Casper Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 4, 1925, Page 10

Che Casper Daily Cribune DUMB DORA---MORNING, NOON AND: NIGHT 7 WOPE-NOU REAL ; Tt LOOK BR TeRNN G 0! T MOPE-NOU REALLY DIDN'T DORA, SOT BROOGRT HE. Ae eae (vere HAT AWFUL LIMOUSINE LOOKING MADRICE t I PICKED OUT HIS 1 3X6 ATTEND THE 1 MASGOEZABE WITH Novi poRA! THE ONLY +; POLITICS TO MARK Ore AEE, cart SCRAMBLE FOR OIL , World Competition Destined to be Carried i Into League of Nations and Other International Conferences ROYLE supporting Ahmed Zogu’s revolu- Casper Tribune( | tion. ; —= ; NEW YORK, March 4.—The ir It is known that the Standard O11 . ; Oe rented id" througn | inter s now have a man on his si ever e 3 | way to Albania, Who is expected to there this week. Anothe tion of the situation ts that the Albanian government signed a merce posits n different par contract with the Anglo-Persian com: the w pany in 1921 but it was not ratified to int until this time. If-it Is found that peals t Li | the ratified concession gives tt Ves cin AY ZA NN perhar Anglo-Pers company a monopo! He's A’ lH a, rae tion { c able gov-| in Albania, it is extremely probable iAcr lh - WH r that there will be a vigorous protest LOOK, AWA core : PAL UP for de-| from the United States. ONCE WALT e poaaie sit D \ & smart | a "7 “ coacie! |} A eum sup: England sees in Turkey's move y depending on the| ment of troops against rebellious slow moving c ervation measures | Kurdestan an attempt to establish to take care of the fu Inter- | martial law in the vicinity of rich ests of a dozen different countries | Mosul oil fields. This would give are fighting tooth and nail for con-| Turkey something to bargain with cessions to develop new supplies or] in other international dealings. As to contro] those already developed.| the boundary commission of the And some of them, it is charged, are| League of Nations is involved this using whatever weapon comes to| matter may come before the next hand, pclitical pressure included. meeting of the league. The United States, through its| The Soviet government makes no business inte: te, is vitally inter-| bones about using her oll deposits ested in many of these struggles for | and the concessions thereto for the control and develupments ave being | purpose of forcing recognition by clot watched from Washington. other government One of the lat- Avbania is the center of one of] est Russian moves has been the the latest battles for control The | nullification of the concession to Anglo-Persian oil company, of| the Sinclair Consolidated Oil com- Great Britain, and the Standard Oil] pany to the Russian port of Sagha- and Sinclair interests, all ave fight-| len. Japan naturally {s deeply in- ing for the Albanian oil concession. | terested in who controls the Russian Today, a cable from London an-| ofl supplies nounced that the Albanian parlia- A bitter struggle is now going on ment had ratified a sixty-year con-|{n South America between British, cessions to the Ang! sian com-| Dutch and American interests. The pany. The agreement, it is stated,| British are rapfily making their {s- also provides that Italy should have] land of Trinidad a storage and re- some participation in the exploita-| fining center. The Dutch are taking tion of the fields. similar steps with Curacao. So far It is claimed in some quarters] the European interests have the bal- that the revolution which ousted | ance of power in that section. Any Premier Fan-Noli of Alb fa, and] effort to cxert political pressure in established Ahmed Bey Zogu in| Central or South America undoubt-| All. Chem. & Dye -. power and led up to the concession, | edly would involve the United States | American Can was given support by Jugo-Slavia| through the Monroe doctrine, irre-] Am. Car & Fay. -. on pressure from England and Italy| spec' of the Interests