The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, July 21, 1903, Page 5

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, TUESDAY, JULY 21, 1903, CARDINALS WILL ASSEMBLE IN SECRET CONCLAUE AND BALLOT UNTIL SUCCESSOR OF LEO HOW NEW POPE IS ELECTED Any Catholic May Aspire to the Place. Two-Thirds Dote Necessary to Choice. Compromise JSys: tem to End Deadlocks. JEN the Pope dies the Camer- | tly strikes the head d Pontiff with a et, calling him by y his death, It is ming from the old idea h of the Pope, de 2d and £ the church L b 1al splendor for s Basilica of ped ack velvet - E The les take 5 e gr E a Peter's e m s T sacr of ‘the mass is cele- r w he greatest ceremony, the officta e r ishop of < “ P s s SE place to the solem: of e by the papal ch d years. Haps but a few hun- | England changes from . s mc more [ only 7 Napoleon pages of human blood. d compi with the v goes back 1900 vears and the e new world and the old. ack to when the world was smoke of ifice red zation is of dis- he Lateran, pel for th hHelena, mother the Popejs t exists the mother inscription over the built on that very spot is um Ecclesiarum” (the mott o bt churches). The first fifty-six Popes were car Popes gave of the faith and were honord on as martyrs. | zed saints and the first ine up their lives in Pope Is Elected for Life. e Pope is elected for life—once'a Pope t sath—and even when dead tho not wield his power. The to the church what the Rome was to the peopio | t the Senate of this country is (o The administration of during the interrcgnum be- Cardinals. The dean of the Bacred College their president. They ertake no important change in of the church. The duty that pon them then is to elect the | St. Peter. Pope Greg- legislated in the year 1213. They s Cardinals nor new us V gave the Roman con- ordinary jurisdiction during of the Holy See on account cases that come up every day be postponed lest detriment to souls by business being Hence the Cardinals have jurisdiction over the whole during a vacancy and they can, where danger to the church or matters of great importance turn up, administer and pass judgment in such vurgent cases. pute or doubt arise about the validity or legality of the Pope’s election & councll of the whole church s in order and if this becomes impossiblc the Col- oid essor to new unsettled universal churck | op of Os: |Dean Summons | election is en who it ANNUTF—eLl — Members of the College of Cardinals, One of Whom May Succeed Pope Leo. > l lege of Cardinals can proclaim who is the depose him. By an old tradition the Bish | legitimate Pope, impeach the usurper and | | 1a is dean of the Sacred College | of Cardinals. It beloags to him as the | Bishop of Ostia and he, as president of | that august body, carries on the business of the church du erregnum. | the Cardinals to a Conclave HE dean of the Sacred College at z the Pope's death Cardinal in Rome and the whole world to the election. There no this rule, for fif prevented from casting his vote would Invalidate the election. In primitive ages of the church even had a voice in the selection of t erelgn Pontiff, but in these days the tirely in the hasds of Car- their vote it that decides th to be the legitimate summons every through part take in to were it the the is exception any Cardinal lai So is and is Pc The elections begin at least ten days the Pontiff's death. If the forelgn Cardinals cannot arrive in Rome, either through sickness or old age or other in- the election proceeds, and the Cardinals cannot walt any | longer. Should any Cardinal arrive after the ten days have elapsed he has a right conclave then in sesslon. In rst session of the conclave each of | Cardinals takes a solemn oath on the | to observe the canons that refer e election in the conclave. The bulls of the nine Popes who legislated on the mode of procedure in the election of the Pope by ballot in the conclave are | ead aloud to them. The Fisherman's Ring, being part of the insignia of the Holy Father, is now unsealed by the mas- ter of the ceremonies, and the first session disposition College of of the conclave comes to a close. On the second day the various officers of the pontifical states come to pay their re-| spects to the Cardinals, and receive con- mation in their various offices, and the ext three days are spent in elections to | different offices that are to be filled | onclave. On the sixth day the | cells that each Cardinal is to occupy are lotted to him, where both the Cardinal | and his secretary are to dwell during the whole time of the conclave. . When the election takes place in Rome t takes place either at the Quirinal or at tne Vatican palace. The fact that the Quirinal is now in the hands of the Gov- | ernment and the residence of the present | King will preclude the next election being held at the Quirinal. Pope Pius IX was | elected