Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 16, 1878, Page 9

THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, MARCH 16, 1878—=TWELVE PAGES. LITERATURE. Third Volume of the Biog- ‘raphy of Prince Albert. Comparative Psychology---The Future State---Ceramic Manuals, prunkenness in England--English Appreciation of Stanley, the African Explorer. Literary and Art [temss«The Hab- its of Ants==African Flora«= Solid~-Hoofed Swine. LITERATURE. PRINCE ALBERT, LIFE OF 1113 ROYAL HIGIINESS TIR fll"fil?\“cs-r: NSUIUT. Ty Tugovanr MARTIN. with n_ Portralt, Volume the Third, New Yark: D, _Appleton & Co, Chleago: Jansen, McClurg & Co. 12mo., pp, 4 Frice, 82, The blography of his Royal Highncss the Prince-Consort 1s cartled forward only three cars i the present volume; but the event of hewar in tho Crimes imposed upon the Prince durlog this term 8o much labor, anxiety, and responsibility, in his position aa chief adviser to the Queen, that no less space than has been taken could have adequately contained its hie- tory. Tho cmbarrassment and perplexity of the Eastern Question, and the imminenceof a perce and desperate strugglo with the Russlan pawer, shadowed the carly weeks of 1854, and by the close of March had settled over England fn a permanent gloom. War was formally de- clared on tho 25th of this month by both France and England, and thence, until the catabiish- ment of peace at tho closo of 1850, tho re- sources of tho tvo natlons aud the energles of their leaders were devoted to the prosccution of the contest. Throughout this stirring nerind the Princo Is represented 88 nbsorbed with tho affalrs of state,—tolling unostentatiously, but efectively and ccasolessly, to asstst tne Queen fn tho exccution of her arduous dutles, snd to afford aoid, by way of counsel and sugzestion, to the chlel officers fn the varl- ous departments of the Government, Nothlug cscaped his vigiant atiention. By unsparing toll bie kept Mmself closely Informed of the de- tails of thie political and military situation at home aud on the Continent: whilo his enlight- encd views, extenslve knowledge, and calm Judgment enabled bim to maintaln an outlook over the entire operations connected with the war,and to calculate with surprising sagacity the moveinents requisite, in the passage of cvenls, for the honorablo conclusiou of En- glond's part Io the underioking, It is o busy aud hard-working 1ife that fs thus deoicted, but, withal, & cheerful, paticnt, unscllish, and usec- ful one. The atriking truth it enforces Is, that the cares and burdens of a public and private nature, which weigh upon the consclentlous soverelyn, licavily offset whatover ot glory and grandeur surround that exalted pesition. In a conversatlon between tho Queen and Napolcon, alluslon was once made to the restraint and self-denfal lucldent to thelr sta- tion; and the latter touchingly remarked that the Empress fcit thom greatiy, und ealled tho Tullerics **a beautitul prison,” Tho Emperor added that he shared this fecling strongly, ub- |§rv!&u'.v,. 1 wopt burning tears on leaving En- and, £ Amld tho crave history of the public carcs that perpetually engrossed and opuressed tho ucen abd her consort, there are occasional charming glimpses of thelr privato life, whicn was brightened and swectened by fond and ten- der domestic ties, The annlversarics of the Roysl marriage, and of tho birth of both paronts and thelr offspring, were joyously celebrated. On thesa festival days, for o few hours at least, the Jabors ana worries of state were put astle, and old and young unlted iv innocent diverslon. Ylays and charades were enacted, and gifts wero exchangea; while the respect and atfection that bound the idoally happy fsmily togother found expression in graceful and detizhtiul courtesica, n Scptembor, 1854, the Princo gratiied tho Emperor Navoleon by making a visit of a few days to the camp of the Freoch army at Bou- lugne. It was tho first meeting ot the Lwo dis- tinguished men, and the opportunities it gavo for unreserved conversation were impraved for the purpose of strengthentng the friendly alii- ance between tho Uovernments now united in thedefense of ‘Turkey sgaiust tho nsaauits of Russia, Tho pleasant personal relationa thus establlahed wero still further conented by the cordial reception o the Emperor and Empress at Winasor Castle in Ma 1855, and by the visitof the Queen and Prince.-Consort at tho French Court fu the summer of 1850, ‘Tho (mpresslons rotalned tho Princo aftor his first interviows with Navolean 111, were ro- corded by him fu tho folluwiug memorandumn il P\'l 1eon] appeared quict and {ndolent from conatitutlon, not eastly cxcifed, but gay and humorous when at his case. 1lis French ot without a little German accent; tho pronunciation of his German botter than that of his English, On the wholo, 1 obsorved » good doal in bis turn of wmind that'ts owiug to his uducalion at Augebery, where, a0 ha told mo, he was brought np nt the Qymuasium, e rocited & poem of Hehlllur on thic advantages to a man of ‘znco and war, which accmed to have mado & deep Impression upon hitm, and appears to me to be nut without significance wlltll; r:’“”:‘“l}“lhl. l"le.m trictl s Court and housohold sre etrictly kept, an inkood order, maro Englieh than Frenon S gentiemen coimposing his enfourage ars not distine gulstiod by birth, manner, or education. Ho lives on very famillar footing with them, sithough they secmed afraid of him. The tono was rathor tho'ton de garrison, with a good deal of smoking, —iho Enpcror snioking cigarettes, and not beiny lo ta undorstand my ot jointug hiw in it. 1 vory chilly, complatns of ‘rhouwstism, and gu carlyta bed: takesno pleasura in music, and is proad of his horsomanshlp,—in which, howaver, 1 could diacovar nathissg reiarkable, liis genoral education appearcd to me very defi- clent, tvon oo subjects which aro ot & frst necessity fobim,—1 mean the polltical listory of modera d polltical sciences gencrally. 1o was y modest, however, in acknowledying these dofects, and showed the' greatest candor in A pretending fu know what he Uil not. Al thut to the Napoleonle bistory ho scems to bave at his Snzera’ endu; ho also much and deeply on ynll\lu. yot more like an **awatour poliiician, ' mixiug many very suuud and many vur crude notions together, ” 1o ud- mirea Engllah Institntions, ahid rogrota thio absenco Of an aristocracy In Frauce; but might not bo wili- Ing to allow auch sn arstocracy Lo coutrol bis ewn Dawer, whilst be might wish to have the advantage f fte control over tho pure democracy. Tho offect which the Emperor produced upon the mind of the Queen, on thelr ficst meeting st Windsor Castlo, was also favorable, ‘The scene of thelr futroduction ts thuy ¢ tertaloing. 1y sketched In the diury of hor Malestys not aay what judescribable cmiotions filled me,—how much ail scomed }ike awondorful dream, Tbese yreat monlings of sovervigng, very excitlng accom) Szitating, 1 advance Who received two sulutes o baviog fest klesed my hand, 1 nex embraced tho Yty deatle, graceful, and evidently vory nervous Embress, 'We prescnted the Prinven {the Duke of Lambridge aud the 'runico uf Lelningeu, the Quoen's brother), and our children (Vicky, wit yury Slarmed eyes, making very low curtsice) ; the Eue beror embraced Dertie; and then wo weut up-alal, —Albert loading tho Empress, who, in the most ¢coguglog mannar, vefuscd to go first, but at lengthy Wb gracetul reluctance did su; the Emporor leade {58 e, uxprosalog bis grest eeatification at boing tre and wevlug we, and admiring Windsor, ‘A &reat charm of the Emperor's munner cone Slated 1n fta being, to use the words of the Queen, “s0 vory quict; his volee bs low ond soft, and {f ne fuit rases.’! Agaln sho ¥ritew, with wara aporoval, that ho was * very qulet and amlable, and casy to get on with, ¢+ + « Nothlug cau be more civil or amfable, o pore well-bred, thon the Ewperor's “u‘lll.fir,'-&gulllhol tact, ‘AA the term ul.non 4 the Queun, In pursusnc ‘hl:me. writes: Quees, 45 puriianis uh ths Am glad to have known this extrsordinary msn, ;" Tllil 1a cortanly impossible ot to nkr-'vtlwn uzt‘ Yo wilh Lilin, “snd not even to 8 considerablo capatle ‘o Mibicns, sasets e iaamne and a8, slection, fric an fetuicud, " X feel conddepca in bim s tesurds i ture Tuo Empress Eurenlo won equall y graclous Opinious,—thg Queen declaring: 4 She is tull of courage sud spirit, and yot 80 gen- Uo, with auch (anocencs, Sud eafpucescrs that tbe poears to bave thougint fusembls s moat charmin, V! ¢ . With all her great huciiacs, sho baa the pretticat and wast modet : . iler wan Teet :mfllla"' aver bler wisnner s 1hy sagat perfec A0 Sl the courius deliglied 15 oY o, and grecetul, n , ald 8 Illfd' b . 