of her na- through Serbia. On the other hand, | tionals. many students of world affairs con-| In Mextco, the trend is in Ameri-| Am. 8m. & Ref. - tend the Jugo-Slavs were anxious to|can favor, since Great Britain has|Am. Sugar --. see American interests receive the| declined to recognize the Calles gov-] Am. Tet & Tel. - concession and were not anxious to| ernment and further concessions to|Am- Tebacco ~ SKEEX MAYBE HE FREEZE SO HE SIT STOCKS REACT (Letvestock WHEAT PRICES (FURTHER LIFT (Sesser ow secs 2c to 2 35¢ higher; top, $13.25; bulk good rai , Chesebrough pfd. — Early Morning Rally on Ex-|and choice 190 to 340 pound butchers, | D ; Crescent X= -| Downtown at Liverpool Re- C cla 3 ae change Is Short-Lived | $1300 to $13.25; bulk packing sows, Recteain Tradinn tered Cumberland 134 * $12.10 to $12.40; majority strong ga meee =e 84 Gal, Sig. Com. Today weight slaughter pigs, $11.50 to Chicago i ; 64 $12.00; packing hogs, smooth, $12.20 —— Gal. Sig Old pfd. — 13 Am. Locomotive see the Anglo-Persian com! al-| British capital until that {s done are | Am. pater Ws. NEW: YORK, ch 4.—Today’s | to $12.50; packing hogs, rough, $11.99] CHICAGO, March 4.—Influenced (Continued irom Page One) Gal. Sig. New pfd. 107 though they were supposs be | unlikely Fe pean ae oe Was ‘unablo to sup: |{o $12.20; slaughter pigs, $10.75 to) by an unexpected sharp decline at Pia eR tte aa ak mongs aac 1% Ang d he large volume. of, realizing | $12.00. iver . ‘derwe! oh by seg oe erdict, stands. e| Indiana Pipe - Atchison sales and bear selling excevt at con. Liverpool, wheat underwent s ma-| shall do well to heed it." National Transit — y Atl. Coast Line T d N Baldwin Loco ~ Balt. & Oh’ TAGE INEWS fl iittichen “Sica California Pet -. Canadian Pac. ~ Cattle—Receipts, 8,000; fed steery| terial setback in price today during] prefacing his : . ° : | i 3 acing his discussion of Amer-| New York ‘Transit and yearlings, trade spotty, gen-|the' early dealings here. Opening |ica’s relation to the world with the Narita Pipe erally steady to 15c higher; she| prices which ranged=from 1 to 2c| declaration that “our country repre-| Ohio Oil a was followed by a temporary rally stock, 10¢ to 15c¢ up; spots more;| lower with May $1 to $1.98, andjsents nothing but peaceful intén-] Penn Mex. -. Total sales approximated 1.600,000| Vert about steady; top welghty | July $1.72 to $1.72%4 were followed | tions toward all the earth,” Mr.| Prairie Pipe ehates: POON) steers, $11.40; few head at $11.60;/ by something of a rally and then | Coolidge set forth ways and means| Solar Refz cessions in quoted values, until af- ter the publication of President Coolidge’s inangural mesasge, which ins 40% ll’ 234 poking Coal qed eee ore invaymipathy with BIg | cent. wreath. pta.s- pas oat crip hah la eect by a downturn lower than before. |of manifesting that spirit while at] So, Pipe “36 : oa % asc best yee ings ear! a .73; heif- a 2 a “ r =a ns PHILADELPHIA.—Retall coal ss, Corral te eso a NEW YORK, March/4,—Contrast- tere: ree Ae Aad ket pete. F eles a the aaah ran Into purr aeae) time melntalnibe eusie Bo. Eenve Ol 185 Geelare hare \havespat’ ths iprloe of ey et esse a Gheskieake & Ontos Ing prive movements marked the|light helfers, upward to $10.25;| DOA‘Y Selins overs and gave way) site and security of a great Shahan ie iy Sub to) s1dta) tiniantlat aay and READ Nae ees RDO move-| Ghic. & Northwestern opening (ot today’s stock market, |largely $11.50 to $13.00 to packers eat i Hee ounce ihe tact | people.” ; Pn eee aot pia abe nut to $13 is ng ¥, yt - with profit ta a I. 3 5 = . . 2 pe fines folowing's wee of iwararevess | Chics Mile Staten pte.) Soguforerin anne hsdeica eine Seiad Gaye aise cdmand| put were relatively small. ‘The close| He reiterated his advocacy of|Swan and Finch ---__- 23% 241 Farm Implements. ther. Men's clothing is a leader, | Chic. R. I. & Pac. A rise of 1% points in Pan American, |and feeders. flrmn at week's advance:| 25 Weak, 2% to 7%c net lower, |American adherence to the Perma-| Imperial -.