Evening Star Newspaper, May 23, 1891, Page 9

THE BRITISH LEGATION. UNDER BRITAIN’S FLAG Sir Julian Pauncefote and His House- hold. THEIR SOCIAL POPULARITY. ‘The Routine of Life at the Logation—The Drawing Rooms of the Fine Old Mansion— Lady Pauncefote as = Pedestrian—Mrs. Seustor Hawley and Her English Ways. HANDSOME BRITISH LEGATION building on Connecticut avenue is distin- guished as one of the most hospitable centers of Washington, where the ever-ready gracious- ness of the host and hostess welcomes one with & warm cocdiality that goes straight to the heartand makes = friend of each of those who chance within its influence. The mansion itself is a commodionsred brick building with gray stone facings and extensive wings within agreen inolosure, commending ‘one of the most raluable corners on Connecticut avenue in thenew West End, with rear grounds stretching back for the depth of an entire block. The interior arrangement of the dwoll- ing is planned upon that practical regard for solid comfort and simplicity of style that dis- tinguishes the homes of our cousins over the water. One passing beneath » wide porte- cochere enters the lofty hallway. On the left open the handsome drawing rooms and on the Tight the offices of the legution. THE DRAWING Rooms. The drawing rooms are finished with a solid- ity of comfort and elegance of taste most re- freshing to the eye of oxe accustomed to the gingerbread show an2 gaudy glitter of most modern drawing rooms. The first of these apartments is furnished in crimson, with rich damask hangings, a choice collection of paint- fogs by eminent masters—a beautiful photo- graph of the queen, taken shortly after ber widowhood, also adorns the wall—and others of Prince and Princess of Wales. In this room stands Lady Pauncefote’s sec- Yetary, occupying s cozy corner near a sunny window, where several hours of each day are spent in personal attendance to her large correspondence. Adjoining is the salmon room or second parlor, beautifal with oriental hangings purchased in China by the mini during bis official term in the east. Large double doors open from this into the long ball room beyond. probably the largest in Washington. lighted by dee; bay windows onthe south and west, hung wit curtains of crimson damask. Upon ordinary occasions rich Persian rugs and comfortable divans are scattered about, tempting one to linger in idle enjoyment of the hour. When packed with camp chairs, as upon oceasions of concert or other entertainment of the kind. the Toom has a seating eapscity of 400, and when the doors of the spacious dining, hall connect- ing are thrown open the accommodations are Upon a greatly increased scale. THE GRAND STAIRCASE. Almost the first object that greets one upon entrance is a full-length portrait of her majesty, the queen, painted during the handsomest | oxy of her reign, before her imposing figure been spoiled through the increased avoir- dapois that of later years has rendered her 0 incapable of active exercise. This canvas fills the space on the wall at the head of the first flight of steps leading to the Bpper corri- dor.on which open the sleeping apartments and dressing rooms of the family. From the win- dows on the east in front of the mansion view may be obtained of the fash- fonable boulevard it commands from end broken on the north by the green lawns t Circle, that intecsects its juncture husetts avenus on the east and P strect on the north—with Stewart Castle, now ‘the residence of the Chinese embassy—as an objective point beyond. Within stone's throw be the me residence erected Pleasant Sunday afternoon. One may then en- exceptional ties of the offi- Peter ten world out in full force in young men and et ‘old beaux as well. Prob- ably no other city outside of Paria presenta so 9 an assem! ithin the embassy the daily routine of life oveson with clock-like regularity, and Sir Jalian and Lady Pauncefote, with inter- ‘Retaining all her unbred fondness for pedes- ‘trian exercise the wife and mother finds time fora constitutional after the trans: action morning duties, the afternoon hours, after a midday devoted to weleor returning Upon these tram; Pauncefote is usually ac- companied by = long, lank, Reinter, whose evident pride and at honor thus conferred upon is evinced by a series of @n- dols and sudden over her skirt thet usually him a gentle pat or sive word of en- | couragement from his mistress. Usually om | Sunday afternoon the handsome couple, the tall, dignified minister, his genial face crowned with snowy locks, and his strikingly young ap- | pearing wife, may be seen taking their walk to- gether ‘along the avenue, through Dupont irele and away beyond through the newly laid out portions of the city to the boundary, or as the spring advances extending their prome- nade across x C . then northward to the heights of George- town, where magnificent view is obtained of the Capitol and win of the Potomac and the Virginia hills beyond—abeau- tiful panorama of several miles in extent. An active leader in every charitable work. Lady Pauncefote finds time among her multiplicity of demands for personal. attention to needy eases brought to her notice. She is also an active member of a number of social clubs. The young ladies are not such devoted pedes- trians as their mother, preferring the less fatiguing mode of locomotion on wheels, and no more stylish turnout is to be ‘SIR JULIAN PAUNCEFOTS. seen on the broad avenues than the yellow dog- cart of the legation, with Miss Pauncefoto as whip. Sybil, the youngest, is an ardent horse- woman, and was not long since overheard to de- clare to her father that she would rather be allowed to attend the riding academy with the Misses Morton, daughters of the Vice President, than do any! in the world. SIR JULIAN ON THE BOX. The minister and his wife will often, from preference, when the weather is clear, take ad- vantage of the light wagon, in place of the more heavy family carriage, to make the circuit of their calls, for be it known to his credit that this fine old scion of nobility and his charming helpmeet make their return visits in Berson, to far as possible, Sir Julian himself dismounti m box and resenting hiscardatthe house. Lady Paunce- jote has been known to call on foot and express her regrets at inability to accept this or that invitation. This unbending of official dignity and unpretentious living has conduced largely to the rity which the couple enjoy. though they never by any means overlook the discretion of conduct required of a diplomat. Some time ago I had occasion to call on Lady Pauncefote for an interview