0. Lozetus bted 10 sce bow uch Albcrt Tkes ad mices b a ftis so scldom Isce him do so wiih Any woman, The fear of aseastinatlon woulil scem to hnvn tronbled tha Queen during the festivala attend- ant upon this sofourn of the Emperor fiy Lon- don, as she remarks, alter a brief walk alonz a crowded passage-way Nothing conll have succesded better, St T own I felt anzions, as wo passcil n!qnf throngh the multitudo of people, whn, after all, were very close tous, 1 1elt, as I walked on tho Emperor's arm, that [ wan ponsinly & protection for him. ~All thonghts of nervansness for myrelf were past. thonght only of hi 0 1t 18, Albert rays, when ano fargets onceelf, ono loses this great an: foolieh nervouancy The oceasion of the visit of the Queen and Prince to Parls, In 1856, was one ot pecullar siguificance, ) asmo Enclisn soverolgn Jnd en- tercd the city since [lenry VI. hod there ns- serted his clain to the fealty of the land. The account of the entertainment of thelr Royal guests by the Court of France s chlelly taken irotn the diary of tha Queen, which fs written with much and erepble detall, Her Majesty gave herself up with ingenuons esrnestness to the gratification which this sliort and rare ro- Iease from the pressurc of ler dutics afforded, The attractions of Parls wera fally appreciated, and the gonulug kindness of her fiosts warmly reciprocated. Pleasaut visions of herself oceu- pylug quict momeuts with her pencll sketching the scenes that were most pleturcsque, walking wlone with the Crown-Princess In the gardens of 8t. Cloud, or driving through Paris incognito, ars mingled with descrintions of public fetes and celebrations, at which the great world looked on, While inspecting the Tullerles, the Emperor conducted his guests to his own apart- ments— Which conalst of a sulte of roo: iz in number, opening one into the other. . . . In hiabed: rnom are busts of his father and uncle, and an old glass case, wiich he had with him in Englaad, con. taininy relica of all norts that aro peculiarly valus- ble to bim, In some of the olher rooma aro por- traits of Napoleon, Joscphine, hia own mothier with his elder brother, and one of her with his Urother ona himaeif a8 Tittlo children. The Hotel des Invalides was visited by the Roya! party late one ovening. The coflin of Napolcon I, reposed In the small chapel of 8. Jerome, aud futo this, writes the Queen— The Emperor led me, and there 1 stood, at the srm of Napoleon I11., hils nophew, bafore tho cof- fin of England's bitteroat foo; I, the granddaughter of that King who hated him most, and who most vigorously opposed him, and this very nephew, wvho beara hia namne, being my nearcst and dearest ally! The urgan of the church was playing ** God Savo tho Queen™ at the time, and this solemn scenc tuok place by tarchlight, and during a thun- der-storm. Btrange and wonderful indeed, Atnong the gossipy trifies which enliven her diary, the Qucen records that the Imperinl culsine * gonerallyls simple and good, but with less varicty thun ours.” On the return of the Queen and Princo to England, the Emperor escorted thewn to Bou- loene, taking a kind leave on board the Royal yacht, The parting wus sincercly affectionate, nccording to the account of the Queen, which relates: & Wo thanked the Emporor much for all his kind- ness and for this delightful visit. He said, ** Vous reviendrez 1" and we hoped ho would come to England. 1embraced him twice, snd hie shook hiands very warmiy with Albert and the childron. ‘We fullowed him“to the Indder, and hero Tonce more squeezed his hand, and embraced him, eay- ing, ‘' Encore une fols, Sirel" We looked over thu side of tne shlp, and watched them gettinz into the barge. The Emperor catled vut, ** Adlew, Hadame, au_ reroiry™ {o which I repllod, *Jo Tespere bien." A fow weoks after the visit to Paris, the Princa Frederick Willum of Prussia arrived at the Court of 8t. Jamcs, with the intent to sue for the hand of the Priucess Victorin, the cldest chiid of the Queen. The young people were known to_cach other, and the heart of the Prince had some timo before surrendered to the charms of the Princcss. The Prince-Consort, writing of the affalr to his fricnd and conildant, Baron Stockmar, snys: ‘The event you are Interested In reached an act- 1va stago ti Ing after breakfost, ‘Tho young man lald hils proposal before us, with_the vermis- ejon of his parcnts and of tho King, Wo accopted it for vuraolves, but requested bimto hold itin suspense s regnrds the other party tlll after her contirmation. T1ll then the simple unconstraint of girlhood Is to continuo undisturbed, _1In the spring the youn% man wislics to make hisoffer to licrself, and possibly to come to us_along with his parcnis and ms engaged aleter. The 17th birthduy iato linve elapacd before actual marrlnge Is thought of, and this will, therefore, not como off till tho fol« lowing spring. ‘This prudent schemo of the elders proved, aa such schemos are apt to do, untenable, and a passage from the Queen’s journal relates Low 14 fell through: ‘hzvrn BrrTEMBESR, 1855.—-0ur dear Victoria was is day engaged fo I'rince Frederick Willinm of Frassia, who had been on a visit to us sinco the 14th. o had already spoken to us, on the 20tb, of his wishen: but wo woro uncortall, on account of hier extremo yonth, whether hio shorld spoak to her litmaclf, or walt tl) ho came bacl Tow. cvor, we foit It was better he ahiould nd, during our rlile up Craig-na-Dan this aftornoon, ho plcked a pleca of white heather (the emulom’ of *good-luck '), which he gave to hor: nnd this bled him ta make an oltusion to Lls bopes and wishes a thoy rode down Glen Girnoch, which lad 10 this happy conclusion. The Prince-Consort, continuing the story, writes: Prince Fritx Willam left us yostarday. Vicky hns ndeed bebaved quite admirably, as Mll d“'{' n tho Ing tho clorar examination on Saturday, soff-command which sho disployed subscquently sod at tho parting, Sho manifcated towards KFritz and ourscives tho most chitdllke almplicity and candor, and tho best feellng, ‘I'ho )'QIII\F reunhl aro urdently In love with one another, and the pu- rity, Inuocence, and unsclfishness of the young man bave been, on his part, cqually touching, + o+ » Abundance of tears wero shed. Tt is pleasant to Jearn from such possages that loye-matehes may sometimes be coutructed in Royal palaces. Aftar tho aoitlement of this {mportant ovent, the Princo-Consort sel apart fromn his husy hours some purtion daily for the espocial Invtruction of the young bride-olect. - $ho now coincs ta me {he writes] evory evening from 6 to 7, whon I put iier throuzh a kind of gen- eral catochlalng; nnd, In order fo glve precislon 10 her ldeus, § mako her work out certain subjocts hy hersolf, and being e tho reaults to bo reviuod, Thua shie 18 now engaged in writing a short com- pondium of Roman ulstory, Whilo tho Oricntal Question was prominently ocoupying tho attentlon of Europe,—that iy, trom 1853 to 1857,—the papers relating to its ox. position, which tho Prince parcd and pre- scrved, dited i1ty 1010 volumes, ‘This rich and vatuable mass of maoicrial, collocted for the elucidation of a singl ln‘)h: in tho political his- tery of the thnes, triking monument to the endless industry und rescarch of tho complicr, His habits of thorough and laborlous study of all importaut iatters were shared by thoQueon, Bays tho blographer ot the Prince-Co 3 Liko the Prince, not a detail of the war escaped her notice. Kvery dispatch from the camp—ovory waeokly retirn, mads upon the modal suggeatod by tho Prince, which roachod the Uovernment—wers tead by then bot, aud coples earcfully presoryed, Plana showing cvury additton to the (renches were sent rogularly for hor Majesty's use, so that tho exact tios) uf aairs bofure Bobastopol was as well Known iu hor Majesty's working-room as it 3#‘5 tho headquarters of tho Commander-in- Among the many falso statements_alssomi- nated by thedetractors of the Princo-Cunsort Is that of his having used his placy and priviloges fur the purpose of accwmuluLing o vast fortune. Slr. Martln emrlmlwllv repels this accusation, asserting that tho whole Income of the Princo— ‘Was 40 fuoro than suticlont (o mao! hiu sccrelaries and othor officlals un‘d‘ l::r:r‘u':lr:.