The Seattle Star Newspaper, December 3, 1901, Page 2

ss . - nay foe of liberty. If ever anarchy | > ef “@ut of this country; and if . be promptly ihe ity PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SPEAKS WITH NO UNCERTAIN VOICE IN HIS MESSAGE TO CONGRESS (Continued from page one. | Mphant, ive triumph will last Dut one red moment, to be suc ages by the gloomy night} For the anarchist himself, wheth- | Ne preaches or practices his doc- | ‘We heed not have one particie | Sencern than for any ordinary He is not the victim of OF political injustice, There RO Wrongs to remedy In his case. Cause of his criminality is to be Lin his own evil passions and in the evil conduct of those who urge Br his. He is a malefactor and noth- “OM, not in any failure by others ¥ the state to do justice to him ‘else. He is in no sense, in no or way, a “product of social Miditions,” save as a highwayman “produced” by the fact that an, d man happens to have a Tt is a travemy upon the ik and boly name of liberty and | to permit them to be in- | Would Punish Anarchists. | im such « cause, No man or) of mea preaching anarchistic | : should be allowed at large! more than if preaching the mur- of some specified private indi- Anarchistic apesches, writ-| and meetings are essentially se- y ageang recommend to congress the exercise of its wise dis- Mt should take into considera- the coming to this country of ing ne mur- King Humbert of Italy perpe- Mes crime, and the law should en- their rigorous punishment. They like them should be kept found matter calls more ‘for the wisest thought of courts should be given. any man who kills to kill the it or i aystem, and the deeds, ‘bul always a source ynly to themselves but business world loses what legislation cannot sup- Fundamentally the welfare of citizen, and therefore the wel- of the aggregation of citizens th makes the nation, must rest individual thrift lution and intelligence. can take the place of this in- capacity; but wise legisia- n and honest and intelligent ad- (ration can give it the fulles the largest opportunity to to good effect. tremendous and highly com- industrial development which ‘on with ever accelerated rap- during the latter half of the Milne begining of the 20th, with Yery serious social problems. The nd the old customs which had almost the binding force of law, wore once quite sufficient to regu- fate the accumulation and distribu- tion of wealth. Sines the indus- trai changes which have so enor- mously inerensed the productive power of mankind, they are no lon- ger, sufficient Startling Growth of Wealth. ‘The growth of cities has gone on feyond comparison faster than the ‘owth of the country, and the up- liding of the great industrial cen- ters has meant a startling increase, merely in the aggregate of Wealth, but in the number of very farge individual, and especially of Yery large corporate fortunes. ‘The Groation of these great corporate unes has not been due to the tariff nor to any other governmental Betion, Dut to natural causes in the business world, operating in other countries as they operste in our ON the process has aroused much an- tagoniom, & great part of which is Wholly without Warrant, It is not feue that as the rich have grown Hicher the poor have grown poorer. | ty h century brings us face to face, | On the contrary, the average man, the farmer no well off as tn this country at the present tim There been abuses connected with the cumulation of Wealth; yet it remains true that @ fortune accumulated tn legitimate business can be accumu. lated by the person specially bene- ted only on condition of conferring immense theldental benefits upon others, Successful enterprise, of the Which benefits all mankind, can only exist If the conditions are such as to offer great prizes as the re- wards of succes Captains of Industry. ‘The captains of industry who have Griven the railway aystems. across thia continent, Who have built up OUT commerce, who have developed our manufactures, have on the Whole done great good to our peo- ple, Without them the mater velopment of which we are #0 § proud could never have taken p Moreover, we should recog the immense Importance to this mi terial development of leaving as ui hy as is compatible with t ublie good the stron; i men upon whom the business operations inevitably rests, ‘The slightest study of business qo ditions will satisfy anyone capable of forming a judgment that the per- gonal equation is the moat important fector in a Duainess operation; that the business ability of the man at bend ye — “9 agrees or usu: the factor whieh fixes the gulf between strik- success and hopeless failure. in Sieg wie wpeciieg' to to or ts to be {Sand in the fnteraationa _— mercial com 8 today. e same business conditions which have produced the at tions of corporate and indi wealth have made them very potent factors In tnternational commercial compe- ttion, Business concerns which have ‘the largest means at their disposal by the ablest men naturally those which take the never be: the wag amaill trad worker, been, and have lead In, the strike for commercial | supremacy among the nations of the world. America has only just be- bite to Assume that ormancing po- jon in the International business world which we belleve will more Must Exercise Great Care. ‘and more be hers. It ts of the ut- ition iy at & abu: dance of our own natural resou! and the skill, business energy, mechanical aptitude of our people make foreign markets essential. Un- wise to cramp or to fetter youthful strength of our nation. Moreover, Jt cannot too often be pointed out that to atrike with ig- Rorant violence at the interests of ‘one set of men almost inevitably en- the interests of all. The long run, we shall go up or together. There are excep- and in times of