Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, April 3, 1875, Page 8

TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE. TATPS OF RUBECRIPTION (PATARLE JN ADVARCE). Snecial arranpements made with such, Kpecimen coples sent freo. “Ta prevent delay and mistakon, be sure and give Post. Offca address in ful, ing S1ate and Conaty. Remittances may he elther by draft, express, Poat- Off cc order, or i rogiaterad Inttars, at our riek, TENNE TO CITY fUBICRINERS, d, Suuday cxcented, 20 cents permonk. elivered, Snaday included, 30 cants per week. rere THR TRIBINE CONPANY, Corngz Madiron and Desrborp-ita,, Chicage, Kl TO-DAY'S AMUSEMENTS: o] £ 'k atrent, R L o R A T 7 Aftornoon and evening. . ith Mo CADEMY OF MUBIC—Halsted etzeet, hatwasn Mad. S g gttt of ‘Jotoph STarpy. “Staum Cro," " Afternoun and evening. 21, F—Dearborn, steest, corner Mon. e AT om0 e A uCaCor Leava Blan.»" Aftornoon aud ovening. IVICRER'S THEATR D>achorn and Niate, £ng: Afternoon, ** Man o' Afrlee, Madicon strest, hetween ment of Fawrence Harrett. Kvoning, ** King Lear." \IOOLEY'S THRATRE~Randoloh stract, iatwesn AR Tadatin, Tonthtaf We HLr Ceaner Atlorioon 100 avenings jon AN, M. 1AL P W, MERTELL, Boe's, "BUSINESS NOTIGES. WI: MEAN JUST WHAT WE SAY. READY 70 rote {t or refund ”Il‘v:lml(:ni‘:. Dnl,{ @fl‘,"‘::’ l' ‘\lfll! -Z::I"I' :g; o S oW B Moo, corner 0 teoth. warrantod. 2 ' Clszz end Randolptista, The Chicage Titbune, BOaturday Morning, April 8, 1875, WITH SUPPLEMENT. “fhie Municipal Incorporation bill, with its earious amendments, hns passed both Tionses of the Legislature, and goes to the Governor for liis signature, The farco of prohibition has been played ‘o an end in Massachusotts, the Legislature jertorday passing o new law which forbids iho open salo of liguors over n bar, but per- mits the granting of licenses {o hotels and rortaurants, A joint resolution has been adopted by the fllinois Leglstature fixing April 15 as the day of ndjournment sine die, Eloven working dags remnin in which to consider and pass sgveral important bills, ond now that the day for closing tho session i¢ definitely known thare can be no plen of hurry or insuflicient tiao as a renson for neglecting important fegislntion, There is now n yveport, not well authen- ticated, from Washington that the selection . of the Black Hills reservation for the In- dinns way illegal, The law authorizing the seicetion of reservations required the selec- lion {o be snbmitted 1o Congress, nnd that ha reservation should not interfere with ony highways or milways authorized by the United States, It is uow nlleged that bath thesn provisions were violated, and that, vopsceruently, the Indinns hava no title to the troct. Whether or not this shall prove to bo tho cnse, we have no doubt that some fleas will be disecovered in order to enable tho gold-seekers to satisfy themselves that there is po gold thero in paying quantities, This will ba the result, and thoussuds, pere lieps millions, of dollars will be squandered iu nseertoining it. 5'he eampaign in Connceticnt grows lively and intevesting, Ono of the ablest and most efectiva eflorts on the side of the Republicans was put forth last night by the Hon. Jaues G. Bramy, who addressed a large meeting at Now Haven, 1Iis plea for the vedemption of the State from the control of the Democrats wasg based upon a brond and comprehensive survey of the political situntion throughont the Union, and the abscuce of rant or exayg- geration in his address, as well as the logient und dispassionate manuer inwhich tho various questionswere treated, must havo given his ro- warksgreater weight and force thun ordinarily cttach to enmpaign speeches. Mr, Brase sees 1o hope for tho restoration of peace and prosperity in the South exeopt throngh the continuation in power of the Ropublican parly, and ho gives good renson for distrust. ing tlo intentions of the Democrats toward harmonizing the South. The speech is well worth u careful perusal, Yesterdsy in the Brooklyn trid bronght forth amarked change in the charactor of theentertainment. Genteel comedy gave place totho heavy cmotional, uud, instead of rippling Inughter, sobs and tears and broken utter- ances wero thorule. Mr, Brecnen's frequent aniet and strong. Wheat waa active and o higher, closing at 9ate for April and 21,00} for May, Corn was nctive and Jo higher, closing nt G#Je for April and 7ajc for My, Oats weoro nctiva and advanced 1ie, closing at 670 for April and 61c for May, Rye was nominally unchanged at 21.00. Barley was in better demand and stronger, closing st .05 for April. Hogs were active aand steady for lieavy waights, Light grades aver~ aged 10¢ lower. Cattle wero moderately active and nuchanged. 8heep were dull and ensy. Tho nmendment which Benators ILamuiy and Raxsey nnd the express companies made to the Postal law, by which tho rates on third-class mail-mntter were doubled, is not only diminishing the receipts of the Post. Office Department bnut increasing its ex. penses. The ostimates for postage for the Department wero made Defora the ehange in the rates. As o large part of its mall-matter is of the third clnss, itr postage nppropriation will be exhansted {nsido of six months, Mr, Jewrtn will then be obliged to send this nmntter Ly express. 