The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, May 24, 1896, Page 18

18 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, MAY 24, 1896. TWO FAMOUS LECTURES ON THE QUESTION OF EQUAL SUFFRAGE. “The Modern Change in Ideals of Woman- bood” was the title of Professor Edward How ard Griges’ recent lecture before the Woman's Congress in this City. Tosum it all upina word, Professor Griggs espoused the cause of equal suffrage and showed it to be nothing more than the natural outgrowth of a progres- sive soeial and race evolution. This lecture won for him the highest commendation from evmpathizers and also the profound respect of those who thoughtfully: differ with his argu- ment. The paper is here published for the first time in its entirety. The True Key to Progress. Ideals change with all change in actual life. Every step for ward in the active life of humanity reacts upon the type of ideal thatis worshiped ; and in turn every new thought that comes into the world through some man who stands above the level of his time exerisa lifting power upon actual life. The ideal is as it were the horizon of the actual, the vision which 1s determined by the place where we stand. Every step up the moun- tain extends the horizon in ail directions, and this in turn becomes a stimulus to fresh endeavor. At the same time there is a more permanent ele- ment in the nature of the idea!, and it 18 & better Test of the worth of the life of & man OF &n epoch than the actual results accomplished. What s man 1% to-day is a mere passing shadow on the sun-dial of time, while the ideal is the white light of truth Wwhich casts the shadow. The best key to any man 35 the thing which be really worships. The ideal he struggles after, even when e fails to attain it, tells us more of his life than the actual results he reaches. What aspired to be and was not may well com- fort me.” We are always right in idealizing a griend, because this means loving the friend's ideal, which he forever is to be. _ : It is of especial importance to recognize this truth in studyiog the_ historic development of ideals of womanhood. Probably nothing else is so true a key to the progress of humanity as is the change in (hese ideals In our own epoch this change' has gone on with immense rapidity, and is the most siguificant fact in modern life. Marriage and the family relations are vastly more mportant to women than 10 men. Success or failure in_these relations means much more to women, and they possess far less power to read- Just their lives. z The difference in the importance of the fami relations to men &nd women is due in part to cuuses which lie in the very nature of life and from which we shall never escape. Motherhood 0sts more, physically and mentai od. and always must. The grea burden of reproduction and care of offspring will always rest upon women. Nevertheless, the complate absorption of women 1u the lite of the family has been due in part to the type of sex ideal developed and perpetuated by xatural selection in the past—an ideal which | changes with all ~hange in the plane of selection, and hence is in no way permanent in life. comes very important for us to separate these two clements in the problem. Progress Involves Greater Possibilities. It is very difficult to state the essential differ- ences between men and women &nd (0 see their significance. Sex differentiation Is only one ex- | ample of the general principle of division of labor or differentiation of function, the aim of which is al- ways economy and adaptation. The primitive division in the spheres of men and women is a sim- ple one; women are everywhere reproductive and industrial, and men productive and military. In very early Limes there was a comparative aality in the spheres of men and women, which s place to greater inequa of progress. This i3 in harmony with the general law of evolution. Progress involves great possi bilities for either higher adaptation or dezenera- tion. Primitive life 1 non-mora! in character and can only become moral or immoral wheu a certain measure of development is aitained. When we go back to the Veddabs of Ceylon, we find them with- and sins.” At Inter- , there is much more as there Is greater posilive excellence, than in rly conditions. Thus we find inequalities of class and caste and varous types of tvranny, arising out of losse family and tribal conditions. Simiarly monogamy slmos: certainly precedes polyamy snd polyandryin the evolution of mar- Tiage. The idea of property grows with the eariy progress of civilization. Inequality increases in all sorts of social and poli conditions. The premium is placed upon brute force in the struggle for existence: and thusthe industrial functions ire dominated ty the military ones. Hence arlses the enslavement of wome: - out our “accomphishmen mediate stages evil, £ progr erty. The story of the slow emancipation of women is & painful one and Is still unfinished. It may be said in genera: that just so far as the indueirial functions have been freed from the dominance of the military ones the emancipation of women has Pprogressed. The Women of Ancient Greece. The ideal of womanhood in early conditions was purely industrial and reproductive. Marriage wes developed by natural selection for industrial econ omy and the better care and protection of off- spring. Yet the close association of two human Deings reacts upon the character and development of eachh. A relation which began as a mere matter of instinct founded upon an industrial and repro ductive basis became more and more a uni founded in the permanent qualities of character. ‘The result is a vastly higher meaning in the mar- riage union. The moral meaning of any institu- tion is its infitence upon the life and development of every individua! affected by it We find these different principles strugzling to- gether in the life of ancien: Greece in the Periciean age. In that epoch freemen lived'a public life. The political and military vocations were alone re- spected. Women, on the other hand, were con. fined strictly to a domestic life. They were unedu- cated and were rarely the intellectual companions of their husbands. They were secluded almost as strictly after marriage as before. It was even con- sidered indecent for a wife Lo sit at table with ber husband and one of his friends. Greek men were, however, developed to a point where they craved intellectual companionship and were capable of relations founded in the more per- manent qualities of character. The result was that friendsbips between men occupied a most re- markable place in the Greex worid. And we have further that strange anomaly of Greek life, the Position of the nigher class of hetaire. Some of these women were the intellectual companions of cuitivated men. When we remember that the Ereatest statesman of ancient Greece made one ot them his wife, and that the noblest moral teacher of the pagan world took his pupils to converse with another, we shali realize the respect in which they were sometimes held. This only means that “hen any considerable advance in civilization has been attained some women will rebel against being kept in lgnorance and servitude. But the freedom of the few Greek ined it was gained at the expense ©of much of what ix best in human fife; and such s sacrifice must be avoided on any hith plane of life. The liniitations iu the development of (ireek women involved an inevitable limitation in the life of men, for the hichest developme.t of one Sex can never be atiained without that of the other. Later Ideals of Womanhood. Christianity brought a respect for womanhood which the ancient worid bad never known. The worship of the Virgin placed womanhood alto- gether inanew light. Yet the gain was not un- mixed with evil. For the fdeal worshiped was not the human wife