“hfi publis subscriptions, and such purchases of works of art as werw uxpected of him. . + . It was only by atrict economy that tha year's ‘carrent ox- pendituro was made to aquare with the yrar's 1m- cumer 2ud the Hrinco dicd, leazing abaalutely no ortune, —indecd, baruly enough to - e ciiien, + Latoly enovghisa’ mnol huu'pee Tho vlugraphy of tho Prince, as it progresses, deepeus the admiration which 'mun a‘e tsf na uear contemplation of & character, pure, unsel fish, carucst, and ctilciout in & very high degree, INTUITIONAL PIHILOSOPRY, COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLUGY: on, Tnag Guowt AXD GUALES OF INTELLIGENCE. Dy Joux Baacon, Author of 4 Philvsopy, "'E“a‘ilr Engllen Literatuzo % Vutowi's Bonk, Clicagos Janeon, Moo Clurg & Co. 8vo., pp. 207, Price, $1. In his * Principles of Psychology " Dr. Bas- com had lald down tho rules which ln the pres- cent work he has expanded and traced out still furiher toward thelr logical results. Belleviog, as he does, in the radical aud incxtingulshable differenco botweeu matter aud mind, he has, in hls . teunt volume, undertaken to show how the ~ita glven by the materialists can Lo equal- ly well used by the intultional philosopher; more than this, how they must be ussd by the lattor i{ be would keop pace with the develop- ment of thought aud utilize the latest aud best facts in pbyslcal scienco in tho discusaion of Lis thearies, or elso confoss that bis thicories are fn- suflicient to cxplain the facts ‘The author is o thurough and cousistent ad- versary of the school of Bpencer aud Mill; but hie sbows & wost catbiolic spirit, and a readiness toaccept the new facta they have dlscovered, whlle in no way admitting the trutb of thelr conclusfons. fle detines Comparative Paychol- ovgy a8 *a knowledge of iutelligence, of cun- sclous activity as it vxiste in all forms of lycas a truciuy of ita development lo {ts soveral stages through tho cutire antinel kivgdom.” Having shown, In o former work, the existence of cer- talu wicntul and worsl faculties, snd the difll. culty, or ratber hupossibllity, of sccountiog for or cxpressing el the phenomena of mind o terws of watter, or by wovewents of pbysical ow Yorki forces nlone, In Lhie present treatise e only dis- cussea theso polnta dncidentally, At the outact o cautions tbe render or atudent of Pagehology against the danger of rejecting tho usc of all the faculticas of refusing to enlarge the mind so as to include all new facta without mutilatfon or distortlon; and of attemnting to infer from a almilarity ofexternal appearances an equivalence of futcrnal consclous stales, though tho two sets of facta nre found on very different planes of Hlc. e then gocs on to discuss, in successive chapters, mind and matter, physical forces aa related to vital forees, vegetable life, the nervous system, animal life 0 organic, anitmal Hle as_ fnstinctive, animai 1ifc as asoctative, rational life, and the suprenie reneon, The treatment of the sublect s eml- nently enndid and broad, and the author shows, with a power which will caus the reader to stop and meditato, the uselessneas and loglenl falfacy of trying to_nccount for all the yariabie phenomena of mind snd reason by movements of ganzlla and nerye-centrea,—mirely physical operationa, * ‘Taken with his “Principles of Paychology,” this work gives a clear_and forcl- ble statement of the doctrines of Intnitional Philosupny. Based on the gencral principics of the Ecottish school, it is framed to et new hypothescs and difllicuities, or ncw forins of old aifllculties not known when Stewart aud Ham- Hiton wrote. AFTER DEATIIL, ETERNAL HOPE. Fivre Senwoxs Preacnen ix WraTMINSTER ARDET, NovENLED AXD DECEN- BEn, 1877, By the Hev. Farnznick W, Fanrnan, D.1,, . R.S.,” Canon of Westinlnater, Chaplain- rdinary (o the Queen, cte,, cic, Ne P, Dutton & Co. 1¥mo., pp. 25 WITATI w York: Price, HIy Y OF OPINIONS OF TIIE SCRIPTURAL DOCTRINE OF RETRIDUTION, ll{ Epwann TNerenen, . New York: D. Appleton & Cu. 12mo.. pp. . Price, $1.20. ‘The eerinons relating to tho futuro state and the doctrina of eternal punishment, delivered by Canon ¥arrar In Westminster Abbey fu the latter part of 1877, wero not originally prepared witha view to thelr publication: but so much excitement was created by the bold position assumed In thelr declarations, that they have now been put Into print to allay curiosity, and to present a correet version for the criticlsm of adherents ond adversarles, They are ad- mirable samples of puipit-cloquence, belng simple and dignitled {n diction, and carncst ond magnetic in feeling., They are uncompronilain in their denfal of the theory of cverlasting condem. nation. Even of the most corrupt and hardencd criminals o avers: **No arromant word, no theologic dogma, no acrid prejudive of mine, shall ever utter to them tho language of despatr, or stand between these—God’s lowest—and Hislove.,” The Ideaof a material Hell 1s ro- udiuted with extreme veliemence. “1 filng rom me with abhorrence,” he crics, “such a creed as that! Lot every Pharlsee, if he wlll, be angry with ine; let every dozimatist anathe- matize; butthat Icannotand donot belleve, + o o ‘What 1'do holleve I8 this: that for every willful sin which we commit, unless it be repented of, wao shall, as we do, feclthe heavy and merelful wrath of Ued, until Ho hes pitrzed the vile deeds from us and made us as the fine gold for Himself.” 1In an claborate preface the author states that ho cannot accept the doctrine of Unlversallsi, of Annihllationism or *conditlonal immortal- 1? " of l‘ursm.ari. por of cternnl punlshment. lther of these docs ho regard as conclusively establlshed by tho Scripture. The state of the wicked and unrepentant after death fs, in his opinlon, to bo left, without distress or discus- sion, to the mercy of Him who has not chosen to reveal His witl In the matter. ‘Tha concluslons of the Rev, Edward Beecher ara substantially tho same. He arrives at thom through o protracted study of the chief authori- tles ot the Jewish and Chiristlan Churehee, which eatiafy it **chat the modern orthodox views as to the doctring of eternal punistment, as oppoeed to final restoration, were not fully de- veloped and established till the middlc of the Bixth Century; and that then they were not astablished by thoronueh nrzument, but by Im- Eerlnl authority.” Hedecinres that tho doctrine s produced many infldels, and predicts that it wlll yot be so thoroughly scarchied that Its basc lcss foundations will be discovered. * Mean- time," ho remarks, %I will only say that the doctrino of eternal punishment Is a heavy welght to bear fu iteclf, and In the Lest manncr In which It can be presented; but, on the com- mon basis of Christendons, it is a crushing bur- den that canniot be borne, The Lord will re- movo such a burden In His day.” CERAMICS, TIAND-BOOK OF CERAMIO ART, By M.R.Lock- waon. 10mo., pp. 137, Price, 81, " POTTERY: Ilow It I8 MAnK; T8 SBuare axp DEconarioy. 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Chicago: Jansen, McUiurg & Co, #The Hand-Book of Ceramic Art" {a futend- ed to furnish thoso who have not access to the voluminous and costly works treating on this branch of art with o compact and inexpensive history of the dovelopment of the manufactitro of pottery and porcelain {n various countrics nm{I from the carllest cras, The book fs well written, and coutaing as much information upon }ho‘sub)ccr. as vould be compressed within its imits, The manual by Mr. Georzo Ward Nichols s of a moro techuleal character, suited to the requirements of professional potters und deeo- rutors, nnd to that lncreasing ctass of persons who wish to niaster tho art of painting or vrint- Ing upon china for the sske of amuscment or asa remuncrative occupation, It Is a earclul treattse, embraciug tho results of enlightoned resoarch, and cannot fail to be usalul to such ns seck o practival knowledge of the way pottery 18 made, shaped, and decorated. — MECHANICS FOI} JUVENILES, THE BOY ENGINEEIS: Wuar Tuey Din, axn low Tuzy Div Ir. A ook vou [lurs Dy tho Rtev. J. LUKIN, Author uf tha ungz Mo- chanic, ™ eic., ofc. New Yorks G. F'. Puinam's Hons, ' Chieazos dannen, McClurg & Co, 1%wo,, . 