upon s topic of social interest in connection with @ newspaper articie on hand. all courtesy in the sunny morning room of th embassy, but explained as delicately as possi ble that, although Lady Pauncefote would be most happy to grant me any assistance in her power, she dare not, owing to the peculiar rela- tiona ‘in which they stood to the govern- ment, break through rule and give public expression to sentiments, even though the subject be merely of social importance. “I trust you understand this,” he quickly added, fearing to wound. “The American custom of ladies’ names ap- pearing in print upon any and every occasion is a very proper , sanctioned by the cus- tom of the country, and in my opinion per- fectly correct; but you know that with us gn the other side of the water women feel differ- ently, and I would be greatly obligedif you will pardon my refusal to comply with your most complimentary request.” ‘€RS. SENATOR HAWLEY. There is another English woman in Wash- ington who has won for herself an important place in our midst. This lady is Mrs. Senator Hawiey, whose pleasant home, situated in the social quarter of the old West End, is ever a welcome retreat from the busy rush of the fashionable world without. The family of the Senator from Connecticut consists of his wife, his little adopted daughter and his two chil- dren by the present marringe. The elder, “Baby Bab,” as she is familiarly called, is & bright little tot of two years old, ed of an accomplishment seldom won by one of such tender years. Like her mother, a true English woman, she inherits a love of and is already a fine swimmer, having last season learned the art while bathing with her mother off the New England coast, where she was an unfailing source of admiration to the guests at the resort. The baby, alsoa girl of some three or four months old, completes the number. Two kittens, little waifs,appropriately named Cinder- ella and the Proud Sister, owing to their marked peculiarities, form no unimportant portion of the household and prove an unfailing source of amusement. Cinderella persists in spend- her days, and nights as well, in dro ‘amid the warm ashes of ‘the’ long wood on the sitting room hearth, scarcely taking time tempted forth for ‘necessary food, while the “Proud Sister,” also astray wanderer in from the streets, refuses all association with more humble-minded companion, whom passes by with a step of proud disdain and takes her position in stately satin cushion on the parlor so ‘& MODERN BOMANCE. The story of Mra. Hawley’s marziage is a ro- mantic one. Several years since she crossed the ocean for the purpose of devoting her life to the work of = hospital nurse, and upon her arrival in Philadelphia took control of the city hospital, at that time without heed “or [Brover managemen’ untiring zeal votion to the best interests of the institution raised the charity into public througn her off terest’ of society ladies of the Quaker city. One of her plans to win their co- operation was to arouse interest thr: Christmas celebra' ignity upon a est oe 5, and feast © Mexican from the western part of Valenco county brings tidings of ecrious 3 if Feld He if i iH : i f 7 Sir Julian received me with | ‘THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON. D.C. REAL ESTATE GOSSIP. Extonding the City Streets and Avenues Into the Suburbs. CONGRESS LIKELY TO BE CALLED ON FOR SOME LEOISLATION RELATIVE TO SUBURBAN STREETS— FINE HOUSES BRECTED IN VARIOUS PARTS OF ‘THE CITY—OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST. Congress at its next session will no doubt be called upon to consider some plan for the con- tinuation of the city streets beyond the present urban limits. It is not a new topic for con- gressional consideration, by any means, but it will be a new Congress and toa majority of the members perhaps the subject will be quite fresh and novel. For the past six or seven years there has been more or less discussion about suburban streets, and the Dis- trict committees have been presented with ar- guments, oral and written, without number, advocating the adoption of some system of street extension, so that the plan of the new city that is growing up outside of the limits of the city which was designed by direction of Washington more than one hundred years ay will show something of the same foresight which the father of his country displayed when he placed his sign manual-to the design of L'Enfant. There are no new arguments to be added to what has already been said in favor of taking some action in the direc- tion of securing a definite and uniform plan. The growth of the city has, however, verified the predictions made by those who advocated this policy several years ago. The city has gone beyond its present limits. People have erected houses in the suburbs and rail- roads have been constructed and others are in contemplation to connect the distant points with the center of the city. Land has increased amazingly in value. A few years ago $500 per acre was considered a high price for land near the bounds of the city, and in some cases ad- joining the city. In 1886 that was all that was paid for the country place of Mr. Gales, then as now known as Eckington. Yet only recently an option was given on a tract of about twenty-two acres ad- joining Eckington on the north, and the price that is said to have been agreed upon was over $5,000 per acre. In the same viciuity,but farther to the west, a syndicate has» just com- pleted negotiations for the Moore tract, con- taining about forty-five acres, for which they will pay about $5,500 per acre. ‘This land has a frontage of about 500 feet on Boundary street and extends back for about a mile. It, however, adjoins Le Droit Park and lies between’ that flourishing _subdi- vision and the more recent one of Bloom- ingdale. One of the notable features about this transaction is the fact that it is the only land lying between Le Droit Park and the Brentwood road bordering on the city bounds that has not been subdivided. With the exception of a few small tracts all the land adjoining the city from the Brentwood road to Rock creek has now been divided up into building lots. SUBURBAN PROPERTY PRICES. Values have been on an ascending scale all through the suburbs. Twenty-five cents per foot for lots outside of the city limits a few Years ago was regarded as the high-water mark for suburban property. Now #1 and even @2 per foot is asked and obtained. As this movement, which has thus been merely outlined, ‘has not been simply speculative, but has resulted in fine improve- ments and in the