at the Quirinal, while Pope Leo | XIII was elected at the Vatican. Should | the Pope die in any other city than Rome | the election can take place In that city. | Election in the Vatican. As Pope Leo has remained at the Vatican' as a prisoner since his election the Vati- | can wiil in all probability be the place of | the next election. Again, the Vatican con- ! tains 1100 rooms, and there is a very spa- clous hall in the Vatican set apart and fitted up for this special purpose for the election of the Pope. Each Cardinal is allowed two rooms, called cells, one for | himself and one for his secretary. During | these days, and up to this time, the usual | everyday official business of the Car- dinals’ lives goes on. Ministers and Em- bassadors come to transact business with the various Cardinals. They stand before them with uncovered heads and in the | same manner as before the Pope himself, | since the Cardinals have now assumed supreme power in the charch. Only one | Cardinal responds to the questions asked by the representatives of the various Governments, namely, the Dean of the Sacred College. Finally a sermon is de- livered in Latip on the solemn duties of the conclave, ahd they go in procession to the place where the conclave is to meet. | The papal choir, consisting of the best male voices in Rome, is In attendance, | and they sing the “Veni Creator.” Whea | the Cardinals assemble in the chapel the bulls are once again read, and again they take the oath to conscientiously observe the canons regulating the election. An address is delivered by the Cardinal dean as an exhortation to do their duty con- scientiously. Up to this time the Car- dinals are in communication with the out- side world. They recelve visitors, trans- act business, etc.; but at the stroke of the midnight bell the master of the cere- monies rings a silver bell and all who ~re not of the conclave retire. Behind Closed Doors. The doors are finally, and solemnly closed, and no one is allowed to pass in or out except the Cardinals who perchance may be late in coming from foreign coun- tries. Each Cardinal is allowed to have two members of his household in personal attendance upon him. These are called conclavists. A number of other attend- ants are also allowed inside the conclave, | selection of a successor to St. Peter. This | Even the food is searched for secret docu- assembly of Cardinals is the most august | ments to see that it contains no letters or assembly in the world, is the only as- |advices or matters prejudicial to the con- sembly that is known by the word con- | sclentious and just election of the Pontiff. | blood on earth. | 01a Romans, ! square and twenty feet high. The cells of viz., a carpenter, a mason, a sacristan, a friar or monk to hear confessions, a num- ber of barbers, eight or ten porters and | several other domestics to do common ser- vice to the whole body of Cardinals. The word ‘‘conclave” comes from the fact of closing the door with a key. “Clavis” in Latin means a key. The word | conclave refers to the inclosure as well as | to the body of Cardinals frv session. All| secular influe so as to leave the Cardi untrammeled in thelr precautions are necessary to withstand | any pressure that might be brought.to bear on the conclave and to allow the Cardinals to vote for him who seems best fit before God to spiritually govern 250,- 000,000 of people. The whole building is searched to see there is no one there ex- cept those who have a right to be, and this search takes place twice every day. ce ceases for good 1l veins of these Cardinals flows the purest and richest and noblest They are the sons of the descended from the conquer- rs of world, heirs of the Senators of old Rome who made and unmade nations, The cells in which the Cardinals are to during elections are twenty feet clave, In the How Ballofi'ng for Holy Office Is Conducted HE ballots are printed on paper, and each Cardinal writes the name dwell the Cardinals who have been elected to office by the late Pope are decorated with violet tapestry, while the cells of the older of his choice for Pope on the in- side of the paper, folds it, seals it his seal, made for him and with own Cardinals are covered with green or red. The cell is dlvided into two compart- | fupplied for the ~occasion. Analtar ments, one for the Cardinal and the other |is erected at the end of the chapel and a large gold chalice and paten are placed thereon. The inspectors of election take their place at the altar. The Cardinal Bishop of Ostla ds the first to rise. He writes his name on his ballot in public at the center of the table, and ap- proaching the altar kneels, prays and ris- ing says: “I take Christ our Lord to wit- ness that I vote for the one whom in the sight of God I deem worthy, and 1 will do the same in case the accesus is used.” He then places th