The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, November 20, 1898, Page 21

THE SAN FRANCSICO CALL, SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1898. 21 o MAKE A New Methods of Studying the Habits and Mode of Life of Animals in the HE University of Pennsylvania well under has set If to answe f markable the ge questio do not monkeys talk, when their re quite human be cases, but some heicha ments are interesting in prospect 6124 LS ieschiam instance, in the case of tle honey bee 22d Viorker : ] ECeiin thelCage b Y b carefuily studled; also the curious tened by. actificial means. Why do anf: als in captivity fail to ; . e ehetial (7 method by which the bees are enabled to or ct’” queen egg: when the any living creature, so that this process serving not nearly we might how much honey an in- her in on will have g can be opened on graphs made of what is gc It is not k of other zoological interesting will be perimental labo- s which the Uni- now con- each excursion Special arri ascertaining this ‘~formatior = door of each hive a long tut ge or university. There gageway will lead, compos for large animals, aviaries most part of gl i for bats. aquariums for wood and metal - insects, and i. all of hallway of the hive : departments a maze of apparatus tle vesti \:1‘_' r chamber in for carry on experiments. his ":}’,‘m{'m et Scient new departure of the TUnive Pennsylvania with much more than or- strument. dinary interest, because it is hoped that the hive it w many of the greatest problems * - ani- 2along the passa Taglllirel il be solved {by it:lj In fHerjreaches tieiex s thetlnne sts have confined them- st wholly to the compara- v of beasts, birds and in- making _any ort to i tigate their curl- contrasts and traits, which xplained, have a very defl- stu i in the r live anima! v of Pen lvania is It will be the first institu- k ever buflt as an ad- In thi 3 1o t the hive. delicat When a b 11 be allowec 7, but ty of form of a past zoolc selves alme tive anatom fraction of a gram. mechanism will P a ng < Desultory efforts have been existence. on has hitherto taken up the sub- on a comparative scale, conse- this coloring quently the experimental laboratory of will then be rele the University of Pennsylvania, now proceed in quest of s t substance. looked upon with re- Bees Photographed in Glass Hives. Just how the problems will be solved as not yet been decided upon in all f the proposed experi- windows, which fon and photo- ing on inside. >wn just how much honey Ant Hills With Windows. each bee will coliect in the course of a day, nor how long it will be gane on among the s ngements will be made for wijll be induced to construct their \ places of i, Heretofore an intimate knowledge tuke or front qf e will be a lit- gentally which the peen ham —ed momentarily on g . rally are viewing this ,¢ the vestibule will really be the plat- Jow the inve weithing In- gige. starts to leav 1 t will find i way obstructed by a little gl Immediately another glass door lipped down behind the honey gatherer vl around the little M1 :an be had aceur- le being adjusted to the giate they will flercely fight their cap- pot of paint. general problem of ink or other coloring substance on the back of the bee for the purpose of fu- made i. the past, but no great insti- ture identification, a record being taken of the color and shape of the shot of The insect weets. When it re- N\ absent and when h the ve weighed, the increase being recorded as equivalent to the amount of honey The different changes which in the hatching manner of life. gathered. take place for cf intimate be. The regular queen eggs have been destroyed and there is no resident queen to lay others. The reagon why bees li der a system of polyandry will traced to its origin, if possible application. e colonies will be established e the animal hous Lar; €IS. in and ou They the nests herg in especially prepared places so the inside of be examined at From the or hiil ke pas- that at stated interva for the the ant habitation ma That curious and their has been ac obtained, & ants t day habits of the insects The 00T when their nests were demolished to al- gator a peep at the in- This will be avoided if possible at the University of Pennsylvania by to walk the adoption of some window principle when it which will enable the students to see S inside the nest without taking it apart. ss dOOr. (Ope of the odd things to be sought will Il be pe the reason why some species of ants permit s when they are born in captivity, whereas when they are born in a free will be tested o rooms. Testing an Ant’s Reason. Ants will be brought from every part of the world and studied under the in .uence of changes of temperature. ually confronted wi‘- changed condi- This process of enforc- - ed developmen: will be used on various of drones animals, birds an. insects to see if the existence. The breeding habi of forcing the intellectual powers of a~imals will have with them a vivid To Learn About the Death-Head Beetle. little insect known as the death-head beetle, which is dreaded by the superstitious because it is supposed to be the fore- runner of the Angel of Death, will be studied, and perhaps some very curious coincidences investigated. 