'The companies had hetter moake nll the money they can bhefore next Decetber, for this source of their in- come will then be eut off, e ] Until tho present Sheriff of Cook Connty exhibitions of deop feeling in the course of his testimony have led to the fenr that he will not bo able to proceed with his exnmioation, but this is probnbly an averestimate of tho probabilities. In his evidenco yesterdny Mr, Brecuen reachod tho vital essence of tho trial, which now secls likely to bo umrrowed down tfo a question of relative credibility,. To the sworn testi- wmony of 'fruroy, Movrrow, and M. Mous- To¥, the lo direct i given in the sworn teati- mony of the defendant, who, nnder thoe so. lemnity of an onth, flatly flings upon these witnesses tho hmpatation of perjnry most fonl and outrageons, Mr. Bencurn wlko registers bofore the evorliving God und in tho presence of {ho wholo avorld his nbsolato and unequivocal denlal of tuch uud every ouo of the criminul charges ugainst hini, The written statemont submit- ted to the Plymouth Committee ho hos re- iterated under the bindiug fores of an oath, sud if, from cmotion or auy other cuuse, ho Wers unable to proceed further in his direct exuuination, the expectations and require. lvents of the jury of publio opinioa will have been amply satisfied ; but, until ho shall bave passed through the flery furuace of Fur- LERTON'S cross.examination, it is too scon to speculate upon the chinracters which must fus wvitably be reduced to shreds aud patchos Perpetual infamy and complete vindication uro the prizes to be drawn in this terriblo lot- tery, nnd tho wheel must shortly begin to turn, ‘Iie Chicago produce murkets were uer. vaus yesterdsy, Mesa pork was ctive and declined 206 yer brl, closing strouger ut %21,40 cash, und #21,60@21.65°fog May. Lard Was petive aud G 100 per 100 ths higher, clos. ing steady, at$14.50 cashi, ond $14.65 for May, JMecnts wero less active, and unchungod, at 86 for ghowlders, 110 for short ribs, and 1130 for short clearw. Highwiues wero dull and wgafex, st $L11 per gallon bld, Flour wad eame into oftice, it wns the custom for the Sheriff to swear in special deputics at the re. quest of attorneys. These deputies could then legally serve n suinmons, ete. This was n great convenience angd a substantial aid to speedy justice. Moreovdr, it saved the Dar from the necessity of paying illegal fees to the regular deputies in order to get papers promptly served. The latter fact may ex- plain My, Aexcw's action in refusing to countinne the custom. At any rate, ho bhns refmsed. The result is thet justice is delayed by delays in the Sherifi’s oflice. Bribing a deputy has become almost a necessity. In New York nuybody can logally serve a summous. This is not a judi- cial aet. It can be done by one man precisely ns well as by suother. The New York plan saves time, trouble, and money, It has been in operation there for years, nud nobody, plaintift or defendanit, complning of it. We need such o rule in Ilinois. Will Mr. Speaker Harxes lot the Legislatare attend to the wmatter ? THE PRES3 AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION, Alawyer correspondent, “‘G.,” writing from Joliet, in TnrTrinvsEyesterday, discussed the daugers of a general collision between tho Press and the Judiciary, and held that the calamity resulling from such a collision would e the final overthrow of the Couris and the despotism of sn unrestrained Press, e reaches this conclusion from the premises that there is among tho Pross nu esprit de ¢orps which induces journals of all shades of opinion upon other questions instinetively to rush together on such an ocession as tho Criminal Court afiorded on thae 20th inst. in defenso of the liberty of the Press. Upoa this he builds on argunment that, let n newspaper wsy what it muy of the courts, all the othor newspapers will combine in its ~defense nud overthrow any Judge who may resort to the means at his command to protect himseld Warming up with his subjeet, ** G." draws freely on his vivid im. ogination, H Now, this pravaiting fustinct of the membern of the T'rees t) make commen eause agalust evors exerclsy of Judictal pover which acckn to linit the riuge or ro- straln the tone of newapapar-discursion, T caniot but regard of evil conacquence. It fu unt & combination naturudly reaulting from nnity of convictions upon great Aublect of publio concern, but from community of {ntereats, or suppored fntercatw, in one common em~ sloyment, Whilo lawyers, Judges, and the peopla di- vidde, o indepeudent minds, whan left to tha operation of rearon, naturally will sad must divide, tho cone ductors of our jonrnals, forgetting for the time being ol political and personal differcnces, Joln in one gen- eral war of Semionsirance agaiust what they term an fuvusfou of the lberly of the Iress, Tho dangr is i proportion to tho capabilitios of thly overe whelndog agency, It molds and romolds pubile opinlon, 1t makes and unmakos the reputations of pmblio men. It cen takeand unmake the very Jadgea who alt in Judgment upon ita Tights and responalbill- tes. While these Judges aro fulminatingthe (hun- ders of thelaw, the defendant and hlaassociates remem- her with grim complacency that tuey hava ever in thelr bands n lever which reaches down deep undor the foundations of the Dencli, tud can ba wrought to overthrow It ot their own will. Knowing that 1t fs dif. fleuit to ret bounds to the freedom of publis discus. slou fu u popular Govornment, they ure loth fo uc- Luowledge that soy whatever ahould be proposed, Wllle repeating thoe sonorous platitude tbat judiclal uiscretion 18 the lawof tyrants, thoy aro themsojves wantoning in the very worst despotlsn which ever threatened the causo of truth and discriminating jus- tice. The premises of Lawger “G.” are unau. thorized by fact, und his argument is equally fallncious. The Press a3 o power is of comparatively recent origin. All the privileges it enjoys it hias obtained, aftor many bittor struggles, through the absolute foreo of cultivated pub- lic opinion. It hus had to contend with at lenst two strong and iutellectual justitutions, —the Church and tho legal profossion, Tho Chureh orrogated to itsolf the exclusive con- trol over tho conseience and the exercise' of the amental facultics of the people. It ciaimed tho anthority to define what was right in itself, and to confine views, thought, and actions within that deflnition, Tha Hench claimed the same prerogative, It defined tho limits within which men should act und spenk, and even think ; the time was whon coustructive trecson swas as rigorously uphold by courts ne is constructive contempt, and when to predict the King's death was ns criminal as to kilt him. In this clahn of the Bench, the Bar was tho great champion, The Yress, of necewsity, had to contend with this combination of the Law end the Church, As mean and groveling creaturcs have sat