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aise ag a "Saturday, July 5, 1924 STRIKE FOLLOWS ATTEMPT OF SOCIALISTS OF GERMANY BOW. T0!.P. MORGAN Endorse Dawes’ Plan| To Enslave | Workers By LOUIS P. LOCHNER. (Staff Correspondent of Fed. Press) BERLIN, (By Mail.)—The na- tional convention of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which met in Berlin June 11-14, was under the absolute domina- tion of the conservative win The radical minority of approxi-| mately two-fifths of the dele-| gates was flattened out on every | motion. | When the minority consisting in the main of the former Inde- pendent Socialists, asked that a speaker for the opposition be given an equal place on the pro- with Herman Mueller, ap- pointed by the party executive to report on the parliamentary lelegation, the request was turned down by 228 to 111, That showed the relative strength of the two factions. Class Collaboration Issue. The great issue before the con- vention was whether the Socialists shall take part in coalition govern- ments with bourgeois parties. The majority, headed by Otto Wels, Hermann Mueller, and Philipp Schei- is of the opinion that “coali- is not a question of prin- ciple but of tactics. The multi-party since the revolution has com- Soeial Democracy in the in the provinces to take fm governments and cabinets.” faction believes that the repub- present overshad- _ ows the Socialist issue, and that the party must be free to join a coalition that seems the only way to save the republic. Minority Fights Coalition. Minority Leader Robert Dissmann, President Metal Workers’ union, in- troduced a resolution absolutely de- clining coalition with bourgeois par- ies, and urging the Socialist policy that of class war. His re- ; was defeated by 226 to 115 i one of the most heated debates fed in the Socialist party. th motion went 4 ‘by the Frankfort delega- » that Fritz Ebert, president of German republic, be excluded membership in the abe ‘a cause the decree declar' Beer caergency and anvepaitd Gen. ‘kt with dictato: pow- * is tnotion was ruled out by president, since exclusion from the party is the business of the lo- ‘Another motion which showed the rift within the party was to instruct | the parliamentary delegation to vote the military appropriations Dill, It was defeated by 249 to 99. Hate Laos exeggianegledge roe mn was spr oa ate vangecgre ay eountry Burope is the fig! e- ped dl raed Socialists as ne in Germany. The convention wants way to separate from con Ale tall S Gateeniehtat flavor. ter membership in the Interna- ron | y Aid will be consi- incompatible with party mem- bership. Until recently Mathilde Bocialist deputy in the reich- was a leader in the Internation- al Workers’ Aid, and she presided over several congresses of that or A day before het Large tion she and Kui Sateld Scone their withdrawal from that organization. ‘The executive was authorized to ex: pel any comrades found guilty of in- troducing motions or carrying on agi- tation at the behest of some other party. Members in certain locals had {introduced motions that the local leave the Socialist party and join the Communists. For Dawes-Morgan Plan. a ! oo N. Y. CLOTHING (Spi NEW YORK, July 4.—Telegrams York workers on the agreement reac! Exchange. coats sent there from New York. They forced the boss to return the coats to New York. No N. Y. Work During Strike. In Vineland, N, J., the workers went on strike when they discovered that big New York for J. Friedman, a jmanufacturer. They called for a union organizer, held a mass meeting and decided not to do any work for New -/York manufacturers until the strike, is settled. who have returned to the settled shops of the New York Clothing Manufacturers’ Hxchange will pay five per cent of their wages to the support of the strike against the unsettled shops. Over 30,000 workers are still on strike. Union offices were besieged this morning by many manufacturers who sought individual settlements with the union. The union, however, only accepted their applications for settle- McDONALD OPENS (Continued from page 1.) to break strikes, and then reviewed the present industrial situation, with shoe and textile factories closing down, the clothing trade never so dull, with every worker and farmer in the nation broke or almost broke. They Freeze and Starve. “At the recent convention in St. Paul I asked some of the farmers what they have to pay for coal. ‘Coal?’ they asked. ‘We can’t afford to buy coal.’ They said they burned corn cobs, and not many of these. They said they had to go to bed early in order not to freeze. And at the same time the coal miners are starving because they can’t get work to mine the coal that the farmers need.” MacDonald showed that the capi- talist triumvirate, Standard Oil. U. S. Steel and the Morgan bankers, con- trolled not only the coal mines and the railroads, but all the great in- dustries. “The trust busters busted the Standard Oil Co. into nine parts,” said MacDonald. “But today each tentacle is taking in more coin than the original Standard Oil Co. I wouldn’t mind being busted that way myself.” St. Pau! Convention Harmonious. MacDonald declared that the St. Paul convention was the most har- monious gathering he had ever at- tended. He denounced the misrepre- sentations of it, and of himself, by the subsidized press, pointing out that, “The workers and farmers must control their own press if they wish (Continued from page 1.) disproven. Smith has been un- able to touch the Ohio delega- tion and has not made as much headway as many believed he would in the Pennsylvania and Illinois delegations. Davis Turns White. The outstanding feature, as the race so far has developed any fea- tures at all, is the rapid stride made by John W. Davis toward the nomina- tion, Davis rose from 31, ballots in the first vote to 126% on the thir- tieth. Having crossed the hundred mark for a day—he now slipped again —he is no longer a dark horse but ja real white hope. With McAdoo |slipping and Smith making very little |headway, the gains of Davis were es- pecially impressive. There are not many more votes that Smith can cor- rall. On the other hand, the outlook for McAdoo is even darker, The unexpected swiftness with | dress on party policy Ru- gags merase. minister of finance in the first Stresemann cabinet stood squarely for acceptance of the Dawes reparations report. His view was. shared by the convention, which in- dorsed the parliamentary delegation of the party for supporting the pres- ent Marx cabinet in its fulfillment policy. Miners of Upper Silesia Lose Roun with Their Bosses LOU, Germany, July 4.—Ohe ie psone strike of the coal miners in Upper Silesia ends with defeat of the workers, both in wages and hours. The starvation wages will continue. The 7-hour day underground and & hour day at the pitheads remain a ‘The worst feature is that thousands of workers are refused reinstatement, ‘on the ground that Upper Silesian in- dustry has been so crippled by the | strike that there is an over-supply of | Jabor. Most of those who fail of re- c ment stood in the forefront in which dark horse Davis of yesterday \is now circling the track, has caused many people to ask why the sudden |pace developed by the West Virgin- ian. All sorts of explanations are be- ling given. One of the reasons most widely circulated is that the big busi- |ness lobbies have swooped down in} full force upon the convention and that the delegates are easy pickin? for them, Bryan Threatens Davis. William Jennings Bryay is threat- ening to lead an open fight against Davis as soon as he comes within striking distance of the 200 mark. |Bryan is determined to prevent a re- currence of the situation in which |Alton B. Parker, the big insurance corporation lawyer, was nominated by |the democratic party. Bryan is pranc- ling around the convention hall, whis- pering into delegates’ ears all about the evil influences of Wall Street. So far Bryan has not succeeded in stemming the Davis tide completely. |But it may be safely stated that he has been more or less instrumental in bringing about a slackening of the pace that Mr. Davis seemed to be de- veloping during the day. It is significant to note that betting | AL’S BOOSTERS JUST GOT DIZZY BOSSES TO GET SCAB WORK DONE OUT OF TOWN By BEN GITLOW. eclal to The Daily Worker) from all the clothing centers of the nation continue to pour into the strike headquarters congratulating the New hed with the Clothing Manufacturers’ A blow at the efforts of bosses to get work done in other cities was struck when workers in the shop of Jack Bannish, Baltimore, stopped work when they were directed to make 400% {ment. Actual settlements will be made only after careful consideration jof each individual application by the junion. Bosses Association Weakens. The Clothing Manufacturers Credit they were ordered to do scab work| Association, which at the beginning | refused to deal with the union, sought to reach an agreement today. Con- ferences were terminated because the association wauted some concessions which the union could not afford to |give and refused to accept the same the Clothing Manufacturers’ change. | In spite of the wholesale arrests that took place yesterday, the work- ers this morning demonstrated on the picket lines that they could not be |intimidated by the police. Many non- junion shops have been completely |shut down by the pickets. The strik- lers are determined that New York |shall have a hundred per cent Amal- }gamated organization in the industry. F.