prosperity i far more, and in weraity some will suffer far more, than others; but speaking of good times share more or less and in a period of hard feel the stress to a greater | It surely ought not necessary to enter into any of this statement; the mem- of the lean years which began 1893 ig otill Vivid, and we can them with the conditions in his very year which ts now closing. Disaster to great business enter- Pea fae ever Dave, its efterss ted to the men at the top. It spreads thro t, and while it is bad 1. it ia worst for down. The capitalist be shorn of his luxuries; but ‘wase-worker may be deprived of even bare necessities. of Trusts, ‘of modern business eve with of rashness or ignor- y¥ of those who have thelr vocation to denounce Industrial combinations which are popularly, although with technical enon ae strusta,” especially to lash fear Tens, are preciealy the two! emotions, particularly when combined with ignorance, which un- fit men for the exercise of cool and ‘nteady judgment. In facing new Industrial conditions, the whole his- tory of the world shows that legisia~ tion will generally be both unwise and tneffective unless undertaken after calm inquiry and with sober self-restraint.. Much of the legisia. tion directed st the trusts would have been exceedingly mischievous | had it not also been entirely inef- fective. In accordance with a well- known sociological law, the ignorant or reckless agitator has been the really effective friend of the which he has been nomigallv op- posing. In dealing with business in- terests, for the government to un- dertake by crude and ill-considered legislation to do what may turn out to be bad, would be to incur the risk [ot such far- reaching national dis- ster that it would be preferable to ndertake nothing at all. The men who demand the impossible or the undesirable serve as the allies of the forces with which they are nomin- ally at war, for they hamper those who would ‘endeavor to find out in rational fashion what the wrongs eat are and to what extent and in what manmer it is practicable to apply remedies, Evils Must Be Corrected. All thie is true; and yet it is also true that there are real and grave evils, one of the chief being over- capitalization because of ita many balefal consequences; and a resolute and practical effort must be made to | correct thege evils. ‘There is ® widespread conviction in the minds of the Amierican peo- ie that the great corporations nown as trusts are in certain « their features and tendencies hurt ful to the general welfare. This springs from no spirit of envy or un- charitableness, nor lack of pride in the great industrial achievements that haye placed this country at the head of the nations strugg! commercial supremacy. It do rest upon a lack of intelligent ap: ing changing and changed condli tions of trade with new meth Inor upon ignorance of the fact thi \to, accomplish great things i neces |mands that great things be dc |It ts, based upon sincere convictio |that combination and eon should be, not prohibited, ised and within reasonable | its controlled; and in my Judgm: this conviction ts right Tt is no limitation upon propert rights or freedom of contract to rt quire that when me 2 government the pri business under corporate which free responeibillt them from and enables them to leall into their enterprises the cap ‘tal of the public, they shall do sc upon absolutely truthful repres g for not preciation of the necessity of meet- jcombination of capital in the effort |i ao |sary when the world’s progress de- entration but sup- 6 forn individual ne tations as to the value of the prop- | subcontractors. jerty In which the capital is to be tn- vested, Corporations engaged in in terstate commerce should be regu. lated if they are found to exercive & Itoense working to the public tn jury. It should be ax much the aim thone Who seek for @ocial better ment to rid the business world of crimes of cunning aa to rid the en- tire body politic of erimes of yio- lence, Great corporations exist only became they are created and safe. uarded by our institutions; and It is therefore our right and our duty to see that they werk tn harmony | With these institute |. ‘The first easentiat in determining how to deal with the great indus: [trial combinations is knowledge of the facte—publicity, In the inter: est of the public, the government should have the right to Inspect and mine the workings of the great corporations engaged in inters business, Publicity is the only sure remedy ‘which we can now invoke, What further remedies are needed in the way of governmental regu- lation, or taxation, can only be do- termined after pyblicity has been obtained, by process of law, and in the course of administration. ‘The first requisite is knowledge, full and jcomplete—knowledge which may be | made public to the world. Artificial bodies, such ax corpora- }tlona and joint stock or other asso- clations, depending upon any ntat- utory aw for thelr existence or priv- \Heges, should be subject to proper governmental supervision, and full and accurate information as to thelr operations @hould be made public regularly at reasonable intervals, Federal Contro! Advised. : ‘The large corporations, commonly jealled trusts, though organi: in one state, always do business in | many states, often doing very little business in the state where they are incorporated. ‘There is utter lack of uniformity in the state laws about them; and as no state has ny exclusive interest in or power over their act, it has in practice proved impossible to regulation throu e action. Therefore, in the interest of the whole people, the nation should, without interfering with the power of the states in the matter Itself, of supervision all corporations and regulation 0 [doing an interstate