44, Price, 81,75, For bovs with a mechanfeal turn of mind, this book will be & source of uch profitable pleasure. It marrates tho adventures of two young brothers who wero so haopy as to have a workshop tu the barn, fitted with the varlous appllances necded in carving, turning, cabloet- wuking, aud diverso kinds of construction. The story {s tuid by ona of the youthful workmen, who describes with minute precislon the meth- ods and instruments used,~in this manner re. ally giving useful leasons [n mochanical procoss- ¢s, whilo malntainiug the agreeable fllustons of awork of fction. P BOOKS RECKIVED, UARPER'S IIALF-1IOUR BERIES, TIHE BPAN. 181 ARMADA FOR THE INVASION OF EN« GLAND: 1687-1588, Hy Avrssu 1L Guense. sxy, Price, 20 cunts, CONSTANTINOPLE. By Jaxzs Buicw. Price, 15 cente, MACHIAVELLYL TIORACK WALPOLE. By Lord Mioauray. Frice, 25 cents, BACK T4 BACK: A Bruny or To-Dav. By Ep. wanb Eveusrr Hatx, Price, 25 cents, SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE. Uy Lord Maoaniar, Prico, 23 cents, Now Yorkt Harper & Bros, Chirago: i, McClurg & Ca. UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 18741 lm- POUTS AND Awaznns. Edited by Fuaxcia A, WaLKkEn, Chief of the Burcau of Awards, Phil delphias J. B. Lippincott & Co. Chlcago: Jan- scu, McClurg & Co, Paper. Groups 2, B, 0, 7, 1, 19, TILE LAST OF TIE IIADDONS: A Novew. By Mrs, Newuax, Author of **Jean." Now York: Harper & Bros, Chicago: Jansen, McClurg &Co. Paper. Price, thcents, AN EEuAV ON METIODS O ARITAMETIOAL INSTRUCTION, Iy F. W. anowzii, New York: @, P, Putnai's Sons, Jai uwln"f.\a . P?u' Price, LEISURK-HOUR SKRIES. T 3188 FERRARD, By the Author of ** Hogan, M, I New York: Honry Holt & Co. Chle m&.‘ Jllnlun, McClurg & Co. 18mo., pp. 831, THE ACCOUNTANT. Fon PonLic ScuooLs axn Acavsuins. By M. R. Powkus, M. wplets Accountant," York 8, Vamcs & Co, 8vo., . 165, PERIODICALS RECEIVED, APPLETONS' JOURNAL for April (D. Appleton &Co. Now York). Coutents: Frontisvie illustration ta *4 J, or Fuce or Her Furtun b{ 0, B, lelnbart: ** The Auerican at Work: 1[.—'This Cueese-Maker, " by Willtam 1, 1tide- iug (with seven ilinatrations); +1 0l inna emember Josul™ by Hallle A. Brock; randor Matthows, ot Ho tem About the Ballet," b) o by Mrv. Annle Kd: !{-w ad: i) (with six illustrations)? Ly Adolicy D, ,anuy. 33 Whitacy ;' **The Wundorfal B Euten Cook: ** A Colloquy," by O, B, 1. snd B EtTho Fost and g S by ¥ascis S A0 204 James XVIIL (with thre Fugreat-5t E. 1 by Olive Logan; * Free, of Caged 1t y Davia Ker; > Edlior's Tsble:” | " Duoks of tho Day." BUNDAY AFTERNOON for April (Springfleld, Contents: “*Tuy Ciew of the Baul "1V, . te: J Uavberton; **8t. Mac- T e "y by Kebecea Hardlng Davia: **Earter Lilie lenco and the Exodar, " 1., by J, W ‘“John Dannack,' by John Chiarles Kingsley, ™ ny E. A, Fir Tree," by Ros Terry Cook ‘Adranced sclence, " by liorden P. fiowne; **Tam's [feathen, " X,, XI., by Josephine I Doker: !*Some Edrope rches, " 1L, IV, by 1. “Our ‘To-Morcowr, " hy Fannio *‘The Truth About ‘aroline £, Dail; iarl [Tho Eplrcon n b by Emily Adams b duliue'tl, Ward beth A, 8. Chester: Y vy W. G. Sumner; **Editor's Tablo; ‘i Lateratnre, " L N LAW REGISTER for Match (D. B. & Co.y I'hiladelphia), ¢ FAMILIAR TALR, DRUNKENNESS IN ENGLAND, The vice of drunkenness is eald to have been of rare ocetrrence in England prior to the reign of Elizalicth, Tul, when s portion of her troops wene over tothe Netherlands to asslst Willlam of Orange In defending the hibertics of his country nzalnst Philip 11, of Epafn, they there acquired convivial habits, which, on their return, were speedily spread over thelr own land. Camiden states, in bis ** History of Queen Eliza- beth,* that “The English, In thelr long wars in the Netherlunds, first learnt to drown them- aclves with immoderate drinking, and, by drink- ing others’ healths, to Impalr their own, Of all the Nurthern uatlons, they had been before this most commended for their sobriety.”” The same asrcrtlon had been made by Tom Nash, in his ¢ Pierce Pennflese,” which was written at the very time when Inebriety had betun Lo degrade and onslavo tho people. **Superfluity in drink,"” sava this writer, “isa sin that, cver siuce we have mixed oursclves with the Low-Countries, is connted honorable; but, before we knew their lingering wars, was held in that highest degree of hatred that might be. Then, If we had seen n mnan go wallowing In the strects, or lain sleep- {ng under the buard, weishould have spet at him, flul warned all our fricuds out of his com- ANy Disracll advances tho opinton, In his artlcle ¥ Drinhing Customs in Europe,” In the “Curfosities of Literature,” that ail the tering of drinking_ which ance aboundeq n England were of Dutch, Danish, or (ierman origin, Thus the phrase * hals~seas over'? ho regands as bor- rowed from ibo Duteh. The tern op-zee, or over-sea, was glven to o stupolying beer lntro- duced Into England from tho Low Countrics, and, by an casy transformation and expansion, ran finally into the expression half-seas vrer, or nearly druuk, Jiouse and carouse came from the Danes,—rouse belng the name of a large cun in which n health was drank, and carouse the act of drinkiug healths by o company. It was a favorite notlon with writers on drunkenness, o the time of Elizabeth, that a man In tho different stagces of intoxication ex- hibited the viclous qualitics of different ani- mals; and {n this notion Mr. Disracli fancics that tho expression pecullar®o the Emflun “urunk as a beast,'? or Wheastly drunk.’ had its origin. Amongz the writers cltod in illustra- tlon of his {dea, o sketch of different classcs of drunkarda is quoted from Nash, which is of sul- fickent Interast to merit ropeating: *Tho firat {8 apedrunk ; and he leavs, and sings, and hol. lows, and danceth for tho heavens, Tho second Is Iyon-drunk ; and he flings the pots nbout the house, . . . breaks the glass windows with lils dagger, and _is apt to quarrel with any inan that speaks to bim. Tho third is swine-drunk ; licavy, lumplsh, aud sicepy, and crica for a Iit- tle nioro driuk ‘and o few more clothes, Tho tourth is sheep-drunk; wiss in his own concelt when he caunot bring forth a right word. Tho ith {s maudiin-drunk; when a follow will weop for kinducss {n the midst of his drink, and kiss ¥ou. o o . The sixth 1s martie-drunk; when a man Is drunk, and drinks himselt so- ber ero he etir. ‘Tho scventh Is goal-drunk; when fu his drunkenness he bath no mind but on lechery, Tho elghtiy s sox-drunk ; when he Is crafty-drunk, ss many of the f)utehmcn may be, which will “never bargain but when theyaredrunk. Allthesoapecies, and more, 1 have scen practiced (n one company at one &liting ; when 1 have been permitted to remain sober amongst them only to note their several Lumors," At tho time of tho Restoration, excesscs of every sort were at thelr hight, **Ducllug and raking," says Greon, *‘became the marksof a fine gentlerian; and grave atvincs winked at tho follies of ‘houest fellows,’ who fought, gambled, swore, drank, and ended a day of de- bauchery by anight in tne gutter.” Beer or ale was the beverage of the people, being, as Macaulay states, * ot only all that beer now s, but all (bat wine, tua, and ardeut spirits now are. It was only at great houscs, or on great oceaslons, that lorelgn drink was oluced on the board. Tho Isdles of ths house, whose busi- neas It had commonly been to cook the rovast, retired as soon 8a the dishes had becn devoured, and Jeft the gentiemen to thelr alo and tobacco, ‘The coarse follity of the afterngon was often rgllm:'zcd till the revelers wero lald under the able. ‘The introduction of coffee in the latter part of tue Boventeenth Century had o visiblo effoct in diminishing the use of intoxicating driuks; aud incbriety among the upper closses was, ac- cording to