upon the Henclt and pleaded at the Rar for the practical ml;:pression of tho Press o4 ever dis- graced civilization by editing the vile and ob. scene organ of the wlwmn, The battle * hus been a hurd one, Neithor Bar nor Court has ever voluntarily conceded a privilogo to the Prese. All j¢ possesses has been wrung from them hy the absolute demand of ontraged aud indigmunt public opinjon. In due time, the Press emancipated the people from the despotism of the Chureh; it taught them to yewd, write, nud think for themselven; it taught them to act upon their own bonest convictions of right and not upon the command of others, The stroggle with the legel profossion hus heeu protructed, but none tho less suvere, 'The victory of the Press hos not been over the traditiousl, professional, and Instinctive despotism of lawyens ; its victory hins been in the power it has nttained of awekening public opluion, of arousing the indignent wrath of an outruged people, jeal. ous uf thelr own libertios, und to the dewand of this publio opinion have the Courtsund the Rar mado reluctant concessions to tho Prews which would never have bevn yiclded to jus. tico or liberty, To this day thero isnol & Judge who, when called upsu to pasy judg. ment upon yuestions affocting the Press, will not turn to the records of what Lord . This o J.ord That sald a contury ago, aud de- THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY APRIL 3, 1875.---TWELVE PAGTE3. liberately rend it sa applicable to thia time, iguoring the fact that tao world bas in the meantimo adopted a new cade of liberty. The Mar, nas profession, is tho most in. tolernnt and relentless enemy of the Press. 1t is the natural friend of prorogative, Tt is arrogant, selfish, and, outside the protection of the Court, not very brave. Being educat- ed and intellectual, it feels mare keenly that, s a controller apd director, if not a lender, of public opinion, it hns been largely super- seded by the Press. Tho day of suppressing disenssion by writs of arrest and imprison. ment has gone by ns effectunlly as the day of suppressing indopendent religious opinions by tho faggot and the fire. Tho people have nnew tribune, and the Bench and the Bar aro remanded to porfunctory dnties. When Insvyera speak of thonewspapers rish- ing to defend any onoaf their number ac- cused of violating Jaw or deceney, and of combining to resene him guilty or not guilty, they assume what is not true in fact, and what is impossible. Newspnpors nre busi- ness establishments. Each {8 more or less necessarily the rival of the others. Tach is dependent upon the good will and support of the public for an existence. All it anys is in public and not in kecret. It livos nud per- forms all its functions in a glass house, visi. ble to everybody, It cannot defond a wrong without an injury toitself. It cannot hire itself out, as the lawyers do, to defend the guilty or proscento the innocent. Such a paper wonld be biasted by tho very nct upon which Inwyers attain their eminence and their wealth, The moment it descends to tho level of n pnid attorney, it passes into public contempt nud derision and censes to exist. The Press cannot, therefore, combine to defend the wrong, but with instinetive judgment it unitedly demands that no press shall bo punirhied st the discretion of its ene- mies save for such crime as it actually com- mits, The suggestion that the Press will event- unlly destroy the Courts, iy not warranted. Has it destroyed the Church by being freo of its control? Tins it destroyed civil gov- ernment by being no longer subject to tyran- nieal interfereuce? Such a suggestion is nat- ural to a profession which, of all others, is jenlous of the influenco of the Press. There is not a village in the land where thers is not soma legal light who will discourse all day on the ¢ licentiousness of »the Pres.” The legal profession furnishes the larger part of tho aspirnnta for politicd honors. The time Los been when such men were able to procure an “organ" to do their bloviating and to make them famous. But, in the great emancipation of the Press, this personal organship has Leen in a preat degree abaudoned, and now all men seeking nowspaper colebrity are re.’ duced {o the same lovel The last chain by which the members of the legal profession held the Press in boudago is broken; the Pross is free intellectunily, politically, and legally. It is strong in the affectiony, respeet, and confidence of the mnsyes, Its condnctors staud in no wmore awo or fear of Courts, Iar, or juriesthan any other peoplo exercising their libertioa within the limits of honesty, decency, and law. Agalnst the vengaful jealousy of Courts and Baor it enjoys the protection of public opinion. It defles now, as it did a century ngo, all arbitrary meaus, legal or otherwise, to unlawfully control - it. It is tho tribune beforo whom the great publie bring their causes for trinl, The Courts are chosen by the citizens to ad. minister justice and to interpret aw, but not to make it. And while in the performanco of their high and sacred duty. the Press will de- fend them before the people. The Press wishea to co-operato with the Dar in the ex- posure of wrong and resistance to tyranny, Lut it must be ug equals and not a8 Rervitors, The American Prass is dono playing second. fiddle to any profession. ETAGHATION AT THE BOUTH, Wa have had occnsion to notice ssveral complaints in the Louisville Courier-Jotrnal of the cruel punishment inflicted on inors, widows, and non.combatants at the South, by reason of tho abolition of slavery—* the destruction of the right of property in man,” “Wo have endeavored to show that if these complaints were made with a view of prepar- ing the Democratio pavty for such legislation as would result in taxing the untion fo pay for this proporty, they were not only hopeless, but that thoy had no equity. The TRebellion was incited and prodaced by and in the interest of tho slave-owners, who were wmainly non-combatants ; and the netual fight- ing men of the Counfederncy were non- nloveholders, and & Jarge proportion