and mother, but the negative and ascetic ideal of Isolation from the world. The purity reverenced was not the purity of virtae, but ©of innocence. Marrlage was regarded as a con- cession tothe weakness of mankind. TLus the medieval world elevated womanhood, but attached a new sense of degradation to th normal relations of human life. Beside sainthood and romantic chivalry we find widespread degra- dauon in the lives of clergy and laity alike. Though marriage was made a sacrament, it was regarded as evil. How few of the Madonna faces satisty us with_their negative innocence, even in the art of the Renaissance which so greatly modi- fied the medieval deul. The noblestof them all, the Sistine Madonna of Raphacl, ataing its mar: velous beauty of the transfiguration of hu: maideninood and motherhood. - = The medieval ideal of woman! ‘oprosed Lo uatural selection. isappear. The woman capable of tuatin herself 1n offspring was uot the saint, bt swas ati the one willine 0 lose herself entirely in the nar- row circle of family relations. The d&wn of modern ideals of womanhood occurs in the Renaissance accompanylng the general ex- pansion of life. Almost everything characteristi- cally modern began in that time, and indeed our epoch s really the 1ast wave of the Renalssance. The Renaissance was, as has been well said the rediscovery of man and nature.” Men turnel to the more positive ideals of the ancient world and loved the beauty of life and its realization here in the belief that the best life here must certainly lead to the best in any possible future world. No other epoch in the history of the world shows so marvelous and rich a dévelopment of individual life. The good and bad tendencies of character were alike glven unrestralned Play, and great de- pravity existed side by side with’the sublimest helghts of culture, art, science and action. Nat- urally in such an epoch we find the greatest possi- bie variety of conditions in the sphere of the per- sonal relations. Vices of all kinds were prevalent, but here and there personal relations reached a plane far higher than had previousiy been ai- talned in the history of the world. The noblest women of the Renaissance were worthy to be thy compaulons of cultured men in marriage or friend. ship. Such higher relations meant a greater de- yelopment of life, and made the family fill a larzer place in men’s lives and furnish & wider fleid for self-realization. There was still, however, women, and the cases where ideal personal rela- tious were altained were few in number, The Enlargement of Woman’s Sphere. Since the time of the Renalssance there has been great progress in the emancipation of women, and in our own time the movement has gone on with greatly increased rapidity. It is obvious that in modern civilization the home is still far from ideal. Yet the larger interests and activities of women and the development of the higher qualities of character have changed the meaning of marriage. This an.urgmenz in the sphere of activity of women has been most marvelons and has been carried further in our own couniry than in any other creat nation in the world. ‘Ihis age is the age of greatest development of women. In this increase of freedom there are of course incidental evils. Frivolous women imagine they may take the freedom without Is accompanying respousi- hood was obviously nd had inevitably to no emancipation of v at certain stages | During long epochs of | humsn history, they are treated merely as prop- | bilities. But the great majoriiy of women have accepted gladly the obligations which larger freedom inevitably involves. The result is a great change in the basis and meaning of marriage. 1t is no longer merely in- dustrial and reproductive, bur_becomes spiritual nd human. The evolution of higher and more permanent qualities of character makes the union of great imporiance In the development of both individuals. “Mere instinct gives place to spiritual love founded on the deeper elements of character. The fact that we believe suchlove ought aiway to be present dignifying and making sacred the realations of marriage f! an lllusiration of the spiritual and human meaning which bas been de- veloped in this relation. Family life has vastly greater possibilities for self-realization than when it represented a side interest in men’s lives. The moral meaning of any institution lies inthe heip it is able o give to the development of il individ- uals influenced by it. The development of finer nd more permanent qualities of character means change In the plane of life, and gives all the per- sonal relations newer and larzer meanings. All this means simply that the plane or basis of selection changes somewhat with every step of evulution. ~Formerly the selective value was viaced entirely upon the woman who was willing to lose her own personality and sink herlife en- tirely in the life of the family. Now, more and more, intelifyent men find the best realiza:ion of their lives through women of independent strength of character who are unwilling to lose entirely all wider interests of life In the circle of the family re- lations. This means a great and increasing change in the selective orinciple and is of the most pro- found Importance. Intelligent women have more and more opportunity to perpetuate themselves. This in turu doubles tne seiective value in the struggle for existence, for intelligent and volun- tary motherhood means better born and better trained children. A More Intelligent Motherhood, This charge in the basis of selection is no strange anomaly, but Is in_perfect harmony with what takes place everywhere in the progress of life. When & higher adaptation appears it alw possesses & greater selective value than a lower adaptation which preceded it. There was & time when the premium was placed upon brute strength in the strugzle for existence, but that time bas long since passed. Inteilectual and moral quali- ties have a Ligher sclective value than physical oes in the struggle for existence. That 1s, spirit- val and human gualities have an increasing im. | portance as against brute ones Darwin fought | {ll-health ull his life, and Spencer has lonz been compelled o do_so,'yet who would contend that the selective value was not placed more upon | them than upon Sullivan and Corbeit. When marriage becomes a spiritual and human institution, making possible union in the perma- | nent qualities of chiaracter. a union capable of pro- | | foundiy influencing the development of each indi- | vidual, then the higher significance is more im- 'ss natural, than the lower portant, and none the Congress, Are Now Published for the First Time. trath of this. The growth of international law and the clear tendencies toward & commonwealth of nations are the best possible [llustration of it. In a similar way in the evolution of religion we pass from the primitive awe in the presence of the unknown forces of life and nature, through all po sible types of religion and superstition, up towardgf & common faith in the sanity of the universe, the infinite meaning of life. and the one God 'and Father of us ail. In moral progress we pass from the rude egoism and dawning altrulsm of primi- tive men, through & wide variety of moral stand- ards, up 0 a common recognition of the great un- derlying laws of nature, by harmony with which, life and all good ends of Iife can be attained. The same three stages can be traced in the evolution of the family and of sex ideals. As has been said, it Is almost certaln that monogamy pre- ceded polygamy, polyandry and various relatively romiscuous conditions in_the evolution of the amily. ‘We pass out through various types toward the ideal of & permanent union between wo based on the deeper qualities of characterand becoming nobler with every day of life. We are able