led ballot on the paten and allows it to 1 into the chalice. The Cardinals now approach in order of rank for his secretary. A Cardinal of princely k mi have three cells and two sec- retaries for personal attendants. When all are assembled within, the windows and all e the conclave are closed. There is only cne door to the conclave, and thisis locked with a double key, one on the outside and one on the inside. The governor, who is a cardinal appointed by | the Sacred College, holds one key on the inside, and the marshal, whe is a lay of- \ the outside, is the custodian of the other key. There are four apertures in the walls, called gates, through which | 90 2 TOF STRMOGCT 1 9rCer OF T all their meals are passed and anything ¥ I sick Cardinals s otes else that fs absolutely required. All this| ik Cardinals send their Votes-through < . the committee appointed. The first Cardi- is to avold any communication with the ; nal Inspector covers the chalice with the outer world and to prevent fraud or polit- -0, WBREES SORE T8 CBL BE R ical influence being used on the Cardinals | P2'¢ an 5. he g S e s inspector counts the ballots and sees that in the casting of thelr votes. The outside | 3PeC2" SOTR |0 IS SO0 Rees tha halls are also locked and the Cardinal S s AR Palls e and the CaToinal| present. If there Is any discrepancy. the iR e < eys. Papal | 4..115t5 are burned and they begin the troops are drawn up in attendance and : - s e ¢ tho | election anew. Three inspectors then read vl vt ofd f;” i > k" nces of the | iy names of each candidate aloud, so R, "k‘“ #0 takes charge of | ypq¢ each name be heard by.all. Each PN W Ehe- o v"‘"" eys and guards the | orginal writes the name‘so read at his S e e own desk and keeps an account of the votes cast for each candidate. The bal- lots are then returned once again to the chalice. If two-thirds of the vote are given to any one person he becomes elect- ed, but If the' two-thirds are not given tc any one and they cannot agree on any - to es e s cial, © The most extraordinary precautions are taken to shut out intrigues and political influence. Each of the European nations naturally takes an interest in the election and zealously tries to have the election turn out to its own interest. All these candidate they retire again to consider another- candidate for the next election When two-thirds of the ballots are given to any one person he is declared Pope and the conclave is over. The youngest Car- dinal then rings a bell, calls all the Car- dinals around the newly elected. The Cardinal dean asks him if he accepts the canonical election to the supreme ponti- flcate; If he says he accepts, forthwith he becomes Pope, head of the church, Bishop of Rome, father of Christendom, vicar of Christ and Sovereign Pontiff. Should he refuse, the chair is still vacant and an- other election is in order. Should he hes- itate, he is asked three times. On his ac- ceptancé the Cardinal dean genuflects be- td%e him, asking him by what name he shall be known to Christendom in the fu- ture, and by this name he is known ever after. Any Catholic Is Eligible to Office of Pope NY man in the Cathollc church is eligible to the office of Pope, be he Cardinal or Bishop, priest or lay- A man, married or single. The Car- dinals are free in this matter, but from the time of Urban VI the cus- tom has prevailed of electing a Cardinal, and an Italian Cardinal at that. In these United States the law. obtains that he who is elected to the Presidency | must be born in the States, but the Cath- olie church Is still more democratic, for any man who Is a Catholic Is eligible to | the Papacy. Only a pagan, a heretic or an excommunicated ' person is excluded from election. Should a married man be elected he would have to separate, like | Peter of old, from his wife and recelve holy orders and episcopal consecration at the hands of the Bishop of Ostia; so that | any man in the Catholic church may be a candidate for Pope. Nowadays an Ital- jan Cardinal is usually elected because of the great interests of the church in the city of Rome. The immense property and wealth that has been accumulating for nineteen centuries in Rome seems to de- mand it. One visit to Rome will easily convince that great interests are at stake ang that Rome s the only place for the Pope's residence, being the center of cul- ture, refinement and clvilization. Natiir- ally an Italian Pope prefers his own coun- 3 p S AL A N Al el Ceremony of Derifying the Death of- the Pontiff. i > Sl ¢ LA R e T | try and the city of Rome as his residence. For an Italian turns to Rome as naturally as the magnet turns to the pole. Even the Italians of this country long for the | deep blue Italian sky and the balmy cli- | mate of Italy, which is the most salubri- {ous and enchanting climate of any on | earth. Again, history tells us that the Frenchmen