-L, P. CAMPAIGN | to get the truth.” He admited that the present cool- jidge regime was the best business |administration the United States had ever had. “The attorney general was in the bootlegging business, the red baiting and the injunction business,” he said. “Fall sold out $100,000,000 worth of oil lands for $100,000 before he got out. Denby also sneaked out of the cabinet for being mixed up in this }same business. Secretary of State Hughes sends the marines to South America to protect Wall Street money invested there. The secretary of the treasury helps the big business in- | terests escape hundreds of millions in jtaxes. That is good business for |them. And at the head of this re- | gime, the chief of them all, is Cool- idge, a strike breaker in the smash- |ing of the Boston policemen’s strike.” “The Farmer-Labor Party does not pledge itself to a business adminis- tration,” said McDonald. “We want a working class administration.” McDonald pointed out there was no room for a third party in this coun- try, that there should only be two parties, the party of the working class on the one side, and the party of the | exploiting interests on the other. “This struggle is a class struggle,” he said. Joseph Manley, secretary of the Federated Farmer-Labor Party, acted as chairman of the meeting, with Miss Alice Lorraine Daly, of South Dakota, one of the delegates to St. Paul, also among the speakers. Ex- in Wall Street is beginning to favor Davis. Of course many of the re- ported bets on this probable donkey standard bearer, are only fictitious and are circulated in order to psy- ‘chologize the delegates into a more |favorable voting mood for the corpora- tion lawyer. Davis, in passing,,it must be said, is one of the ablest spokesmen of the |democratic party. He makes no bones jabout his being on the payroll of the |biggest corporations in the country. When John Bassett Moore gave up his position as lawyer for the Stand- ard Oil Co., in charge of international transactions, in order to represent the United States at the Hague, it |was John W. Davis who took his place. As ambassador to the Court of \St. James, American ambassador to |England, Davis cemented more firmly |his friendship with the House of Mor- gan. |Today he is the brains of their powerful battery of counsel. Will it Never End? The delegates are/plainly tired. Struggling through the tedium of so jmany ballots with so little in sight, jhas taken the life out of them. They jare all anxious to go home. \ Many have already quit. They are develop- ing ear trouble from listening to the monotonous drone of the clerk, “no ‘churse’ having been reached on the 1234. allot, the clerk will call the rolk. This is precisely the situation that the bosses here are looking for. Some of the delegates have been rather re- calcitrant at being ordered about. They are now too weary to resist. Any moment is likely to witness a big change. Should the convention, how- ever, not end before the 4th, then Smith’s chances will be greatly en- hanced. Tammany hospitality will reap a harvest on Independence Day. The morning of the 5th will find the delegates not unfriendly to “Rum, Ro- manism and Rebellion.” Vice-President Chatter. The political manipulators of this gathering like Brennan, Moore, Gut- fey, Haig, ete, are now seriously talking about vice-presidential timber, The increasing certainty that the Cleveland Conference will nominate LaFollette and the consequent like- lihood of the presidential election be- ing thrown into the House, have pre- cipitated a conference of the big bosses over the second choice. The Political bosses here feel that no time should be lost in picking a running mate for their standard bearer. Senator Walsh of Montana, is be- ing spoken of by many as the likely choice. Walsh has received a few scattering votes in the presidential jTace, though he was not entered form- ally. But the machine leaders here feel that there is little they can do |mow to prevent the LaFollette group \from making its own campaign. They realize that their program has not met with the response hoped for. |Cleveland observers here have frank- lly expressed their disappointment |with its evasions and empty plati- tudes. Even Sam Gompers has as jyet been unable to muster sufficient gall to indorse the democratic pro- |gram and the strong race that Davis |is making is sufficient evidence to |many of the Gisappointed liberals Ten thousand New York workers |agreement the union has made with!) neing around the democratic hotel |lobbies, that Wall Street's interests jare dominant in the innermost coun- |sels of the democratic convention. AL SMITH KICKS [LADIES GARMENT WORKERS IN FACE 40-Hour Week Knifed by Fakers’ Candidate (Special to the DAILY WORKER) NEW YORK, July 4—Gov- ernor Al Smith, the Gompers- Tammany candidate at Madison Square Garden has Just kicked the International Ladies’ Gar- ment Workers’ Union in the face by refusing the union’s demand for the 40-hour week. The union was turned down thru Smith’s special commission which passed on the points at issue between the workers and the bosses at the request of the officials of the L L. G. W. U. President Morris Sigman and the union’s executive board are support- ing the governor's decisions. At the last international union convention Smith received an invitation to speak and he was heartily eulogized by the union officialdom, as a “friend of labor.” Smith did not accept the in- vitation, however. At the same con- vention Sigman fought every effort to endorse a class party movement. Turn Down Many Demands. Smith’s commission, besides reject- ing the 44-hour week, refused to re- commend that employment be guar- anteed. It also turned down the de- mand that each jobber be limited in the