business. This is lespectally true where the corpora. | ton derives a portion of its wealth from the exiatence of some monopo- Iistic element or tendency tn its bus- hardship \ Iness. There would be no i Seams are eae which were to take place by the be- ginning of the twentieth century. At that time It was accepted as @ matter of course that. the several states were the proper duthorities to regulate, 9o far ax was then neces- eary, the comparatively insiqnficant and strictly localized corporate Suggests Law for Trusts. bodies of the day. The conditions are now wholly different and wholly [different action is called for, I be. llleve that a law can be framed which will enable the national v= ernment to e¢xerelke control the lines above Indicated: profits [by the experience gained through the passage and administration of the intermiate, commerce, act. If, ‘wever, the gress is’ that it’ tecks the. constiva: Uonal power to pass such @n act, jthen a constitutional amendment |should be eubmitted to confer the | power. |" ‘There should be created a cabinet ‘officer, to be known as secretary of jcommerce and industries, as pro- jvided in the bill introduced at the last seasion of congress. It shou! \be his province to deni with com- i merce in its broadest sense; inctud- ing among many other things what- } concerns labor and all matters affecting the great business corpor- jations and our merchant marine. | ‘The course propored is one phase of what should be © comprehensive and far-reaching scheme of con. istructive statesmanship for the pur- Lose of broadening our markets, se- curing our business Interests on @ wafe basis, and making firm our new position dn the international indus- trial world; while sceupulously eate- guarding the rights of wage-worker and capitalist, of investor and pri- | vate cltizens, 8 aa to secure equity jas between man and man in this re- | public, | Favors Chinese Exclusion. With the sole exception of the farming interests, no one matter is of such Vital moment to our whole people us the welfare of the wage- workers. If the farmer and the wage worker are well off, it is absolutely jcertain that ail others will be weil off too. It is therefore a matter for hearty congratulation that on the whole wages ure higher today in the United States than ever before in our history, and far higher than in any ther country, ‘The standard of liv- ling is also higher than ever before. | Hvery effort of legislator and admin- |istrator should be bent to secure the permanency of this condition of | thimga and its improvement wherev possible. Not only must our labor be protected by the tariff, but it should also be protected as far as pomible from the presence tn this |country of any laborers brought over \by contract, or of thoxe who, com- ing freely, yet represent a ntandard of living so depressed that they can |undersell our men in the labor mar, |ket and drag them to a lower level I regard it as ni ary, with this jend in view, to re-enact Immediately Ithe Iaw excluding Chinese laborers jand to strengthen it wherever neces sary in order t Ite enforce. t entirely effect The national. g demand the hig nality of ser |ige from ite emms and in return jit should be a good employer. If |Doamible legistation whould be pass ed, in connection with the interstate commerce law, which will render ef. |fective the efforts of different. staten Convict Labor Considered, y with the competition of contract labor in the open ket. So far as practical conditions of go" nt | ‘ork, provision should be made to render the enforcement of the eight hour law ea, and certain. In all in. ustries carried on directly or Indi- | r the United States govern women and childr should be ted from excessive hours of from night work and from y ment should | convict labor m under th ment protec | standard inspec the ment to netting ld uphold {tb} \tlon,.¢ ling if wMOry gover The | petition j thin |national government can net | | (supervision. ¢ #0 conservative a state as Massa- lehusetts, in order to produce excel- Jent results, ‘When the constitution was adopt- fore- ‘tell ‘the sweeping changes, altke in lindurtrial and political conditions, ‘S rs 1 should forbld all night work to men and childten, as well ag exces the Distro of} factory law should panned; # 4 powerful Indl t ald to mich laws, —provisio should be made to turn the inhabited | alleys, the exint of which in a Fepronch to our capital city, int minor streets, where the inhabitant can live under conditions favorab! to health and morals, Amerioan wage-workers work with 1a an well an thoir hands. . they take a keen pride In| what they are doing; so that, inde ont of the reward, they wish to Out & perfect This ts the t nooret of our succens In ce with the labor of for countries. Vital Problem—“Labor.” post vital py ntry, and for that mat civilized world, haa to tw th ‘oblem which has for ide the betterment of soctal con-| ditions, moral and physteal, in large cities, and for anoth the of fort to deal with that tangle of far reaching qi a which we « together when we speak of “labor, The chief factor in the muccons of) each man—wage-worker, farmer and | capltaliat alike—must ever the total o wn individual qual- | and Re: only to f acting in with oth: | re, Very great good haw t will be acomplished by ase or unions of wage-workern, when managed with forethought and w they combine inaltence upon ther wn rights with In for the rights of others of these qualities In much bodies a duty to the nation no less than to the associations themselves, Pinal © must also In many casen n by the government In order to safeguard the rights and Intern of all. Under our constitution ther fe much more by the state and than by the nation, Put on pointe much as those touched on above the | Th Brotherhood