5 ing of caterpillars from which the but- themselves to bé made terfies came will also be studied. The influence of temperature on butterflies in_ especially heated gard to geographical distribution. How a Spider Spins. There will be a spider room in the c. n institution where the home and field e one. Not only will they be studied as they life of Arachne can be studled intimate- ed and allowed to are, but they will be suddenly or grad- ly. Henceforth we may expect to learn the whole process ¢f web-making and. {c. DY YCGICAL _STTi=y \\\WW OE ‘A Laboratory in the Uhiversiy of Pennsylvania. a note will be made of how long tions so as to find whether their in- of fly-catching as it it passes stinct or incipient reason will be strong spiderdom. ibule it will again be enou-h to cause them to change their habits to conform to their changed Determined effort among the tees will be slow processes ~¢ evolution can be has- entirely known. Take one pi black bass, verbially are wiser for their size than well 'known to anglers. have observed that there seem always of certain species have a method of (U © cF i B e he days when he to be two varieties of fish in one pool— Dave with them a “ivid the large sized and small sized. Now & o} v ants will be 5 arfs all ¢ f induced to colonize in the institution. e Al B R These curious creature build houses so high and strong (some of 5 St cows _ __ twenty feet high) are given as much study as puffalo of Africa use them as observa- tion points on which to stand while guard ‘he destinies of the feeding Ants pro- concerning the the same lot of eggs. bryos from one I the other half remal them are that the sentinel fish eating others, wood-consuming fact. water is geotropic. Mystery of Giants and Dwarfs Among Fish. be made to find out some of the mysteries of fish another has always been an Interesting oo o trace to their origin the many are not question, and the subject will be taken .y;oys habits which domestic animals liar fact up with increased vigor by the students SHTIONS N which is : : ermen Half of the em- atching grow large; There are no intermediate sizes and the phe- nomenon is not caused by some of the since the ones are there; nor can it be because of a more favorable location for part of the egg mass—the sizes would be graduated if that were the smaller In addition to an examination of the eggs, the fish will be succes: lated and congregated, examined ternally and externally TR arlous which might sap their vitality, and rate year locust will be studfed-with 8 yooiied s ey or week will be de- ,\'i(‘\\' to lfl(ndling out why it should put ‘ms n a multiplied appearance only dur- s w y ing certain years and after rem}lar in- Tless il be Toted ‘andthey tervals. The markings on the wings of the butterflies, together with the rela- tions these markings bear to the color- for light or shade. The reason may be a chemical one, or it may be part of the animal’s food getting propensities, or it may be part of that protective prin- ciple which helps many an animal to It may prove something in re- gvoia its enemics, or there may something electric ahout it. know an animal which is to be attract- ed toward the light to be, as they say, One which insists on go- ing downward or earthward One which is at- tracted toward chemicals is chemitrop- One which is highly influenced by The predilection of certaln fish forms for light or dark- scrutinized carefully and put through various tests to determine if possible what it is that causes this eagerness Scientists i neighboring electric currents, as has been supposed of some of the fo d _uf ish, is said to be electrotropic. stance a piece of crab’s meat placed against the cilla of the anemone was at once pushed over into the cen- ter of the animal and, for want of a better word, was swallowed. A piece of paper or a grain of sand was rejected immediately and pushed away from the animal. Dr. Parker experimented to find that po.assium chlorate was the essence of crab’s meat. He soaked a piece of blotting paper with the chemi- cal and placed it against the cilla of an anemone. It was at once drawn into the stomach of the creature and it is to be presumed was much enjo. Experiments of this kind will be per- formed continually in the new labora- tory, not only on the lower but on the higher forms as well. The sense of smell indeed will be tested in many ani- mals as to distance, intensity and memory, and also to see whether the general sense is bluated when the ani- mal is captured and domesticated. The difference between the wolf and f the dog will be an interesting point of 2 comparison. In the same way the i hearing of animals wiil be tested by various devices, as will also the mem- ory of events and the imagination. Do animals dream? .Evidently they do and have nightmar too, if cer- tain tales are to be believed. The as- sumption will be tested at any rate, although the exact mode of procedure is not yet stated. Animals That Shake Hands. How animals communicate with one Thy does of the experiment station. Sir John p."q.0 1y ;}_g‘gfidfl;; ‘a“sé;.