number of sub-contractors he might use. Both of these issues are put off for “further investigation” with the recommendation that a re- port on a permanent solution be pre- sented January 1, 1925. The demand for the union label was rejected. Instead the Smith com- mission advised the use of a “sani- tary” label showing that the garment was made under sanitary conditions. Request that shops be limited to 14 machine operators was conceded. The commission also said that under cer- tain conditions the union might have the right to examine employers’ books. “Good of the Industry.” In short, the special commission of Governor Smith has given the work- ers practically nothing. It naturally follows that manufacturers and sub- contractors are highly pleased with the decision. President Sigman and his chief lieutenants, who are closer to the politicians and bosses than they are to the workers, also took a stand in favor of the findings, tho “for the good of the industry,” Sigman says, admitting that it was not entirely what they wanted. But the rank and file of the union membership is in- dignant at the betrayal and declare that their earlier intention to strike should have been followed instead of turning the case over to an employ- ers’ governor. Jobbers May Force Strike, The irony of it is that a strike is still possible. The jobbers—in con- trast to the manufacturers who have their own shops— are asking still greater concessions from the union. Seeing Sigman’s surrender so far, they are hopeful of a greater surren- der. A stwike to enforce the Smith award may be forced. Human Life Cheap in San Francisco Municipal Hospital SAN FRANCISCO, July 4.—Once more the San Francisco county hospi- tal is unpleasingly in the limelight. A man dying from paralysis and pneu- monia was allowed to Me 24 hours without medical care after the hospi- tal had been notified, in order that the social service bureau might in- vestigate his financial status. The man died at the Central Emergency hospital the next day. (Special to The Daily Worker.) THE DAILY WORKER AUTHENTIC NEWS OF FIFTH WORLD COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS The Fifth World Congress of the Communist International is now taking place In Moscow, the capital of the from the Communist parties of the world are In session, Soviet Republic. There, delegations The problems of the working class in every country will be discussed and plans for waging the class struggle for the overthrow of capitalism will be formulated, dis- cussed and finally accepted as the guiding policies for the different sections of the Communist International during the coming year. Thé discussions ‘and decisions of the Communist International are of tremendous significance and interest to the working class of the United States. The capitalist press will publish lying statements about the Congress. The DAILY WORKER, America’s great Communist dally, will publish on Monday, the first of a series of articles on the Fifth Congress. Others wili appear from time to time until the great convention comes to a close. These articles will be official and authentic. Watch for the first article on the Fifth World Congress in next Monday’s (Continued from page 1.) blood and sweat of labor leaders in the past who have found oppression and monopoly by organization. If there is built up in America a great black bloc of non-union laborers, who have a right to hate unions, all laborers, black and white, eventually must suffer. Is it not time, then, that black and white labor get together? Is it not time for white unions to stop bluffing and for black laborers to stop cutting off their noses to spite their faces? We, therefore, propose that there be formed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peo- ple, the American Federation of Labor, the Railway Brotherhoods and any other bodies agreed upon, an inter-racial Labor Commission. We propose that this Commission undertake: 1. To find out the exact attitude and practice of national labor bodies and local unions toward Negroes and of Negro labor toward unions. 2. To organize systematic propa- ganda against racial discrimination on the basis of these facts at the great Labor meetings, in local assemblies and in local unions. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People stands ready to take part in such a movement and hereby invites the cooperation of all organized labor. The Association hereby solemnly warns American laborers that unless some such step as this is taken and taken soon the position gained by or- ganized labor in this country is threatened with irreparable loss, Write to Cleveland. An address to the Cleveland Con- ference for Progressive Political Action covering the political side of the same subject, was passed. Ob- jection was raised on the ground that the Cleveland conference is not a labor conference, and that the address properly ought to be directed to the National Organization Committee of the Farmer-Labor Party formed at St. Paul. A proposal to send the same communication to the Farmer-Labor committee was ruled off the floor