of thom ' were opposed to the War, but followed their necighbors and friends into a war for tho institution of slav- ery, in which thoy had no interest, The editor of the Courier<Jonrnol, who was anon- slavoholder, and yet s brave and gallant sol. dier of the Confederacy, hns takon thess ob. servations nsan unkind reflection upon him. self and thelnrgo class to whom be Dbelonged who enlisted in the War, and clnima thnt thoy acted .puroly on couviction of right, Ile, moreover, disclaims any idea on the part of the South of asking compensatiou forslaves, and declaren that all that was intended was to draw nttention to the peenliar hardship of tho minors and other non-combatants whose whole proporty and estata was swept away in tho abolition of slavery, audthinks the North. ern people shonld not overlook the fact that the huaviest punishmont of the War fell npon those who were innocont of auy participetion nit ' ; ‘Fhe peoplo of tho North are not vindielive, nor have they shown any such disposition, That many widowed and orphaned ostates lost proporty in men by tho nbolition of slav- ery i truo 3 but it wns a necesstity of war, Just as wos the destruction of the lives of brothers, husbands, and fathers, Thero wero 88 many mourning and desolato homes at the North as at the Sonth; and in the losaof brothers, hnsbunds, and fatliers of Northern Iamilies wes jnvolved the totnl destruction of the exelusive means of support. 'o com- pain that the personal losses in this respect wero greater at tho South thun at the North would be absurd; both sections shared in this particular the desolat- ing and frretriovable consequence of fratricldal war. The emnncipation of the bondsman, and the transfor of proper- ty in him fo himwelf, destroyed nothing, It was but the division of the assots of o dis. solved partuership among the inembers of the firm, The property remained; tho ownership was divided, but still remasiued at the South, . Tne Cucaco ToiooNeg can sssuro the ConrleroJournat that this paper spenks from actud knowledgs whon it says that there iv no popular iil.will or vindietiveness eutertalned Ly the Northern people towurds the South, or towards thoss who actunlly took part in the tebellion. Thoy are prepared to admit thet the Houthern moen who bore arms did so conscientiously; that thoy fought mone the 1 gollantly boeause the War wad originally unnecessary and might have heen avolded. They sympathizo deeply with tho compnratively finpoverished condition of the Houthern peoplo and at the prostrate condition of their indushi. Tho North, nceustomed to practieal viets, hes witnessed with pain the antagonisma of races at the Sonth, which, by dividing the indus. trial elasses, have provented a full revival of production. When the laborer and the em. ployer at the North aro both poor, they do not quarrel; thoy unite their Inbor aud menun for the joint benefit. The people of the North have nothing fo xay of the Rebell: ion, save when the subject is forcod upon them by the ex-Rebels, The negro isa freo man, o citizen, and & voter ; and, if he be al- lowed to exercige the liberties pertaining to these freely and without molestation, the Northern people will gladly leave him to take, like all other people, his own chances in the racoof life, Itis tho whites of the South who are forever forcing tho negro upon the protection of the North, and not the North secking him to exercise avy special parental cars over lnm, ‘When slavery was abolished, it was to bo oxpected that thenceforth the sectional line which classified tho slaveholding Stotes o a distinet portion of the Union would 'be no louger rocoguized, This was more easy of nccomplishment, Lecanso those States were not all equally involved in the War. Un. fortunately, {hishns not been done, and the whites of the South atill hold themselves ont 08 distinet raco, and as o commmity having distinet rights and wrongs requiring distinct remedies ond laws. The people of the North vapidly recupernted after the War, and the healthful restoration was produced by return. ing to labor, They did not permit them. sclves to be'divided upon questions of casto or of complexion ; they questioned the po- liticad or civil rights of noone; they ol went, to work, each man doing his best to produce not only enough for his own needs, but womothing over tbat he might well. Our friends at the South, with all the la. bor they bad before the War, with & new generation of whites brought up under the stern necessity of lahor, with the same soil, {he same olimate, with all their natural ro- sources, and all their monns of tranaportation, just a8 befors the Wor, hinve wasted ten yoars upon n question of precedence or eoquality among the children of Noau, leaving flelds uncultivated, erops ungathered, forests un- felled, miined dwellings and barne not re- placed, roads leftout of repair, fences gone; those who shonld be Ilaborers and omployes st varinnes,—in many cases at nactual war; and both classes di- divided ond engrossed in the abstmet ques- tiou whether our great-grandfathers intended this should be forever a white man’s Govern- meut or a peoplo’s Government. Naturally, undier these cironmstances, demagogues ond thioves, fgnorance and vico, have been nblo to grasp what litlle substanco exists and torunoff withit. Intheoyesof the Northern peoplo shiftlessness is o crime, and tho man ‘who, suflering from poverty, devotes his time to discussing abstract questions instead of to Iabor, is o pitiable instance of shiftlesaness. Suppose the Courier-Journal yemind the people of the * South" thatone year of pence and hearly, sympathotic co-operation between the whites and the blacks, a yoar of truce on tho “ color " question, and tha application of both races to industrial production, would 2dd more to the surplus varnings and wealth of the whole peoplo than wonld equal the valuo of the destroyed property in men. Peaco and lahor ave tha grent restorers of shattorad fortunes, whether of individuals or States, TEE CASE OF THR * VIRGINIUS.” The negotiations whieh graw ont of the