The evening world. Newspaper, November 11, 1918, Page 14

Fy ~ Four Momentous Years \ ank Showin Ch in Western Battle Front of World's Greatest War “a8 owing Changes in Western Battle Fron MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1918 Looking Backward Over How the War Began and How It Was Fought—A ‘Chronology of the Events Which Forced Into Con- flict Twenty-Seven Nations, Opposed Millions of Fighting Men, and Drew Upon the Financial and Natural Resources of the Nations Involved to an Extent Far Beyond Limits Previously Thought Possible. 1914 HE world's greatest conflict was precipitated by Austria's ultimatuin to Serbia, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdi. nand of Austria at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914. The assas- sination was apparently the result of a political conspiracy. i Anstria's ultimatum to Serbia demanding punishment of thos» | involved in the murder of the Archduke was sent on July 23, 1914. It also demanded the suppression of anti-Austrian secret societies and official dis- avowal of Serbia’s connection with ant!-Austrian propaganda and consent | to Austrian direction of Serbia's police and military powers within the latter's own borders. Two days later Serbia agreet to all the Austrian! demands except that of police investigation, which the little country pro: tested was intended to destroy its sovereignty. On the same day Austria Fejected Serbia's answer as insufficient, whereupon the Russian Govero-| ment indicated its intention to support Serbia if she was attacked by | Austria, | On July 28 Austria declared war upon Serbia, and on the following day partial mobilization of Russian reservists was begun. , Austria began hostill- ties by a bombardment of Belgrade on that day. On July 30 Russia ordered & general mobilization. | Germany demanded a recall of the Russian mobilization order on July u threatened war as an alternative, All Germany was placed under a! state of “war danger,” or military law. On Aug. 1 Germany declared war on | Russia and ordered general mobilization, at the same time demanding of the | French Government immediate declaration of her intentions in the event of | war between Germany and Russia, France's reply was to order a general mobilization of her armies. Qn that day the Italian Government notified Germany. that she did not regard herself under treaty obligations to asuist | the Centra! Powers in the war. | ELGIUM FORCED TO DEFEND HER NEUTRALITY. | On Aug. 2 German troops entered Luxemburg in their advance on France. | Germany then demanded of Belgium permission for her troops to march across Belgian territory, Belgium refused and declared shé would defend | her neutrality, The next day Germany announced that she was at war with! Russia because of Russian attacks upon German territory, also that war with France was imminent because of France's unsatisfactory answer and because the French Armies were being mobilized. On the same day Ger- many notified Belgium that German troops would march through the little Gingdon by force usiess official permission was granted, Almost immediately German troops began entering Belgian territory at Verviers. King. Albert appeated to England. On Aug. 4 Great Britain deciarcd war on Germany, the lutter having rejected Britain's demand to respest Be'gian neutrality. On that day Germany notified Belgium that a state | Of war existed betwenn the two countries, On the same dey President Wilson issued his proclamation of neutrality, | ‘The German Arniy began its attacks on the fortifications at Liege, Bel- | gium, on Aug. 5. Austria-Hungary declared war upon Kussia on the fol- | owing day, Great Britain landed her first troops on French soil or Aug. | & and «.n the 12th severed her relations with and declared war on Auserla, On Aug. 16 Japan demanded that the German Warships in Japancs: | and Chinese waters bo withdrawn immediately and also that the Germaa port of Kiavchow, China, be surrendered t&@apan, Liege and Namur having fallen, Louvain and Brussels, the capital of Beigium were occupied by German troops on Aug. 19. Japan declared war on Germany on Aug, 23, | Gen. von Hindenburg’s great victory over the Russians ut Tanuenbverg, ta which 120,000 of the Czar's troops were routed and 70,000 captured, was |t announced by the Imperial German Government on Aug. 29. Having Jefeated tne Austrviang tn seven days of fierce fighting, the Kussian Army captured strong positions around the City of Lemberg, cap- ftal of Galicia, on Sept. 1 — THE GERMAN ADVANCE JN FRANCE THREATENS PARIS. Meanwhile, German troops had swept across Belgium, invaded France and were advancing rapidly toward Paris, The growing menace of the | city’s capture caused the removal of the geat of French