----------- 30% S14 KANSAS CITY.—"The _ tractor. Cie SOE PES “B" contrasted with the heavineds of |cholee western bred steers averag: | MAY, $1,92@1.921; and July, $1.68% {nent Court pf International Justice; | Washington bg Bis \ business is 200 per cent above that Lumber. Coca Cola. the other of! shares. Renewed buy-|ing about 850. pounts on c tah to $1.68%. declared that America haying taken 262 J of last ye said General Manager| SEATTLE.—The curtailment of | Colorado Fuel ing of some of the high priced is-]account late x Uap Fy mote te Corn and oatg sympathized with | the lead in the movement for limita. 21% Voohees, of the Kansas City branch | North Pacific lumber mills to a five-|Conmoleum ~ Sues included. General Hlectric and | $5.50. ; ce Ys upward to} cheat weakness. After opening at | tion of armaments, “that lead Amer- of the Advance-Rumeley Thresher | day week has begun to show re-| Consolidated Gas - Dupont.’ UPuilman vest ervansl st %c to le lower, May $1.34%4 to |{c2 must continue to hold’; favored mpany today. “Buying has been | sults in prices but new business has| Corn Products - Steel declined 1 to 2 points. Sheep—Receipts, 11,000; fat lambs,] 1.34% the corn market recovered a] Continuation of the policy of par- so.brisk that we are having diffi-| not yet caught up with production, | Cosden Ofl - Ready absorption, of th@/earrly re. | St¢2dy to strong; desirable welghts,| little but soon declined again, ticipation in world conferences METALS said. ——— Cruelble Steel —-- os Textiles. Cuba Cane Sug. pfd, oil. BOSTON.—Textile men are more | Davison Chem. ~~. FORT WORTH.—The Humble Ot! | optimistic over the cotton mill situa- | Du Pont de Nem ~ company is building a pipe line|tion. “They say margins of profit | ¥rle -~ ie trom Deleon to Young county to tap | are very narrow and godos prices are mous-Players the new Swastika oil field, About | low but that production ig increasing | General Asphalt - 200 men are employed and with the reduction of overhead = which high production permits, the ‘whenever conditions are such that there is even a promise that prac: tical and favorable results might be| NEW YORK, March 4.—Copper secured,” bespoke continuation of| steady; electrolytic spot and nearby id to mitigate human suffering and| 14%; futures 15% @14% assist in the rehabilitation of di Tin firm; spot and nearby 85.87; running into a seco! , 3 lambs, $17.36. 5 | o , | tressed nations, and expressed sym-| futures 55 Tron steady; prices taking which mncelled thete, aise) , ral Oats started at 340 to tec off, May | pathy with the movement to clarify | unchanged, Lead steady; spot 39.00 daahs : gains. 54% to 54@% and later “held near] international law and to br! b Zinc steady; E Iron Pipe, Texas Gult Omaha. Quotations. to the initial range. Fa eB isan are acted | abo cuterseraioe uae: mostly $17.25 to $17.75; few. $17.85 tion of buying operations, eventust, | ‘© $1800; best held higher; extreme| to arrive led to free selling on the ly causing the whole ‘market to | De@¥¥ lambs, $15.75 mostl, fat! part of traders who have recent! swing upward, The rally was short | *eePs Scarce, strong; feeding lambs, | heen aggressive on the buying side lived, however, American Can, | #ctlver steady-to strong:’early bulk, | Corn closed h 3% ‘to 4ig0 net Baldwin and other stand intlustrials | $17:09 to_ $17.20; desirable shearing | jower, Muy, $1.01 to 1.31% culty making deliveries 1e a ‘ culty making deliver! I alizing sales’ encouraged a‘ resump- Later an increase of Grn offerings al Motors - SHREVEPORT, La—The average} margins of profit will widen Northern pfd. Sulphur audiraeo : °. =e the outlawing of aggressive w and futures $7.40@7 atlees u ¥% | Sulphur + ‘amous Player: Y MAHA, Neb., March 4.