Yirginius gud the military murder of part of har crew have hoen as puzzling to the av- erngo American a3 the Schleswig.Holstein case to the avernge European. The Stato De- partutent hag jnst published the official corre- spondence relative to tho matter, so that it is now possible to give a connected history of the afinir, I'te Virglnius was captured Ly the Spno- ish guu-bont Torundo on tho last day of October, 1878, She was then npon the bigh seas and carrying the Americeu flag. Secretary Fisn at ouce demanded re- dress. Nov. 20, tho Spanivh Minister at Washington promised that Spain shonld give up the ship, salute the American flag (provided it should appear that the Vir- ginius hnd the right to carmry it), nnd settle the rest of the mooted points by dilioussion, or, if necessary, by arbitration. Dee. 17, Attornoy-General WitLiams gavo an opinion setting forth that the vossel had no right to carry the flag, The sslute wns therefore waived. The ship was duly given up, and foundered off Cape Fear on her voyage to Neow York, A naval Court of Inquiry report. ed, Jan. 16, 1874, that the officers in chargo wera not responsible for the disnster, Meznwhile, the Spanish Minister, Admiral Toro, and Becretary Fisn wero diligontly firing diplomatic broadsides at each other. Deo. 80, Poro, soting under instructions from Madrid, fillod o caim for dameges agninst the United States, on account of the attor's alleged complicity in the cruisos ofl the Virginius, and in the constant warlike operations of tho New York Cuban Junta. A long and worly wrangle followaed, in which Poro quoted, with considerable efoct, from tho American ense as prosented at Geneva. Seo. retary Fisy, howevor, met his argu. ments point by point, Feb, 10, 1874, Cumisia wos justructod to press, at Mndrid, for instant sottlemont of the indemnity domanded for the murder of part of the crew., Fifty-throe wers sliot, nino. teen of whom wero British subjects, After eoma correspondenco between Cusumye and Senor Tiroa, tho Spanish Minister of For. oign Affalrg, the latter still clung to the connter-claim for demoges, and tried to post. pong tho matter, practically forever, by ro- ferring it to the Council of Stato. Qet. 27, Alr, Fisie telegraphed that the Spanish claims wore dofinitely refected. Deo. 14, Spain paid England £355,000 ps indemnity for the munlerof the nineteen Britishsubjects, This aum hiad heen agreed upon some time before, Naov, 28, Mr, Fisu telegraphed Cosuiva to de- wand 22,500 for cach Amerlean shot, and more for the Oaptain, mate, engineers, purser, and doctor, Spain offered different indemni- tios for the whito and bleck men killed. The. Tlnited Statos declined to recogniza the dis- tinetion. The point was finally waived by Spain's agresing to pay a groks sum of $80,- 0 into our Trassury,—$30,000 in two nonths, 210,000 in four months, and $20,000 in slx months from the date of siguature, ‘THe ngrecment was signed March 8, 1875, The uest doy, Minister Ursuina presented his formal cradentials, The day after, the official ratification wod sent by expresa to ‘Washington. ‘Thus, sixteen months of diplomatic dis- putes and the espouditure of four or five millions of dollara in equipping onr navy and making it rondy for hostillties have finally rettled this' vexed caso, honorably and satis- factorily. It wa had gono to war, wo would undounbtedly have held Cubn bofora this timo, and would find it to bo tho biggest imagina- Llo white elephant, We wonld havespent a hundred millions of money, would have cor- rupted onr politics atill more, and would have postponed spoclo payments for at least & do- ende or two longer. Then the Congresses for the next half-century wonld he busy in voling bounties, back.pny, and pen- sions to overy man who drove n mule-fonm, or tended a sutler-store, ns well ns to those who carried rifles daring the war. And for fifty years thero would have poured into Con- gread a strenm of claiing trumped up by agenty for all imnginnble and consiructivo damnges. This generation would never have got done pnying the expenses nttending tho invnsion aud conquest of Cuba, GREEK HISTORY A’}X; B8TATE SOVEREIGN-~ When the first authentie record lifts the curtain from Greek history, we see on the political stage some two or three hundred autonomons Btates—onch sovercign within itrelf—ench a distinet mntlonality. 'Fhere wns nocllization, one to another, of such chinracter as to constitute a permanent politi- enl compact of any kind. There wore tem. porary confederations for common defense when danger threntened from twithout; but theso combinations usually embraced only n few of the States. 'This Btate isolation had no doubt n long prehistoric foreground, and, on the warrant of legitimato sequence, hind reason enongh for being. The States were mostly loeated on isl. ands, or in valleys and hasing of land, and were, therefore, separated from each othei by the sea and the mountainy., Navigation and lnud travel, for the want of ships and roads, had dono little to overcome the effect of theso natural barriers. There was not freo and ready communication between the people of tho sevoral States for tha furtherance of ac- quaintance, sympathy, and unity of interests. The conqnest of one State by another was not very essy. Geographieal isolntion had so long favored political ixolation that the exclusive melf-government of each island, eity, State, became **second nature.” ‘Tho habits of autonomy had persisted so long that the feeling in its favor among Cireeks hed become well-nigh ineradieable. In con. sequence of thin ““instinet of autonomy,” the Grecks never would have voluntarily confedorated ; and they were only driven into partial confederation by the immedinte pres- sure of danger. 