expenditure of large sums of money, it is thought that the necessity for a uniform plan of street extension will appear to Congress to demand consideration. It will undoubtedly cost more money than would have been the case if an effort had been made to secure the Innd needed for streets some years ago. But the growth of Washing- ton has surpassed the expectations of the great majority of the residents here, and it is, thererefore, not surprising that Congress "has been ‘caught napping and has failed to keep up with the progress of events. A great muny dollars were saved when the law was enacted in 1888 which required that all subdivisions must be in accordance with the plan of the city. By that act Congress deprived property owners of theright to say how their land shoul? be subdivided. Justice to those who have complied with this law, as well as a proper regard for the future of the suburbs, it is claimed, now requires that the old subdi- ions of land or those laid out prior to the ge of the law of 1898 should be made to conform to the plan of the city and to the plan followed in the more recent subdivisions. THE CONNECTICUT AVENUE EXTENSION. ‘The present situation is rather anomalous and ia productive of such questions as were recently brought before the Commissioners by the owners of the Phelps property at the head of Connecticutavenue. They wanted the Com- missioners to decide that the extension of Con- necticut avenue through their property was not necessary. Congress has never said exprogly tint the streets and avenues of the city should be extended, but it has enacted a law which requires that all sub- divisions must be in accordance with the plan of the city. The Commissioners therefore uro unable to approve of any subdivision which does not contain the extension of the streets andavenues on a line with the city streets and avenues. The owners of the Phelps prop- erty, inorder to secure the legal record- ing of a subdivision, must extend Con- necticut avenue through this tract. They are of the opinion that such extension is not necessary, and naturally they prefer not to donate a tract of land 130 feet wide to the public when, if the avenue was not extended, they could probably get #2 or $3 per foot for the same land. The subdivision of the land will probably be delayed, and this incident serves to show the importance of some early action on the part of Congress relative to the entire question of suburban streets. TWo NEW HOMES. Good types of comfortable homes are shown in the residences which are being built on 16ih street between P and Q streets by Dr. J. C. McGuire and Mir. Rudolph Kauffmann. These houses are separated by a «pace. which gives an opportunity for the side light which is such an important feature of a city house. The dimly lighted inner room which is always an incident to an ex- tended suite of apartments in houses built in the center of a block is avoided in these two houses. Dr. McGuire's house, which was designed by Mr. Glenn Brown, architect, has front of brick, relieved’ by stone of o hght shade. There is a cir- eular projection which extends to the top of the house and is finished above the roof line with s conical roof. The projection is enriched with stone columns with carved caps. The main entrance is marked by an open vesti- bule faced with red brick. From the entrance hall there is along vista. through the staircase hall, ending with a large old-fashioned fireplace, with a mantel of gener- ous proportions. ‘The’ staircase hall separates the library, which adjoins the parlor, from the dining room. The interior wood finish is cy- press, which gives the tone color to the entire system of the decoration of the walls. The design of the front of Mr. Kauffmann’s house has been worked out very effectively by the use of serpentine stone in connection with blue stone for the sills and courses. The archi- tect, Mr. W. Bruce Gray, has made one of the features of the front the bay window, which is finished in the third story witha stone balus- trade. The face of the gable is relieved by pilasters with carved caps marking the window openings. The roof is covered with tile. By the platform steps entrance is gained to which opens into the staircase hall beyond. The the | front, have a frontage of 25 e-| ing on Empores streot in Frark N. Carver and F. L. Hanvey. The low- est bidder was a Philadelphia and the contract is to be awarded to him. The of the honse is classic and fs to be worked out in white marble and white terra cotta. ‘The main front on New Hampshire avenue, extending some bundred feet, hus for ita princi. pal feature a large porch, the root of which supported by great This porch in ite size and general design greatly resembles the of the White House. The details of the jouse are simple and the treatment is broad and strong. The roof, covered with tile, has overhanging eaves and the wide window open- ings are marked by pointed architecture. MRS. CLOVER’S RESIDEXCE. ‘The lot at the intersection of New Hampshire avenue, 18th and Q streets, which was recently purchased by Mrs. Richard Clover, the wife of Lieut. Clover of the navy and the daughter of the late ex-Senator Miller of California, is to be improved by the erection of @ fine residence, designed by Mr. T. F. Schneider, architect. ‘The massive white stone walls of the three fronts will be broken by bay windows, porches and towers and a grand arched entrance with granite steps twelve feet wide as the approach to it. Columns with carved capitals will en- rich the front. A circular tower at the avenue corner extends four stories high, ending above the high, red-tiled roof of the house, not with the typical conventional cone, but with an or- nate Yattlement. The high roof of the house isfurther broken by pinnacles, gables and chimney to) The interior will be rehly treated: ‘The first floor will contain a 20x40 feet, with » massive oak staircase at the end, on one landing of which an oriel window extends out on the 18th street front. This hall will have paneled walls, and oak timbered and paneled ceiling. To the left of the hall will be 4 large parlor finished in ivory-whiteand gold. To the right the library in mahogany and then the dining rooms with paneled walls and ceiling in mahogany. All the floors will be inlaid with hard woods. wec- | ond and third floors will be finished in differ- entkinds of hurd woods. Electric lights as well as gas will be provided for and the heat- ing will be by combination boiler for either steam or hot water. THREE GooD HoUsEs. A handsome block of three houses has been commenced at the southwest