—(U. S e ; fee elie) Bio Seressive war, a7 daily oll production of the Arkansas | SS Gulf States Steel - 88%] Weachacte ‘ore’ to ster vera Grop: Departiient vofea griculture.s LE Higher quotations on hogs gave We have made a great contribu-| Antimony spot $17, Houston Oil Due. to two. pointe): OCher . re.)—Hogs | firmness to provisions. 3 and Louisiana fields dropped to Furniture. eatieae anette stocks which failed to maintain |—Recelpts, 17,000; active, 2c to 40¢ tion to the settlement of contentions eee KK'a9 ee aead ut drill, LAN Orel ei dson Motors i , » —_—— erece: : ‘ =} bb oad Deerels: Jaat weeks, But dsil: | SRORATAND:) a Ot ea Vern ee i tnaiek Central thelr first. advances included the} higher; butchers, 180 pounds and up, | yyheat— Open High Low Close | jw cut tn nee eene, and Asia, POULTRY, ing operations are increasing, ow-| manufacturers in the northwest re-| Tllinols: Central Pan vAmeeah leas sardariecs | $1 BIRO NOP) 48.10 'deniceble | ape j ost. Lotte Lan | Be S8id tn concluding his discussion} CHICAGO, March | 4.—Poultry ing to the new level of prices port further gains as compared with | Int. Ha r Smelting, General Electric and Du-| 150. to.180 pound selections, $ pica erry nee Laar of foreign affairs, “But there is al alive, higher; fowls, 28e; springs, The increase {n demand for| It. Mer. Mar. pfd. - very definite point beyond which we | 3¢ roosters, 19¢; turkeys, 25c - n Pont, Ludlum Steel developed fresh | 12-85; bulk of all sales, $12.65@13.00 | ‘¢, i eed fur: e, e s Kelly Springfield - oan eloped ‘fresh 4 Saar eh os es Sept. --.1.55 1.5645 1.1 . HICAGO.—The reports « a8 per cen Sipe = decline and establishing a new top|medium weight steers, moderately | afay 1.31 ‘ose who: help themselves. Mind- papkere for lash wosk) suis | tbe y.cet Fae Loulsville &aNash price at 54%, up 1 % points. For- », fully, steady; weighty steers. | July ry ful of these limitations, tho one tle receipts fell off sufficiently to Automobiles. 8 a - eign exchanges opened firm. steady to weak; top, $11.00] Sept Ls Breat duty that stands out require a ‘ 5 us to use our enormous powers to| COTTON bring the supply about equal to the DETROL shipments of | Mach Tr demand with the result that the | Reo cars sc this year eceed those | Marland Oil demand with the result that the beef | for the corresponding period of 1924. | Max, Motors “A suraging than for | February shipment Mex, Seaboard Oil Mo., Kan, & Tex - Encouraged by a reduction in cal] Paid for medium weights averaging | Gats woney rates and the general feeling | Around 1,275 pounds; choice weighty | Xray of hopefulness regarding the new | Steers. $10.75; bulk of all sales, $8. July -.-- administration, speculators for the] @10.25; other killing ‘classes and] sept. trim the balance of the world.” Only once in his address did Mi Coolidge refer to the election which| NEW YORK, March — 4.—Cotton were 20 per trade is more € some time, Prices of fresh pork | cent ahead of Januar d| ine ae 4 | advance made repeated altempta te | stookerp and’ feeders, rully “steady bo Sr | today brought him to the, presidency | SPet steady nore Ward rally ‘the ‘al Ust during the| bulk butcher cows and heifers, $4.75] ytay .--- 1.6415 1.605% 1 ae pie Ga his own right, and “ 6 | morning. ‘They encountered heavy | @8.00; canners, mostly around $3.00: | July 144, 144 4 WEHELCHG Tene coe peered CRUE FOR HEARING UPON | Profit-taking and short selling, based | bologna bulls, | $4.25@4.60;) practical | sept yee] pen eT TG sponsibility, adding that neon th thecDy FOR DISCHARGE ie hoantal ; the theory’ that*a 'technical re-| veal top, $11.00; stockers and feeders, | Lard— honedtyeand ape talth. with, ing | United & District Court of the | H. & Htrd 34g action was due gnd made little prog: | $6-50@8.40. May 6.67 6 rete wun pies ait peas tH the We ed States for the District of ed ice i agaz | Pe88 except in a fow specialties such| Sheep—Receipts, 11,000; lambs, | July pollpi reqdive teat SGainy, ohea ae the ; 8 United Alloy Steel and, Utah Se-| strong; bulk fed lambs, $16,75@17.00; Ribs aitaeatcniteetacne Party, when it In the matter of Campbell SAN FRANCISCO.