of Mankind, hen ail ts anid and of brotherhood remains as the indi pensable prerequisite to success tn the kind of national Iife for which we strive, Fach man must work for himself, and unless he #0 works no outside help can avail him; but each man must remember also that he ta! indeed his brother's keeper, and that while no man who refures to walk can be carried with advantage to/ | change Jand result of the firm estab! HK SHATTLE STAI, cial in| here anare their grea conditions the poentilontial Kroat eltic organizations t ponaibility of growth Hoth the educatle tents in a wine should be a elevate th nootat, A should be exerel over the Immi held to # strict Infraction of the } Approves of the Tariff. al and econom! w “ign Kener and pervin ateam. bring and they should wtability for ele A over the which mainly | quicacence In| mana nn There in gene ional poltoy. ‘The requinite to rity in th ptinuity and stability of this mic polloy Nothing could be more unwiee than disturb the business interonts of country by any general tariff) at this Doubt, appre hension, uncertalnity are ‘exnet! what we moat wish to avold in th interest of our commercial and ma terial well-being, Our experience In the past has shown that sweeping revisions of the tariff are apt to pro duce condith ly approaching panic In the world, ¥ it 1a not only porsible, but eminently deninable, to corabine with the mtabil- | ity of our economic plementary ayntem of re eft and obligation with oth tions. Buch reciprocity 18.9 homie policy, It waa specially pro Vided for in the prosent tartff law, | Reciprocity must be treated as the duty ‘neo that the prote granted by the tariff in every Shere it ie needed is maintained, and | that reciprocity be sought f far aa it can Aafely be done without in fury-to our home industries, Just how far thie ta must determined ac ine to the individual case. re membering alwaya that every appl oath af our tariff poltey me r shifting national needs munt be fonditioned upon the cardinal fact th the duties must never be reduc ed below the point that will cover] the difference betwen the labor cost here and abroad. ‘The well-being of | the wage-worker iam prime conatd-| namie legislation. Reciprocity Is Favored, to this provied of the prop er protection necessary to our Indus trial well-being at home, the prin ciple of reciprocity must command our hearty support. ‘The phenomenal Subse |ehipn i in carried In our own of things build up ut it would all who are { ente kot great commerc hips. ‘To remedy thin stat uid not merely nerve t ng Interest in benefit int of a produc for y work for thelr ping lines, If en just as ra minal points. tablished to the principal cou with which we have dealings be of political aa well as commercial benefit. From every standpoint it is unwise for the United States to muinge to rely hips of eting math dintribu four goods ageous An upon the ne for th It should be made corty American ulit mhipe an shipping I imndvantages ion with the the dvar im in p gertaln put In ¢ shipping of foreign « of the fart foreign ste speed of fourteen knots or & mubsidized: and all our ships, w # and steamers allke, oar speed and mall Ke At under ing vou go carritvs of slow carriers of high mpeed, have to meet the fact that the original cost of building American ships t# greater than 1# the ease abroad: that th paid American officers and men are uch higher tha we paid the oMicers and ne of peting count and ndard of ving on our spertor to the stand ard of living on the ships of our com merejal rivals. Our government hv take such action as will remedy there Inequall ties. The American merchant mar wuld be restored to the ocean. wh Would Modify Banking Laws. The act of March 14, 1900, intend ally to extabliah gold lard money and to main- h all forms ed unequive an the pean tain at a parity therew ot ney medium in with pa, has been shown to be timely ard The price of our govern- nent bonds In the world’s market, whea compared with the price of similar obligations tamued by other nations, is a fiattering tribute to our public credit, This condition it ts evideutly desirable to maty In many respects the banking law furnishes suMetent lib erty for the proper exercine of the banking function; but there to be need of better sate aguinst the deranging Influence of mmercial crises and financial pan- les, Moreover, the currency of the country should be made respons himself or anyo! at times stumble at times needs to have the helping | hand outstretched to him. To be} permanently effective, aid must al-| ways take the form of helping 4 man to help himnelf; and we can all be help ourselves by joining together in| the work that Is 6f common Interest | to all. Our present immigration laws are unsatisfactory. We need every hon- eat and efficient Immigrant fitted to| become an American cit every immigrant who e to wtay, who brings he stout heart, a good b jute purpose to do his duty well In every way and to bring up his chil- dren an law-abiding and God-fearing members of the community, But there should be a comprehensive law enacted with the object of working & threefold Improvement over our Who Should Be Barred. present system. © First, we shoul: aim to exclude absolutely not only all persons who are known to be} believers in anarchiatlc principles or members of anarchistic 0 , but also oll persons who are of a low moral tendency or of unsavory repu- his means that we should thorough system of inapection abroad tem of examination at our tmmi lormer being esp reful and not functory educational test # ligent capacity to apprecia can institutions and act American citizens. This wo keep out all anarchists, for many of them belong to the Intelligent erimin- al class. But it would do what Is also in polnt, that in, tend to decrease