corner of 20th street and Hillyer place for Messrs. L. H. Em- mert and Geo. W. Heisley. The plans wore made by Mr. T. F. Schneider. the architect. The corner house will be 26 feet front on 20th tect and 70, on Hillyer place, the houso.d- joining it on 20th street will be 24 feet wide and the one on Hillyer piace 22 feet wide. They Will all be three stories high and have base- ments and attics. The fronts will be of white stone to the second story window sills and pfs brick and stone above, with high tiled roofs. ‘There will be no tower on the corner, as is usually the case with corner houses, but the entrance will be there instead and the columns forming the entrance will make s |feature of the front. The interiors are ar- |ranged with large square central sircase halls with oak screens and paneling, and the whole interiors will be —— hard woods and heated by steam. SOME XEW HOUSES. ©. Y. Trott is building for Chas. W. Handy a | handsome suburban residence on Washington Heights. The house will be of frame, two stories and attic high, with » frontage of35 feet by a depth of 40 feet. ‘Two small brick dwellings are being erected at 339 and 341 D street sot rs. Dr. McKim. F. B. Pyle is the Vaughn the builder. R. C. Mangum is building » two-story brick dwelling at No. 16 11th street southeast. It Will be two stories highand haves large cellar. |, A row of four two-story brick dwellin; | from 610 to 616 9th street, have been started by James H. Grant. East Capitol street is shortly to have a de- | cided improvement in the shape of a comfort- | able three-story and basement brick dwellin | at 634 East Capitol street. The house wi have all modern improvements, Charles W. King is building four fine dwell- ings at 310, 312, 314 and 816 Delaware avenue northeast. The houses, though small, being but two stories high, will be quite comfortable. Two handsome three-story and cellar brick dwellings are about to be erected at 2110 and 2112 R street northwest. James Robbins is the architect, builder and owner. 5 Ground has been broken and foundation lai for the commencement of a four-story and basement brick dwelling at 1138 14th street northwest for Heury D. Fry. The house is to have a frontage of eighteen feet and a depth of sixty-three feet. James F. Denson is the archi- tect and John E. Simms the builder. Work has been commenced on two brick dwellings at 8158 and 8160 Beall street north- west by John 8. Larcombe, who is building for ‘Thomas Hyde a couple of two story and cellar dwellings there. Harvey L. Page has made plans for a ve handsome three-story and cellar briek dwell- ing, shortly to be erected at 1717 K street north- west by T. J. Coffey. The house will have a frontage of forty-five feet by a depth of forty- eight feet. The front wil: be of press bri John 8. Larcombe is the builder. ‘The erectic: of a handsome dwelling bas just been commenced at 1717 K street northwest by T. J. Coffey. The house will be three stories igh with a large cellar and have a frontage of 45 feet by a depth of 48 feet. Harvey L. is the architect and John 8. Lercombe the builder. Thomas W. Kerr is building for Celia M. Coughlin at 1731 and 1788 K street two handsome three-story and basement brick dwellings. N. T. Haller is the architect. J. R, Littell has broken ground for the erec- tion of @ neat three-story and basement brick dwelling at 1626 § street northwest. The front will be of press brick, set off with brick and tron cornices and oriel projections ‘Two small brick dwellings are being erected at 545 and 547 9th street southeast by M. F. Coxen. The houses will be two stories high with basements and have a froutage of 16 feet by a depth of $2 feet. E.R. Wayson is the nuilder. ‘The foundation ‘has been laid for a large carriage factory'at 622 G street northwest, to be erected by S. J. Meeks. The building will be five stories high with a large cellar, and be built of pressed brick. Jno. G. Meyers is the architect and H. F. Getz the builder. It will be a fine improvement. Win. Yost & Bro. are erecting for Jno. F. Donchue three two-story and cellar brick dwellings at 1012, 1014 and 1016 B street north- east. Jas. Connor is erecting @ small two-story brick dwelling at 132 D street southeast. A trio of tasty two-story brick dwellings will shortly be completed at 917 Massachusetts ave- nue and 16 and 18 10th street northeast. Wm. Carrico is the owner and builder. A neat suburben frame dwelling is being erected on Eslin avenue in Holmead manor subdivision by Catherine C. Pechin. A of 83 feot by a depth of 47 fect insures pienty of room. 5. T. Loveless and J. W. Phillips are buildin, three small brick dwellings at 214, 216 and 218 8th street northeast. E. H. Harner is building a brick and stone dwelling at 3040 Stoddart street, Georgetown. All modern improvements will be provided. Chas. Harkness is the architect and builder, W. H. Manogue is building a row of sixteen small two-story brick dwellings from 2700 to 2718 N street and from 1240 to 1250 27th stree! Georgetown." He is. also building tourtesk dwellings of the same sort in the alley in square 45._ Brigham & Lowe are the builders. Eigigt three-story and basement brick dwell- ings will shortly be built at 244 to 254 Delaware syenue and 21 to 28 C street northeast by BH. Warder. N. 'T. Haller is the architect and Geo. E. Emmons the builder. J. J. Barker has commenced the erection of canines —— ee eae and Ohio ilroad at Langdon fe is also buildin, for himself a handsome two-si A handsome improvement is soon to be com- pleted at 1713 M street northwest, where Jobn Larcombe is building a fine th: and cellar brick dwelling. The house when co: — = have a frontage of 22 feet by a depts 2 feet A fine dwelling is now being erected bella B. Teel at 1765 Rstreet nertivecae? The red bi Hoare willbe bil of brik with 'a"fed prick feet by a th of modora imp all rove- is the architect and 61 feet and provided with a Fred Pilling frontage | ai nro SATURDAY, MAY 23, 1891—SIX'TTEEN HOW BIRDS FLY. Man's Attempts st Aerial Volitation Are Mistaken Ones. MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES USED—THE Law oF GRAVITY 18. NOT IN THE WAT OF FLIGHT, BUT ASSISTS IT—IF A BIRD WERE LIGHTER THAN AIR IF COULD NOT FLY—THE MECHANISM EMPLOYED. 