. The Anacostia was located near the Eastern market (in the space between Sth, 6th, Kand L strecis southeast), and the house, ® plain unpretentious frame, was on the ‘north side of K street until the house at 9th and K streets was erected in 1342. ‘That the Columbia was organized in 1804 and under that name, excepting during the war of 1812, bad a continuous existence to the time of ‘the paid department (in 1864) there is not the least doubt. It is equally certain that it was putin charge of the apparatus purchased for the protection of the government buildings and was housed in a small frame about on the spot occupied by the statue of Washington facing the Capitol ‘he house was destroyed by fire when British set fire to the Capitol iu August, 1814. ‘TWo EARLY FIRES. Congress took action none too soon for the protection of government property, for the two fires of magnitude in 1800 and 1801 were of government buildings. A serious loss having been entailed thereby, it was not long before the government officials as well as the citizens ow felt an interest in adopting some iform system for the suppression of co: flagrations. The first of these fires was No- mber §, three-story building on nsylvania avenue about 21st street,in which the ofthe War Department were tem- porarily located, and in a few hours the build- was entirely’ consumed with all the papers ther of the department, except one volume in rebich and deeds of land the contracts wold to Be é §s' aft : Me-7. rageut for furnishing the Capiahy the so: as agont for § ac- counts and vouchers of Tench "Francis, fo yYeyor of public supplies, for purchases July, 1797, to September, 1798, &c. ‘THE FIRST FIRE Law. January 10, 1803, an act was passed by the city council, approved by Robert Brent, mayor, sad sortie’ Dy James Barry, president of tio first chamber, and Daniel Carroll of Dudding- ton, president of the second chamber, providing for the prevention and extinguishing of fires Section 1 provided that every proprietor of any dwelling house or store house should, to the firat day of Murch ensuing, ¢t his or her ox~ pense, provide as many fire buékets of leather and containing two and a half gallons as there were stories in such house. Every Proprictor neglecting to procure the proper number of buckets should forfeit €1 for each bucket, If the proprietor of any dwelling house or store houso not residing within the limits of the city failed to procure buckets the occupant was authorized to procure them under the same penalty for neglect and recover from such defaulting landiord the expense thereof. Section 2 provided that all the buckets shonld be entered and numbered in the office of the register, whose duty it was to record the name of the proprietor of houses with number of tenants, who were required to have the name and number painted on the buckets, under a penalty of $1 for each neglect. Section 3 made it the duty of the occupants of houses to preserve the fire buckets without sufforing them to be used for other purposes; if any bucket was lost or destroyed they were to replace them within one month under pen- alty of 85 for neglect. They were required to keep them in @ con- spicuous piace in the house and send them any fires that might break out. Section 4 authorized the mayor toimmediately | procure ladders and hooks to be deposited with | such citizens as were disposed to take care of them and use them, and £50 was appropriated | for the purpose of supplying the public with them. Section 5 made it the duty of tho sealer of weights and measures twice each year to visit every house and examine the number and state of the buckets and report the same to the reg- ister, and authorized the law officer of any | recinct to receive one-half of the fines and forfeits under the act. Section 6 authorized the rocuremenk, Ry the mayor, prior to the ist of March, 160, f, one substantial engine to be kept near the Cen-| ter Market, and_so soon thereafter as may be two additional fire engines were to be procured by him, to be severally kept near the castern id western markets, for which purpose the 1m of #300 was appropriated out of any monoy in the treasury. ‘This law was carried into ef- fect at once, but many citizens and owners of houses being unable to get their buckets ready in the time prescribed in the act, on the 28th of March, 1803, a bill was passed that so much of the first act as required the providin; of fire buckets prior to March 1 be repeale and that persons required to provide the same have until the Ist of June following to do so. ‘The association bas unearthed a number of these buckets. FIRE WARDS ESTABLISHED. July 24, 1904, an act of the city council of Washington to establish fire wards and fire companies was approved. It provided that the city be divided into fire wards, all west of 16th Street to constitute the first fire ward; tho sec- ond bounded on the west by 16th street, on the south by G street south until