Government to | Hordeanx on Sept. %. | The long retreat of French and British troops from the Belgian border and across France ended when the Kaiser's soldiers 1 few mig outside ths city of Paris, on Sept, 7. On that day the first Rat- tle of the Marne was brought tv a successful conclusion, and Gen, yon Kluck, in command of the Teuton forces, retreated to strong positions on d reached Meaux, a Fiance March Lonstantinop! at Tarnow, in Western Galicia, on May |sian front, From Beginning of War Until To-Day 1914-15 NOUS AE TERED Y] remess Creare 23 ATT. ; BF THe ae ARNE SEPT. 5-12 Te ey, = ete Wate Pao OR Avousr a> ea Talhoesd. = orgie, , “2 AEE RANE oMere THE Mar sows mae sisvORY + OM GUST AVGUST 4. IQiQe eT F196 1915-16 - Sorssom ‘isos OM BUGUST FO AUGUST aS BET ae Helly LINE SHOWS | wrimce THe ARmiey T THE END OF THe seCOND Year OF WA oreeee FRONTIERS THE PERPENDICULAR LINES SHOW “Tere, EXTENT OF THE GERMaN OPPRASIVE SH BEGAN AY ST OURNTIM Mam. 2) MINOGO IM FLANDERS CPRIL ®, AND ON THe. Aisne NOyon JONeto. May 26 NO PROP Sotto “reer TORY Has ALL Mehr eT AMEN Nt Ye Roorton Tue Tem pumey NOCATED Bee Saneriis Cie HAS BEEN CaPTORRD By 20 THE ALLIED ARMIES we THE MEP COvERs THE VME PROM 4064 1917 To Hoy. 71918 ured Northen Chapelle and gained an important advantage in The Austrian fortress at Przemysl surrendered to the Russians vo after a siege of seven months, ® Al ted forces rerewed their attack upon the forts of Gallipoli, protecting on April ‘ British, French and Belgian forces on the next day checked the Ger- man offensive at Ypres, The American oi} tanker Gulflight was torpedoed and sunk on May 1 by a German U boat off the Scilly Islands. erman troops under Gen, Mackensen broke the Russian line 2 and forced back the entire Rus LUSITANIA IS TORPEDOED, More than 100 Av. clan lives were lost on May 7 when the Cunard liner oy cted trench w y olay. A) Lusitania was torpscovd and sunk by a German submarine, Sit Sieh, oe HAE. PEREIRA SEINE GEEGOH CUATENES, BRS HBARY tie pice san Th. United States made a atrong protest to Germany against her sub ex egun. ’ 1 1 ni plicy on May 1%, de z that she expected Germany to disavow On that day Rustin forma'ly annexed Galicia and announced the ci bovggeret py Me Rai UG taaik AUN te ltalle athoa ‘4 Srevads tee fecubranoe of ture of $2,000 Austrians | On Sept. 13 Gen. Joffre, in command of the | such arts, and that tho United States would omit no word or act to prote French forces on the western front, announced that a five-day battle an |tne riknte of ita eltizens, the vicinity of the iver Marne tad ended in @ victory for the Allied troops Tei danlaree Wat co. Austria’ May GERMAN TROOPS OCCUPY ANTWERP, Austro-German forces recaptured Przemysl. The first navat enc. unter of the war took place on Sept, 22, when thr On June § Willem Jennings Bryan resigned as Seeretary of State be- British armored crus the Aboukir, the Cressy and the Hogue, were | cause he was unwilling to Join In sending the second note to Germany tn sunk off the German coast by the submarine U-9 The Kaiser's troops ov | TS to sinking merchant vessels without warning, oe oh care Ct, 9 occupied the port of Antwerp and most of the Belgian Army escaped Germany's reply to President Wilson's note of June 9, received are to Ostend. On th» same day t ond Kussian invasion of East Prussia | July 8, pledged safely for American merchant ships in the war zone. ‘This Was announced however, was declared by President Wilson on July 21 to be “very unsal ‘The occupation of all but a small section of Belgian territory caused that | factory ’ an Government fp take up its headquarters jn the City of Havre, France, Oct, 18 German troops occupied Warsiw, the capital of Foland, on. At ‘, Because of hostile acts and her refusal to dismiss German officers Great | 494 Brest-Litovsk the most Important fortress in Russia's second line 9 Britain and France declared war on Turkey on Nov, Two days later | defense, on Aug. 3 Tsingtau surrendered to Japanese and British forces, On Nov. 24 Russia an- GERMANY PROMISES “NO SINKINGS WITHOUT WARNING: Beunees Tens oA Bindenburg had begun his retreat from nd, TWO wee between Ger and the United States relative to later von Hindenburg struck the Russian right wing and Lode. A week later the Serbian Army drove the Austrian forces across the Danube and recovered Belgrade, which had fallen on Dec, 2, and on Dee, 30 stria admitted the withdrawal of her forces before the advancing Russians | on the eastern front, | 1915. NTBRNAL dissensions from which Austria was to suffer throughout the I war were first indicated on Jan, 13, 1915, when Count Berehtold, Foreign Becretary of Austria-Hungary, resigned and was succeeded by Baron Burian. | On the same day the German. captured six villages northeast