'The Persinn invasions led to concert of nction among a part of tho States, with Sparta at the head. The stimulus given to Athons by these wars made her n great maritime State, and placed ler at the head of a large Greck confed- eracy. The States of thia confederato lengne were bound to furnish men and money for the common dofenke; and their ropresonta- tives mat in synod at Delos to doviso mens. ures for tha commeon good. When any State failed to send its contingent, it devolved on Athens, as the recognized head of the confed- orncy, to enforce the obligation, Then for onco in Greece was nationality in the form of ompire. The Athenisus were only human, ond, as was natornl under the circumstances, they no doubt committed selfish and despotic ncta; but we must novertheless boliove thot this unfon was an advantago to all concerned, —to the wminor Slates composing it, a9 well ns to Athens herself. The smaller Statos bad lost their autonomy, bLut they goined & central court of justico and greater security against enemies from nbroad, while they retained snflicient freedomn within for the devclopment of all their capabilities as sepnrate States. Unfor- tunately, tho enomies they had most to fear wero not Porsian but Iellenic, 1t was the virus of autonomy. Sparta sot herselt up as the champion of State sovereignty ngainst what was called tho despotism of Athens, Our Democratic Friends should koow that the battle was fought on the issue of State rights long before our Civil ‘War, aud with a very different resnit. 'Tho Pelopouncsian war lasted twenty-soven years, with alternating success and de- feat, till at last Athens was overthrown and her empire broken to piccen. The finel great victory of Egos Potamnos declnred for the Btate.rights moeu; and Sparta, who had preached antonomy to the States asa Qoctrine which finttered thelr prejudices, had now a chanca to restore sovereignty to tho individaal States of Greoco. What did she do? Inatendof crowning each State with au- tonomy, as promised, her Genaral, LyuaNoen, placed the Governmont of each in the hands of ten of its aristocratio citizens, whether the people wished it or not, and then placed within eosy reach of the governing ten & Spartan garrisorn, with a Spartan Harmost or Governor, to maeke sure that the governing should be done scconling to Spar- tan idens, This was autonomy with a vengeance. The fact s significant as show. ing the powerful tendencies there are in Luman nature, and in the play of politieal forces, to unite a largo body of kindred poo- ple, once freo communication has been established among theni, under some uniform system of governmont, with o co-ordinating hoadship, Sparta had pledged her fealty to Btato govereignty as a policy which was conforinabla to gencral Grock prejudico ; she bad thrown hersel? with all her energy into the active propagandism of the doctrino; and, when victorious, ended by Tobbing States of their sovercignty and establishing n sort of quasi-Empire, What would the Confedersto Govornment of the South have done bnd it heen victori- oun? During tho contest it was autoeratic, aud Stato sovereignty practicenlly over- whelmed by the war.power. The Govern. ment at Richmond was overything, Power never willingly lets go its hold. Of courso, the exigency having censed, thero wonld have been a relaxation of executive stringoncy at the closo of the War ; but are we to suppose that the Central Government would have been willing to lot Louisiana, Texas, or Ton- nesgeo withdraw from the Confederncy and sot up for itrelf as a Btato indepondency on the pretext of State rights? The very idoa involves so much practical absurdity that it would not bave boen tolerated for a mo- ment. Rather, upon suy such attempt at severance from the Confederacy of one State or more, the Richmond Government would have played Sparta on tiem, andfound counts cnough for a succesaful indictment and the use of coercion, ‘I'hin susplclon bacomes rironger whon ono recollects that Sparta wos tho ideal of tho Bouthern Btates at the time of tho Robellion. Sparts wos an oligarchical Goverumont resting on the Dasis of elavery, The Helots did the work and the froo- men did the fighting. Tho trainng Liad entiro referencs to war, and thore were 10 such laud forcss tu Greece aa the Spartan ‘down the St. Lawrence, - m_— ey loplites, Only the Snceed Band of *Thebes, directed by the stralegio peuing of Irasr- NONDA®, was ever nable to cope with thom, Thero is very littlo hyperbolo in saying that. cvery Southern State imagined itself a wort of modern Spartn. The bonst waa openly made that slavery wns the mainstay of tho State, il aMorded the conditions under which its reronrces would e mjaintained in mpite of war, and that consequently its war power would ba irreststible. There is Auother renson why the Confedor- nte Government in the event of success would have proved treacherons to the doetrine of Stato rights, Tho facilitics for getting from place to place, and the motivep which the people of different States havo for holding intercourse, socinl and commercial, with each other, are grenter now than in Greece even in tho most active period of its political exist- enee, The appliances of modern eivilizntion unite people whether they will or no. Ik is not well that long railronds and navigable rivers shiould beentintoscetiona by the bound- ary lino of sovereign Btates. Tho social and political structura becomes n living organism in which, one part cannot ho dispensed with by the rest, 'I'e union of peoples s thus necessarily more intimate than in former times, But if Spartn did not guaranteo tho sovereignty of the Grecinn States nfter linv- ing ko solemnly promised it, and when the circumstances which bound peoples and States togethier were wenker than now, is it in the least probable that the Central Govern- ment wonld have gunranteed the separato sovereignty of the Southern States when the circunsstances ara such as almost to necessi- tate political unity with au efficient and para- maunt headship? Some further remarks on this interosting subject avo resarved for another article, THE CANADIAN CANALS, At the crowning moment, when a litile more money and a little mora work would send three-fourths of Western exports sailing Counda hesitates, New York, by handling the grain of the Jis. sisaippi Valley and by selling the wares for which that grain was exchanged, hes won its commercial