The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, August 7, 1898, Page 22

(53 (] INDAY, AUGUST 7, 1898. HE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, NEW WAY TO FORETELL CALIFORNIAS CLIMATE THREE MONTHO COMPARATIVE CHART SHOWING THE TEMPERATURE AT UNGA ISLAND AND RAINFALL IN CALIFORNIA. 1894 Beason 1894-5. Season 1595-6. T Season 189-7. | Season 1807-8. | - =iy P ¢ K o 4 wi 2.8 < ~ 838 E ¥ LELE 4:“}'. & e‘-g Brel ! pl i g Z44 2 ; 3 & ! 25 gfa himan e z = . ‘ 8 g oft ‘ z 2 Q g-¢ 2 & &€ g z B s s 1894 Season 1894-5. 1 Season_1 _SEA b OKHOTSK 770 76p° 7302 B ER /40" i 130° 424° %P SEATTLE UNITED INCE the publication in The Cah a few d ago of a statement from Forecast Official Hammond to the effect that he had discov- ered what appeared to be a method of foretelling whether our winters would be wet or dry, that gentleman has been fairly overwhelmed with let in regard to t. men generally look upon his idea as most plausible. A few go so far as to 1 it the greatest meteoro- logical dis ¢ of the decade, while others mere: 1d congratulations, evidently ance of the di need comment. Briefly, Mr. Hammond is of the opin- fon that he can foretell in October the g that the import- is too apparent to cember, provided he can keep track of the behavior of the *J: n that seems to move around in a half circle. Where it begins or where it ends is a question open to conjec- ture, and of no importance in the pres- ent instance. For convenience it will be assumed that the current has its origin just north of Australia and on the equator where the rays of the sun keep it al- most at the boiling point. From here it is known that the current sweeps to the north, past the Philippine Islands, China and Japan and along toward the Aretic, where it makes a curve to the eastward. Here it passes on the south side of the Aleutian Islands, then past Alaska and so down the Pacific Coast of our continent, washing the coast of The farther north the Japan, Current’swings n its eastward course past the Aleutian Islands .the colder and dryer our winters will be. The farther south it swecps the more rain we will have and the warmer our winters. That is the way the matter has just been figured out by Weather Of- ficer Hammon. By comparing the weather reports of Unga Island, off the Alaska coast, and the weather reports of California he has discovered that the weather of California can be predicted three months in advance by examining the weather re- HOW THE JAPAN CURRENT AFFECTS THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. ports of Unga Island. The reason, according to his explanation, is very simple. The Japan Current af- fects the climate of Unga Island as well as Califor- nia and passes that place three months before it reaches our coast. Weather Prophet Hammon there- fore says the miners, farmers and fruit raisers may learn three months ahead whether or not they are , ing to have a wet or dry winter. What Mr. Hammon has to say on this most im- portant matter is contained in the following article: B T o R b e e e o o o S o B o e i T e R R o R R S o e It naturally follows that the tempera- ture at which this vast volume of water reaches our coast is going to have a great deal of effect on our climate. If this Japan current were a stable current like a river, it would always reach our coast at about the same tem- perature, . But it is most fickle, often sweeping 200 miles to the north or south of its general course. It will thus be apparent that the far- ther north the warm waters from the equator go the colder they will get, and as a consequence reach the Pacific Coast colder than they would if they took a course further to the south. As it takes the waters of this current about three months to get from Una- laska Island to San Francisco, it ap- pears natural to conclude that if we know the position of the current on a certain day we can tell in what condi- hence. And it must follow that if the cur- rent passes far to the south of Unalas- ka and reaches us in a warm condition there will be heavy evaporation and consequently copjous rainfail. If the current passes so far to the north as to touch . lnalaska or Unga, islands it is only reasonable to con- clude that it will r h us in a cold condition. Consequ there will be little evaporation and we will have a dry vear. Were it not for the Sierra Nevadas the temperature of the sea would not have such a powerful effect on the cli- mate of the Pacific Coast. As it is, though, the mountains keep off the cold winds from the east and leave the cli- matic conditions almost ent v to the sea. This one fact on es to kind of weather we will have in De- California just off the Golden Gate. P R R R T R R R TR M R R R TR DS FUUTUOUTUOOUUTOR TS PR RS S 2 S S 8 g R T 2 T S PPG TGRS will reach us three months Continued on Page Th HE most useful bandage ever devised for emergencies is known as the “Esmarck bandage.” Its triangular form admits of and shape it adapts itself to all requirements. around corners and fitted into all portions of the human body. harder to handle. The accompanying diagram is exactly one-third the size of the real bandage. to be tied over certain parts of the body. tions show plainly how the bandage i ment of different wounds is as follow BLEEDING FROM ARTERIES. Head—Pad and bandage the wound. Neck—Pla thumb in wound and press backward against spine. Armpit—Press thumb into wound; second person press main artery behind mid- dle collar bone. Upper and Forearm—Press with fingers or apply upper arm. When below elbow place pad in holow bend forearm against upper arm. Palm of Hand—Bandage hand closed over a piece of arteries at front of wrist. Thigh—Hand pressure at center of groin, or by tourniquet on in- side of thigh. Ham or Back of- Knee Joint—Same as for thigh, or press by hand or tourniquet at back of knee joint, or double the leg up against a pad placed in the ham. Instep—Pressure to the middle of front of ankle. Sole of Foot—Bandage with pads behind ankle bones and middle of instep. Note—A tourniquet can be made by placing a stone over a main artery, tying a handkerchief loosely over it and then twisting it tight with a stick. tourniquet