of Bois. | sons, while the French withdrow to the south bank of the Aisne, afier fight. | tag which was considered the most important on the western front following many weeks of dealock and trench warfare U. 8. REPLIES TO GERMAN “WAR ZONE” MOVE. ermany, on Feb, 4, declared the waters wround Great Britain and tres Jand “war zone” and announced its purpose of destroying enemy merchant ships and warning neutral ships of danger, ‘The Unt’ed States Governinent Feb, 10 sent notes to Germany and Great Britain. Germany was advised it would be @ serious and unprec- edented breach of rules of naval warfare if merchant vessels were de. aptured the City o! | |¥erbia Oct The controversy nany th fety of neutral vessels was brought to a close Sept, 1, when Count von Bernstorff declared that henceforth liners would not be sunk without warning Tho United States, on Sept. 9, asked for the recall of Dr, Dumba, Aus- tro-Hungarian Ambassador, because of his connection with a movement to cripple American munition plants, Buwaria entered the war as an ally of the Central Po 11, capturing U vb, In Central Serbia, Oct, Serbiun and Frenct troops entirely out of Serbia by Sept. 14. 1916 unconditionally to Austrian 8 ad invaded » and. driving ONTENEGRO surrendered invading M forces Jan, 1, = The British House of Lords passed the Compulsory Service Bill ye ee AAmirat von ‘Tirpits resigned as Secretary of the German Navy on March 15 and was succeeded by Admiral von Capelle, whose admin{stra- tion was inaugurated April & by the torpedoing of the British Channal steamer Sussex, Hritich naval patrol frustrated the attempt of the German auxiliary cruiser end submariny to land arms and ammunition in Ireland April 22, On May 4 Germany replied to the American note of April 18 and stated German naval forces nad been ordered not to sink merchant vessels witi~ stroyed without certainly determiping belligerent nationality or character of Great ‘Britain was, warnrc of serious consequences that might re- ‘and citizens if British ships generally flew cue i i out warning. ‘The Ruselang under Gen, Brustioff on June 4 began an offensive front of 260 miles, from the Pripet marshes to the Roumanian bord ATALIANS CAPTURE GORIZIA AND TAKE 10,000 PRISONERS, Bri‘sh furces revewed their attack on the second lap of Bey ve ry trenches ni Somme ana broke through on a four-mile frqnt on July 14, Italian forecs captured Gorizia and took 10,000 prisoners on Aug. 9 Koumania entcred the war on the side of the Alles on Aug. 27, declaring war on Austria-Hungary, On Qet. 10 the American Government notified France, Great Britain, Russia and Japun of its rejection of their proposal that this country exclude belligerent submarines from American waters, The Emperors of Germany and Austria proclaimed on Nov. 6 a new kingdom of Poland, confined to territory formerly Russian, Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria, died Nov, 24, The German Army under Field Marshal von Mackensen occupied Bucharest, capital of Roumania, Dee. 6. * U. 8S, OFFERS PEACE SERVICES. The American Government on Dec, 20 published a note sent on Dee, 1 to all the belligerents suggesting an exchange of views and the outlining of peace terms, to whicl Germany replied Dee, 26 proposing “immediate meeting of dele of | states,” but failing to specify peace terms, The ten Allied Governments Dec, 36 unanimously refused Germany's peace offer, “a proposal which is empty and insincere. 1917 10 the Entente Governments replied to President Wilson's note 18, stating that in regard to p terms they included tna euntion nod restoration of invaded territory with reparation and ites, the liberation of Italians, Slavs, Roumanians and Bohemians from Austrian domination, enfranclisement of Turkish the expulsion of Turkey from Burope and the populations, President Wilson, Jan, 23, ad- dressed the Senate on peace, insisting that it be first of all a “peace with- put victory,” lligerent Germany, Jan 381, declared that, beginning the following day, sea tra Mc | Would be estopped with every available weapon in waters around Great Britain, France 4 taly and in the tern Mediterranean, Marked Avrerican ves! v 8 were allowed to arrive at Falmouth on Sundays and de- rt on Wednesdays by taking a prescribed course, U.S, SEVERS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY, he Untted & ered diplomatic relations with Germany Feb, 4 on the ground that many had withdrawn the assurance given May 4, 1916, that war operations would be confined to fighting forces of the bel- ligererents. On. tho next day President Wilson invited neutral nations to |take similar action toward Germar On Feb, 26 the President appeared {before Congress aud asked authority to arm merchant ships, British forces captured Bagdad