superiority, The wame prizo is stll to be won by the same menns. The eastward flow of grain brings wenlth into being fnster than the northwerd flow of the Nite. Under some cirecumstnnces, the holdest pol ioy is tho best. When Baltimore and Philn- delphia aro bidding for Western trade, and Boston is gotting rendy to draw a goodly share of it through the Hoosno Tunnel, it is not the time for Canada to stop in her efforts and ‘adopt the do-nothing poliey of New York, What is wanted is o depth of 14 foet in the Welland Cannl and throughout the 8t, Law. renco. Thena large-sized vessel can ba londed with grain at a Chicago or Milwankeo wharf, sud earry its eargo, in nnbroken bulk, to Montrenl. It will lond in the Iatter ocity with the products of Cannda or Europe, and dischargo these on the docks of the Garden City. There are only two ponsiblo lines for ship-transportation between the Northwest ond tho senboard. One of these is the Mississippi. The other is tia tho Wolland Cannl and the St. Lawrence, Tho finst is practically ugeless during tho hottest wenther, ond the sccond is in a shollar plight daring tho coldest. The two lines will thorefore supplement each othor, ¥ One hundred and ten membetn of the Cana- dinn Parlinment have petitioned tha Govern- ment to carry out the necessary immprovement of canal and river. It is reported that Lord Durreny opposes the project on two gronnds, —the alloged lack of 14 foet of water on tho St. Clair flats and in tho lake harborg and the cstimated cost. The first objection is wholly untenable. There is very nearly, if not quite, the raquived depth now everywhere west of Dufflo. If it is wanting in any place, it ean Do readily got by dredging, and would Lo got forthwith if the Canadian improvements were curried out, The question of dollars and cents is answered by dollers and cents, Even if the cost should ba vory great, which is fmprob- able, tho roturn would bo still grester. An almost continuous line of vessels would pass through the canal, so that a low tell would yield a gubstantial sggrogato sum ; and the indirect profits, the gain on the increased trade, would be enormous. Wo trust the petitioning members of Par- Homent will press their suit. It shoutd Le grantcd. The project is one of great and mutual ndvantago, It ean, and should be, reclized forthwith, REVENUE WITHOUT PROTECTION. Another fallacy which falla under our notico fs tonchlug the rocent tarle lucrease, that all protects produrta are marked upto o high-tariif level and tho unprotected mnsses of conrde suffer in consequence, Now, again aud sgain we have asked {hoss oracles of Free Trade {o fell how » tari ‘or tax can bo imposed at ull without Jn nome way affecting prices, And If pricea sre affected, wo have kel them to show Liow tuat ia posulble withont affocting cither tho profits of producers or of oonsumers, or of both, thua opezating aa protection to somebody, Among protect- o products aro whoat, huiter, cheose, and nearly farm products ; even clover, turnips, and cablagos, {ucidentally. Then who aro tho unprotected masaes " that suffer from havlng thoto articles marked up to high-tarif lavel? The Free-Traders are dumb zs oysters when challenged to show bow a tari®f cen be mpada ond afford protection to nobody; for such & tariff must be an suomaly that disturba or changes no prices,—Grand Rapids Eugle, The difforence botweon the two sides to tho tarifl controversy may Lo thus stated : The one party is in favor of a system of rov. enue withont protootion as far as possiblo ; tho other iu favor of a syatem of protection without ylelding revenue ns far ns practicable, There are certaln articles which may be selected for taxation which will yield a pure rovenue to the Government; others which will give the great bulk of tho taxes to the Governniont, In both these cases prices may bo nffected more or less, but the increase which the consumer pays is o direct contri- bution to thoe support of tho Government, and not a tribute to a privileged and protoct- ed class eithor at homo or gbroad In the caso of tes and coffee, for instance, the torif was taken off without sonsibly cheapening the price of theso mle}e-, bo- canse the countries producing them iwmedi. ately levied an oxport tax about equal to the import tax which this Govornment took off, If this tox on tea aud coffes were restored, {* it s not likely that it would increase the prices matorially, as the producing countries would probably make a correspondiug do- creage in their tax in order not to hurt the market. Besides this, all tho yield from a tos and coffes tax would find its wny direotly into the United States Treasury, and the only + protected class” in this coso would be the Govornment, for whose protection alone just and equitable taxation {5 levled. There aro wtill other articles of forcign pro- duction or wanufacture, & duty upon which would yleld almost n pura reve- nue, and afford little or none of the *‘in- cldental protection” which increcses prices for the beneflt of tho wanufacturer, Hore is n listof asticles which wmight be made to yield almost enoupgh rovenue to pay the €XPonseg of tho Governmont aud without Oy to tho peoplo : ; Tesand coffen,.,.., Ruger and molaraes. Horel o ag Clig . Drugn, porfimes, con o hv;uygun , Fronch goods, Taces sl old... . Total,, . This amount { & 000,000 of the novessitier of the (In\'arnln;n;.: all obtalued withont *“prolecting" anyhog, oxcept tho Goverument. The halance (.:m. Yo raised by internal revenne, exciso, nud g, coma taxes, or by alow duly of 5 org per cent on the general range of mmmn\clnrp., such na Germony lovies; but always 5o In‘w nanot to yender the prices 00 high fo ¢y, portntion of domestic manufactures, ‘The tax on ten and coffce was repezled order to provent reductions of taxation o protected manufactures, Therefore, no duty whatover is levied nipon ten nnd coflee, wiry hias no competition in the home macket, o) which would yleld n pure rovenue to the gy, ernment of the full nmount of tax levig thereon ; but’ clothing, where thy fore, manufacture comes in