the sum. of ignorance, #0 potent in producing the envy, muspicion, malig nant passion and hi of order, out of which anarchistic sentiment tn evitably springs, Finally, allpersons should be excluded who are below a certain standard of economic fitness to enter our Industrial fleld aa com petitora with American labor. ‘Th should be proper proof of personal capacity to earn an Amertean Mving and enough money to insure a decent atert ler American conditions This would stop the influx of cheap i nd the resulting competition which give to uch of bit terness In Amertoan Induetrial life and it would dry up the apr “ys of nd a more rigid | ¢ wider markets and for a liberal policy in dealing with foreign na tions. Whatever is merely pet vexatious in the way atrictions shonld be avonle customers to whom we dispose of our surplus products in the long run, directly or indirectly, purchase thone surplus products by giving ux some thing tn return, Thetr ability purchase our products should as tar an possible be secured by #0 arrang-| ing our tariff an to enable us to take from them those products which | ¢ we can tse without harm to our own industries and labor, or the use of| which will be of marked beneflt to] us | Tt Is moat Important that we should maintain the high level of our pres- | ent prosperity, "We have now reach- | ed the point in the development of our interests where we are not only | ble to. supply our own markets, but to produce a constantly growing | surplus for which we must find mar- To recure these mar- n utilize existing dutien y cane where they are no longer | needed for the purpose of protection, | or in any case where the article not, produced here and. the Ker Hecensury for rove = us something to offer change for what we ask. ‘The cor: | with other nations desirable will natural d by the course thus requ our own interests { ‘The natural ine of development for | a policy of reciprocity will be In con. | tion with thone of our. produc: | ns which no longer require all the support needed. to establish them up ona sound basis, and with thone others ther because of natural or of economic causes We are | beyond the reach of auccessful com. | petition Task the attention of the senate to| the reciprocity treatien Inia before It by my pre¢ Advocates Ship Subsidy Bill, ‘The condition of the American mer chant marine ts such a8 to call for! immediate remedial action by the congress. It ts dineredi to ¥ as @ nation that our mé 5 rine should be utterly Insignit in comparison to that of other tions which we overtop forma‘of buxiness 1 not} longer submit. to. ¢ under which only @ trif_ing portion of our} kets we in an ceanor na- | her | DO9O94-0440944444449014990 199550019 4D FOEDOOETOPEOP OOD IEPIS SOD ODD SOOESEOSD ————————————— eine, yet that each | growth of Our export trade empha- |to the demands or halts, that each | izes the urgency of the need for|trade and commerce. our domestic ‘The collections from duties on im- ports and Internal taxes continue to d the ordinary expenditures of thanks mainly to expenditures, ‘Tho utme Id be taken not to reduce th will be any but, after of a deficit: viding against any sy, Means should be h will bring th more nearly within the th factual needs. In his 6 the congrens the peoretary of thi ary considers all these ques- tions at length, and I ask your at- tention to the t and recommen- datic enue of ¢ t in national strict ec fact omy that our xpenditures Th As forbid us to be piggardly in provid- | ing whatever to our well doubly car renource bands bis scrupulous actually necessary ng, should make us #4, ax each of ua hu private resources, t avoidance of anything like wasteful or reckless expendi ture. Only by avoidance of spend- ing money on what ts nv less or unjustifiable can we. legitimately our Income to the point re- quired to meet our needs that are genuine: Amend Interstate Law. In 1887 a measure was enacted for reguintion of inte: rail- mmonty known as the in- terstate commerce act cardinal provisions of that act w that railway rates should be just and reasonable and that all shippers, 10- calities and commodities should t Accorded equal treatment, A com Mission was created and endowe with what were supposed to be th necessary powers to execute the pro- visions of this act That law was largely an experl- ment. Experience has shown the m of its purposes, but has also. shown, possibly that some of ite re quirements are wrong, certainly that the means devised for the enforce ment of Ite provisions are defectiv Thowe who complain of the manag ment of the railways allege that o: tablished rates are not maintained that rebates and similar devices are habitually res to; that th preferences are usually in favor « the large shipper; that they driv out of business the smaller compe titor; that while many rates a too low, many others are excessive state | 1 call special attention to the need | nil to’ husband our na- | are made, t groan preference ng both localities and corm: Upon the other hand, |rallways arsort that the law ry terms tends to f ft there illegal pr ing carriers of that right certed action which they [necessary to entabiish and non-diseriminating rater. The act should be amended. rally a @ public servant rates should be just to an all shippers alike, The whould nee to IC that within diction this in so and sb speedy remedy it m ally tt tha through w blood of th Nothing could be “ e en an which would unnec with the 4 velopment and operation of th ominercial agencies, The subj one of great Importance and |for the earnest attention of t eresn, Agriculture Considered. department riculture et 0 wtendity | 4 ite work omic lines, and has accorp! sults of real value in upbuliding do: mestic and foreign trade, It has fone into new flelda until it Is now in touch