66/J\HE ART OF FLYING, IP IT Is EVER attained by man, will be achieved by the application of principles far different from those by which investigators up to the present time havo tried to gain that end,” said an ex- pert ornithologist to a writer for Tax Stan. “In almost ail human attempts to navigate the air it has been sought first to acquire a buoy- ancy by which the acrostas and its passenger should be given a lightness sufficient to enable them to float in the atmosphere. This was considered the essential thing, after which the problems of propulsion and steering were con- sidered. “This is the error that has done more than all others put together to set at naught the | efforts of experimenters in this direction up to the present time. To, show how great a mis- take it is take the birds foranexample. They are not lighter than the air, but enormously | heavier. If they were lighter than the air th might float, but they could not fly. That is just the difference between the bird and the alloon. The latter is lighter than the atmos- phere and floats upon it; thus it cannot be di: rected or propelled, becanso it contains no | force wherewith to resist the currents of air in which it is immersed and no fulerum to exert loree against. It becomes, as it were, a part | of the atmosphere and must go wherever it | goes. “Solomon, who was credited with paralleled wisdom, said of ‘the way of an eagle in the nir' that he ‘knew it not:’ but, however mysterious may be the instinct by | which the bird makes use of natural forces, the mechanical principles it employs in flight are no longer a mystery. THE FORCE OF GRAVITY. “The seronaut’s first effort is directed to overcoming the force of gravity, but that is precisely the force upon which the bird most importantly depends for its powers of volita- tion. Gravity to the fowl of the air is what the string is to the kite; without it the animal would at once keel over and fail fluttering to the ground. To make my mcaning clear you must realize that gravity is a steadily-acting force to be worked against. It gives the flying creature s fulcrum against which to ply wings. The wings are the levers; were the fulcrum absent the wings would flap vainly. To overcome the force of gravity the bird de- Ponds upon the elasticity of the air, which, e any other finid, rebounds when’ struck. The wis aoe the atmosphere lownward and is upheld, even against gravita- tion, by the rebound. e “Few persons hava any notion of the force grdinarily expended by e bird in the air. The heron, remarkable for its slow and heavy flight, flaps its wings 150 times minute. “No one ever tried to count the volitative pulsations of the pigeon and the partridge. thowe of the lat- ter being ¢o swift as to leave only a blurred im- pression on the eye. It is interesting to ob- serve that the dimensions of a bird's wing are always inexact adjustment to the size and weight of the bird it is intended to lift. CONSTRUCTION OF A BIRD'S WING, “Another provision made in the adaptation of the bird's wing to the purpose in view is that the feathers, composed of such light though strong material, are made to underlap .each other, so that in the downward flap the pressure of air converts the whole series into one con- nected membrane, while in the upward stroke they separate and let the air through with as little resistance as possible. “You ask how it is that the bird is able to move forward through the air. That is a power due merely to the structure of the wings, which are rigid in front and extremely elastic toward. the ends, all the feathers pointing backward. When the wing is flapped perpendicularly, the compressed and resistant air seeks eseape by the ‘easiest way. “It cannot go upward rough the wing, because the feathers are closed; noz can it make its. way out forward so easily past the bent and rigid framework of bones in front. But it finds ready exit back- ward by lifting the elastic ends of the feathers in the rear of the wing, thus communicatin, push forward to the body of the bird. By this mechanical contrivance the same volume of air is made to do the double duty of sustaining the bird’s weight and of communicating to it a for- ward impulse. The creature, therefore, has only to repeat its perpendicular blows upon the atmosphere in order to sustain and pro) itself. If vou take in your hand the stretehed wing of aberon which has been dried i that position and strike it quickly downward you will find it very difficult to maintain the verti- cal direction of the stroke, and that if you do not use much force to resist the tendency your hand be carried forward. WEIGHT AND NOT BUOYANCY. “In all the beautiful evolutions of birds upon the wing it is weight and not buoyancy which makes these evolutions possible. True, one often sees birds soaring with no motion of their Wings that is perceptible, but this they are en- ubled to do by using as a sustaining force the breeze that strikes against the widespread vanes extended from their bodics. It is the principle of the kite. To bring these two forces —the wind and gravity—into the perfect bal- ance necessary for accomplishing this feat called soaring, requires the most expert and accom; d powers of flying, such as few birds possess. To perform it, the animal must expand or contract ite pinions exactly to the right size and hold them precisely at the cor- rect angle. The slightest alteration in these adjustments produces instantly an upsettin, of the balance. Fowls which seek their food in the air have long and powerful wings and their command of them is 4o perfect that they cau pick up a firing gnat in the sir while tray- eling at the rate of 60 miles an hour. Such in particular are the powers of some species of the Swallow tribe. “in some birds the wing has to be adapted to the deuble purpose of flight and diving. In, their cage a large area of pinion has to be dis- pensed with, because it could not be worked to advantage under water. diving birds have ver; of them the wing is nothing more than a pow- erfal fin for use in swimming and of no utility whatever for flight. TAILS NOT USED AS RUDDERS. “It is popularly imagined that birds’ tails serve them as rudders for stecring purposes, but that is not true. If they had been designed by naturo with that object in view they would have been set with their vancs vertical and not horizontal. ‘The appendage, in fact, is merely intended for a balance, and’ you will find that birds which possess great ‘ease in evolution through the air have largely developed tails. Humuing birds are perhape the most remark- able examples known of the machinery of fly- ing. , Their power of poising themselves in the air while searching blossoms for insects, remaining absolutely stationary, is extra- ordinary, depending not upon soaring but upon the inconceivably rapid motion of their wings, a8 you may observe for yourvelf any mae ~The r a bird’s wings in Proportion to the weight of its body the more