Lo see an approach to this higher or- ganic unity in the evolution of sex ideals. The human ideal tends to integrate in a higher organic unity the ideals of maniood and womanhood. Sex ideals tend to approsch each other, or rather with their expansion the sphere of esch tends to overlap and include more of the other. Without losing the vositive masculine virtues we expect & mensure of the finer feminine qualities in men and with no sacrifice of essential womanliness we wish for more of the positive qualities of charac- ter in women. The Path to a Wider Life. We agk that men shall be not alone strong and brave and true, but refined and gentle; and we ask that women shall be not only sensitive and tender and loving, but strong and capable of some meas- ure of independent life. This unity in ideals tends to Increase with the growth of greater freedom in the development of life. Mere likeness between men and women Is the last thing to be desired. We do not wish women to be made over into cheap imitations of men. Copying details, perhaps merely accldental, in masculine dress and behavior is not the path 1o wider life. What Is needed is not. likeness, bpt an equal development and freedom. ‘There can be no satisiying personal relations for intelligent human beings except upon u plane of entire equality. ‘There is an inevitabie insipidity in any intimate personal relation when one indi- vidual is a mere copy Of the otber. It fs & hard 1aw of life that (0 be worthy of any deep human relation one must be capsble of doing without it. Whenever the life of one individual becomes com- tely absorbed in that of another, so that ail ndence of thought and life s l0st, the best possibilities of happiness and development are at an end. Sef-sacrifice may be either good or bad according 1o the end for which it is done. To re- gard it as always £00d 1n itself leads to much ln- moral self-sacrifice—s faliing more common to one, out of which it developed with the change in the plane of life. What we want is 2ot that the greatest number of children possible should be born into the world, and that women should be a litile higher order of domestic animals. The need 18 for & more intelligent motherhood and father- hood, and better-born and better-educated chil- dren. When the human will and_reason develop, they should more aud more take the place of bind Instincts and irrational forces in the working out of life. It is this progressive change in the plane of selec- tion which 18 30 often ignored in the current scien- tific thinking. No fact of human life s in any way degraded by throwing new light on its origin and history. Love and personal modesty arein no wa; less noble or less true when we view them &s v sults of a long struggle up from a low primitive plane. The fact that the whole meaning of mur- riage once lay in reproductive and industrial ecor omy in no way detracts from its spiritual and | human meaning on the plane of life which human- ity has attained. Our time is transitional, and_hence it fs one of complication and suffering. There are countless misadjustments in the sphere of the personal rela- tions. Women whose instincts, developed by cen- turies of life, prompt to sink themselves utterly in the life of the family. are united to men who crave the constant meeting with & strong, fresh, inde- penden: personality. \ ‘Women Often Misunderstood. Still greater is the suffering when men who wish their homes to stand somewhat aside from the man interests of theirlives, and who desire their wives to have no interests except the narrower do- mestic ones, are united to women who have an in- tellectual hunger and a deep desire to realize their best possibilities of life. The suffering is much greater in the second case, because women have 5o much less opportnnity to readjust their lives. Every effort they make in such situations 1s mis- understood, and is as apt to crush as to elevate them, Yet we can afford to submit to all §orts of mis- adjustments with their consequent suffering for the sake of the higher ideal which is being worked out of It ail. Trausition epochs are siways painfal, but they lead to better conditions in the life of the futtre. We need to work out on to the higher plane. Letournéau and others have pointed out that the degree of freedom possessed Dy women is the best test of the progress of civilization. The aifferences between men and women are not 10 be overcome, and it is altogether wrong to avempt to destroy them. - Differentiation and specialization have made the character and func- tion of each sex permanently different from that of the other. Nothing is uglier and more offensive than masculine women and effeminate men. The family reiation will alays fill a more important place in the lives of women than of men. ‘there are typical differences in mind and heart between men and women which it would be as impos ible as undesirable to overeome. Thus we shall always | | | have the “‘eternal womanly,” s Goethe expresses 1t, to *lead us on. Yet we need (o recognize that there is & third plane in the &volution of the hi which is often ignored In cus ‘When any special fun gher human life, rrent discussions. ction is developed its useful- ness depends ugon It being bound closely in the orgauic whole of life. This is especially true of the more complex sphere of human life. The Evolution of Woman. The evolution of higher human activities shows three distinct stages. We begin, as Spencer has shown, with o simple homogeneous unity at the beginning and pass to differentlation and speciai- ization. But the Important fact s that we tend to pass to a more organic unity on a higher plane, n unity which includes the greatest differentiation and specialization. Thus in the evolution of government, from loose tribal and family conditions,all possible of social organizations are differentiated, in- clud ing aristocracies, oligarchies, tyrannies, mon- archies, etc. Yet progress does not end with th greatest possible differentiation. We tena to on t0 a type of social organization which shall be democratic and combine the most organic unity with the greatest le freedom. Every stu- women than to men. Many times a wife and mother gives up all thonght of her own culture and development and sacrifices herseif utteriy for her buspand &nd children. There gre times when this may be necessary and right, but there are tim when it is distinctly not rizht, and she may awaken to fiud herself uninteresting to her husband and unappreciated by her children. This 13 a bitter truth, but we must remember that one’s life can only be worth to another what it is worth to one’s self. The kind of self-sacrifice which is a mere abandonment of opportunity s of small conse- quence for any worthy end. Men Want Free Mothers. Only with the most verfect equality in the free- dom and development of men and women can we | hope 10 have .uarriage and family life based upon an ideal plane. Herein lies the greatest signifi- nce of all widening of the spheres of interest and for women. The wider these interests and activities the better wives and more intelligent mothers shall we have. Ought we expect boys and girlsto be prepared best for cltizenship by mothers and teachers who bave no voice and no responsibility in the affairs of the state? Whatever tends to free women from any exter- nal compulsion to mlrr( {lllc!! marriage Itself upon a nobler plune. It {s in the interest neither of the present nor Of the next generation that women should be forced nto marriage by eco- nomic causes. It fs a voluntary and intelligent motherhood based upon wn uncompelled and loy- ing unlon that is capable of giving ¥00d Ciuizens to the state and good men and women to thn world. The interests of men are the Interests of women, and the interests of women are the interesis of men. The notion there is o necessary struggle for supremacy between the sexes. and thatone con- quers at the expense of the other, Is one of the most sbsurd and pernicions doctrines or notions ever perpetrated upon a patient world. If it 18 for the Lrue interests of women that they should have the Tight of suffrage, or any other measure of freedom, it is for the advancement of the interests of men that they should receive it. The larger freedom and betier education of even a few Individuals means much for the progress of humanity. The only safety is in frecdom and truth, No im- mediate regeneration of humanily can be ex- pected from giving women the rightof suffrage. It will not_make all idle_peopie industricus, nor all selfish ones generous. 