with nections of country and with two of the groups that have lately come our jurisdiction, Whowe people must ok to agriculture as @ lvelthoad. ching the world for grains, fruits and vegetables #pe- clally fitted for introduction Into lor on in the several states and ter- fen where they may add tma- ure By seien- altention to soll survey and pos tible new crops, to breeding of new variet! f plants, to experimental shipments, to animal industry and applied chemistry, very practical aid haa been given our stock-growing Intere: ducts of the farm have taken an unprecedented place in our export trade during the year that has just cloned. Protection of Forests. Pubic opinion throughout the United States has moved steadtly to- ward « just appreciation of the value of forests, whether planted or of natural growth. The great part played by them in the creation and { the national wealth ie now more fully realized than ever before. Wise forest protection does not mean the withdrawal of forest re uurces, whether of wood, water or grass, from contributing their full share to the welfare of the people, but, on the contrary, gives the assur. ance of larger and more certain mup- |piies. The fundamental idea of |forestry is the perpetuation of for- ests by use. Forest protection ts not an ond of itself; It In a means to in- lerease and sustain the resources of our country and the industries which depend upon them. The pre- jeervation of our forests is an im- ative business necessity. We ve come to eee clearly that what- ever destroys the forest, except to make way for agriculture, threatens our well-being. ‘The practical usefulness of the na- tonal forest reserves to the mining, grazing, irrigation and other inter- ests the regions in which the re- nerves Me has led to a widespread demand by the people of the West for thelr protection and extension. ‘The forest reserves will Inevitably be of still greater use in the future than in the past. Additions should be made to them whenever prac: Ucadle, and their usefulness should be increased by a thoroughly busi. neealike management. ‘At present the protection of the forest reserves rests with the general land office, the mapping and descrip. tion of ther timber with the United Btates geological survey, and the preparation of plans for their con- Pro: ‘estry, which is also charged with the general advancement of prac- tical forestry In the United States. These various functions should be united In the burean of forestry, to which they properly belong. Th resent diffusion of responsibility | | from every standpoint. It pre- ventas that effective co-operation be- tween the government and the men who utilize the resources of the re- serves, without which the interests ‘The Scientific Bureaus. uffer. The actentific iy should be put un- of agriculture, ‘The president should have b: the power of transferring lan use as forest reserves to the depart- ment of agriculture. He already has such power In the case of lands needed by the departments of war and the navy. The wine administration of the for- ost reserves will be not less helpful to the Interests which depend on water than to those which depend on wood and grass. The water sup- ply {twelf depends upon the forest. In the arid region it is water, not Janda, which measures: juction, ‘The western half of the United States would sustain « lation greater than that of our whole coun- try today if the waters that now ron to waste were saved and used for irrigation. The forest and water problems are perhaps the most vital internal questions of the United States. Certain of the forest reserves should be made preserves for the wiid forest creatures, All of the re- jnerves should be better protected |from fires. Many of them need spe- cial protection because of the great injury done by live stock, above all Wants Game Protected. by sheep. The increase in deer, elk and other animals in the Yellow stone Park shows what may be ex- pected when other mountain forests are properly protected by law and y guarded. ome of these as have been so denuded of sur vegetation by overgrazing that ground breeding birds, including use and qq }, and many mam- , including deer, have been ex- rminated or driven away, At the same time the water ring capacity urface has by decreased or destroyed, thus promoting floods In |times of rain and diminishing the flow of streams between rains. | In eases where natural nditions have been restored for a few years, vegetation has again carpeted the ground, birds and deer are coming |back and hund of persons, es lolally from the immediate neigh hood, ¢ each summer to enjoy the privites amping. Some at least of the forest reserves should afford tual protection to the native und flora, safe hav of ret rapidly diminishing wild animals of the la r kinds, and free camping grounds for the ever in Chansing numbers of men and women who have learned to find rest, health and recreation In the splendid for- eats and flower-clad meadows of our | sntains. ‘The forest feserves thould be set apart forever for the {ne and benefit of our people as al 1 not sacrificed to the| thortaighted greed of a few, | he forests are natural reservoirs, py restraining the streams in flood land replenishing them in drought | whole A and | servative use with the bureau of for- | | the in an right f Hent to make the # f the arid region eriug works for water tora« as to make useful the rivers bors of the humid region gineering works of another kind. 1 toring of the floods in reserve the headwaters of our rivers is but an enlargement of our present policy of river control, under which levees are built on the lower reaches of the mame streams The ge and main “other publ one In to regu the water in p stream ed. freely ary sens ander th flow ‘The reclamation of