rapidly it must flap them in order to sustain itself. ‘The huge spread of the owl, with its soft and feathery plumage, enables it’ to float through the night air so noiselessly in pursuit of prey that you might not hear it if it passed close ‘by your head. On the other hand, the smailer wings of the diving birds must be agitated with great Fanidity to. sustain them, and they. have so le power of floating in the atmosphere they come into coutast with’ the water, when after a fish, with a flop and a shower bath. All the same it is the small winged birds like the oiyny 4 PAGES. THE POPK’S ENCYCLICAL, Leo XIII Believes That Universal Co-oper- ation in Life te Necessary. The full text of the pope's encyclical has ap- Peared. In his exordium the popedilates upon the task which he has set himself in defining for the guidance of the church its position to- ward the existing social questions. The pope refers to the pressing importance of the matter and the difficulty in dealing with it arising from its complex character, owing to. the numerous concurrent factors requiring con- sideration; yet, he says, a solution can be ob- tained by applying the eternal principles on which the teachings of the church are always based. Now, as ever, men's relations toward each other as individuals or parts of society must have the sanction of the old authority. The law is stated in Deuteronomy iii21. “Non concupisces uxorem proximo tui, non domam, non agrum, non aucillum, non’ bouem, non asinum. et universa que’ illius sunt.” The ‘livine law, therefore, rejects the socialist so- lution of the social problem, which would abolish private property, substituting a eol- lective and common ownership. ‘THE STATE AND THE IXDIVIDUAL. Proceeding to consider the relations of the state to the individual the pope says: “To think thet the authority of the state ought arbitrarily to invade family intimacy is a great and pernicious error. Undoubtedly it can in- tervene when the condition of the family is too disastrous, but only to alleviate it and to safe- guard the rights and interests of public power Without violating the rights of individuals. To go beyond these limits would violate the nature of things. The state should not destroy nor absorb paternal power to conciliate the rights of the state, of the capitalist and of the pro- Ictariat. We affirm unbesitatingly that human efforts are impotent without the concurrence of the church.” CAPITAL AND LABOR. Along demonstration follows, recalling all that the church has done to bettgr the lot of the proletariat. The pope says: “A capital error is to believe that the rich and the proletariat are condemned by nature to battle and duel withoutend. The one has need of the other. Capital is powerless with- out work, and workers are powerless without capital. The proletariat cannot and ought not to injure either capital or master. But in order to obtain respect tor their rights they must abstain from violence. They ought not to have recourse to sedition, nor listen to the chimeri- cal promises of agitators. On the other hand, masters ought to respect the individuality and dignity of the man and Christian in workmen, and not abuse them inhumanely in their work, nor exploit them beyond their forces. Let masters remember that the divfhe and the hu- man law forbids them to draw profits from the misery of the poor. But besides the religious means it is necessary that there should be co-operation of human means DUTY OF THE STATE. The state ought to favor the prosperity of society as much ns of individuals. It ought to watch over thy purity, morals and interior or- der of families; a safe-keeping religion, justice and moderation and the equitable division of the public charges, all of which contribute largely to the amelioration of the conditions of the proletariat. The larger this general prosper- ity the less will workers seek recourse to excep- tional means to ameliorate their conditions. Proletarians have the same right as citizens as the rich, consequently they have a right to the same interest on the part of the state. Govern- ments should carefully observe their obliga- tions in the distribution of justice. EQUALITY A CHIMERA. “Absolute equality, however, is a chimera. Social hierarchies are based on natural prin- ciples. The state ought to see that all cove- nants related to work are conscientionsly ob- served, and should oppose anything that might cause popular passions. Yielding to unhealthy excitations would provoke trouble and violenc Small wages often give rise to strikes, disas- trous not only to the workmen and their mas- ters, but to the general interests of commerce and’ public industry. Governments ought to —— an explosion at these crises. The moral ignity which is equal among the poor and rich exacts repose front work on certain days. “The state ought to care for the workmen and not let them becom: the prey of speculators and usurers, who are seeking to abuse their ;* | weakness in order to obtain excessive and dis- honest profits. A man’s work should not go to such an extent that he is forced to succumb under an excess of corporal fatigue. Every- body's physical forcesare iimited and humanity forbids that they should be exceeded. Con- sequently, expediency is shown in a certain limitation of working hours, which should be interrupted by a period of repose, varying ac- cording to conditions of time, place, public health and the nature of the work.” THE QUESTION OF WAGES, g “The question of wages is particularly deli- cate. Justice exacts that an agreed salary should be paid. At the same time the agree- ments entered into by workmen ought to be re- spected. The state should see that these reci- procal obligations aro executed. An element of the question is that a workingman onght to beable with his salary to provide the necessi- ties of life. “In all these tions it is essential that state representatives should noi intervene in- considerately. It will suffice to reserve exam- ination of these points to the judgment of as- sociations in order to safeguard the interests of both employers and employed, ‘The tu and authority of the state ought to intervene only as much as general interests demand. A great social advantage lies in laws which favor & multiplicity of properties. These are the best means to prevent opposition between ex- treme riches and cxtreme poverty, but it is also necessary that the properties shall not be over- taxed. ‘The state commits an injustice in un- due exactions from individuals. AIDING THE TooR, “Institutions for aiding the poor and facilitat- ing a conciliation between