it intersected with 3d street, and by such street from such intersection to the extreme thereof. ‘Ihe third fire ward to constitute all of that part of the city southward of such G strect, and the fourth ‘fi ward to constitute ail of the remaining part of the city. Section 7 authorized the mayor to ap- point one man residing in each ward who shall call a meeting of the citizens, who shall or- ganize themsclyes into fire compantes, which | shall pass such rules for government as they may see fit, the company to annually elect on of its members, who, with the four citizens ap- pointed by the mayor, shall be denominated tire directors and constitute a board of general superintendence, &c. ‘this act was signed by Samuel H. Smith, president of the first cham- ber of the city council of Washington; Nicholas King, president of the second chatber, and approved by Robert Brent. mayor. ‘The same day an appropriation of $400 was made by the councils for sinking wells, repair- ing and erceting pumps. Gillis, Jas. Hoban, Nicholas Voss and Griffith Coombs were authorized to call the meetings for organizing the companies in the tour wards. August 11, 1804, a meeting was held at the West market and Jos. Stretch, John Woodside and Thos. H. Gillis appointed to make rules for the government of the fire company for the first ward. + Meetings were held at Rhodes Hotel August 20 and September 8 and the Union Fire Com- pany (afterward the Franklin) organized by electing James Hoban president, Andrew y Vice president; Washington Boyd, James Kearney, secretary; Clot- Stephenson, Peter Lomax.’ Lewis d Henry Langtry, engincers; John Hewitt, Thomas Thorpe, ‘Thomas Carpenter, Henry Heretard, Jokn P. Van Ness and Joseph Calvert. firemen: James Huddleston, John Ar- ‘ken, Orlando Cook, George Moore, Hugh Boyd, Thomas Given, John Dobbin, . Nauta, ladder men; David Shoemaker, Richard For- rest, John M. Gowan, George Way, Lewis Cle- hane and Thomas’ Herty, sentinels; John ayne, Edward Frethy, B. L. McCormick, Ezra Varden, Alex. Cochran, Robt. ‘Taily, William and James Thornton, firemen, and Jou Hewit, board of general superintendence. Many of these names are protninent in the annals of the District. Mr. Hoban was the architect of the Capitol; Mr. Way, » well- known printer; Peter Lenox, the father of Mayor Lenox; Gen. Van Ness, member of Con- gress, afterward mayor; Thos. Given, father of John’ T. Given, and Lewis Clephane (uncle of the present Mr. Lewis Clephane), who had but recently arrived in the country and had promptly declared his intention to become a citizen. *From the fact that an appropriation Was made in 1815 to replace the treasury en- gines it is presumed that they were destroyed by the British. On December 31, 1814. the company which afterward be the Franklin was organized rge the treasury engines. It ina house south of the treasury building, buta few months after was removed near the present north front, and was then known as the Alert. In 1826 one of the gines was located in a frame house on 13 street, north of Pennsylvania avenue, and was then known as the Star. It was in a few months removed to the corner of 1th and Pennsyivania ii following year the company was reorgan- ized under the newe the Frank- linand Chas. L. Coltman was elected presi- dent. The company in the first ward reorgan- ized ina hall .f the western market which was then and many years afterward used as @ town hall, taking ite name of the Union. onsisted of an old-fashioned hand which was kopt in ashed at the western end of'the market, and for @ time was on thi opposite side of the avenue, and in the "80 they all an old-fashioned two-wheeled reel or “crab” with a limited supply of leather hose. ‘They’ then in the 0's had no. unilorun A fireman wore a beaver hat and carried about with him an oilcloth badge, on which was printed Union Engine or Hose Companys; according to whether he might be engine mea, or man, which he tied around tie hag He wouid carry his firo bucket to the re. The engine house now occupied by the volna- teers wag erected in 1837 under act of March 3, appropriating $7,235, which —in- cluded the purchase of engine and suction. The officers were as follows: Rev. French Evans, president; Edwart Handly, vice presi- Wm. B. Magruder, captain of engin G. W. Harkness, captain ‘of hove; Flodoardo Howard, secretary; Charles Calvert, assistant secretary; Samuel Scott, treasurer, and the list contained forty-one engine men, twenty-one suction men, thirteen hose guards and four hove carriage guards. A few yearssabscquently corps of property guards were 01 run with the company. At that time the ap- paratus was known to be for the protection. especially of the War and Navy Department. and other government buildings in that section, |, They 1864butin the donned the | f ‘This company wasin existence till early part of the war the fire boys blue, enlisting under Capt. James Kelly as Company B, Union regiment. Many eniisted se