3t will not glve us perfectly clean politics nor ideal schools. The admission of oy large body of people to & right and responsi- bility they have not previously possessed 18 gen- erally accompaniea by some aisturbancss which cause temporary harm. The political freedom of women is less Important than their industrial and personal freedom. But political freedom I8 a great step toward these latter, and_as such deserves our most cordial support. We may expect from the admission of women to grenter political freedom something of the same uplifting influence which they have exerted upon every sphere of activity into which they have naturally developed. Not the Purity of Innocence. One who reads the long story of the progress of humanity and who sees the bitter suffering that marks every step of the way is apt at times to despair and to wonder whether the achievements of the race have been worth their price. But what should amaze us is not the lowness of the origin of higher human things, nor the pain and suffer- ing that marked the way, but the sablime heights t0 which humanity has attained, and the yet nigher dreams which lead us on. Out of It all we can see the new fdeal of woman- hood emerging. It 18 not the purity of fanocence which we sball reverence, but the purity of virtue: not the negative medieval ideal, by the positive one of harmonious and rounded dével- opment. Unlike the artificial ideal of the middie ages thisis in line with natural selection, for more and more, the selective value is placed upon it with 'the _higher development of life. It is the *Eternal Womanly, but unhampered by artificial limitations and tradl. tiona slavery. It is woman, loving, tender and sensitive: but wOman, Strong, true and independ- ent, capable of standing alone, and so y of the' highest union in_the most’intimate relations dent of modern civilization will recognize the of human life. EpwarD HOWABD GRIges. | relations which her experience makes famillar to | continen:s and put asunder lauds that God bad | combinative and constructive character s that ot | the male. PROFESSOR E. H. GRIGGS, Chair of Ethics, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Whose | Espousal of the Cause of Fqual Suffrage in His Recent Scientific Lecture | Before the Woman’s Congress swakened So Much Enthusiasm Among the Leaders of That Movement and Won Fame for Him—The “Ideal Man.” “How Far Is Woman Adapted and Adaptable to Political Functions?” was the title of Pro- fessor H. H. Powers' now famous lecture be- {fore the Woman’s Congress in this City. Pro- fessor Powers took the negative side of the question, protesting that it were not the part of wisdom to endow woman with the suffrage. The following is the complete lecture, now made public for the first time: What Is Woman? The woman question logically begins with the inquiry, What is woman, why 18 womau and why 1s she what she {s* This fundamental inquiry Is seldom serlously undertaken. On the onme hand there are piayful assertions that woman's nature is ipscrutable and her ways past finding out; and onfhe other it is tacitly assumed that anybody knows enough about her for all practical purposes. T approach the question with some diffidence, knowing that I shall give occasion for pleasantry to those who are so disposed, but hoping that those Who hear me will not be so dis| Iam aware, too,hat exception may be taken {0 duything X may say. The most general truths are not quite general and opinlons will differ as to thelr relative mportance. Above all it will be hard for us to 100k calmly at what is, when we are looking yearningly ior that which we hope shall be. Passing oy the mere physiclogy of sex we note suudry characteristics of woman which are not so 0bviously connected with the sex funciion. These are the secondary sex characters. In like mauner there are secondary functious sssociated with the primary functions of sex, but not obviously esse tial to'it. It Is these secondary characters and functions which ii is proposed to modify, the primary ones being unalterable. In a general way these characters obvious enough. First of all, woman Is somewhat smaller and weaker than man, though the difference iy partly 0ae of kind as well as degree. A woman CAD CArTy & baby longer thanaman and feel the burden less, butshe can seldom screw up a foun- tain pen 8o that i¢ will not ink her fingers, or un- screw it it some one else does 8o, She excels in endurance of moderate exertion long continued, asman does in violent, intensive action, a_differ: ence having an fmportant bearing on the problem of occupation, Emotionally the differences are more marked. Woman's esihetic perceptions are quicker and more delicate and intense. To this is due her deft- ness in embroidery and esthetic production of every sort, her skill as a musician, where she ranks scarcely below man, and her success in dra- matic execution. Transferred from things to per- scns (he esthetic finds its analog in the moral se. Kelations which are not beautiful between persons, relations which shock our sense of fithess and hurt our feeling for harmony, these are wrong relations. Here, 100, w an is traditionally sensi- tive. here can be no doubt whatever 28 to her delicaoy of appreciation In regard to those personal her. It is true that her moral pre-eminence s often exaggerated from too exclusive attention to sex relations where her vital interests and her dif- ferent sex nstincts give to her judgments @ re- markable vigor and tenacity, while in matters of business, b etc., she is Said ot to excel: but when all allowances are made we must concede that the emotional basis of morals is abundantly present in her nature. No Woman Musical Composer. In other directions she is emotionally weil equipped. Her power of biind devotion to some object irrespective of merit and couversely her ca- pacity for unreasoning hate, f0r tenacious preju- dice and tumultuous indignation, are seldom dis- puted, and if they are it is ususlly with angry ve- hemence which exemplifies the quality it denies. As recards intellectual capacity modern educa- tional experience is beginning to dispel some pop- ular llusions. I have taught in widely different instltutions from Massachusetts to California: col- leges for each separately and for both together on every possible basis, aud one conciusion i the re- sult of each. The women excel the men in those intellectual qualities which are the basis of ordi- nary comparison incollege classes. They learn more easily, are more nimble and versatfle, re- member better, study better, take things more se- riously. Itis troe that they are more mature than young men of equal age and 0 do not compete on equal terms, but in my opinion the odds will re- migin in their favor when all the allowances have been made, ‘I'his would be a zood place to stop my analysis if chivalry were my motive, but it is not. It must have occurred to i)'ml that as I have touched at point after point, [ have omitted some obvious truths, which qualify the conclusion reached. In the reaim of esthetics, the