the various social classes are evpecialty useful in obtaining desira- bie results.” Following this idea, the pope then particularly mentions associations for mutual succor and institutions for insurance in case of accidents, sickness and death and the protec- tion of children and girls. The pope attaches particular importance to working people's as sociations, and says that ancient orations, so useful in the past, ought to be pted to present needs. ‘These associations, he adds, would better answer the ends for which the were formed if they were composed of both i their action workmen and their masters, and ought to develop more and more. TAE RIGHT To COMBINE. The pope then expatiates on the advantages of liberty and the right of combination as long as these associations do not present any incon- veniences to public interests, but in suppressing associations the state ought to take precautions not to violate the rights of individuals, and ought not to advance the excuse of public utility as @ pretext tu abandon sound political principles. Unhappily, it often occurs that these associations ave made the puppote of wire-pullers exploiting their 3 important to create counter i withdraw workmen from pressions, these unjust op- CO-OPERATION PRAISED, The pope greatly praises those endeavoring to, better the condition of the proletariat, to establish bonds of mutual equity between work- men and their to maintain the senti- ment of reciprocal duties and to combat intem- perance among workmen. ys: “We see with great antisfac- co duck and the pigeon that fly the fastest, ‘Their Maximum 4; been estimated at 120 miles an bour, but I am inclined to think that | tions. a exaggeration. Call it half that‘and it is —_—_— generous we have not the right to ot stat the state the 't of legitimate associations citizens, but let it take with a gang of thieves and in telage | and areaways. The ‘blcer described ho to | that no other private means Interesting Contributions Recetved From Canada and Far Away India, Chief Clerk Cooley's room in the Post Office Department looks # good deal like a museum today, and a very attractive museum at that For some time past the department has been endeavoring to interest the post office authori- ties of other nations in the department mu- seum, and up to this date the efforts have, in the main, been gratifyingly successfal. Latest | mong the additions to the collection which some day must attract public attention are con- tributions from India and Canada. MODEL FIGURES FROM IXDIA. There is a good deal of novelty in the Asiatic aggregation. Instead of sending samples of uniforms and of the minor machinery of the service ay officials forwarded miniature model im tion garb. These figures sre probably as perfect in their finish as the hand of man co: = —, them, ae nd expression ing beyond praise, wi minor details are finished to the last degree. On the mantel are five models. Tho first is that of a head = bis I degra lue turban, his foet are bare and graceful monotony of his white garb is re- lieved with a red sash over the right shoulder. Alongside and bending over at able is a stamper, clad in a plain blue uniform and a round cay | like in shape unto the fatigue cap worn by British wciwage: Sayre cavalry. The position of the tamper, is at work, is very natural. Tho figure is that of a coachman—driver of a city mail —and he is a symphony in brown. Next to him is the almost naked figure of a “mail runner.” The single garment of this fleet-footed Hindovis abreech cloth,around which is a leather belt with “mail runner” on | ite buckle. To protect himsclf from thievish men and hungry wild beasts the runner carries a bamboo-shafted spear, across which the mail bags are slung. Another model shows the two Principal features in the “camel post”—a man and a camel. The former, almost nude, is perched on the camel's hump with the mail igs immediately behind him. An interesting representation, damaged considerably in tran sit, is that of @ runner crossing a river. This he is doing on a raft made of four earthen pots. The glass which covered the painted river is broken and portions of the muddy banks have been chipped off: | The damages will all be re- paired before the models are placed in the museum. Very cleverly constructed is the miniature “‘tonga,” a native conveyance in which mails ‘end passengers are hauled by man power. They have post offices in India. There is nothing in all the United States that can archi- tecturally equal the offices at Calcutta and Madras. Photographs of these and of the smaller office at Bangalore are portions of the exhibit. When Washington has such office building as the people of Calcutta have then Capt. Sherwood will have occasion to re- ne and be exceeding glad. CANADA'S CONTRIBUTION. Canada’s contribution is very practical and very valuable. Its most striking feature is a gorgeously red letter box with a projecting and rather ungraceful-aj mouth. When the bor is emptiod ‘ty = esllector he moves a wheel and displays for public information a card on which is printed the time of the next collection. uniforms are much more pronounced than the gray clothing common to letter car- tiers in this country. There are two suite, that for summer being of blue serge. Each coat collar is ppright and is faced with scarlet. On each side is the monogram, "‘C.P.O,” and near it is the carriers’ personal number. There is scarlet cord on the coat edges and on the sleeves, while the trouiers are adorned with narrow scarlet stripes down the outer seams. In moderate weather an awkward-looking cap is worn; a cap that has a straight leather visor and a broad scarlet band. On its front is the inevitable “C. P.O.” When the weather is extremely warm the carriers wear white heimets, similar to the regulation army summer helmet. One of these is in the collec- tion. Should it be rainy a fine black Macintosh is worn and short leather leggings are paton to protect the ankles. The winter suit is dark blue in colorand trimmed just as is the summer outfit, but the material is heavy. The overcoat is gray and it closely resembles the issued to scouts of st His Story Not Believed. Shortly after midnight yesterday Policeman Kimmel was leaving the sixth cinct station to go home he noticed two ored men in Acker’s stone yard piciously and he placed them under One of them was Charlie Brooks aud one said his name was Charlie Ross. reaching the station the prisoners break for liberty and Ross escaped. How with bis Sot snd upon renchiee wr wil and tiation the officer discovered tnt Mi broken. Dr. Kolb set the broken i TP tH 2 Ps F f Li i i if i Police mony was given to show tha: Brooks travels a Brooks him names and struck him sev- eral times. The prisoner in his own behalf said that he had been to the Dime Museum an when he reached his friend’s home the latter had been locked out. In giving his tion as to striking the officer he said was only an accident; that the officer struck so hard that it turned him around and his fist ac- cidentally landed against the officer's breast. So far as hiding behind the stones was con- cerned Brooks said he had a sore leg and that he stooped over when he walked. “And you want me to believe that story?” gdded, the jadge. “You may think that have deceived the court, but For the assault a fine of €10 or thirty days was imposed and a sentence of ninety days was imposed upon him as suspicious person. 