cngred tees ry, longa. “Si 0. Ly nt of , was first lieutenant of Company B. nized and | th MANY LITTLE INDIANS How They Are All Mixed Together at the Carlisle School. STUDYING AND WORKING. Commissioner Morgan’s Visit to the Scheol— How the Work of School and Shop is Ar- Fanged—Boys and Girls Who Find Employ- ‘ment on Farms, ——___ COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN aF- fairs paid an official visit to the great school for Indians at Carlisle a week ago on his way to the west, and o Sram reporter was given an opportunity to accompany him. Carlisle is situated in the ihe. midst of the beautiful Cumberland valley of Pennsylvania, about thirty miles south of Har- risburg, or within five hours of Washington. It has about 8,000 inhabitants and is growing, being situated on the line of the Cumberland Valley railroad. The Indian school ison the site formerly occupied by a cavalry barracks dating from the early part of the century. A military post was placed there before the revo- lution and formed the last base of supplies in the campaign of the British against the Indians. The only building remaining of the old plant isa stone structure that was built by Hessian Prisoners for a magazine, but is now used for @ guard house. It bears the stamp of old con- struction, for its walls are fully six feet thick. The school is about half a mile from the town and is frequently visited by the citizens, who have ceased to regard it as a danger to the community and take a great pride in_ its pros- perity and succews. It has been added to at intervals until now it is capable of accommo- dating at least 600 pupils, and witha very few more changes it can care for a thousand. Twelve years ago Capt. R. H. Pratt, tenth cavalry, was detailed to take about eighty In- dian children from the west to the old post at Carlisle and organize a school. That was the the start. The institution has grown steadily and is still under the care of Capt. Pratt, as superintendent, who is under the direction of the commissioner of Indian affairs. He ie the only army officer on duty there and is aided by a large staff of teachers and matrona. ‘There is a disciplinarian, Mr. Campbell, who has charge of tho boys, and an assistant disci- plinarian, Mr. Wolf, a young Carlisle man, who recently graduated ‘from a military institute in New York. Mr. Standing is assistant superin- tendent. ‘There is an office force, a physician, ® matron in charge of the little boys, another, with two assistants, in charge of the girls uarters, and a corps of teachers, headed by iss Fisher, the principal. Nearly all of them live on the grounds, forming a pleasant com- munity. A large campus is inclosed by the girls’ quarters on the north, the houses of the super- intendent and his aesistant and the office on the cast, the school building and the teachers’ quarters on the south and the schoo! dining | hall on the west. Trees of great age grow in the western half, and at the edge of the grove stands a neat band pavilion for summer even- ing concerts. Between that and the east walk is a fine stretch of green sward for drilling | purposes. ‘The 340 boys aro organized into a battalion of five companies, with In for officers. Dennison Wheelock, a full-blooded Oneida, is major. Four of the companies are composed of rge boys and the viher one of 100 little fellows, who are quartered together, under the care of a matron. They have no aruis, but they drill very well in the foot movement: All the pupils of the school are uniformed, the boys in a light grayish bine, with red trim: mings. and reat enps, and the girls in navy Es blue dresses, flat blue felt hats and long blue cloaks. SCHOOL AND DISCIPLINE. The main work of the institution, of course, is done in the school rooms, which are effect- ively located in a new building that forms the southern end of the rectangle. "It standson the site of the old cavalry barracks that formed a art of the original military post of years ago. it is @ well-devigned structure, with ‘stairways both inside and outside of the wails, There are twelve large class rooms, furuial any school room in Washingtoi the principal, Miss Fisher; a music room and a large chapel or assembiy room in the center of the second floor that will seat fully six hundred People. ‘There are twelve classes going all the time, beet in charge of a teacher who does not chang The varying qualifications of the pupils when they report, caused by the variety of school conditions in the west, render it impracticable to grade the pupils according to their ages, and it often occurs that alittle tot of ten site next toa great, strapping Ind of sixteen and makes the same piss This is especially trne in the case of ins:ruction in English, in which the younger pupils are apt to be far more ready then the elder ones. There is an instance of a lad in ono of the lower gradesand his father in aroom only two years more ad- vanced. The father, afterhe had