who were elected to the Papal | chair returned to France, bullt magnifi- | cent palaces and dwelt there, conducting the business of the church from the city of Avignon. But to-day these palaces are | empty and of no value to the church since Pope Gregory returned to Rome ffom Avignon at the persuasion of St. | Catherine of Sienna. The Pope has re- mained in Rome ever since. | The voting in the conclave takes place in the chapel twice a day, morning and evening. Each Cardinal has a desk deco- rated with his coat of arms assigned to him. Immediately before the election be- | gins an Augustinian monk celebrates mass. When the mass is concluded all the attendants withdraw, leaving the Cardinals severely alone. They then pre- | pare to cast their first ballot. Two-thirds | of the votes must be given by ballot to validly elect. When the Cardinals cannot agree they can-select two Cardinals and | leave the election of the Pope to them. | This is called an election by compromise, | and when all without delay proclaim a certain one for Pope, as i by inspiration, | this is called an election by quasi-inspira- tion. Leo XIII was elected in this way. His election was due to Cardinal An- | tonelil. While they could not agree on | a two-third ballot, Cardinal Antonell, | seeing that Cardinal Pecchi was gaining in favor at each ballot, went over to him, | knelt down and kissed his hand and| | saluted him as the holy father. -The| | other Cardinals took in the situation and | | with one acclaim proclalmed him Pope. | Thus Leo XIII owes his election to quasi- | | Inspiration. ‘When the ballots are counted | and no one has received a two-thirds vote the voting papers are taken to a fireplace and burned. The smoke ascending through a certain chimney is a sign to an | fmimense concourse of people assembled | outside for news of the election and to obtaln the new holy father's that the Cardinals have not yet decided on any one for Pope. When they see the smoke they return to their homes, to come again in the evening or the morning, as the case may be. Then the Cardinals re- tire to their apartments to await the next ballot. Th.s is repeated each day until a Pope is elected. Before the voting takes place a number of committees of Car- dinals are chosen to inspect the votes, to revise the election and to certify to f legality and regularit blessing, Installation and Coronation Ceremonies T HE new Pl\;)?l:(akPn to the altar, ‘ where he is clothed in the pure white robe of the Sovereign Pon- tiff. The distinguishing color of the Pope is white, of a Cardinal red,” of a Bishop purple and of a priest black. Enthroned on the altar the Pope recelves the obedience of all the Car- dinals, the Cardinal chamberlain placing on his hand the Fisherman’s Ring. In the | meantime the masons remove the wall un der the arch over the balcony, and all go | in procession to the balcony over the main entrance to the Vatican. There the Car- dinal dean proclaims the election to the people waiting outside. The following | Sunday is generally set apart for the cor nation of the new Pope. He is carried by the highest nobility in procession, the Car- | dinals, Archbishops, Bishops, the Minis- ters and Embassadors of foreign nations, | the pontifical army, whose officers are no- | bles, composing the procession. The Swl!s{ Guards do duty by guarding the proces- | sion. It enters St. Peter's, where for the | first time the newly e.ected father of | Christendom and vicar of Christ ascends the oldest and most venerable throne In the world—the throne of Peter. Here a| very touching ceremony takes place be- fore his throne. Lest the Pope should be carried away by the power he wields and blinded by the gilded pageantry of the world, the master of ceremonies draws near to the Pope and burns a little tow or flax on a silver tray, repeating three | times, “Sic transit gloria mundi” (thus; Holy Father, all the glory of the world passes away). Solemn high mass Is sung, during which the Pope receives the pal- lium from the Cardinal dean. The pallium was once the distinguishing garmént of the Jewish hign priest. After mass the Pope goes to the balcony of St. Peter's, where his miter, which belongs to him as Bishop, is removed and the dean places the tlara on the Pope’s head. The origin of the tiara Is not clearly histcried. It is symbolic of his office.as Pontiff, priest and king. It has encircled his honored brow for ages. while every .other monarch only wears for his crown a single circlet of gold. In the first circle of the tiara is centered the | official organ 1S CHOSEN ITALIAN WILL BE PONTIFF Prelates Who Ap» pear to Be Most Favored. Cardinal Oreglia Has Strong Support. Rampolla One of the Possibils ities. HE CALL’'S Washington corre- epondent some time ago asked Cardinal Gibbons, at Baltimore, who was likely to succeed the Pope In the event of the de- mise of Leo XIII. “Ah,” said he, “out of fifty-elght Cardinals who are eligible it would be hard to say. But I think he will certainly be an Italian, as they bave near- Iy a majority of all the Cardinals who will be members of the Sacred College.” The correspondent had learned through private letters from Rome, however, that Pope Leo's successor will in all probabil- ity be one of the following, viz.: Oreglla, Vannutelli (Serafino), Gotti, Svampa or Rampolla, and their chances are in the order named. Cardinal Oreglia. Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano is 72 years of age. He is a Pledmontese by birth. His double quality of senior of the Sacred College and Cardinal Camerlengo givas him a considerable advantage. During an “interregnum’™ the Camerlengo is a spe- cles of interim Pope, who can revolution- ize the pontifical court, appoint, displace, substitute or revoke the highest officials. In other words, he is the most to be feared of all the Sacred College, and by the hope or fear of the good or harm he is capable of doing during his ephemeral pontificata he can create In advance a network of ad- herents and friendships capable of exer- cising great weight at the moment of the election. Leo XIIT was Camerlengo at the moment of the death of Plus IX. Oreglia will be the candidate of the irre- concilable and reactionary party. By birth, education and temperament he in- clines toward a retrograde policy. Hia father, Baron Oreglia d! Santo Stefano, married in second wedlock the sister of Count Solaro della Margherita, Minister of King Charles Albert, a deadly enemy of reforms, who by his minded and cowardly advice would have destroyed his sovereign had not the King been cap- able of causing his own destruction with- out the assistance of his Ministers. The second wife of Caron Oreglia loved the four children of ‘her predecessor, the eldest of whom, a brave man, entered the Grenadier Guard, went brilliantly through tue campaign of 1349 and died afterward The second became a Jesuit and was one of the big men of the “Civilita Cattolica.”™ of the Soclety of Jesus. The fourth was a kind of prodigal som, andered his fortune in Paris, he became a hermit—or, to speak more precisely, was first received among the Salesians of Dom Bosco, and afrarward by the Jesuits. There was never anything remarkable about him but his nose, the length and bigness of which left him nothing to envy Cyrano de Ber- gerac, who has become doubly famous. Luigi was not, strictly speaking, an eagle,” but he has been pushed vigorous- ly forward by the Solaro della Margherita, v;'ho were very powerful at the pontifical court and who got him an entry into the nunciatures. He was successively ap- pointed to Holland, Belgium and Portugal. During his residence in Lisbon he pestered Queen Maria Pia, almost with menaces, to exhort her father, King Victor Em- manuel, to abdicate or give up the con- quest of Rome. His importunities became so unbearable that Queen Maria Pla com- plained directly to her godfather, Pus IX, who thought fit to recall his too zealous nunclo. Oreglta returned to Rome and revenged himself for his disgrace by ostentatiously narrow | retusing to salute the King as he passed along the Porta Pia promenade. This was | contrary to the example set by the other members of the Sacred College, who al- ways courteously saluted the monarch when they met him on the promenade. Cardinal Serafino Vannutells. Cardinal Serafino ¥Wannutelll is looked upon as a serious “Papabile,” for he is the only one amogs the candidates, with the exception of Cardinal Svampa, who has allowed himself to be distinetly put for- ward as in favor of conciliation between the papacy and the monarchy of Savoy. If at any moment during the next com- clave the triple alliance group should ob- tain the upper hand Cardinal Vannutelll will have a great chance of being elected. Apart from this rather uniikely contin- gency he will only have passed beside the tiara to see it placed on other brows than his own. These who put him forward as a QGermanophile Pope would find them- selves much mistaken if he were elected. He accepts the part assigned to him be- cause it may lead ta the satisfacfion of his ambition, but that does not prevent his living in exceilent inteiligence with those who, officially * or not, represent French Influence in Rome. An auditor of the Rota, who fs not a German and who was the friend of Lacordaire, holds him in high esteem and makes much of him in a way which suggests that if it came to the point France would not refuse him her support. - Serafino Vannutelli has traveled much, firstly in Mexico and South America and later among the nunciatures. He has been at Brussels ahd Vienna. If it is true that traveling {orms man’s mind, his mind Continued on Page 6, Column 1. Continued on Page 6, Columa @