the un arid public lands presents problem, Here it in not enough to regulate the flow of streams, Th pose of the land to nettlers who will build homes upon It. To acomplieh thin ob water must be brought within t reach The p + settlers on the arid public domain chose thelr homes along streams from which they could themselves divert the water to re claim thelr holdings, Such opportun itles are practically gone. There re mairia, however, vast areaw of public land which can be made available for homeatead settlement, but only by reservoirs and main-line canals impracticable for private enterprise. | Work for the Government. ‘These irrigation works should be bulit by national ernment. The lands reclaimed by them should be reserved by the government for actual settlers, and the cost of con ntruction should 0 far as possible | be repaid by the land reclaimed. ‘The |distribution of the water, the divis- lion of the streams among trrigators, |should be left to the settlers them- selves in conformity with state | and without interference with thone laws or with vested rights. Th | policy of the national governme: hould be to ald irrigation in the sev- leral states and territories in such manner as will enable the people in the local communities to help them selves, and ax will stimulate needed | ony tion, att ° 0 * bug 4 as | To Better Conditiong ay a #hould t . , urgomt wr pee | # for th but t irrigation nd abr lably be n show themselves fit to ree In Hawall our aim must be to 6 ¢ territory on the tradty rican lines. We do large catates a 4 All ¢ islands shor a with thie end in views being of the rage y r must afford the true teat lands. ‘The land po nearly as possible be homestead wyatem. It sure to way that it y more necemmary to re ‘orto Rieq than as to sg |r territory within our continent limite, ‘The tsland is thriving as er before, and ts being aAmints 0 efficiently and honestly. Ite ple are now enjoying iiberty a der under the protection of the Jed States, and upon this fact gratulate therm and ourselves. material welfare must be fully and fealousty considered: welfare of any other portion lm country. We have given ¢ great gift of free acenk for t acts to the markets of th States, Task the attention gress to the need of legislation hong the public lands of Rico. cy should eled on Affairs In Cuba. In Cuba such progress has | jmade toward putting the ind ent government of the island firm footing that before the p jnexsion of congress closes th |be an accomplished fact. Cube | then start as her own mistress; 4 |to the beautiful queen of the | reforms in the state laws and regula | ties, as she unfolds this new. | tons governing irrigation. } ‘The reclamation and settlement of | the arid lands will enrich every por-| tion of our country, just as the set-| |tlement of the Ohio and Mississipp! | | valleys brought prosperity to the At-| lantio states. The increased demand \for manufactured articles will stim- wiate industrial production, while) Wider home markets andthe trade | of Asia will consume the larger food | supplies a jectually en fuppiien” and vcfectoaly prevent | agriculture, Indeed, the products of | lirrigation will be consumed ehiefiy |in pbuilding local centers of min- tng and other Industries which would lotherwise not come Into existence at il. Our people as a whole will| | profit, for successful home-making t= | t another name for the upbullding lof the nation. ‘The necessary foundation has a ready been laid for the inauguration of the policy fust described. It ‘ould be unwise to begin by doing too much, for a great deal will doubtless be learned, both as to what can and what cannot be safely at- tempted, by the early efforts, which | must of necessity be partly experi- |mental tn character. At the very) |beginning the government should make clear, beyond shadow of doubt, Hits intention to pursue this policy on lines of the broadest public in- Against Private Schemes. terest. No reservoir or canal should ever be built to aatisfy selfish per- sonal or local interests; but only in cordance with the advice of trained experts, after long investigation baw ditions combine to make the work most needed and fraught with the greatest unefulness to the commun- ity as a whole, There should be no extravagance, and the believers in e need of irrigation wiil most ben- efit thelr cause by seeing to it that it is free from the least taint of ‘consive or reckless expenditure of the public moneys. ‘Whatever the nation does for the extension of irrigation should har- monize with, and tend to improve, the condition of those now Itving on irrigated land. We are not at the starting point of this development. ‘Over two hundted millions of private capital has already been expended in the construction of trrigation works, and many million acres of arid land reclaimed. A high degree of enter- prise and ability has been shown in the work ftself; but as much ca: not be said in reference to the law: relating thereto, ‘The security and value of the homes created depend largely on the uncertain foundation of court decisions rendered in ordin. ary suits at law, With a few cred-| {table exceptions, the arid states | have failed to provide for the certain and just division of streams in times of scarcity. Lax and uncertain laws | jhave made ft possible to establish lrights to water In excess of actual | uses or necessities and many streams | |have already passed tnto private jownershin or a contro! equivalent ownership. Ownership of Water. ‘Whoever controls a stream practic- jally controls the land it renders pr ductive, and the doctrine of private | ownership of water apart from land} cannot prevail without causing en- Jduring wrong. The recognt! ot |such ownership, which has been per- mitted to grow Up In the arid regtons, |should