5B i he had not counted the cost. It was the sneer of tourist and the of the resident It was perfectly evi- it that it was not to be finished with the contents of the little colleo- tion boxes : “er monument,” which stared at you as you entered any public’ building, any more than with the “memorial” or voti' ae ee cities and societ eq “4 would have to be completed by Ht it i iB HH i ft iH fF il vf | t 1 t L ei E F F 3 i a8 £ i te ge Fy Ls A i head is covered | which time has developed. Correspondence of The Evening Star, Haoxaszowx, M., May 21, 1891, Hagerstown, the county seat of Washington county, is unquestionably the metropolis of western Maryland. Ite growth during the past decade has been wonderful, an increase in pop- ulation of over 50 per cent, and now it ise wide-awake, thriving city of nearly 12,000 poo- ple. It is situated in the midst of « picturesque and fertile valley, which extends from Penn- sylvania to Alabama, and is known through Maryland as the Cumberland valley. The agri- cultural resonrees can scarcely be excelled. | The soil is of the most fertile lime stone, well and skillfally tilled and watered by numerous little streams fed by that burst fort from the rocks. “ew DESCRIPTION OF THE CITT. ‘When this city wns laid out by Jonathan Ha- ger in 1762 ho probably little thought that he was laying the foundation of the attractive city Hagerstown is About 600 feet above sea level and the climate healthy and refreshing. Prospect, Washingtoa and Potomac streets are the most prominent, and upon them are business stractures and res idences of handsome modern architecture. Prospect street hes the finest houses in the city, built there upon « hill top where full view of the beautiful South mountain can be ob- tained. Few cities are blessed with so many antistac- tory means of ingress and egress. Four rail- roads center here, and a perfect network of turnpikes converge in the city. The renowned National turnpike, which rune from Haltimore to Wheeling. W. Va, also passes through the city. The hotel facilities are first-class A substantial court house occupies « prominent corner and adds to the beauty of the city. Well macadamized streets afford pleasure to those ing horses and carriages or bicycles. Hagerstown has never nid claim to the title of @ manufacturing place, but now the time is rapidly approaching when it will do so. From ten to fifteen factories and manufactur- ing enterprises will have located here before the ond of the yenr. Prominent residents, people prominent im state and national affuirs of importance, were educated and live here. Louis E. MeComas, . “Little Giant, * or small in this city H. Keedy, Mr. J. are Judge H. K. Douglas, Mr. H. Edward Stake, Mr. Alexander Armstro C. Lane andy Buchanan Schley. With such a of justice and morality will never be dethroned. “Mayor R. J. Halm is now serv- ing his second term as the guardian of the c ‘The Cumberland Valley railroad bas a much finer station here than is ordinarily found in a y of this size, while the Baltimore and Ohi to adorn its grounds on Jonaiban street with handsome uew station. 4 FAWUNG CommUNITY. This city is surrounded by a farming com- munity, rich in the production of wheat, corn and fruits, It was but recently found that the soil was peculiarly adapted to the growth of ches of a fine quality, and within the past w years those first to enter the business have amassed small fortunes already. East of the city, within full view, is the romantic preci- ice Black Rock. ‘South of this lies the Catoc En“ridge, the South mountain. batteBelda battle that brought on the historic fight at An- tietam the next dayafew miles west. Upon this ridge is erected a monument to the memory of Gen. Reno, who fell in the service. Near by is the beautiful and palatial residence of, re. Dahlgren, where she entertains her nds with generous tality. te Claggett's station, on the Band. Ri, ts Crampton's Gap, where Geo. Alfred Townsend resides. Twelve miles south of lies the historic and famous battlefield of An- tietam. The remains of over 11,000 federal eol- @iers are buried here. A monument in the center is looked upon with interest by all visit~ gfe. Tt isecolossal granite statue of a sen- West of the city six miles runs the Potomac river. The Blue Mountain House, Pen Mar and Blue Ridge Summit, along the Western railroad, Maryland east of the city, on South Mountain, are summer resorts where a host of city seek the exhilarating and refresh- breezes and view the \oremie scenery. Higersiown ithe queen cya westerns Bary ‘They came in of aloveli chow es golf in tne moraiag tiga, ‘The sun's own color at noon it wore, And had faded not in the fail of night; Clear weather or cloudy—'twas all as one, ‘The happy hills seemed batbed with the sum Ite secret the sailors could not un But they called the country Sunshine What was the secret? A simple thing— It will make you smile when once you Know— Touched vy the tender nger of epriag, A million blossoms are ail agiow; ‘So many, #0 many, so small and bright, ‘They covered the hills with a mante of light, And the wild bee hummed, and the gisd breeze ‘Through the honeyed fields of Sunshine Land. If over the sea we two were bound, What dear child, would you choose for ours? we found We would sail and sail till at ‘This fairy gold of a million Nowera, darling, we find, if at ho1 stayed, finan ad pall Joye our pleases SF tod More near we ihink—very close at haud, Lie the golden of Su Land. —Epira Tuomas. Losses by Fire. Schneider's , on the South Side. in was by lightning Thursday eee eptor" grocery, the National Bank s 5 ‘Natio: row, Counsel row and the'Commercial row. om in Tenn., burned on Thure- day. The outfit of the Shelbyville Commercial was destroyed. No cause as ail an EE: f HH i i f i i 5a is :