on the ground that the St. Paul conven- tion is not now in session and this communication was couched as an address to a convention in session, assurances being given that a similar communication would be sent to the Farmer-Labor Party. f The address ‘to the Cleveland con- ference is as follows: To the Cleveland Conference for Progressive Political Action. Gentlemen: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in Fifteenth Annual Conference, speak- ing for a large portion of the think- ing Negroes of America, takes this opportunity to lay before your Con- ference certain considerations touch- ing the Negro Race, The political power of Negroes has greatly increased owing to the con- tinuous migration of black working people from the disfranchising South to the industrial centers of the North. Any political party which aims to TEACHERS SLAM PLATOON SYSTEM OF BUSINESS MEN Denunciation of the use of the pla- toon system in public schools and full proval of the formation of teach- ’ councils closed the annual con- vention of the American Federation of Teachers, assembled at the Web- ster Hotel this week. Chicago business men who hope to introduce the platoon system here as @ means of saving money, have not been complimented or encouraged by the Chicago Teachers’ Federation, thru the opposition voiced by its spokesman, Miss Margaret Haley, or by the national teachers’ union, Spreads Dis Members of the American Federa- tion of Teachers contended that the platoon system makes for centralized control of subject matter, thereby kill- ing children’s initiative and standard- izing them intellectually, That the constant passing to and from class- rooms—a state of affairs necessary under the system—helps to spread contagious diseases was also brought out in the course of the discussion. Formal instruction as a substitute for free play, was criticized as a decided _NEGROES CALL FOR UNION AID attract the votes of Negroes today must first convince them of its de- termination and ability to forward their industrial and political and social emancipation. But the American Negro has in ad- dition to these another and more subtle and more dangerous problem, that of discrimination against him within the very ranks of labor itself; dscrminaton to keep him out of the unions; discrimination in the unions after he has joined; discriminations of all sorts to deprive him of earning a decent livelihood. Negro From Scabbing Need. It is this widespread and _ deter- mined race discrimination that is alienating the Negro vote from the progressive liberal and labor vote, and is furnishing the capitalist free of charge not only cheap and increas- ingly efficient and non-union and union-hating labor, but also a. large and growing vote in the main indus- trial centers of the country. ‘We appeal to the Cleveland Confer- ence for Progressive Political Action to take such enlightened and far- sighted steps against race and color discrimination as will enable us to appeal to our people in behalf of the liberal and labor parties of the nation, without being faced by the present incontrovertable fact that these very persons are today greater enemies of our right to earn decent bread and butter than the captains of Monopoly and Privilege. Wanted K. K. K. Named. Another action of the Negro con- ference is a vigorous denunciation of the Republican and Democratic parties for their failure to condemn the Ku Klux Klan unqualifiedly and by name. Apparently unmindful of the fact that the strongest elements of the Cleveland “progressive” conference had avowed themselves supporters of the Klan candidate McAdoo, the delegates voted to address this also to the Cleveland conference. It is as follows: “The fifteenth annual convention of the National Association for the Ad- vagcement of Colored People does heteby express and record its un- quflified protest at the action of the t major political parties in evading specific denunciation of the Ku Klux Klan by name. ¢ “We urge the coming third party convention at Cleveland to seize this opportunity for courageous action by denouncing the Klan in unqualified terms and by specific designation. “Resolved that this resolution be telegraphed to the resolution com- mittee of the convention.” For Federal School Control. The resolutions advocating radical steps to abolish residence segrega- tion by compelling real estate owners and agents to rent to the “first comer” regardless of color, and ad- vocating that all schools be put under national control as a means toward abolishing Jim Crow schools for Negro teachers and pupils, were not reported out of committee. However, the previous position of the organiza- tion on these matters was reaffirmed, which action to some extent at least borders on the position: advocated in the resolutions. evil of platoons. Fear was expressed that junior high schools, as they are designed in some elties, tend to abridge the period of schooling and to train pupils into nar- row vocational lines. The junior high school system is heartily recommend- ed by business men who wish to see “business