give way to more enlight~ ened and larger recognition of the Tights of the public In the control | and disposal of the public water sup- |piies, Laws founded upon conditions {obtaining in humid regious, where water is too abundant to Justify |hoarding it, have no proper applica- | tion in @ dry country, | In the arid states the only right | lto water which should be recogniz- | Jed is that of use, In trrigation thi ight should attach to the land ri Jaimed and be inseparable th from. . Granting perpetual water | |rights to others than users, with-| Jout compensation to the public, ‘open to all the objections which ap- ply to giving away perpetual fra hises to the public utilities of cities, | few of the Western states have al- dy recognized this, and have in- porated in their constitutions the doctrine of perpetual state owne: ship of wate The benefits which have followed the unaided development of the past Justify the nation’s aid and co-oper- shown the locality where all the con- |. of her destiny, we extend our jent greetings and good wishes, where I bave discussed the of reciprocity. In the case of however, there are weighty of morality and of national why the policy should be have @ peculiar application, most earnestly ask your att the wisdom, indeed to the vital of providing for a substantial red tion in the tariff duties on © imports into the United 6! ba has in her constitution what we desired, that she stand, in international matt closer and more friendly with us than with any other and we are bound by every ation of honor and expedi pass commercial measures in tl terest of her material well-b In the Philippines our p larger. They are very rich t islands, inhabited by ing tribes, representing ferent stages of progress toward flization. Our earnest effort is help these people upward stony and Se that self-government. We hope to our administration of the honorable to our nation by it of the highest benefit to the Fi Pinos themselves; and as an of what we intend to do, we to what we have done. iy greater measure of material perity and of governmental ho and efficiency has been ty v; It is no light task for a achieve the tad mockery, Our people are now 1 cessfully governing” themselves, B cause for more than a lyears they have been slowly themselves, sometimes c sometimes unconsciously, this end. What has taken us generations to achieve, we c pect to see another race ‘out of hand, especially when portions of that race start very 1 behind the point which our |had reached even thirty generat ago. Jn deal people we must show both p and strength, forbearance and st fast resolution, Our aim is high. ¥ do not desire to do for the merely what has elsewhere been for tropic peoples by en the foreign governments. We hope to. for them what bas never before @one for any people of the v to make them fit for self-go ment after tbe fashion of the free nations. History may safely be ch to show @ single instance in a masterful race such as ours, been forced by the exigencies of to take possession of an alien has behaved to its inhabitants the disinterested zeal for their gress that our people have sh the Philippines. To leave the | jands at this time would mean they would fall into a welter of derous anarchy. Such desertion |duty on our part would be a o against humanity. The character Governor Taft and of his a and subordinates is a proof, if be needed, of the sincerity of effort to give the islanders a stantly increasing measure of government, exactly as fast as tl show themselves fit to exercise Since the civil government wae: tablished not an appointment Deen made in the islands with reference to congiderations of P |cal influence, or to aught else the fitness of the man and the of the service. Must Move Slowly. In our anxiety for the welfare progress of the Philippines, it be that here and there we have too rapidly in giving them local government. No competent ob sincerely destrous of (nding out facts and influenced only by & sire for the welfare of the natl can assert that we have not far enough. We have gone to @ very verge of safety in hastening process, To have taken a single farther or faster in advance ve been folly and weakness, might well have been crime, are extremely anxious that the tives shall show the power of ation in the more difficult and im- portant work yet to be acomplished, | Laws so vitally affecting homes as those which control the water supply will only be effective when they have the sanction of the trrigators; r ning themselves. We are anxt first for their sake, and next, cause it relieves U8 of a great den. There need not be the est fear of our not continuln give them all the liberty for WI nible the use of waters |forms can only be final and satis-| they are fit herwis ted. ‘They prevent the |goll from washing and £0 protect the |storage reservoirs from filling up with silt, Forest’ conservation ts therefore an essential condition of Iwater conservation | Reclaiming Arid Lands, |eully regulate and cor |ters of the arid regi |age works are nec however, | > the wa- | Great stor actory when they come through the enlightenment of the p concerned, ‘The larger which national ald t however, awaken in ¢ the determination to make its irriga-| tion system equal tn justice and ef- | the civilized world, Nothing could | be more unwise than for isolated | communities to ue to learn} The only fear lest In our © nxiety we give them a degree independence for which they are ft aster, As fast as there is any sonable hope that in the given trict the people can govern tht selves, self-government has given in that district. There ts a locality fitted for self-govern which has not ed it nut aay well be that in certain case = the healthy development of the jel 4 4 4 threby inviting reaction and dil