wealth of woman's per- ceptions is no less notable than the poverty of her creafons. She 0 appreciate, bul not create. Women musicians and lovers of music, their name is legion, but there is no composer. In paint- ing, her achievements usually end with the ma: tery of technique. A (eacher Knows how spon- taneously s woman gravita es toward poetry and lives in its atmosphere. but she writes no poetry that endures. Look where yon will, the same is true. The new thoughts, the daring comb nations, the mighty undertakings that have joied sundered jomed, these have been man's coatributions to progress. From Prometheus, who stole the fire of the gods, 10 Frauklin, who robbed the clouds of their light- ning, the series is unbroken. Don't say woman bas ‘had no chance. She has time for tedious acres of embroidery and the endless Intricacies of etiquette made possible by her leisure. It takes no longer tobe a composer than to be a primh donna, and for centuries she has bad nothing but encouragement in haif the lines I ve mentioned. And. in any case, why hasn’t she had the oppor tunity? An fndividual may have no opportunity, but in the long run and for well defined classes or species opportunity is but the counterpart of capacity. As far back as we can trace secondary sex characters in animal or plant there is reason to beliéve that the aggressive, the originative, the 1 am not glad this is s0. nay, rather, I would be sorry—If a scientist had any business to be sorry. Her Obstinacy and Fickleness. T must trust to your reasonabeness to remember that I have always conceded woman's superiority in other lines equally imjportant, as 1 ask your attention a little further to possibly unwelcome suggestions. From the relative lack of the faculty of co-ordination and broad generalization results that ascendency of the emotions which has so | often been noted. A woman judges by intuition, | weare0ld, i. e., by a feeling of attraction or re- | pugnance, which we jusily call instinct. There may be the best of reason for her feeling, but she seldom is able (0 state it. Judgments thus arrived at are exceedingly invulnerable 1o the assaults of the reasoning proces., with which, indeed, they have no:hing 1o do. In the torrential argument which Is common with women, there is much incenious argument and logic which would be sound if it were seasoned with dispassionateness. A further result of this emotion: ascendency is the conservatism which is associated with womén, und religion in which she puts man's lukewarm: ness 30 constantly to shame. To this is due her obstinucy and her fickleness, qualities as real to- duy as in the time of Kneas, and inseparable from the emotional temperament, I can bnt suggest what it would require hours to elaborate. I jass t0 a final polut of contrast which is of the utmost importance and which is for the most part relig- fously overlooked. Woman is more highly sexed thanman. Iknow this statement will not pass unchallenged. It will occur to all that the primi- tive sox passion is hot characteristic of women, but it is rather the unenviable heritage of men. Nor will women acquiesce In any Implication that they spend their time thinking about men and trying to win thelr favor. 1 Intend no such Implication. But yet it 13 true that woman, to an_incomparabily greater degree than man, lives and moves and hay T being in facts that concern the sex relation. Of most of this she is happily unconseious, but it is the sex function which explains those acts which convention has deciared feminine and those instincts which we associate with her character. Passing by such externals s woman's dress, with its studied effort to emphasize sex character, an effort which in the baliroom Is redoubled under conventional sanctions, all with s view to the or. derly accomplishment of nature's legitimate pur- POS€, passing with simple mention the peculiar in- tensity and tenacity of woman's sex aitachments and the conscquences of their disappointment, I ask your attention to minor characteristics which are émbodied in the typical feminine character, 1Ot the new woman, the future woman, the ideal Wwomau, but the woman whom the consensus of opinion’ has pronounced peculiarly and satistac torily feminine. Why have her arts. her Braces, her beauty, figure, actltude and bearing been bre: ferred 1o others ? Only one answer is possible. Thess have played into the function of sex. which has been t measure of woman's efficiency. _We may not like this, but we must not deny it. If we analyze the corresponding historic ideal of man we shall reach O fuch result. His dress bas been evolved with iefeience Lo convenience In his occupations. which woman's cerlainly has not. That intenser sex evolution which in woman has transtormed a gross savage instinct into the most exquisite of our pas- slons has lagged far behind in man, leaving him Iouch the savage that he was thousands of years ago. 'I'he qualities that make the typical man are but remotely related to sex. The arm strong to conquer, the will to rule, the brain to plan, withal, between man and man d man and nature: these have always been Joremost in society’s ideal for man; the woman- chermer has always been at a discount. ‘Will Woman’s Character Change ? In all the foregoing [ have intended neither com- pliment nor disparagement. If my analysis of feminine character s less flattering than might have been hoped, I can only add that I have al- ways thought of this exquisite product of the high- st sex evolution ae Dr.Johnson said about the strawberry God might haye made some- thing better, but It is certain that he never did.” It is obvious that these secondary sex character- istics are closely related to secondary functions which have been long associated with the funda: mental sex function. The relation between the two is casual and is but aa illustration of that process of 2djustment of character (0 function with which evoiution has made us familiar. As wassald at the outset, the radical woman movement is nothing more nor less ihan an effort tochange these secondary functions of sex, i. e., the occupations which have been historically asso- clated with sex. '[his raises two questions. ~ First, self to the new functlons® Second, will a change of efther function or character resct upon the fundamental fanction of sex, and how? The first question has been often answered and is generally considered disposed of. Discussion having passed the superficial stage where people denled the existence of subsidiary sex characters itis commonly thought sufficient to assert that each sex has developed faculties suited to its oceu- pations and that a change in its occupations will change its faculties. There is certainly some truth in this assertion, but it is subject to limitailons which 1t 1s important to note. In the first place, it is 100 often assumed that sex characters are individual rather than racial, that they are due to individual education. Different ways of thinking and feeling aure the result of differeut experiences. Give oman a man’s tasks and she will develop a man’s facuities. This is certainly an error. The characteristics. what- ever they are, are the product not of the Indi- vidual's experience but of the experience of the race. Such characteristics have a marvelous per- sistence. Tt i safe Lo assume that. were the condi- tions which produced them abruptly changed, centuries would be required to materially modify the character itseif. The fundamentals of char- acter have their seat in structure, which is con- trolled by prenatal conditions, often very remote. However the present controversies resarding heredity may be settled, it is clear that the siow accumulations of progress are gathered and per- petuated by heredity far more than by continnity of circumstance. One of the immensities which the wor.d has never vet comprehended is the momentum of heredity, which for an indefinite time to come will insure that the new woman will e the mother of the old kind of girl. The Question of Maternity. But, some one will inquire, will the new woman bea mother at all? Of course, If she isn't, thena possibie. 