been at Carlisle s year, sent for the boy. Commissioner Morgan is endeavoring to establish a uniform system of education that will begin on the reservation and end at Car- Lisle, the former to start the pupil and the lat- ter to finish him and turn bim out with a training that will be very close to that given by the lower grades of a high school. Capt. Pratt disagrees in his theories with the commis- sioner, and would abandon the reservation schools and concentrate all pupils at schools similar to that at Carlisle, separated from the Indian colonies aud located in various parts of the east. It is estimated that if a boy could enter the school at Carlisle without any previous educa- tion—many of them fulfill this condition—and remain at the institution until graduated—none of them are able todo this uninterruptedly— the process would take ten yeurs. No pupil has ever stayed at Carlisle more than seven years ata time, though many, after their first live years huye elapsed, have gone back to their families for a period and then returned to finish their education. INDIAN TALK AND TOBACCO, The English language is taught by means of objects and lip motions. Two years are usually allowed a pupil to get hold of the English that is supposed to be required of a citizen, and in the meantime every effort ie made to break up the habit of the aboriginal tongue. ‘The means cere is a regulation that forms half of rr this season maxdments that are insisted upon. One ie— ‘Thou shalt not speak Indian. and the other— ‘Thou shalt not use tobacco. regarded ry new Pupils who: have hed little instruction in En- ish are grin! ial dispensation from the ‘iret fale, that int gradually withdsewn ce the ability to comply becomes greater. Satur- day night nt dinner the first sergeant of each ‘company collects from the boys their con- science reports for the week. They are in the form of ® printed slip of paper in which the pupils insert their names and their replies to the two searching queries: “Have you talked s week?” and “Have you used tobacco It is found that there is com; ively little cheating in these reports, as the boys are forced. to be honest b; Vigilance of their com panions and officers. There are no punish- ments prescribed for violations of these rules, except where boys are warned for first offenses and then persist in the act. The tobacco ques- tion causes. more anxiety on the part of the boysthan that which asks about talking Indisn, for there is a surprising tendency to the usc of e weed, even greater than in the average white, boy. | Repeated yoses given to either LS restead Ete cere ee vere 1 ‘are urged upon the tired to be ‘cican, 1» drose iin Capt. Pratt ved the sentence and ted it himself." So wholesome was the effect that this Fears of its existence. si sHors, Most of the shops that form the industrial part of the plant are located in a large one- storied building built on three sides of asquare in the rear of the boys’ quarters, forming the extreme northern boundary of the establith- ment. There are five of them here, where the boys are trained ta be tailors, tinners, cobblers, ntersand harness makers. The black- smith shop is in a stone building a rod or so to the west. but the superintendent will soon | move it into the new boiler house and turn the old stone structure over to the boys of the ¥. M. C. A., who have agreed to Surnish it, The industrial classes of the girls are placed in the dining hall building and are largely utilitarian; that is, they produce goods for home consumption. The sewing room anda tailoring or dressmaking establishment are o1 the second floor; the school kitchen 18 used fo1 the classes in cooking, while the girls are given courses in the laundry and ironing room. A graduated student has charge of the bakery, with two student apprentices as assistants, Journeymen printers are turned out from the school printing office, which is located in a large and well-lighted room over the boiler plant Here a couple of dozen bors set type and mange the presses that produce the job work for the school as well as a little weekly news shoot called The Helper anda monthly re- view entitled The Redman. mall wages are paid in the shops, s0.a8 to| remove cause for complaint that the pupils are | the | Quakers, who take a deep interest in has ted a boat epee Set of twelve Pd tis fund. "Most of the farm land Carlisle that belongs to the school bas been purchased with such money. A former pupil is in charge of the dairy, a Cheyenne Indian whom Capt. Pratt Pereonalty saw dancing around the scalp of ier years age. He has been quite civilized, has married a Pia te girl who formerly attended the school and now i tation. He trustees to tation of knowing as mu: bout dairy Po ad ing as any man within miles. His ie an ex- ample of what Carlisle can make of the Indian. « in conclusion, the great ques- tion of the solution of the indian problem. Various views as to the utility of educating