%f:'when Lubbock ‘established the fact that ants :he GOF GUn, SEOREE E S s said shaking hands and passing the time of J e L 5 day by stroking one another with thelr ficht Wild in leaves i Lo antennae. This stroking process evi- iejs*‘:;psg;r:ffi‘;’““l‘ s St dently encompasses a wide range of in- ;rnfm([ intiralls? Why 315 e posriis formation, for the affairs of a whole PURL PERTIRS o 0 oY ricks than the colony seém sometimes to become re- [HOPR EP&NE O €O adjusted because of it. But just what 5P L 5 5 is the inner process of the communica- A Roost for Bats. tion no one seems quite able to say. Much attention will be given to the Does this stroking vary infinitely in night flying animals and birds, of pressure, as does the delicate touch of Which so little is known. A regular bat a blind man’s fingers, or is there in ad- 1oft will be maintained and the little dittion a passage of sound with the animals will be allowed to come and go pitch far below the range of the human at will, but they will be closely ear? Perhaps our scientists will arrive Wwatched. There will be no trouble in at the meaning yet. esmblis:lngl the b;ns in the lo‘mk It X B < seems that it is only necessary to keep To Find Why Monkeys Can’t Talk. 1,54, 5 loft for several days until the According to Professor Edwin G. odor of the animals permeates the Conklin, who has been instrumental In place. Then, if liberated, they will, like establishing the animal experiment sta- chickens, come home to roost and bring tion, there is no apparent reason why other bats with them. monkeys s nu]ddnlor be induced to talk e cetiee in some civilized language; just which : one is not decided. It would be out of _ DoWnstairs, in the cellar of the in the question to have a dog speak, for Stitution, —there will be snakes and his vocal organs are not of the proper Dewts and chameleons, whose pecullar chape to make speech, yet it has im. ldiosyncrasies will be examined, and proved wonderfully on its savage an. We may soon know more of these ani- cestor. The monkey, on the other hand, Imals than ever was dreamed of by has never brought forth successive ‘'O00C O = S generations in captivity, vet it has its It is the hope of t‘he !arully‘ of the human vocal organs ready made. The university that the speg_&es of investi- question remains, then, What would gation thus outlined will result in a be the ultimate effect of environment? broader system of biological teaching Would it speak finally? in the public schools generally. It is Cusiohs: Habits of D far better for the general after life of o the student and infinitely more humane All this comes under the head of com- that he know something more of the parative psychology, and by means of habits and intellectual traits of an ani- it Professor Conklin and his confreres mal than of its anatomy. 00VC0 ) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000C0000C000000INR000200000000000 0OO00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 WAS CHRISTIAN SCIENCE RESPONSIBLE FOR HAROLD FREDERICS DEATH T Discussed by Dr. Kent, G. Bernard Shaw, Attorney D. Donohoe Jr, Mrs. Carrie Judd Montgomery. 4E indictment for manslaughter of Mrs. Mills, the Christian I did not hear it and have not given it a thought.” Geientist, who was treating Harold Frederic, the novelist, at “Was there any improvement in his bodily condition under your care?” the time of his death, in England, is exciting much interest in both Great Britain and the United States. Harold Frederic had been ill for a year, and as he did not it was suggested that he resort to faith cure and dismiss He did so and after his illness;had ended fatally ar. : held. The Coroner’s verdict was that the dec; 1 as the result of negligence on the part of his attendants. had been interested in Christian Science since 1889, t to the exclusion of his regular physician. When he was he himself asked that Miss Lyons, who lived in his family, . to give him special faith healing treatment. Mills went to the sick man, but refused to treat him unless in attendance were dismissed. This was done, but very - was an American and went to London as cor- New York Times. Prior to this he had been Journal. He was best known in the literary he Damnation of Theron Ware.” His other and Seth’'s Brother’s Wife,” had already st book but one, “Gloria Mundi,” is still in He leaves a widow and two daughters. e in Henley, where he lived, and the revenue pyrights go to his widow. To Miss Lyon, who is 8.0 plice with Mrs. Mills, he willed his American copyrights. American also. editor of 1} world from t novels, “In brought him the hands of By his will the from his Englis Indicted as a house and Mra. looking She is described as a striking- a large diamond. In her evidence before the jury Mrs. Mills admitted that both her husband, who had been a musician, and herself gained their livelihood by faith healing. She never went any p square chin, hard, firm mouth and