1t will be of no use to be clear aferward if we are not clear here. It s thought desirable to give women new functions, and so far as necessary new faculties, which shall fit them for their exer- clse. A certain number, best fitted for the transformation, are spontaneously chosen, and they acquire the new prerogatives and the new character. If these women have 8 Jfoodly wumber of dsughters, who inherit their tendencies and are brought up in the atmos- phere of the new ideas and the type proves hardy and prolinc, the change may g0 on_apace, and a | few centuries may make quite & change in the | | feminine type. But if these women thus selected do not have daughters, but lesve that function to women who do not share their fnstincts or train their daughiers in the new way, the change will make little headway, and emancipation will be but the prelude 1o extinction. Of course this point is not new. It has been new otstacle s interposed to the desired meta- | morphosis. Let us understand this poiut clearly if | |The Complete and Verbatim Addresses of Professor Edward Howard Griggs and Professor H. H. Powers, Whose Diametrically Opposed Views, Scientifically Expressed at the Recent Woman’s 1 happen exceptionally or seemingly, as with child- Torn aarels 5, which does ‘Dot count, or rudiment- ary mothernood, where the child Is neglected. But these do not concern us. We see thus that normal motherhood imposes tremendous obstacles in the way of woman's undertaking occupations in which she comes into active competition with men. We have now to consider the relation of the secondary sex characters (o the maternal and other fnc- tions. Are her emotionality, her assimilative ruther than originative intelléct, and the corollary of these two, her instinctive dependence in feeling and thought, necessary to maternity? Physloiog- ically they ure not. But the sex fuiiction iong ago ceased 1 be a merely physiological ove. Repro- duction must be not only pbysiologically but psy- chologically and soclally possible or it does not e place. e @ sooial requisite of thik function 1s marriage and the psychological —requisite is inclination thereto. 1am convinced that not one man in fif: would marry If marriage meant to him what it does to woman In the way of suffering, labor and soclal status. Men somelimes want to ger mar- ried very much, but not enough for that. 1f woman judges differently it is because nacure has given her differeut conditions of judgment. She loves too intensely, craves leadership 100 sirongly, thinks to0 narrowly, lives in sex relations too utterly to be deterred by the hardships which mar- riage involves. Make her resolute, far-seeing. dependent, with the more moderate emotions which these qualities involve, and you wiil change | her inclinations. Nay, the thing is happening un- der our very eves. It is customary at this point to read & wholesome homily to men on their marital misconduct and their responsibility for the hard- ships which women endure. In this way the main issue can be avoided and several very truthful things can be said, all more or less irrel-vant. Itls troe thac if men were better than nature made them the hardships of wifehood would be iess than they are. But the supreme hardships of wifehood, suffering and limited opportunity, can never wholiy disappear. To a more passioniess and calcalating natur#, less likely to be lured by love or goaded by heartache, wifehood would be unattractive at best, and would not be chosen. ‘Woman Craves Affection. Itis here that I expect the soberest and most thoughtful among you will dissent. The danger thut woman will ever deliberately prefer not to marry 1s regarded by thoughtful observers as of Al things least iikely. If there is anything funda- mental in her character It Is the need of a supreme object of affection—a nced so imperious that no price seems 00 great to pay for its satistaction. Suffering, subordination, limitation, ill-treatme nt, all are endured, even preferred. As a conscious probabllity (0 the alternative of non-marriage. How all but universally the world commiserates an unmarried woman; how plainly beneath the thinnest of disguises she commiserates herself! The raised and ridiccled & hundred :imes, but until it evokes something more than disparaging allusions to doll women aad disdainiul remarss about the affections that brook no repression spend them- seives on poodie dogs and the most unlike!y objects, and so the woman who has no family runs a little HE Whose Scientific Lecture Before the visability of Equal Suffrage Provok i VJH,‘/,». PROFESSOR H. H. POWERS, Chair of Economics, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Woman’s Congress Against the Ad- ed So Much Discussion om All Sides and Awakened the Combative Energies of the Members of the* Congress. men who admire them, T fear the doll will con- tinue to Inherit the futire and emancipation will Iangulsh for lack of & constituency. I am amazed at the complete oversight of this in many discus- jons. The desirability of different func ions 13 discussed as though it were entirely an individual affuir in which society has no interest. Thus one writer declares that science warrants woman in renouncing the duties of maternity. Just what science authorizes this remarksb.¢ conclusion is not stated. A university professor In his syliabus on this subject defines as follows—the ‘rizhts women want. Right not io marry, to_earn her own living, to enter the professions, 1o get due wages, 10 be esteemed professionally, (o fit herself fof study. to have access to clinics, Iaboratorie: lectures, libraries, to get recognition by dip oma: Right to marry, to control her person. 10 hotd nrop- erty, to simplify housekeeping, to have or not to bayé children. Perhaps she wants all these things, but I cer- tainly hope that if the Fight not to marfy or not to have children, ete,, is granted, women will not ail speak at once. I have a feeling that it would Pprove a setback to the progress of the race. Now of course these and many other rights may safely be grantad to a considerable number of individual women. But this is not the question. Looked at from the standpoint of society the question of In- dividual rights is totally Irrelevant, Nice ques- tions of what s needful for the individual ‘“to burgeon out of all within her” soclety is often compeiled to Ignore in defercnce to the sterner necessity of self-preservation and collective de- velopment. In this great movement there is no inexorable justice or inaividual rizht, only a com- plex social necessity which sacrifices the indi- viduals neediul for its purpose as relentlessly as man sacrifices an oyster. Would Be a Setback to Progress. The social necessity that is laid upon woman is that she shall perpetuate the race under con- ditions compatible with the social order. Indi- viduals may be excused and may solve the woman problem for themselves, but their solution will have no permanent soclal significance. It cannot be too frequently or strenuously insisted that the woman question is not solved tiil it 13 solved for married women. Any theory which tells a woman 10 take her choice between marriage and some- thing else not only does nmot sdbive the main problem, but it may even retard its solution. The rights whicn society can feasibly grant to women a8 a class must therefore be such as will not inter- fere with wifehood and motherhood. Even the privileges granted to exceptional individuals can- not safely be such as will tempt