the Indian are held, some claiming that it is use- less to teach them to be white if they are to go back to their reservati 1nd lapse into semi- savagery. Capt. Pratt maintains that there is no necessity for sending the children back, and {hh t if he can” have the right to keep | them tn the east after he has put them through | Carlisle he will make civitiesh som and women: of them and solve the Indian problem in less one generation. HOW AGATES aRE MADE They Come Mostly From Brasil and Are Cut in Germany. % A GATES ARE A KIND OF QUARTZ," said @ mineralogist to » Stan writer. “Most of them come from South America, and especially from Brazil, where they are found in great quantities. From thence they are shipped as ballast in vessels bound for Hamburg, Ger- many, and from that port they are’ forwarded forced to do the labor of the institution, as | to Oberstein. ‘The latter townis the great agate wellas to afford gome ineentive for earnest work. These compensations range from 6 to | 12 cents for each half di ttendance in the | shops. The money is put to the credit of the pupils in the school bank. The girls get no Wages except as waitresses in the dining rooms. ‘THE Boxs’ BAND. Avory creditable band of about twenty pieces furnishes music for the school on ail occasions. It is at present led by a bright young Oneida named Dennison Wheelock, who has finished his course at Carlisle and is now attending law lectures at the Dickinson College. He has re- | market of the world. ‘At Oberstein the agates are sorted into lote, according to quality, and scld at auction. | After this they are sent to the mills to be cut and polished. Along the Idar river, between the towns of Oberstein and Idar, there are more than a hundred and fifty mills for work- |ing agates. Each mill bus several big grind- stones, on which the valuable bits of quartz are ground, being usually atteched to small sticks for that purpose. Choice specimens are preliminarily cut into rough shapes with a steel cently secured a» full eet of new silver instruments, and by hard and patient work has’ managed to drill his com- ms into the production of some very excellent music. Indeed, while the pieces that they play are of a light, lively char ter, they could casily give a handicap to the erage town or village band and beat it out. Wheclock is a very clover performer on. the cornet, singing and accompanies the whenever it assembles the chapel. He is also the major of the b: talion, though it is but seldom that he is called’ upon to exercise his military dutica, The boys are very devoted to their work of making music and take as much time as possi- ble for practice. They have a room set apart for them in the gymnasium building and they are blowing and tooting at all hours when oif duty. On Saturday the captain—he is seldom or never addressed as Capt. Pratt—axked one of the boys to go to the station with three others to get a trunk, offering a compensation. The iad replied that he would like to earn the money, but that he belonged to the band and there was « rehearsal called for a few minutes | later and he must decline the job. Thie was | mammon downed by music. The gentle air of melody is utilized very largely in prying open the hesrts of these boys and girls. It iv given to thera in all forms and made 40 much a part of their daily lives that they come to love it and toseck for it, No | more poten: softening influence can be found. | At meals a grace is sung in unison by school betore a crumb of food is touched. sic is taught in various forms in the classes and in many cases sowe natural talent is found and developed. There is a choir of about th by a teacher on the pi. Vheelock on the cornet. The leading sopra is a little Pueblo girl, wko wears giasses, whose voice has an excellent range though somewhat small power. She sang a solo on the Saturday | night of the commissioner's visit that would have done credit to some conic opera singers. There ix another soloist, an Apache girl, whose voice isa full, rich contralto. As a rule the | girls are better singers than the boys, whose voices range too low to be of much use except in chorus work. The school sings readily from the hymn books, though, of conree, only the oldest pupils have learned to read music, and the little ones Join in whenever they find familiar strains. TRIBES MIXED TOGETHER. Over fifty different tribes are represented at the school, but there are no distinctions of any kind to mark them. In fact it is the aim of the superintendent to break down all tribal lines and antagonisms and to make all the pu- Pils feel first that they belong to the general class of Indians and then that they are mem- bers of the great family of Americans. He is | succeeding very largely in this, though, of course, there is perhaps more companionship between boys and girls who come from the same agency than among those who hail from widely separated sections, Yet in the assign ment of rooms