efficiency” introduced into the schools, The resolution on teachers’ councils adopted by the convention reads as follows: ) Support Teachers’ Councils. “In view of a movement in some cities to abolish teachers’ councils where they have been actively func- tioning, we reaffirm the stand we have taken on the subject at various times since 1916. We believe that they should form an integral part of the school organization; that they should be recognized by boards of education and not be subject to the whims of changing administrative and super- visory officials; that the influence of these councils in increasing efficiency, in raising the morale of the teaching force and disseminating information among the bodies of teachers is so great, as to justify fully their meet- ing on school time, especially in sys- tems which are so large that the teachers are not normally drawn to- gether in a compact group by their common calling.” Send in that Subscription Today. FOLLETTE IS OF DONKEY MEET Followers Up Very Far in the Clouds (Special to the DAILY WORKER) WASHINGTON, July 4.— LaFol- lette's policy so far is one of running with the hare and hunting with the hounds. He is engaged in the great- est fence-straddling contest in politi- cal history. Nobody seems to know exactly where he is at. Reports as to his future course are issued by ‘in- siders” and then as quickly denied by his son who is his official spokes- man. The latest decision of the Wis- consin senator is to keep out of the race until he sees what the Demo- cratic convention offers in the way of a presidential candidate. That deci- sion may cause the Cleveland Confer- ence to engage in a waitThg contest. As these lines are writtey the donkey cireus in New York is balloting aim- lessly and ineffectively. The report that LaFollette had given so-called progressive leaders a signed and sealed acceptance of the progressive. nomination, was denied here today by Robert LaFoilette, Jr. “There is no foundation for these re- ports” said “Bob” junior. It is also reported that LaFollette, in the event of the democrats nomi- nating a progressive for vice-presi- dent, might decide to endorse him as his running mate. Donkey Bosses Bartering With Donkey Feeders Me apa (Continued from precéding page.) diana governor takes neither a public attitude of support for the Klan nor a pa attitude of hostility. He quietly makes use of the Klan, which has proved such a useful machine for dividing the forces of labor in his state, setting some of the American- born workers against those from for- eign lands. Using the Fascists. The idea of Big Business is a man who can make use of all the rival American fascist organizations with- out arousing the hostility of any of them. Ralston ‘fills the bill in this respect: The chief objections to him are that he is old and lacks person- ality: In the case of a big imperial- istic crisis, such’as that of the last war, a man is desired who can swing things. But, taking him all in all, the big campaign contributors feel that they will be doing very well in- deed with Ralston. ~ But to put Ralston or any others of their favorites over requires the assent of the state bosses. It is a question of getting united support for Ralston, Davis, or any other Wall Street favorite, a transaction that is taking time—and money. McAdoo Getting Winded. The 54th ballot taken just before adjournment until 8:30 at night, showed McAdoo running himself out of wind and registering only 427 and Ralston coming forward to 93. John Wy, Davis, Morgan's lawyer, ambled along at 62, with a lot of re- serve for a later sprint, his boosters said. Underwood, the stodgy repre- sentative of steel and iron in Alabama reached 40; Glass, the financiers en- try from Virginia hung at 24 and Rob- inson hit 43. According to Willjam J. Bryan Rob- inson is a progressive from a progres- sive state—Arkansas. Ku Kluxers like his record. When nearly a hun- dred Negro tenant farmers were mur- dered in the Elaine county fighting in 1919, Robinson did not potest. Cox's modest 54 shows this has- been still has his Ohio legs. Hearst Plays Role of Employment Shark Thru Chicago Paper Hearst’s Herald & Examiner em- ployment bureau for Chicago's job- léss turns out to be a scheme to boost the want-ad columns of the paper. Persons asking to be placed in em- ployment are told they can’t be as- sisted unless they insert a job want- ed ad in the paper. The minimum is usually a@ 3-line insertion for 3 days for which the charge is $4.53 cash, Applicants are told that jobs are prac- tically certain by that method, Ice Drivers Sign\ Agreement as Hot Days Draw Nearer The ice wagon drivers’ union at last signed an agreement with the ice dealers’ association. Strike action has been imminent during the negotiations which have finally been reached and will practically prevent strikes for two years. The drivers get $39 to $41 a week and inside workers at {ce supply depots get 70 cents an hour. Ice truck chauffeurs receive basic pay of $24 a week and helpers $38, ‘ How many THE DAILY them to subseri of your shi nates a —— WAITING RESULT 9.