any considerable number of desirable women to _choose them in preference (o marriage. ‘The inevitable result of such & tendency wouid be the perpetuation of soclety from- inferior stock and & setback to ress. P"RBd now we come to the great question, What may a wife and mother be and do? 1 hope no man will be mean enough to grugge her the privi- leges he_enjoys or to wantonly restrict her oppor- tunity. But how far does wife and mother hooa i:self restrict her opportunity * For unmarried women I have no concern at present, the more so because the are likely to be much like their mothers and to do that which their faculties per- mit. First of all, it is plain that maternity is an ob- stacle to employments as paternity is not. The higher ocoupations may be said to begin at 25. Thia s the average age for women in tlose classes marry. And niow follows a period of perhaps ten years, in which she must bear and Tear three or four children. With a well-developed system of nurses and baby-farming, she may not lose more than three years out of the ten, but if she cares for the children herself she wiil lose the whole ten years. These ten years are the period when her malé com- petitor is winning his spurs. When at thirty-five she has accomplishea the most of her task, she Il is not free from cares which maternity im- Handicapped by Motherhood. It may be that some men could succeed in law, medicine or poiitics under such circumstan-es, but most men could not. 1f woman is to succeed agalnst such odds she must possess abilities such 88 her most sauguine representatives have never | ! functions are changed, will character adjust it | 0 ~ claimed that she possezsed. Of course all this may menagerie by default to satisfy the cravings of her nature. And now, it will be said, you warn us that woman may become undomestic and cease to care for m"”‘%" Impossible! This, at least, is a faise alarm. Well, I am inclined to think so 100. But Iam surprised that those who argue thus do not perceive what they have conceded. “This persistent character which is thus predicated involves the very characteristics which it is pro- pgsed to modify. Woman craves affection because 2B Getore ail things emotional. 1%, as s 80 often asserted, no man wishes to_mArry & woman who is his superior and no woman willingly marries a man who is not—an instinct which I believe to be about as general s any we Know—it is because of the psychological difference: we have before noted, because womarn has the assimilative and man the_Initiative mind, because woman is organized totake suggest.ons as man is to make them. It is because a mind thus organized craves leadership and obiccts Of affection as the indis- penssole conditions of its normal activity that woman seeks both in marriage, where alone they can be found. The persistence of the marital instinct in woman thus seems to imply the persistence of those characteristics which are the confessed obstacle 10 the enlargement of her functions to emancipation. S0 it seems; but inthe present state of our knowledge it would be hagardous to claim that our conclusions were certain or final. Perhaps we are mfstaken. Let us suppose that woman is successfully metamorphosed in thought and feel- ing, and that she still chooses to marry. Will Men Marry the New Woman? The question still remains, Will manfchoose to marry her thus metamorphosed? Here again opinfons differ. On the one hand, it isobvious that a large number of men still show a marked prefer- ence for the traditional woman. As a result of this and other tendencies, marriage is notably less frequent among women who show signs of even In- cipient metamorphosis than among others. But the easy reply to this argument is, that thisis a transition result. Men are unused to the new woman, but when they come to appreciate her superiority, her great reasonableness and efficiency, both self-interest and inclination will give her the preference. It is even clalmed that this very moves ment 18 due to & change in the selective fdeals o men who are already showing this preference. There is doubtless much truth in this assertion, Men are certainly co-operating In the emancipa- tion movement and are even its principal parti sans. It is certainly conceivable that all men should at last experience this change of heart. Then, on the somewhat hazardous supposition that woman remsined as conjugally disposed as ever, marriage might continne unchecked. Will this be the outcome? It seems to me that this will depend on experi- ence with the new woman &s wite or mother. Will {he new arrangement work as well us the old? For It must certainly be apparent that the arrange- ment will be & very new one. The traditional fame fly was based on the principle of suboraination. It there was disagreement the man settled it. If the wife objected she was coerced, but she aidn’t ob- Ject. The man picked out & woman in advace who was_inclined to acquiesce, and the continu- ance of this selection developed a type of woman who acquiesced Instinctively, heartily, even crav- Ing an opportunity to do so. This may all have been yery mean and unjust, but it worked. The new fami'y is not to be based on subordination but on equallty. There is to be no coercion and no sub- mission, still less any ignominious inclination to sleld. Wil such a scheme work? What about disagreements? Piainly there are to be none. Woman Must Acquiesce. There must bé & more perfect harmony ©of tastes and purposes in this new family. Indeed ‘there must be. Is this thing possi- ble? If 80, it is In contradiction to an other- wise universal law of nature. Nature has formed no permanent groups or partnerships applicable to a species as a whole which do not Invoive subordi- Dation, a subordination which may involve co- ercion at first, but & coercion sure to pass into in- stinctive and happy acquiescence, as it has done here. The acquiescing temperament in woman has alone made marriage possible. There is a chance for a fine frenzy of protest against this odious slavery, just as anarchists denounce all vernment as oppressive and children have been nown to declare parental control a tyranny. ‘Fhese epithets are gratultous. I would not co done the crimes of MAD Against woman Or assert his claim to an unwilling homage, but I question whet er the family in genera is possible without a spontancously recognized leadership resting back on fundawentally different inclinations an powers. Such the family of the past has been anq such are the families which men are forming to- day. All talk of bringing men to time or accus. toming them to a different type ignores the facy that the very association which is charged with selection and perpetuation of types is responsivle for the types as they are. Dnless my reasoning 18 radically wrong the secondary characteristics of woman are no: ari. trary, but are a part of her adaptation to sex foyc tlons 'under existing conditions and must substar, tially persist while those conditions remain. [ remains to ask whether these characteriatics d, not constitute a farther obstacle to the extensio; of woman's functions. It seems to me that to .. such a question is to aunswer it. Do control, emotions, physicai strength. and above all, lectual assertions and initiative, count for no in professionsl success? [ will 1ot say wha: limit {s, but is it not plain_that psycholo, its interdict to that of physiology and tiq %00 necessities of race existence impose Iin, on the Individual career? Again 1 must. remind you that this ap; marily to married women. The woman ). nounces marriage in favVOr of some Other ;. especially {f she be exceptionally endowe | nature, escapes in part the limitatlons whi great function imposes upon hersex. L dolug she resigns to women of more (radii s stincis the privilege of nominating her suc and ot determining of what sort she shall be married women contribute their part to vironmeat of ideas and customs into generations are born. but this is the less and thelr part even in this is the | Speaking broadly we may say that w do not marry do not count largely in the that shape the future of their sex We are now ready to formulate s few prin in this matter. Women Wish They Were Men 1. The interests of society are not always | cal with the interests of individuals. Wo lot is not enviable. Women wish they were me but men do not wish they were women. Wom personal interest calls for larzer opportunity. Ry soclal interest makes the desirable im possibic part. 2. All privileges granted to women as an alterna tive to marriage are inducements not to marrs Functions which unmarried women might advan. tageously perform cannot always be safely gran In general, therefore, all women must be treat alike, and their industrial and social status musc Dbé that of the married woman. Tne functions 4 lowed to women must be either less Inviting (han marriage or compatible with . 