direct eontnet with fhy home manufacture, pays o duty of neardy 7y per cant. Not merely the effect, but thy 4y, tention, of this discrimination is to put noney into the pockets of certain priviloged olass;, ‘The whole system is built upon the theary of taxing foreign manfactures which are hmugm into competition, and not taxing those o, cles which are not produced in this conntry, The result of this rystem is that $4 or &3 goy into the pockets of the protected clnss sslery £1 finds its way its way into the Treasnry, Such is also the purposo. Now this iy gy merely unjust, but it i3 aleo unconstitytion,:, ‘The power of the Government to levy tayyg is specifieally deflued by the Constitutio *‘to pay the debts, and provide for the cor, mou defensa and goneral wolkureof tha Tniteq Btntes.” The United States Congess by no right to go outside of this specific iy, tion, DBut they do po outside of i, pg) thereby violats the Constitution, when they knowingly, deliberately, and purposely iy vent a system of duties for thio benefit aq profit of cortatn clnsses, and to tho negles of another system of duties which wonld yiold fonrfold greater revenue withont exed, ing a8 Inrge o tax from tho people. 'The me, fives and effects of the present system wy unjust, extortionnte, aud illegal. Congrey Iing no authority to coerco ono class of peop's to cantribute to tho support of another und tho disguise of ralsing rovenue for tho sy port of the National Gorernment, ‘Witen wo speak of th unprotected class:y, wo refer more especially to tho farmers sy planters of the West nnd South,—in ofler words, the tillers of the soil of America,~the price of whose stapla products is fixed by foreign quotations, and who are obliged to sell their surplus crops in free-trade mnrlety and to purchaso their goads in protected nan kots. Ono of the organs of protection cliimg that tho farmers anre also protected beca: there is o tariff on imported corn, cation, clover, and cabbnges, and other farm.prod cfa, These duties an sgricultural products vers levied for the purpose of decoption, Tie country which produces a surplus of eop commodity for which thore is a foreigm de mand, such a9 whest and porl, corn nnd cotton, does not need any protection for such articles. ‘The principle of protection cennct possibly be applied in such & case, wine the poople will not import an in ticle which they already possess it excess of their own demands. The duty on agricultural products is, therefore s delusion, and intended to nct 28 o decetion If there wers any othar motive, it was tatf hurrassing Cancdian exports to Europe ; but tho result of this is that Canada semisber wheat to England from Montreal diret, ine stend of cllowing Ameriean transporiation snd commission werchents to handlejt. s the prico of wheat js fixed at Liverpool, where tha demand is, it oporated alike m N York nud Montreal, But it is said the tarid keeps Cannda wheat out of our market and frem competing with Westorn wheat, Tha effect of the duty ia simply to cowpel tha (analic sus to export their surplus grain direct to Enrope, vin the St Lawrence River, instesd of sending a part of it through our fitor7 to find shipping at Portland, Boi'on, ot New York, Our merchants and comn.on-cat riers loso the profits of handling this prain, ond that is the only protection” wo r ceivo therofrom, excopt that, when ovr farme e purchoso Canndian wintor wheat for seed, they have to pay 20 or 25 per cent riore fr it than they otherwise would, which isa ¢ rious kind of protection for them. Fortho first time in thirty-two yeurs, lho family of the Hon, Hirax Nortox, of Lok port, IiL,, bas snffered beroavement, by taedeatt of Mr, NomtoN himself, ono of tho mo,t usefdl men this Westorn country hns known, His life waa long and ovontful, and to his energy and ios Qustry the community at largo is wdebted fof more than one of its monuments of er:erpriét. Mr, Nontox was born In Onondags Couuts, N Y., Iu 1799, and at the close of the War of 1812 ho entored tha servico of tho Canada Stege (om= pany, His arduous laboraralsed him fn 1630 to tho propriotorship of the utage lino botwosu To- sronto aud Montreal, In connectiou with thid line o built and navigatod the firet wisambdost which desconded the gpapids of sha Fb Lawrence, 1lo was for fourtesn yesnd s mombor of the Cavadian Vw ‘h_r:wn.t. aud subsequently opo of tha lutho Works Commisslon chorged with the ranstrics tion of tho Bt, Lawrouce Canals. Iifs resideuce in this Btate datew from 183, whon, with ll‘as JatoQrorat 8vErLs, of this clty, ho toak s 1arme coutract on the Tllinols & Michigan Carial.” 10 moved to Lockport, whers ho has sesbied over sinco, Tn1848 ho cstablisied tho firm of Note TON & Co. In the milling business, whh_-n hl:u loug held the lead In Will County, Fur the PEAL tou years liohiag not boon activaly bifor tho public, tho buslncss of tho finn balog 4 tendad to by his two cldest sona, Hie énnhnfln: years wero not spont in idionses, for tho n' garden, with its conservatarios, oue of 130 nn:‘ attractive spoia fu thls part of tho Btsio, an superlutonded by him. IHo loaves & nmlly{ elghit wone und daughtors, aud st 1he Ko yours peacelully fades from & lifo of 1o pero labor. Hie doath oocurrod on Fildsy ulihk g e With the prosont tondenoy toward u'mdnsfi; ing and classilylng loformation o r: 4 smallost compass and srraugiug 6very -lopli.. ment of it for sasy referenco, it iu mot u.u-p!g 5 Ing that * Hi's Aannal of Soclal and Jusin 2 Forma" should have atiainod tha suddes p?g“ Iarity it los noliloved. Tho titla of tho wrfki o plaius in geners) torms its object, whicd s ” supply the posscasor with all availablo udarn: tlon for correspoudence, whetlier 1t be for mfl_ or buainess purpoues, It lays down rulea f:‘;n most every phasa of writing, for panmnl Zi composition, writing for newspspers e.ln 4 forms, commercial lotters, private noted. e aven for pootry, It glves bhiuts Bt sach oocaslousl work es drafting :0'. olutions for public meetingd, for xz' 5 readlog, with spoctmens of engraving, «:fi. painiing, job-printing, and so co. It B