—Bullding con-, PHILADELPHIA.—As a result ot sur Hes i gent which advanesd|top, $17.15; sheep, firm; good ‘ewes, | May UEATaM | Ca uRATArI ORE Freres ye eee eee struction involving $100,000,000 was| building operations, the number of about 3% points. $8.50@8.75; no choice here; shearing | July SYA) eiten ii tua benl oie oe In Bankruptcy No. 764. started in central and northern Cali-| houses here wired for electric light Call money, opened at 4%4- per cent strong to higher;,sales,| _Bellies— “This Ad po eid ae . A petition for discharge in bank. fornia in February. ‘The projecis| have increased to 250,000. House ylvania and then Gropped/ toxg, 16.90. May 19.75 1a:faH || intounowenteittc, ver come} ruptey of Campbell Christion ‘ha Ato ibe ver with a very clegr and| ing been filed herein and the mat: cents mandate trom the people,”| ter of said petition for discharge i said. he people declared that| having been referred to this ref- they wanted their rights to have|eree for proper proceedings in the not a political but a judicial deter-| premises, it is therfore hereby mination, and their independ ORDERED that a hearing upin Publication of the president's me sage was greeted by a renewed up: swing of prices, in which railroads, ar especially the eastern carriers and|, VENVER. Colo., March 4.—(U. many specialties scored the largest | Department of Agriculture)—H Favance ‘American Can and | Receipts 700: active to packers and 10.10 10.00 10.00 —— July “Denver Prices include a big newspaper plant, three | phones have increa movie theaters, harbor develop-| to 291,025 since 191 ments, lumber terminals and irriga-| ber of gas meters ha tion and power project sed from 199,650] Phila. & Rdg. ¢ and the mum-| Phillips Pet. --- ve grown to} Pure Oll 000, Reading Rep. Ir, & CHICAGO, March 4.—Cash wheat; number 2 hard $1.94%4. Corn number 3 mixed $1.204%@ number 4 mixed $1.11@1.16% St ne 1 Reynolds Tob “E . 5 all Killer: pnd fred m ‘ec “a wi 1 phy ane Be Vc -A Ban. Bran y, | Foundry, after falling elx points to | small Kill iy to 40¢ | number 2 yellow $1.31; number 3| ta py) nunued and support-| aid petition for discharge be had Aster se x rebounded to 222, a new high | Mgher!.top.$ od to choice | row $1.2814@1.20. y having the owuership and| before this referee at 500. Hynds CRUDE MARKET eek esta “| record. Postum Cereal’ and Good-| 286 pound kin medium Oats number 2 white 66% control of thelr property, not in the| Building, in the city of Cheyenne. a Cots rich roge 3 to 4 points. Miami Cop ood aan to 225 pound kind $12 number 3-white 54@55%c. government, but in their hands.'* Wyoming, at ten o'clock in the CHICAGO, March 4.—Butter, high: | | i lous-Sheff.. £ E P per wa #- heavily liquidated ana|*? § if ye number 2, $1.61 Barley i= forenoon on the 6th day of April, er; creamery extras, 45c; standards Big Mud¢ y $0 | couthern Pacitlc — 1043 slumped 3% to 16, the lowest since| Cattle—Receipts 1100; calves ;] and $1.03. Timothy sced $5 7 A. D., 1925, and that notice there 44%e; extra firsts, 42% @43%0; firsts, | Mule Creek -. 1.35 | sitherie RY |. 