steel- | She was dressed at the trial in black siik | Xcept when sent for and refused in every case | “He would not have continued to wish to see me if it were not so.” “Is it part of your faith not to call in medical aid for any diseases?” “I have never called in medical aid for any of .my patients.” believe in persecution or prosecution. Is possible on those terms. We cannot force a man to call in a doctor and be saved. Still less can we force him to take the doctor’s medicine. there is no method but reasonable conviction and a definite proof that medicine is, on the whole, more likely to do good than harm. Prosecute a fanatic and you make him an apostle with an enthusiastic following. No conversion For such people If he is a bellever in bleeding, in the universal efficacy of mercury as a medicine, in any or all of the various antitoxines now fashion- | able, the patient must submit. He may be perfectly aware that emi- nent medical authorities out of his reach regard these things as in- finitely worse than prayer or anointing, which can at least do no harm. I leave out of the question the fact that the medical profes- slon has its proportion of drunkards, foois and scoundrels (a doctor If we try any other means our jails would soon be crammed with healthy prisoners who had refused to take their medicine. The case appears to me a very different matter when a man or a woman sets up business as a faith healer, even at the moderate “Ts that part of your creed?” ““As far as I understand trut! I believe in God.” “Suppose it is a brokeh leg?” “Cannot God take care of a broken leg? powerful. God is a good surgeon.” “I ask you would you call in a medical man?" “I live in the present. God is in the present.” “Answer my question. Yes or no?"” “I cannot tell you what I should do.” that is truth. God 1is infinite and all- to the healer's purse. An invalid is always at a disadvantage, and in this case man’s necessity is the quack’s opportunity. I dc not say that all faith healers who (]ake money for their At “treatments” are impostors, 11 their patients dupes and - Many indictments have been obtained already in England against | ceived. T anly do fay that Euch a method seems curiously desig,‘,‘gd the faith healers, but no penalty has ever been affixed. for the benefit of knaves. Against knaves of all kinds the law is _In the present case Labouchere of the London Truth, together |gupposed to protect the innocent and even the foolish. with mgny of Mr. Frederic's friends, are trying to secure some prac- In this country we read frequently of faith cure cases, perfectly tical outcome to the indictment. | authenticated, where by the Coroner's verdict death has been de- clared due to neglect. Frequently public opinion for the time is very strong against the friends or parents of the deteased because no recourse had been had to proper medical assistance. The faith- healer, however, escapes and bears nothing more grevious than the temporary odium. I have never known of an instance where any faith-healer has been punished by law, though recently in England tician, but his orthodoxy was questioned. | g number ©f indictments have been found against a sect called “The The opinion of the doctors upon faith | peculiar People”; they are another form of faith-healers. healing is much the same as the Bishop's o upon politics. We will limit ourselves to what we suppose is the scientific basis common to all the methods (G. Bernard Shaw stands at the head of English Christlan Scientists.) edopted by Christian Scientists, faith healers, pilgrims to Lourdes It is impossible not to be struck by the completeness with which end hypnotists. They all work on the great central truth that in many diseases the mind is the thing affected. Influence the mind | medical science has now usurped the dominion over the public mind formerly exercised by priestcraft. In and you influence the disease. Work upon the mind by belief, by ecstasy, by “suggestion,” and the mind of itself will repair the body. dealing with Christian Scientists it does not occur to eny one to even suggest that . Here are the opinions of several prominent local physicians and hristian Scientists on the Harold Frederick case: e . The modern Bishop who said that no modern state could stand a month if founded on the Sermon on the Mount was a great poli- LT B T R LT < DR. KERT. | | G. BERNARD SHAW, compersation of whatever the patient may feel called upon to donate | In a number of cases familiar to everybody there is no doub 'hat is the real advantage acquircd by “change of air,” 'salt cures,” ‘“grape cures,” and all the rest of the to act unles t men in attendance were dismissed. She re- ceived & guinea a week and her traveling expenses while treating | of that fact. Harold Frederic examination she said w 3 “sun cures,” “In what condition did you find Mr. Frederic weary list. 1”da not know. I bring my patients truth and do not feel their We owe a debt of gratitude to all who can develop and cheapen pulse.” & § uny such methods by which men may be restored to health by an “\\ as his co-operation necessary for a cure?” amiable self-deceit. But to go all the lengths with this principle is 'He must accept the treatment.” to return to the fanaticism of the Middle Ages. ‘Did he co-operate with you?” | It is the “cure-all” on which Carlyle poured out his storm of “He ]lsl'lflknud to me. I do not know how the treatment goes.