to pupils it is usually the case that those of the same tribe are not put to- gether. Such » com! ion as a Pawnee, an neida and a Sioux in the same room is not unusual, and in many cases the most startling associations are formed, Indians bunking together of tribes that have for generations been at war with each other. societies, ETC. ‘There are several societies organized among the pupils. Foremost among these are the band, which is treated elsewhere; the Y. M. C. A., which is in excellent standing in the state organization; a branch of the King’s Daugh- ters, which does rome good work in keeping the girls occupied in vacation time: two debat- ing ‘societies that are desperate rivals on fre- quent occasions, and an athletic club that com- prises a gymnasium club. a base ball team and a foot ball eleven. The boys take naturally to the Indian clubs, and last Saturday night five of tuem gave an exhibition of artistic club swinging in the entertainment in honor of the M. C. A. affilintes with the branch in the town of Carlisle and that formed by the Dickinson College students. Union meetings of these are held three times each year, at the various rooms, Thatat the school occured last Sunday, Gen. Morgan delivering an addross. ‘The foot ball and base ball teams compete with those of the town at frequeat intervals, and there is always a. great deal of uncertainty as to the results. A few years ago some of the boys played Jacrosse, the native Indian game of ball, but it did not grow in favor in comy b fis tition with base ball and so it died out.‘ Presents an odd spectacle of evolution. FARMING OUT. Capt. Pratt's appropriations and accommo- dations are sufficient to provide for only about 550 pupils, but he has managed to take nearly £00 in altogether by building up his system of farm employment. It was started several years ago and has become so successful and so widely known that he is constantly in receipt of letters from well-to-do people all over Pennsylvania and the neighboring states asking for a reliable Indian boy or girl. When such a letter comes he first makes inquiries by correspondence as to the character of the applicant and then be picks out a worthy pupil whom he thinks would be satisfactory and offers him the place. Seldom does he receive a refusal. large, but as the bors FF 3 F H i F F 3 He Hi i iii EF ‘a bf i He i 1 school in | The wages | stor and wheel and diamond powder. Common ones, ho | ever, are merely broken into the forms desired with hammer and cnisel. By long experience | the workmen acquire great dexterity iu apply- | ing their blows s0 as to obtain the requisite | fractures. “At ench revolving grindstone two men work. | Thoy donot sit or stand, but lie outstretched upon wooden stools made to fit their bodies, While they hold the agate to the grindstone they geia purchase with their fect against blocks of wood fastened to the floor. After | being ground the agates are polished on eylin- ders of hard wood, which are fed as they re- volve with @ mixture of tripoli aud water, “Agates are often colored artificially this and heated. ‘Then they eretput into sulphuric acid and heated again. some layers of agate are quite porous, while others are dense, the oii enters the porous lay- ers, where it is biackencd by the acid, thus making the contrast between ihe colors of the layers more striking and enhancing the beauty of the siones. Other colors are given to « by soaking in different aol Lut these methods are tra i For o secrets. Written for The Evening Star. On the Bust of John Howard Payne” OAK HILL CEMETERY, WASHINGTON, D.C. weet Home” he lived and earth long slept his honored dust, borne across the Atlantic tide, And over it in marble gicamed his bust. et life-like, ‘mid the embowering trees, yon its pedestal It seemed dedi: » the cent . To bid, but yet was doomed therefrom to fall. Fate even to his Migr no rest As ty his life—no rest enduring gave, But sent a furious wind out of the West ‘To hur! it down above his second grave. | Though it should ne'er be lifted up again, | _ That humbie slab, brought o'er the briny foam, Would tei here es the dust of Howard Payne, ‘The dust of him who sang of Home, Sweet Home. More eloquently of the poet's fate Speaks the bure shaft. While o'er that fate we sigh, Tis song his memory shatl perpetuate, ‘Not marble bust. His fame shall never die. What are the labored monuments of art he dear words and music of a song ‘That thrills the chord of every human heart? While men exist, ‘Time ne'er shail do it wrong. “This beautiful memorial, erected by his friend Corcoran, was thrown down and injured by @ storm November 30, 1801. December 21, 1891. pasicleale eter Sized Up as = Rustler. From the Detroit Free Press. He bad on a cowbov'shat—he had long hair and fierce black eyes—there wasaclaw from the foot of a grizzly bear dangling from his watch chain. You could size him up only in one ‘he had killed his man, or perhaps half « dozen