Lecky, never quits so gencral as be- twoen the thue of Ellzabeth and the Revolu- tlon. ‘1t was computed fu 1083, remarks this anthor,{**that no lcas than 12,400,000 barrels [of still beer or alo] were browed i England in a slugle year, though the entire population prob- ably tittle exceeded 5,000,000 In 1603, with sumowhat beavier exclse, it sank to 11,850,000 barrels; but even then almost a third part of the arable land of the Kingdom was devotod to barloy.”” The En manufacture of spirits was greatly extendeid by the probibition in 1059 of the importation of forelgn liquors. **It was not till about 174," writes Leeky fn his most graphic history of drunkenucss lu Englund, “that the pussion for gin-drinklog appears to have Infected the tasses of the population; and it spreud with the n{xluuv aud viuleucs of an coldemle, Small as {s the place which this fact occupies In Engllsh history, it waa probably, i we consider all the consequences that have flowed frow it, the most mumentous in that of the Eighteenth Century,—Incompnrabi; more so thau any event in the purely political or military anovals of the country. The {atal passion for drink was at ouce, aud {rrevs pted tn the nation, ‘Lhe sverago of pirits disttlied, which is sald to have been only 527,000 gullons In 1654, and in 1714, bad rison in 1737 t0 8,001,000, and 105,301,000 zallons, Physiclans declared that in excessive gin-drinking a new and terrible source ol mortal Ll‘y had been opened for the poor, + v + Retaflera of gin wersaccustomed to isng out priuted boards anvounclug that thelr cus- tomora could be mude drunk for a penuy, and dead-drunk for two vence, and should have straw for nothing: and ccllurs strewn with straw were accordivgly provided, into which those who had become Insensible were draurged, and where thoy remained till “they had sul- ficlently recovered to renew thelr orgles,” Tho Goverument flually luterposed to lessen the frightful prevalence of the evil, In 17306, o measure (Act 9, Geo, II, ¢ 23) tmposing un onormous tax upon all salable Hiuol cited {n the preamblo that *The drinki spirituous liquors, or strong waters ccome very common, especially among the poople of lower ~and Inferior ronk,—tho constant and oxcessive use whereof temds greatly 1o tho destruction of thelr hicalths, readering them unfit for useful lsbor and busincss, debauching their morals, aua vx- citing thumn to perpetrate ull manner of vices,” In consequence of this tax, the consumption of Hquors (et for & bricf spaco; but in 1743 the production, agaln fucreasing, amounted to 7,000,000 gallons. “In 1749, to return again to the narratlye of Lecky, * more than 4,000 versuns were convicted “of selllug spirituous Ilquors without a license, and ths numbir of private gin-shops withdn the Bills of Mortality wus cstlmated at more than 17,000, At thes same time, crimo and fmniorality of every de- scription were rapldly increasing. . . . The London physicians sisted in 1750 that thero were, lu or about the Metropolls, no lcss than 14,000 cases of {liness, most of them beyond the reach of medicine, dircetly attributablo to gin,” Fieldlug declared, in bis vampblet *On the Lato Tueresse of Robberies,” published in 1751, thut rin was * tho principal susteosuca (i it may bo so_called) of wmor than 100 peapla inthe Metropolts " ; and predicted that, ‘*should the driuking of this polson be continued at its present hight durlog the pext tweuty years, there will, Ly that time, be very few of the cowtnou peopls loft to drink L. "It Is added by Lechy that in 1760 and 1751 it was computed that more thau 11,000,000 gullona of spirits were comsumed each year, *uud the lucrease of tho Kupulnuun appears to have been perceptibly checked.! Hiuts of the universal custom of excessivs driuking arv found fu wany writlogs of the A M it A cr wytobiograply, st the date . Witk Petdarece whs fo o habit of nsseic blig Uls_ boon compantons arvund a copper cotiln Blled with punch sud set fu tho ceutre of bis bull, ‘Tbe potstlons of the party gatered about thls ghistly * wassail-bowh'' we way conclude, were both long aud Jug. Lady Cowper wakes tho followlug :uuz 1u her diary, in the Jour 1716: ¢ At “the drewlug-roomw, George Mayo turued out for belog drunk an Hetell out with 8ir James Baker, and, in y, bad pulied Ly by the uvse.* On scyeral occuslous thls uoble Jady potes the occurrcucs of druokouncss wwmoug her servants. At one thne sho writes: * Dined with Aunt Allavern, Goto the Muster of the Rolls. The svrvants ot 80 druuk I was forced to seud ous of thew owet Andsgalu: “fding with Mrs Clay- . Evel 12, ot hie, =4 ton. Left by chairman and servants all drunk. 1 can hardly get to the Princess.! It Is recorded that fn sume houses a scrvant-lad was kept for the exoress purpose of loosening the neck- cloths of the guests who fell under the tahte. By active and efficlent legislation the evil was gradually subdued; and it is observed by Lecky that amang the favorable results ensuing was the de:rease of dropsy, which had risen in Lon- fon to a wholly unprecedented point between 1718 and 1751, but now *finmediately dimin- Ished, and the diminutlon was ascribed by phy- elclans to the marked drcrease of drunpkenness I the comminnity.’ Btiil, continues this writer, the measures passed formed a palilation snd not a cure, and, from the mrl( years of the Eighteenth” Century, gin-drinking has never ceased to be tho main eounteracting influence to the moral, Intellectual, and phyaical benefits that might be expected Irom increased commer- clal prosperity. ()f all the pictures of Hogarth, none are more Impressive than those in whith he represents the different conditions of a peo- ple_whose national beverage is beer, and of a ln.-ome who are addicted to giut and the con- rast exhibits n its most unfavorable srpect the dlference: betwween the Hanoverlan period and that which proceded jt." STANLEY. Mr. H. M. Btanley las been elected alifo member of the London Society of Arts, In ree- ognition of the services he has rendered com- merce by his explorations in Afriva. English men of aclence sre gencrous and warm In thelr ackpowledgment of the herole qualitics which this brave traveler Las exhibited, and of the valuable assistance he hatBfforded toward an uaderstanding of the geography of Central Africa. Full eredit is awarded him for what he Las accormpliahed, and no detraction s made be- cause the man, cndowed beyond most others with the gifts needed for successful exploration, is perbaps lacking in the elegant scquirements of the scholar and the man of soclety. In shiort, Mr, Btanley is estimated by the English- men, most competent to judge of his achieve- ments, for what he actually is,—the plucklest, and readiest, and swiftest traveler who bas yet ventured Into the wilds of Affica. Nota leal Is torn from the laurcls he has honestly won, on account of elther fancled or real sins Le may :-«(zmmlt agalnst refiued taste or fastidious no- jons. Thia editor of Nature, in an article upon Stan- ley of several columus! length, aceords the ex- lorer unstinted honors. For nearly two hours, t states, before 8t James’ Hall was opened ot the night when Btanley addresscd the Goo- graphical Soclety, the doors were besfeged by an eager throng, and hundreds, if not thou- sands, were unable to ottain enirance, view of the many hard words," sa ‘that have been spoken of Mr. Stas duct under certaln trying clreumstances, the slght on the platform of the stately figure and wenlul face of the venerable miseionary and ex- plorer, Dr, Moflat, the father-in-iaw of Living- stong, was exceedingly gratifying,—showing, as we think it did, that 8o humate and experienced an *African’ as he docs not consider that Mr, Stanley has greatly slnned.” Remarking upon the term, “the Blsmarck of Africau exploration,” which has been applied to Stanlcy, Naturs snys of these two distingulshed men: In the ano case as In the other, there has becn a well-defined purpose, carrled ont by means of & clear and cool hoad, firm nerve, onfinching will, and (perhaps more Imporiant than all) aa Iron constitution. . . . One of the most remarkable cnaracterirtica of his work is the unprecedented rapldity with which it was accomplished, consider- Init the rich harvest of