|scorn as “Morrison’s PiIL” Diseases are not all the same; they are God knows. S not all “mental.” You cannot put any single remedy in all the crowd You do not know till the patient dies?"” | of human bodies even though the remedy is nothing more violent 1 rever had one die.” | than a “suggestion.” | N-Whm? Not Mr. Frederic?" How is it that the wounded in a battle are now for the most He was not unde part saved? Does any sane man believe it could be done by anoint- were called in again. Ing or by ‘“suggestion.” “Did you hear the doctors say that if the deceased had been ‘We have among us a set of people whom, with all respect for medically treated dux;l,rllg the month he was under your care he | their earnestness and convictions, we can only class as fanatics. The would have recovered? ouestion is how are we to treat them? I do not for one moment my treatment when he died. The doctors | the case against them must, from the point ¢f view of genuine science, stand or fall by a statistical in- quiry into the comparative mortality of those who call in physicians and those who do not. Some years ago the Colonial Office issued an interesting report on the condition of the Virgin Islands, from which it appeared that only one of the islands had a doctor, and that people died faster on that island than on any other. It may, of course, be that thé island was a particularly unhealthy one, but there was nothing in the report to that effect. Suppose it should turn out that Christian Scientists have the same advantage ovi their neighbors as the undoctored Virgin Islanders had over the doctored ones. Would it not then be our duty to prosecute the people who call in doctors? Again, if we make it a crime not to call in a doctor we must make it equally a crime not to take his prescription. If he pre- seribes brandy for a teetotaller, meat for a vegetarian, marriage i for an ascetic, he must be obeyed has just been sentenced to death here). Yet out of sheer credulity las to the infallibility of the medicine man we are drifting into a legal procedure which gives them a legal authority over our bodies which would overthrow any government which should venture to claim it for the Throne, the Church, the House of Commons or any sther authority in the land. I should add that I am not a faith-healer—at least not in the technical sense. I am at present in the hands of doctors whose surgica! skill, clinical knowledge, good sense and humanity I know how to value. But then I can choose my doctors and laboring peo- ple very often cannot. I am not so poor as to be obliged to employ those failures and drunkards of the professio.. upon whom our wage- earnars in the larger cities must rely. However, I wish to guard myself against prejudging any really scientific tests as to the various methods of treatment of disease. I only insist on the fact that in the absence of such tests the priestic method is just as authoritative as the medical method. I merely suggest that while the present onslaught upon faith- healers is made four witnesses be called, to wit: the anointer who attendea the case, and three doctors, aged respectively 65, 43 and 24, who shall separately be examined into the way in which they would have treated the deceased. /4 1 venture to predict that the jury, having to choose between the three different and contradictory versions of the infallibility of science and one version as to the infallibility of the Bible, will probably come to the sensible conclusion that people must be left to choose for themselves between the pretensions of the four rival orthodoxies. Wrile they are looking into this matter let them prepare careful statistics. Let them on the one hand place those who die under medical treatment and those who die under faith treatment along- side of those who recover and see how the balance stands. Tt may stand on the side of the medical profession, but I venture to suggest that possibly it might stand on the other side. Statistics tell a story which theory cannot easily upset. A fair trial is due to the faith-healers from a fair judge and by a fair jury, who look at both sides of the question. . e The facts in the Harold Frederic case are, as I understand them, that a sane adult when suffering from a serious illness, through the pha N LR T l1:1*0(:u}rle:fd:em lor ta ]rlemall‘ 131’;1]?[9 of his 5 ousehold, voluntarily places mself un- | ATTY. D, DONOHOE JR ‘ der the care of a professor of the so<r:urlgd X ———————— Christian Science for treatment in ac- cordance with the tenets of said sect; that no medicine was admin- istered or prescribed for him, and that he subsequently died, practi- f neglect. ““yyé.’ur question is, supposing the case to have occurred in this State Continued on Page Twenty-six.