March 11, when rioting at Petrograd ag. sumed the Proportions of a revolution, ‘The Duma met on the next day In defiance of the Czar’s decree dissolving it and assumed direction of the revo- lutionary movement. It informed the Czar that internal reforms must be granted and that the existing pro-German Cabinet be dismissed, Nicholag Il, abdicated three days later, the United States formally recognizing the new Russian Government Mareh 22, U, 8. ENTERS WAR AND BEGINS SELECTIVE DRAFT, The United States entered the war April 6 upon President Wilson signing | the joint resolution passed by Congress declaring that a state of war had been thrust upon the United States by the Imperial German Government, The first contingent of American troops reached France June 26, : Grevce, of whivn Alexander had become King through the abdication of his father, Constantine, declared itself at war with Germany on June 29, China declared wsr on Germany Aug. 14, The next day the Pope’ peace appeal to beiligerent nations was published in London, ‘The Kerensky Government, set up after the abdication of the Cear, on @/ was overthrown by the Bolshevik revolution at Petrograd Nov. 8, and og! Allied armies had been sweeping forward on a ninety-mile © following day Lenine dectared the revolutionary Government | U.S. Entry in War Marked Turning Point’ of the Great Conflict | Severed Diplomatic Relations With Germany Feb. 3, 1917; Entered the War April 6, Authorized Selec- tive Conscription May 18, Landed First Troops in France June 26; Had 1,000,000 Men There July 1 1918; Took Effective Part in the Allies’ Counter to the German Drive, Which Began July 15, and Acted as Intermediary in Peace. by Clemenceau, and Gen. Byng broke thr®ugh the German lines near Cam- bral, taking 8,000 prisoners, Congress voted Dec, 7 to declare’war on Austria. Peace conferences between Russia and the Central Powers opened Des !22 at Brest-Litovak. 1918 ‘TER twice declining to accept Germany's terms the Bolshevik Gov- ernment acceded to them I"eb. 24, agreeing to the loss of one-fourth of Russia's territory in Europe, the peace treaty being signed March $ and German troops occupying Odessa March 13, | _ The great German offensive from Arras to La Fere began March 21. Two days later Paris was shelled by long range guns, ROUMANIA SIGNS PEACE PACT. ° Poace between the Central Powers and Koumania was signed May German submariues appeared off the American Coast May 26 and tho American troop transport President Lincoln was torpedoed and sunk off the French Coast May 21, On June 9 the Germans began an offensive between Noyon and Mont- dialer which followed another great offensive between Sotssons and Rheuns on May 27, | American martnes completed the capture of Belleau Wood, northwest of Chsteau-Thierry, on June 12. On June 15 the Austrians began an of- fensive on the Piave River ani were driven back across that stream with ‘great iosses by June 2 Secretary Baker, in a letter to President Wilson on July 1, announced that the first 1,000,003 American troops had arrived overseas. Ten days jlater the Alles began a drive in Albania against the Austrians, which re- sulted un July 12 tn the capture of Berat. ALLIES SUCCESSFULLY COUNTER GERMAN DRIVE. | Germans began a new offensive July 15 to the east and southwest o* | Rheims whch was met four days later by the French and Americans in a ounter atiqwk bet wepn the Aine and Marne Rivers, which resulted in tho ; capture of twenty towns and 4,000 prisoners. On the day following, as tne | Allies continued to advance, annou' ment was made that 20,000 prisoners |and 400 guns had been captured by French, Americans and British in the | drive against the Germans The French official report announced July 20 that the entire south tank | of the Marne had bewn cleared of Germuns. On Aug. 2 the French captured Soissons at the northwestern end of the German salient under attack. The German retreat continued. Allied troops, including Americans, were landed at Archangel, the norti.- ern Russian port, Aug. 2. Nikolai Lenine, head of the Kussian Bolshevi« | Government, had declared informally five Guys previously that a state of war | existed between Russia and the Allies. On Aug, 3 the State Department at | Washington announced its plan to aid the responsible Government in sibe: and that it would assist the Czecho-Slovaks and other Russian elements ( | the movement for self-government, | The Allies began a new drive Aug. 8 against the German salient nea Amiens to the northwest of the one just abolished, the attacking troops be' composed of French, British and Americans under the command of Field‘ Marshal Haig. They moved forward seven miles the first day. | Two days later the French had made a total advance of fourteen miles, | had