resnits, As he told his fol- lowers at Zanzibar he meant to do, he snot across the Continent like an orrow, Jn two years and a half, with many zizgavs and subaldiary explora- Llons, Africa waa crossed from Bagamiyo 1o tho mouth of the Congo. The great work of the ex- gdlllon. the exploration of the Li s from yangwe to the res, occuvled only five monthe. Looking at ¢ in i} its aspects, no explorer everdid #0 great a work In snything like the time. Concernlng Btanley’s exploration along the Congo, the writer adds: 1t {s difilcult, indeed, to see how the work eonld have becn nccomplinhed for generatlons except by a man of Stanley's charscter, and by the method adopted by him. In whatever lixht we regand thle part of his recent work fu_ Africa,—whotber as a mere exnloit, orasa vast adaition to geographical knowledge, or in the light of the zreat results thit are likely to follow to civilization, commerc ectonce,—it has scarcely, if ever, been su: in tha blstory of geographical exnloration. . A private busiuess entorprise has thus accomplished What the_much-Instructed and_claborately-equip- ped expeditions of learned socistios have failed 1o o, . . . Whether or not Mr. Stanloy agaln cnters the ficld a3 an explorer, ho bas written his name in indelibla letters, alongside of that of Livingstone, on the heart of Africa, Thess words, so creditable to the journal which dellvercd them, arc gratifying to the pride of nll Amnericans who bave s just scnse of the honor which the explorations of Bianley have reflected upon thelr country. LITERARY ITEMS, The Parisian press numbered In 1877 no less than 830 different newsnapers and seriala, A noclety {s being formed at 8t. Petersburg for thio organization of travels for children and for young men. The travelers will bo divided Into parties, each under the leadership of o special- {st, aud will be conducted with reference to the study of some branch of Sclence, while gatnlng au acquafutance with thelr own conntry. M. Bardoux, the French Mintstcr of Public Instruction, 1s providiug for a Congress of Bchiovlmasters at 'arls during the Exposition, A delegate will bo sent from cach district, and not fess than 4,000 are expected, A proposition s under cousideration by the French Goyern- ment for bullalng 17,320 new school-houscs, and enlarging or restoring 12,000 others. Mr. Thomas Chitty, the well-known cditor of 4 Chitty's Practlco,”’ long the hand-book of practitioners of_the old school, recently died at tho ays of 78. Mr. Chitty was never called to the Har, but practiced aa & special pleader, rose rapldly to & large buslucss, snd attracted a cro f students to Lis rovms. He entered his profession in 1810, at an unusually early age. The Iate (leorge Cruikshank was, at the time of his death, engaged upon’an aulobiography which was to ba itiustrated with designs of his own oxecution. The work had nade cons{dera- ble prozress, and arraugements had been com- slcted for its publication. It Is belleved that t will now s Ynnr under the editorship of Lls widuw, Mrs, El Crulkshank, who was the lterary assistant of her busband before hits death, ‘The book will o doubt poseess uncom= won intercst, as it will compriso recolloctions of literary men covering 8 period of about cighty yeurs. Tho Professors of the High Behool of Medi- cine for Ladies at 8t. Petersbury have petitiouod the Minlstor of Public Instructivn to grant the ladics who huve comploted their stitdies the same deggrees as the men. They clalm that the five years® theoretical and practical study at the la- Wes’ school 18 quite us extensivo a8 that pursued by tho mew, and_rather moro 8o in tho depart- ment ot female discascs; alao, that the wonthly and vearly examinations prove that the ladiea a3 u very thorough kuowledge of their sub- ot ; and that, moreover, in thelr service with the anmny in Roumania and Hulgaria, they gave abundant evidence of high capacity for seting 08 SUrgeons. ART GOSSIP, A plcture entitled #The Child Marderors," by Gabriel Max, is attracting much attention at tho Austriau Art-Unlon, ‘The iucidents rep- rescoted aro of a painfully fipressive naturo, sud, in polut of color and exccution, tho work 1s sald to cqual tho most fumous of its author’s lew 1l Prizes are offered for the best four models for a monumental statue to Al Thiers, to bo crccted ot Nancy, ‘T'be first award conslsts of 45,000 fr.§ the sucoud, of 3,000 Ir.; the third, of 2,000 fr, ; and the fouftiof 1,000 5. The statue 14 to bu not loss than three metres bigh if stand- oy, and of Ympumouua hight If sittlug, ‘fhe wodels are to be sent in before June 18, Tno Rev, Jobaon Jacob Leltzmann, of Tug- renhausen, Saxony, loft at his desth, some mouths ago, s uunismatic collection of nearly 80,000 specimins, which s pow offered for sale. Mr, Leltzmann was for s number of years tho editor of a learncd and {nfluential numismatlc paper fo Geruany. The catulogue and descrip tlon of bis cotlection cover 1,707 quarto lvayes, 1u five voluwes. Mr. Paul Chslmers, the eminent Scotch ajdter, died Fub. 3, from the eflectsof a Bmlul asssult to the strects of Ediuburg. He waa but llttle past 40 st Lno tiwe ot his deceass, but bad sccomplished many admirable works in both portraiture sud llmhm&e- The ex- uisite etcbing by Kajon of s “Chlld at rayer,” which wus htw publisbed fu the Portfoli, nas mado Ar, Chalwmers widely known. —— SPARKS OF SCIENCE, ANTSH. 8lr John Lubbock has recently mads s fifth contribution of “* Obacrvations on the Habits of Auts.” A rcport of his paper relutes ¢bat, in continuation of former ezperiments, be tinds that outs recognize old scquaiutauces and at- tack strapgers. Thelr intelligency s question- sble in cases where & thin clrcde of glycerine Lars their sccess to bonoy which they bave al- ready visited by a paper bridge; for, whea the latter I8 taken away, they do not pile up a few Rralns of earth ang thus cross the barrfer. De- epite the many observers ana the plentifalness of ants’ nests, it s still douhtful how thelr nests commence. Bir John's experiments show that the workers of Lasius flavus will not adopt an old queen from another nest. But, on the other hand, the queen of Myrmica ruginodus has the Instinct of bringing up larve and the power of founding communities. As to Inti- mnating to cach athier discovery of food, he con- slders this not necessarily to Imply any power of describing Incalitfes, but that rather by a slmpler sign co-workers accompany cach other to the treasure. They dn not summon thelr brotherhood by sounds to a repast found b them. Their affection for friends is oum-ft anced by hatred of strangers. A few of cach being kept prisonces i separate bottles with widc-meshed muslin over the mouths, those irec outside agaln and again excitedly endeav- ored to attack the latter, but used no means to {rce the former, thelr own companions, Fur- ther experiments prove that scent more than sight guides them In following up food which has been shifted in position after lts having hecn partaken of and a return to the nest made. Aunts avold light when thrown into thelr nests, and they then con- gregate mto the darkeet corncrs. Taking ad- vantage of this habit, by n serics of ingenlous experiinents—wherein strips of culored glaas, in other instances shallow cells contalning colored solutions, such as carmine, bichromate of potash, chloride of copper, cte., were used—Sir Johin arrives at the conclusion that ants are in- fluenced by tho sensation of color, as are biees} though, in the case of the ants, ita eflects prob- ably are diferent frum those produced in mau. A predominate preference is given by the ants to red, green follows, yellaw comes next, while to blue they have a” decided aversion. The Iun;ievlty of ants would scem greater than gen- erally admitted, eome specimens of Formica tusea belng at least 5 years old. AFRICAN FLORA. The third volume of Oliver's *Flora of Africa," recently published, includes the study of fourtecn natural orders, from Umbellifere to Ebenacem. The distelct represented extends sbout fteen degrees each side of the equator, and Is alvided into six portions,—two on the west slde of the Continent, named Upper and Lower Guinesjtwo on the cast side, the Nile- land and Mozamblque, and sn Intervening