1921 | mostly steady; slow; few steers av-| Clover seed $24,00@ POTATOES fore be published in the Casper 38% @4lc, seconds, 34@36 poked icra 1.20 ndard Oil, Cal... The cieaee was irregular, Price | ¢raging 1,130 pounds $9.70 freight | $16.85, Ribs $17 | Tribune a newspaper printed in i 5.076 | Hamilton Do . jovements became ven n di other sales $7.75 to , sass oe | said distric sgs, higher rece gt seat n 8 Standard Oil, N. J. Hay ithe hard maeyes in the | pal 4 ther sales $7.75 to $9.00; sev- — CHICAG LES F ; | Said district, and that all known 27% dinar li Sead: Stewart i Warner lc ee anti a par ape of ny iF aa) cons Ai to ees mixed eatig abening toad Ee ate is has and other persons in in vidi , ess sla erceptibly ow | cows and helfers $6.25; heavy year- : ding slow, market | terest may appear at said ti ( hes - cele rg hs priced ofls, equipments and Rem. | ling heifers $8 heavier heifers MONEY rai Diego A taht DL | place and show © sooth: saves I utte phn ‘ 8 arke 0 elg! , “Ef ———— shipments 67 sconsin sacked | have . rats + t NEW YORK, March 4.—Butter | Pilot Butte Texas & Pacific - f i ha as Wl i Las $8.00, freight paid; few cows) $6.2 round whilens! hel or acy icked | have, why. the prayer of said peti- rivet tecelpta’ 9,0 Creamery high-| Gar Groeig 7 obacco! Products. 7 peeteth atigaeen Tat Pars be paecualllow iS $85; nners 8 Cutters $2.26 to NEW YORK, March 4.—Call mon-| higher m3 oe : it hade | tion shauld not be granted and » er than extras 7%e; creamery | Lance Creek Transcont. Oil . 9) enki ere sila h ae ‘ pe $3,008 alves dull; demand narrow;| ey easier; high 4%: low PPdlle| whited ditee an if acked round that copies of this notice be extras (92 score) 46%; ditto Cirsts | i Union Pacific 9 | Salt 8p Savage Arms i ‘ ie 0; three loada feeders $9.98 | rate 4%; closing bid offered at | mostly $2252 ni fi an bulk wts| mailed to the creditors of said (88 to 91 score) 40%46c; packing | Gran creck Light United Drug - Be oy pRB, samba! 222, ae loan cali ioans against tal ae ped banienyts mid ed to som at tock, current make, number 2, 2 treybull U. S. Cast Ir. Pipe Aeshna 8 5.300; fat lambs"! seceptances loans steady Sippy , their several places of residence ges steady; recelpts 39,970, Fre Sroh let U. 8. Ind. Alcohol | Steady: few sales steady to 10¢ high: | mixed collate easier. TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY | exhibited in the schedules filed gathered firsts 37% @29c Elk Basin U. 8. Rubber Foreign Exchange pound weighs dae; pne load 8816 months 4@4%; prime commercial NTED—In desirable location, | Mereit according to law. Choese firm; receipts 71,047, State] Rock Creek U. 8. Steel - Fat Wee BERR eke tT Dee papar 8% G4: close In, sigeping ot light house. | , Dated. this 8rd day of March, whole milk, flats, fresh, average] salt Creek - Utah Copper a eae 3 : 5 > keeping room; also lady to care for | 4° Day 1925. run unquoted. State, whole milk Sal Wabash pfd. * . ete Pace ean ha : Four pa Years while parenis work. | ¢ eeeia A, SWAINSON 2 : Aa age hal ‘ Dlec. anges firm, Quotations {n cents MINNEAPOLIS 30x B70, Tribus | eferee in B, ; flats, held, fancy to fancy sepelals Westinghouse F xe ns tt ND 4S, Mipn.. March 4, |p eree in Bankruptey cexiKe Willys-Overland Great Britain, demand, 47614; cables, SUGAR —Flour 5 to 10c higher; family pat-| FoR LE ; ~ | Pub. March 4, 1925 2 Ree ‘ —<—- Woolworth 476%; 60-day bills on banks, : : ents $10.45@10.55. Bran §23.50@ eouiiehti rE ep roon oo 3 SILVER France, demand, 5.091%; cables, 5.10; 24.00, Fee lll pas Cen ltt font abottiivent Arablun tradition. Ix. that. wate Flax t Italy, de blek, 4.0244.] Sugar futures cloged easy, Ap- ~ eae Be party: close ine Pht for reliable] was still abundant when the Arabt PULUTH, Minn., Mat Close The first automobile constructed — proximate sales 64850 tons, March| ‘Tho typhold bacit pee ce Te hone 2582M first’ enteréd. the Sah a March $8.07; April May 3W YORK, March hy Cignot, in 1789, f» still on view in Class! 5.02; 4:19; Septom- | that x diop of water mighe conrare | FOR neventh Centutyy and ttn tlle.bee $5071; July $3,056. r, 68%; Mexican dollars, a museum in Paris. penittona® ter night contaiy | © ye litnig-tiys: prdcesa teue HUE u moo: | untib the Su pieled thivteenth century,