captured Montdidier and bagged 24,000 prisoners, | CZECHO-SLOVAK FORCES RECOGNIZED AS AN ALLIED ARMY, | The British Government on Aug, 13 formallygrecognized the Czechut™ Slovaks of Northern Austria and Hungary as a nation and the three Czecho- Slovak forces in France, Russia and Italy as ay Alli@d Army, The French, #ho had also cont d to advance, recaptured Noyou | Avg. 29, the British taking Bapanme, American troops, on the followin, | day, took Juvigny, north of Solssons, Australian troops on Sept. 1 occupied Peronne and on the day followtny }Canadian and Engilvh troops, advancing astride the Arras-Cambral road, \ penetrated the powe:fully organized defensive system known as the Dr- {court-Queant line. By Sept. 6 the British and French had made gains ov \the entWe front exteusing from Cambral to Solssons and had capture+ Ham, Guiscard an’ Chauny. Four days later the Allied armies had arriv within gun range of the old Hindenburg line, having recaptured practi: all the territory lost during the four great German offensives from March * to July 18, | The American Army in France on Sept. 12 carried out its first great of- | tensive, attacking on both sides of the St, Mihiel salient, The entire salient was abolished, 150 square miles of French territory being recovered and 15,000 prisoners taken. On the same day 13,000,000 Americans registered under the amended Selective Draft Act. Austria-Hungary on Sept. 14 invited all belligerent Governments to a confidential and unbinding discussion on the basic principles for the conclu, sion of peace, and on the next day it was reported that Germany had made a direct offer of peace to Belgium without suggestion of reparation or in- demnity, © | WILSON INSISTS ON PLAIN TALK IN PEACE PROPOSALS, President Wilson, Sept, 6, declared that the United States would “enter. | tain no proposals for @ conference upon a matter concerning which it has made its position and purpose so plain.” On both sides of St, Quentin British and French Armies drove forward oa Sept, 18 on a front of twenty-two miles to a depth of from one to thre, miles, taking 10,000 prisoners, Here began a series of military and diplomatic victories for the Allies which are vivid in the memories of all people. ‘The Allied Generals continuca their successful operations on a front of ninety miles, on Sept. 30 and Turkey on Oct, 31, | On Oct, 15 President Wilson replicd to Germany that peace could not jeome ur an armistice be declared while Germany's crimes continued the Kaleer ruled. On the day following the Allied advance in Belgium tinued and the victory in Flanders grew greater, the Germans being forced back on a twenty-five mile front and losing 12,000 men in prisoners, -‘T'n military machine or the Central Powers was crumbling rapidly, with At. lied drives in front and internal dissensions behind their lines, ‘The begin. ning of Germany's end was now visible, ‘fhe Flanders retreat became a rout, the Byitish enterin , Lilie on Oct. 16, The following day the Germans quit erie ene the French and Americans, in a surprise attack, continued to punish the Germans north of Romagne. On Oct, 20, when it appeared that the German retreat was compl the Teutons, in a reply to the note of President Wilson, declared that tnay were not ready for peace and that the submarthe warfare was to be wc Jonged, Austria appeared to be ready to fall, but London would not belyece perce was near, ‘A new note had been injected into the peace discussions, On Oct. 28 Haig’s army smashed the foe's lines on u front from Ia Catenu to the Scheidt River, and the ei to be cvacuating Gheut : On Oct. 27 came news of successful assaults of three F,; and Haig was continuing his drive and that the enemy had 1a tah armen ners to Pershing’s ion northwest pf Verdun, :000 pets ‘On the same day the German Government replied to Preside note, stating that ler people were now ruling the country an was avvaiting proposals for an armistice, AUSTRIA ACCEPTS WILSON’S TERMS FOR A SEPARATE PEACE. On the followirg Jay Austria accepted all of President Wil, tins and asked for an immediate and separate peace, ‘Armistice terms were given to the Austrians Nov. 1, | Austria accepted tne armistice terms Noy. 3 and quit lowing tay. Her euirender was complete, On Nov. & the President sent another note to Germa: ny insist | terms which he had previously enumerated for the Alli Monnetae Be front, and on Bulgaria surrendered seventeen-milo nemy was reported nt Wilson's id that she son's coudi- the war the foi. Nov, 6 the Germans sent an armistice commission to seo immediate armistice of three menths as a preliminary to a general wio had been inetructed associated Governments to eine’ at During the month ‘Wronch Premier, resigned and was suoq fea, - ena — - “J