re- gion called North and South Central. The Umbellifere fo this district is represented by twenty-one genera and about forty-four specles, Among the latter arc the American forma, Conlum maculatum and Dancus carota. Five fcncrn are pecuifar to Afriea. The genus Pencedaneum embraces two species which are small glablous trees. The Aralisccm contalna three genera and fourtecn apecics. ‘The Rublace® posscascs seventy-cizht zenern, about thirty belng endemic. Two familiar species oc- cur, QGallum aparine and G. mollugo. The Valerianaecre is regulenzm by one species only, and the Dipsacem )g three genera, The Com- positic contalns 408 species, divided into 117 genera, seventeen belug cmfomlu. The genus Tarchunaothus forms a emall tree. The Erjcacen compriscs four genera,—that of Erlca, including n single species, E. arborea. .SOLID-MIOOFED SWINE. A breed of swine in Texos are remnarkable for haviog solid hoofs. Dr. Ellfott Coues has re- cently examined specimens, and finds that * The anfinal is completely solidungulate.” In the solc of the hoof there fs a broad, angular cle- vatlon of horny substance, which curiously re- sumbles the frog of the horse’s hoof. *The breed is so firmly established that no tendency torevert to the two-tood forn I8 observable. In case of a crossbetween tho solid-hoofed boar and a sow of the ordiuary type, the majority of the progeny have the pecutlarities of tho maic arent, Dr. Coucs says that there is, fn this nnmn acase of change from au artiodactyle maminal to 8 perlssodactyle (from even-toed to odd-tocd). But Prof. J. D. Dana contends that the plg ts no less artiodactyle than betore, since, althouch the two tues are “conlesced at their ex- tremity, they are still present, and the outer one of the two equals the inner, which, he muintalns, ta the characteristic of the even-toed mammals.'” BRIEF NOTES. Lisbon has been visited with a snow-storm, the first sinco the year 1840, ‘The botaulst accompanying the French ex- pedition to tho Islands of Bt. Paul and Awmder- stam, In 1874, for the observation of tho Transit of Venus, collected from fifty to ffty-live ape- cies of plants, ot including algm, The 8oclety of Apothecarics of London an- nounce tueir Intention to award prizes to young women students fu Botany for proflelency in that sclence,—the age of the students at their examination not to exceed 2L years. Herr Bchutt, who Las been dispatched to Equatorial Africa by tho Dutch Soclety for African Exploration, arrived safely at San Paul do Loauda, and immediately started for the 1n- tertor to complete the work begun by Eauard Mobr, Prot, Ellas Frics, the greatest Swedlsh botan. 18t sluco Linnmus, dicd at Upsala, Feb, 8, 10 his Bith year. Among his most finvortant contrl- butions to botanical sctence may be mentioned his “Systema Mycoloteum 1 ((321.'20), aud nls * Lichenozraphia Europaea ™ (1331). Corsica sends annually from 350,000 Lo 400,000 biackblrds to France,” These birds visit the island in vast numbers every winter to feed vn the berries of the myrtlo and arbutus, and be- cume very fat by Devember, while thelr flush acquires a dellclous flavor nnd perfutic ns the result of their peeullar dies, Dr. Karl Sachs, who was scnt out by the Humboldt Iustitution to study thao electric eels ot Cnlaboza, Veuczucla, s now encaged in writ. iz out the results of his Investizatious, in which wilt be includea a deseription of the country und the people of Veuczusla, aud the autbor's experlence lu traveling, ‘The conslgnment of soles and turbot which left the Southport AquariumJan, 8 for the pur- pose of stocking Massachusetts Diny, having proved a fallure,—onty une pair of soles sur- viving the transit,—it i tho intentiun of Prof, Balrd” to_ wnake another atlempt to introduce theso flsh fnto American waters, about May noxt, The first telograpli-ling In China has recently been iestablished, between the Arsensl of Tian-Tein and the house of the Provincial Goy- ernor. The lino 18 about ten kilometres in Tength, and the apparatus used wre Morsc's die-writcrs, worked by Leclancho clements, A cable was reguired for the Plho River, which In. Lersecta tho flue, Shortalghtedncss is increasing among German studentr, Extended observations made in the Gymnusia prove that tho namber of the short- sizhted fucrenses from 23 per vent inthe first year to 78 per cent in the uluth or last year. Brudyine at uight with tnsutlicient light, and In li-yuntilated roums, Is supposed to be the main cause of the evil. Anteresting dfacoverics have racently been made in the underground roonis of & vist pal- ace whoso rulus extst at Itayh Chiapas, Mexico, It is supposed that a ltbrury bas been found. It consists of o lurgs number of terracotta tab- lets, each six by el‘ibl tuches In surlace, and half an inch thick. "The inscriptions appear to be iu a languagze posscssed of an alphabet, but they bave ot yet been translated. A communlcation wncemlug tho so-called “Rain Treo” of Mogobamba, Bouth Awmerivs, was read at alate mecting of the London Lin. nwan Boclety. It appcars probable that the trea 1o Petliecoloblum Baman, and that the so- called raln i the tuld excreta of cicadas, which feed on the juices of the fullave. The whole phenomenon s comparable to the production of houey-dew by tho agency of aphides, The African Socluties of Berliu bave deter- miued to cotubine practical with sclentific ob- ects i thelr prosecution of the work of opeu- up Africa. They consequently fuvite man merchants, manufacturers, cte, to join them in catablsbiug & great commerce in Africa, aud aunouuce that the Germau Goy- crument ls ready to grant a prelimfvary sum of £5,000 t0 further the oblect. A new weographic- sl wsocluty becn furwed fo Switzerlaud to puniue the sawe euds. Fritz Muller, the German paturalist, writcs frum Itajuby, in Soutbern Brazil, s wooderful uccount of 8 glgantis earthworm wiich is said to fubabit the bighlands lu the southern provinces of Brasll, whyre it s kuown as the ** Minhoeso, " Manv persous testlfy to haviug scen the snimal at differcnt tlmes, and represcut it as nearly s metre {u thickucas, of diverse leugths, and with 8 snout ke a ply. It is to leave traces along its march, In the fonn of trenches about threo wctred broad, sud that it oven upturus trees in fts progress. Nature suggests that the animal muybe & relle of the colossal arnadlliovs that mll;ul gevlogical epochs wers abundant in South Brasil, According to the Lancet, the outbresk of the cholera at Mecca bas beca surlous. Frow the 24th of Deceber, 1577, to the 18th of JIHHU{, 1373, the deaths u tho city bave béen 1,Usd} and, of these, 785 were assigued to cholers, At Jeddab, the deatbs from cb2lera oeineca Dec 20 and Jan, 6 were ninety-six. The last news atatea that the discase had ceased at both there points, but had appeared among the lana- caravans destined for Persis and Damascis. On the sca-route northward from Jeddah, the maluly was carrled by pligrims to Tor, the quarantine-station for Egypt In the Sinaf penin- sula. One death occurred on the voyage, and five among the 5,000 pligrims assembled thers Jan. 11, MAKING SILVER DOLLARS. The Processes of Minting—Progross of the Work from the Melting to the Stampinge Jow the Silver Is Alloyed—The Capaclty of the Threa Mints, Aew York Times, Mareh 11, . The eapacity of the varlous coining mints snd Aseay Offices in the United States will be fully tested during the coming year, The law of Feb. 28, 1878, demands that between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 of the new dollars shail be turned ont every month, The officers of the mints think that 8,000,000 will bie the maximum of produce tlon fur the prescnt, and to coln as many silver dollars as that & month will require brisk work at thomints. ItlLns already been announced in the Times that the dies for tho new dollae are to be made from the desten of Mr, Morgau, an Enplish draughtsman. The coln will un- doubtedly bc ons of the handsomest that has crer been clrculated du this country. ‘There will be, as a matter of course, no lack of siiver in the mints ta work upon. On the 11th of December last eleven tons of silver were sent to Philadeiphla frown the Assay Otllce in this city; seven and & ball tons werc sent on the 31st day ot tho same inonth, and at least twelve tons more have been sent during the last fortnight. Most of the silver received at the Philadelphia Mint passcs through the New York Assay Office. Thero are two colning minta besldes .the one in Pluladetphis, one in Franclsco and_the other fn Carmon City: and sssaying and rce fining_are done iu Llelena, Moutana; Bolss City, Idaho; Denver, Col.; oid et a few other polits i the Far West. ‘The Philadoiphia Mint is capable of turning out about $1,. 