of bend BLEEDING FROM VEINS. For all Situations—Elevate the part and apply pad and bandage. Flesh Wounds—Wash, stop bleeding; fix parts in natural position without delay. Gun Shot Wounds on Chest or Belly—Place patient on wounded side with knees drawn up; give complete rest; no stimulants. Bruised Wounds—Wash, apply wet cloths; if about head, poultices. Note—Blood from an artery is bright red and flows in jets. Blood from a vein is dark bluish and flows slowly. The flow in arteries is from heart to head, hands and feet. The flow in veins is just the re- verse. BROKEN BONES. Lower Jaw—Bandage the'lower to upper jaw with handkerchief. Collar Bone—Place pad in armpit, bandage elbow to side; sling forearm. Ribs—Apply bandages six inches wide and eight yards long round chest. Upper Arm—Apply roller bandage to hand and forearm, splints to back and front and sling for m. Forearm—Apply padded splints to back and front and from hand %o elbow, holding the arm extended with thumb pointing upward. Hand—Apply splint bandage and support in sling. Thigh—Apply a long splint from armpit to outside of heel and a short one from fork to knee on inside and bandage. Leg—Apply splints inside and outside and bandage. Note—Signs of broken bones: Motion at the part; crackling sen- gation on moving the broken ends; alteration in shape; often short- ening. Always apply splints before lifting or carrying. Dangers are of pushing the ends through flesh, blood vessels, nerves or internal or- gans (lungs). : At the same time, this shape pre- vents a surplus of material that would only serve to create heat and make the stick, or press BEST EMERGENCY BANDAGE: HOW TO USE IT. This Bandage Is as Useful and Helpful in the Accidents During Peace as It Is in the Casualties of War. Any One Can Make Them and Any One Can Use Them Deftly After a Few Simple Trials. to inside of of elbow and In slze 0 long. its being turned & 8. bandage ing utilized. The illustra- The treat- which is TRIANGULAR BANDAGE (AFTER ESMARCH) in some ports of South America. now Uncle Sam pays $3 50 for it at that point. The Navy Department is now building for war purposes two steel coal piers at the Dry Tortugas, each of them 314 feet long. It is also constructing, as rapidly as possible, two steel sheds, each of which holds 10,000 tons of coal. able ful rapidity. coal-laden vessels and grab the coal, lifting it out and then running back on carriages over a bridge and dropping the stuff into the sheds through hatches in their roofs. By the same means the coal is hoisted out of the sheds and loaded upon lighters which when filled are towed by tugs to the warships. opened like doors in the side of a ship, and the bluejackets carry the stuff on board in bags and baskets. The work is done with amazing rapidity, the sailors swarming over the vessel like so many bees, until at length the bunkers are all filled. A deep channel runs close by the key on which the piers and sheds are handle the HOW THE NAVY DEVOURS COAL BY THE SHIPLOAD. It Costs Uncle Sam All Sorts of Fancy Prices and Sometimes It Is Handled at the Risk of Men’s Lives, but the Coal Must Be Had. The Navy Department expects to use at least 1,000,000 tons of coal during the first year of this war, if it lasts Last year the consumption was only 133,218 tons, costing $656,000; but the requirements are very differ- ent now, when every ship in the service is at sea, and hundreds of auxiliary cruisers and mosquito craft are be- The navy has to pay all sorts of prices for coal—from $1 90 to $18 per ton; it comes at the latter figure At Key West, before the war began, it cost the Government $2 90 a ton; These sheds are equipped with up-to-date hoisting apparatus, coal in enormous quantities and with wonder- shovels holding two toms dive down into the holds of Then one or more ports are Chutes are used as far as practicable. building and dredging is being done so that our men-of-war will be able to come right up to the wharves and take fuel aboard. This will save much time and labor. ; The channel referred to will be lighted on both sides by electric beacons, sq that the vessels may steam in at any hour in perfect safety. It is not wide enough for a big ship to turn in, but the man- of-war can enter at one end and go out the other. Such deep chan- nels in the coral formation are numerous and intricate, and this is one reason why the buccaneers of old resorted to the Tortugas,, which form the western group of keys to the southwest of Florida. On one of them is built Fort Jefferson, an obsolete structure of ma- sonry, that cost Uncle Sam $14,000,000, and here are placed the néw plers and sheds. The name of this little archipelago signifles “tur- tles,” the key being much frequented by those reptiles at laying :\h;r;e.k dOn g}ast”k;yhn Spanish galleon laden with gold ‘;«l’i&? gnce vrecked, and a lighthouse ki i i od is sal 0 have found $30,000 of it- e keeper in the neighborho It takes a lot of coal to run a warship. The Oregon at Rio loaded 1600 tons into her bunkers. What is termed her “normal supply” is only 400 tons, but for a long voyage she gobbles four times that quantity. Traveling at the ordinary cruising rate of eleven knots an hour, she consumes about seventy-five tons in twenty-four hours, so that she could keep going at this speed for twenty-one days, covering in that time 5544 knots or 6396 statute miles. . Under forced draught she could go at a speed of nearly seventeen knots, but her fuel con- sumption would run up to 250 tons every twenty-four hours, and he coal would only last her a little over six day: Every forty-thres tons of coal she takes aboard sinks her one inch in the water. > S The big cruiser New York can only carry 1200 tons of coal, and | able to steam thirteen knots with an expenditure of 100 lons'a&ndu‘-s fifih;‘s at twenty-one knots she uses more than three times lhgi ch. The water consumption of a big warshi: Not less than thirty tons or 7500 gallons otP (l':is "):ed‘:'lse SEarmous. are used by the Indiana every day—two-thirds of uv‘BDt:nsable anid the boilers and the remainder for drinking, i for 5 The cruiser Brooklyn requires about the same ‘:nszg\‘xelgt: ookl cte, 11 K