3. An attractive function offered to women tends to eliminate the class to whom it is attractive Hence functions which rival marriage simply can. not be perpetuated. 4. Functions assoclated with marrisge, and, therefore, permanently possib!e for women, must be compatible with the intellectual and emotional re- quirements of marriage 5. These functions. in the nature ot Ing avocations, cannot be identical with or in com. petition with those which are the vocation of men, In closing I must try to_ answer in a few line the question proposed as the subject of my paper, How far is woman adapted and adaptable to politi- cal functions? First, #s to the suffrage. This is not & vocation. It is Incidental to ail careers with which it is associated. It woula not interfere marriage directly nor perhaps indirectiy. Whether society would be improved thereby is not so clear. There 18 reason to doubt whether the conditions which shape and must permanently shape WOmAaD’s characzer are such as conduce 1o a sober and discriminating vote. But what is voting for? Is it here that the initiative and creative work of government is done? By no means. This is the WOrk of a few minds who deal with difficult and slow fashioning material. A vote discloses the temper of the mass they are fashioning and the possibilities of the moment. Woman's vote would help to that end and wouid give the statesman a needed insight into a neglected part of his prob- lem. But I should not anticipate from it moment- ous results either to woman or to soclety. A lady recently said to me, “The suffrage would at least do for us what it has done for you.” Possibiy, but what has it done for men? The sufirage s not re- sponsible for the masculine character. Men are Dot what they are because they vote; they vote be- cause they are what they are. But without ex- pecting t00 much from it, we may fairl pect that this eniarged revelation of social feeling would make government ultimately more suited 10 social needs. ‘Woman’s Lot Is Hard. As we rise to the higher functions involving ad- ministration and initiation, the case is different. These two were once regarded &s avocations, incl dents ina citizen’s career. Anybody could be a Judge In Athens as auybody can be the Mayor of an American city without special training. But this concepiion is changing and wust continue to change as our problems become more complex. Ultimately the higher administrative and leg: lative functions must be entrusted. to highly spe- cialized functionaries. Totheextent that tnls istrue they cannot be equally available for the Lwo sexes. Taken all {0 all. heither woman ro- society has much to hope from her political emancipation: probably too they have little to fear. It is the world's perennial delusion that limitation and privil ge are matters of law and_arbitrary regula- tion. They Inhere in the necessities of nature of which these things are but the shadow. Woman's 10t is hard and in_part unnecessarily so. I cannot understand how any one can be unwilling to as- sist in all-promising efforts for iLs amelioration. But that amelioration must be effected primarily in industrial anda domestic relations. = Woman wonid gain infinitely more to be emancipated from the barbarism of modern housework than by any change in her political status: she is far more tyrannized over by ber skirts than by her husband ; she is more in need of pockets than of political rights. This is no excuse for neglecting any means of improving her condition, but we shall accom- plish most by recognizing limitations, by expect- ing only possible things. Nor need we guard na- wure's limitations with grudging legal restrictions. Nature will probably protect Ler interest in this case by means of her own. Let us extinguish every ungenerous Ibstinct which grudges to women the privileges of the largest life. Let us give free scope to every mnoble aspiration tha makes for human betterment. And then—let reconcile ourselves, as indeed we must, 10 what re- mains of nature's enforced inequallties and the great world's pecessary pain. H. PoWERS. Eagles always drive away their youn as soon as the latter are able to fly welF. Business is never good with the eagle and he does not enjoy competition. 50 n cessor hick unction r p 1 who P ase ba. NEW TO-DAY. A DYING SPARK Stop Right Now! Don’t Light Another ! You’re Burning Your Brains. Wrecks Along Ea Straet-Side. Ofttimes tobacco’s vie- tims look at the dying spark in the cigar stump, or at the big masticated “‘chaw” of tobacco just ex- pectorated, and with nerves nicotinized with tobacco, mentally resolve, Now, that is my last, 1 will never use it again, it is injuring me physically and " financially and my nerves are so irritated that I can’t stand the least annoyance.” What is the result? These good resolutions are made while the effects of tobacco paralyzes the cravings of millions of irritated nerve centers, and when the effects pass away tue good resolutions weaken, show- ng that ihe use of tobacco is not a nabit buta disease of the nervous system caused by the education of the nerves to crave for the nico- tine poisoning. As an instance, here is the case of a North Carolina clergyman, who writes: HILISEORO, N. C. Gentlemen: Two weeks ago I began to use No- To-Bac, and I am now prepared to give it my un- qualifica indorsement as accomplishing prectsely what s claimed forit. I have been an inveterate chewer of the weed for years and had made soma half dozen or more ¢florts to Overcome the habit without success. On the 19th day of January I began to use No-To-BAC, and by the time 1 had used three boxes my desire for tobacco was gone and I feel like & new man. Your remedy s indeed wonderful and it will enable any man_to get rid of the tobacco habit, no matter what hold it may have taken of him. if he desires to give it up and will carry out your directions. Allow me to thank you most heartily to-day, and it gives me great pleasure to give this testimtnial ery truly yours, (Rev.) B. 8. MCKENZIE. Does it not suggest itself that a natural thing to do is to take a remedy that is specially pre- pared to overcome the nerve craving effects and restore the tobacco irritated nerves to & normal and healthy coudition? You will find it in No-To-Bac. If No-To-Bae fails to cure The Sterling Remedy Company of New York, Mone treal and Chicago have somuch faith that they positively guarantee to refund the money. Get their famous booklet, *“Don’t Tobacco Spit and Smoke Your Life Away.” Written guarantes and free sample mailed for the asking. RADWAY’S piLLS y vegetable, mild and reliable. Secure Com- blete digestion and absorption of the food, causs & healthy action of the Liver and render the Bowels Baiural in their operat on without gripiug