500,000 in coined money s morth, the San Franciseo Mint 81,000,000, and the Carson City Mint $500,000. Tue mints cannot, of couree, be given over exclusively to the colnago of sflver dollars. The subsiaiary coins must ba struck, and a certatn amount of gold culnago oea on nll the time. Gola is nceded by tha overnment to buy sitver with, aside from all other Pumom. It 18 cotned mostly in the form of double cagles. During last month 21,- 210 double eagles were colned o Philadeiphia, and 20 eagles. 20 half-cagles, 20 three<lultar pleces, 20 quarter-cagles, aud 20 ounc-dollar pleces were colned ot the same thne. "U'e other colinge of the Putladelphia Mint during Feb- ruary comprised 0 trade-dollars, 875,000 half- dollars, 1,461,800 23"’4:nu.‘r»dnllnr:. 200 twenty- cent plecea, D64,200 dimes, 600 five-cent pleces, 600 three-cent pleces, and 010,500 conts.? Silver Is scut from the Aesay Office to the Phlludelphia Mint pure, or 999 fine, which s about as pure as sliver can be. Itissent in e bars, and when received at tho Miat is melted and alloyed with copper. Cain silver is 000 flne. After belng melted and alioyed the metal 15 cast into Ingots, which are ehuply bars of aconvenient slze for hundlinz, ‘Fhe’metal fs then asmayed, to determine whether it is ex- actly of the standard fincnces. Assaying s done by what 15 known us the dry or humid process. Bamples for assay are taken while the eilver s in a fused coudition, and two nasays ure made of every specimen, The sitver ingots then go to the colner. They are tirat rolled into strips, and as tho rolling process fs apt to make the metal brittle it” s aoncaled to soften it. Silver Is annealed sfinply by heating in an open woed fire, and then being allowed to coal graduslly, The silver dollar strips are passcd through the rolle niue or ten times be- fore the firat suncaiing snd four or five times afterward, Then toe procoss of aunesling s repeated. After the last anneuling the strips arc run through cutters, which divide them in dralta of tho proper thickuess for the coiu: and thesc, i thelr turn, are run through steamn punching machtne which_cuts planc tho proper size for the coin. From 100 to are cut tn o minute. As the metal gets greasy duriuge this process, the plunchets are then dipped into a bath of diluted sulphurle aclt, which fa too weak to act upon the surfuce, but eflectively removes ull forelgn matter. Tho planchets are then adjusted that {s tosay, they are carcfully welghed, and all that ave lacking in welzht are cast gside: such ?hcu are called *lights,” and the **heavics” erc the pleces which welgh too much and are flled off.” The adjusting Is doue by waomen. 1t {s & procest which requires much delleacy, und scales aro used which are sensltive to one-sixty-fourth of o eraln, After the adjusting s fAnished, the next operatlon is the milling, which is done with a curfous sort of machine. ‘The edies of the coln are thrown up and grooved by this procees. After anotlier cleaning with sutphuric acld the culns are ready for the dle, ‘The stamping 1 done ot a screw pross, aud both sides of tl coln are stamped ot the same time. The di: are cylindrical blocks of steel upon which are carved the designs to bo transferred by pressure to the calns, Art of u hieh order os well a8 tlne mechanism Is couspicuons in this part of the coiniog process. The designer, In the case of the new sllver dollar, Mr. Morgan, first draws his desigu on paper, from which Is made o wodel {n wax, of which o plaster cast i taken, and from thle cast an electrotypo fs taken, upon which caretul revision ts made with the graver. This elcetrotype, ke the moael and cast which frcccdud it, Is three or four times larger than the fmpression which appea ou the dollar, ‘The deslgn {s trunsferrea to steel die by using 1iil's reducing machine, con- structed on the principle of the l:muozuph. Uuo ann of this nstrumient, with a blunt point, follows the lines on the electrotype, while the’ other armn, to which Is attached o stroug and rapidly revolving drill, reproduces the samne lues on smaller scale upon a steel block, By neans of a press this impression {s trausferred 2 0 another block In fntazlio, oud thence upon another block, which is the parent die, After each transfer the lines are carciully im- proved with o graver, Bieel of the B uality o8 that of which the narent, fe {$ mado {s used for tho colnluE dies, They are sunegled, and trued on botl ends. “Twoor thres blows in the scrow-press, which is worked with a lurge wheel, sceures a perfeet lmpression, and both the obverse and reverse of a coln are struck at once, Machloery places the planchets between thodyes, and altes- wand drops the completed coli in ‘s box. Two or threo pleces of each colnaze are reserved for the anouul Guvernient sesuy. The provesses of nelting, refiuing, sud assay- fug gold aod sitver are curried on i tho Assay Ouiee, fn this city, on quite as larce a scale as at the Pllladelphin Mint, Not only Uoverns ment work 18 dous bere, but large denosits are made d“llllly of gold and silver bulllonu by private Iudividus Gold 1s always found alloyed with it 1s never found with any other luy. To separate the sliver from the gold, the bulllon {8 boited I suluhurie acid, whict re- moves the slloy; the gold 18 then rebolled and reduced to s cours powder rescnbling clay, Its purlty then §s 903 or 090, Tho silver, mixed With copper, Is run into vats on a lower toor, and {s puritied and grauulated, when fu rese bles pipe-clay. The granulated guld snd silyer are pressed into largo cheeies fu a bydrouile. nress. A cheese of gold, twelve inchea (n di eter and three luches thick, Is worth $20,0005 silver cheeso of the samo size Is worth 8 “Ihe sulphuric acid, aiter it s used, produce sedlment ot blue vitriol, which {s much pretticr tha cither the gold or the sllver scen fn the A Ofllve, foo vitrial and the weak acidare both soll for 8 wuch mouvy as the origiual acld costs, The substitution of sulphurie acld wltrlo hus caused 8 saving to tho York Assuy Oflice oue of $100,000 & year. Depositors receive their old and silver Lrnnu.v ly at staudard purity, gw, Pure metal s nlso dent to the Assay Qllica from the various refinerics to be alloyed, Fromn United States retlaeries silver is generally sent In lurgo bars or cakics; und a small sinount of Mexican metal Is roceived fu thiu, irregularly shaped pleces called disks, The fumes from tho vats aud furnsces in the Assay Ullice ore condensed and sold as weak acid, “Only a small amount of tne gus escapes into the atuiosphicre, and, although it 15 slicbtly ofensive, It 18 uot injurivus. Un the contrary, this gus is an ex- cellent disinfectunt, and acts upon desd watter rather thay hiving, * The sae precautions sro taken to prevent loss ln the Assay Otlico ns in thu yreat wints, The usbes, the sweeplogs from the loor, the crucibles, and sl the instrutents whlch come in contact with the preclous metals aro washed sud grouud fn @ machine coostructs cdt for the pu ¢, aud the stray particles of silver sud gold are gathered together, ——————— SONNET, TO LAUBKNCE ALMA-TADENA, K. & Thoa that oa wm.s- of genfus hast surpassed Tho sllout flight of all-subdulag tie; ‘That, 1a 8 Lrivisl sge, & bostilo clime, Cunst still rucail 10 )ife the clissio past; ‘Thou thet haat made the Greclan 8 gl'.'l The checeful chozal, or hast duftly shown ‘With cunuiug band how Pheidlas wrought thestone K«‘-utul f’h ku ngkl- LFNH{:( Awlmmi e yat, with Art by curlous Lesruing log k!:{n-u the dark race that ruled tho lu&\t dood T Ly rq 0'ot bls Egypt wystic Nilus speead, wod the et of Hows's pateiciuu bloods As all 1he past thy learviug can explors, B0 shall tby {awo o'er all the future suar. . Cusucxs Noalk (4XeosT. Mapuox, Wis., Masch 14, 1574,