of them. If he hadn't fought Indians and stood up to the bad, bad men of the far west then his looks belicdhim. He wasa quiet, unostentatious man, a¥all nervy men are. He was reading a dime novel, as all gamo men do when they travel. Now and then he felt down the back of his neck to vee if his bowie knife was cuddling up to his spine in a proper man- ner, and now and then he reached down to his boot legs to see that his cargo of revolvers hadn't shifted. Three or four of us, after taking plenty of time to size him up, decided to ask bim how and where he got the wound which bad left the sear clear across his left cheek. It looked like the work of Sitting Bull's tomahawk, but we wanted the particulars. So it was agreed that I should work him up to tell his story and after & quarter of au hour of diplomacy I had shaped matters so I dared observe: “That isa bad scar you have on your cheek and there is no doubt a story connected with it? Yes, sir, there is,” he replied. Wethould like to hear the particulars, if you have no objections.” “Oh, the story don’t amount to much,” be modestly remarked. ‘But youcertainly hadaclosecall. Howmany were around you?” ‘indians? I dida’t see no Indians.” “Ob, perbape Zou, were in a western when it was held up aud you got that scar fighting off the road agents?” ver saw @ road agent in my life,” he an- swered. be, tackled by a bad man out in Montana, per- P ver was out in Montana, and never bad man.” “But yon bad a fight,” I persisted. I didn't.” “Well, perhaps you'll be kind enough to ex- plain how you got that scar?” “I will. “I went into a restaurant in Toledo and ordered apumpkin pie. ‘The waiter brought me a squash pie instead. Ikicked. The vothesedposrae who was a woman, got mad and slashed me with an old case kuife. I afterward settled wi ith her for $3 in cash. That W. L. Sozmaxea. lars a month and found, but I quit the day and am going to Toled: stomach bitters to sell rarpose they are first placed in olive vil | Owing to the fact that | ngates | tions and otherwise, always welcome. PROBLEM No. 70 (Tourney Proviem No. 27. By MISS H. C. NORKISON, Washinton, D.@ (Compoesi for The Ewem.ng Star.) Biack — Three (1) places. SJ ais fa White— Eurhit (&) pieces, ‘White to play and mate in two (2) mowes. PROBLEM No. 71 (Tourney Problem No. 2B. By E. M. BORLETT, Washineton, D.C. B4 (Composed for The Evening Star.) Biack —Pive (3) pieces. io. 17). There ti Te eae . KUL Padorf, Mise Morrison, Wy A. V. Boatrite, “good.” BE. M. Bor- aA Ratehy Jeet 8b » Problem N. bem ay Problem No. 18), RES ery obviows key” taming. Be vatrite, hand ead tew “pest, out variations.” red, M. Cauimung, EM Too crowded.” ah, asc frnt dawiderstut ise Mise Morrison, it. iM z, thie olem 8 Vaciation,” Keres tT call ' nicer, E BM doriett, Punter, HM. Ezdort, Much to every one’s surprise the Judd- Showalter match bas began, at last accounts. Mr. Steinitz left for Havana today, where he will meet Tschigorin in the great match toward the close of this month. The following are the additional entries in the home club's tourney: Messrs. O'Farrel, Coole;, Reubsahm and Key. ‘The solving tourney closssin two more weeks. oo —_—___ FOREST THE GABOON. Some of the Horrors Which Prof. Garnee Must Meet With te Gorilla Land. ROF. R. L. GARNER, IN HIS PURSUIT of the gorillas for congersational purposes, is likely to find more deadiy foes to encounter than even those ferocieus apes. Should be |escape the natives, who are both cruel and treacherous, he must still contend with the | climate. It is said that im the region of the |Gaboon such deadly fevers prevail that it is | hardly possible for a white man to enter the | jungle and come out alive. The Baron Hugo | von Koppenfels, who speat some time in that | country as a naturalist and collector, wan- | dered, lost und alone for days together, enduring terrible suffering and in constant fear of death. Writing subsequently of bis experi- ences he ea; Judd was abead fo give a just description of « tropical for- est, like that of the Gabvon, is impossible. 18 is too grand and diversitied, but, with ali ite | splendor and beauty, it és deceitful and dan- | Rerous, Woe to the’ inexperienced man who essays to penctrate into its interior. He soon | becomes involved in a chaos of roots, of inter- lacing lianas, of failen trunks, covered with « tangied growth of underbrush, all growing | frovin tok and swampy soil. Here be breathes nt, musty, green-house air, which de- :v.ee the apirite and deadens the Added to this there is a deep, gloom: which broods over this place of most luxuriant growth and rapid decay. Although these mye terions shadows bide an active and varied aui- mal life the ear of any kit a fruit or ‘Such a forest is a sub! of unending stady, and only he whom sales bas endowed with owner | not die From the New York Weeks. Angry iandlord—*You've either got to pay your back rent now or get out.” Tenant—"All right, I'll get out. By the today?” rosa rs f