The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, July 28, 1895, Page 18

., THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, JULY 28, 1895. 17 MARYELS<T MODERN ASTRONOMY B The refracting telescope has gradually increased in size since its discovery in the beginning of the eighteenth century. Even in recent years, when it has been found that moderate-sized instruments proved most eflicient in some lines of ob- servation, its growth was unchecked, for the great lenses, in their special domain— the aim depths of space—still held their ground unrivaled. The career of the re- flector has been more spasmodic. There is much difference of opinion as to the relative merits of the two instru- ments. As the large and the has each it ner the proc reflector lie in ¢ has the wider excellence is the ¢ edium sized lens in like man- fractor and Which in its peculiarity of n to be settled. 1 would well ex- the advocates of the i is not gen- found that e in the refracting lens there came a i se of rainbow hues that ousl) red with defim- tion a concave metal disk with a reflective me into use toward the middle This form of | spe press the reflector, th erally conceded. with incre: surface c nteenth centu v body viewed, as in the case back obliquely, Rose GH&”QI’OY\ ocean depths the marvels of the southern heavens were gleaming unnoticed and un- known. the reflector has been more favored than elsewhere. Even when it had been discovered that the intrusive colors could be nearly elimi- nated in the construction of the refracting lens the reflector was often preferred, for the tarnishing of the mirror was not irremediable, and the effect of spherical aberration was not considered to be a very noticeable defect. In 1844 Lord Rosse constructed a levia- ta central point some dis- the cor speculum, The distance or speculum and the the focal distance, and 1ds on the dian.eter and he speculum. Several were devised for conveniently | th the magnifying eyepiece this was so awkwardly placed. e Gregorian and Cassegranian tele- es it was reflected back toward the 1l y means of a smaller mirror, viewed through a small aperture the center of the speculum. In the form of telescope devised by Sir | than reflector six feet in diameter. Like the great refractors it had its own domain and brought many gleams of light from the seeming voids that fully repaid the thought and care and expense of its con- struction. We hear little of it now, as the general observations of the Observatory of Birr Castle, Ireland, have been carried on with a three-foot reflector and other smaller instruments; but a famous optician re- cently asserted that if 1t were repolished and mounted with the accuracy demanded by modern work it would prove a mag- nificent addition to the astronemical equip- ments of the present time. Fifty years ago it was not considered LORD ROSSE’S TELESCOPE. it was viewed, by means of a the side of the tube which lum at one end; and in the form was viewed from one = open end of the tube. These s back and forth account for the Jositions of an observer when ecting telescope. The first re- tor nsed by Herschel was but a few es in diameter and two feet in focal th. the forecast of genius he paid little heed to intermediate sizes, and the possi- bilities of a mirror more than five feet in -ter captured his prophetic fancy. As ical skill was not then as ad- now he succeeded bestin the uction of those which were two, e and four feet in diameter. The latter ty-three feet in focallength, and was | fly in those observations that re- ight-gathering power. His most discoveries were made with those lesser aperture, and the tarnished mir- ror which first revealed that Uranus was a planet is preserved with its antiquated tube among the relics of the Royal Astro- pomical Society. ) In 1833 Sir John Herschel, his son, took | possible to combine the required stability th equatorial motion in mounting a tele- scope 6 feet in diameter and 55 feet in length, and while it moved freely from north to south the motion east and west was restrictzd to about 10 deg. on each side of the meridian. The flexure of these tele- scopes is of a different kind from that of the more slender refractor. It affects the speculum or mirror, which, under its own weight, sags toward the center, thus infusing the carefully ground curvature and, of course, also the defini- tion of the image. This tendency did not seem to be fufiy recognized until recent years and now many ingenious devices are resorted to for its prevention. Toward the middle of the present cen- tury Mr. Lassell, a wealthy merchant of Liverpool, constructed a two-foot reflector of twenty feet focal length, with which he discovered two of the satellites of Uranus and the satellite of Neptune. The famed mirror is now_in the Greenwich Observa- tory, where its powers will have good scope in the suitable dome provided for it. Having done excellent work with it under the clear skies of Malta, Mr. Lassell after- ward made a four-foot reflector with which iy VT P i i Lol I by ol THE MELBOURNE REFLECTOR. one of these famous reflectors, repolished and remounted, to the Cape of Good Hope, and in the shelter of Table Mountain, “‘far from the madding crowd,” resumed the labors of hisfather and searched the south- ern heavens continually for several years. Thousands of objects were reobserved, cat- slogusdes @éscovered, for like the gems in he also visited theisland and discovered 600 nebule between 1863and 1865. Forthe last quarter of a century the use of the metallic mirror has been superseded by the inven- tion of Foucault, who proved that a glass disk of the required curvature, covered with a film of silver which has high reflect~ In the British Isles the use of | | the advantage of retaining its original form | under the process of renovation. American astronomers have not been | partial to the reflector in the past. Professor Henry Draper of New York, | one of the first to recognize its merits on | this side of the Atlantic, constructed a 15- inch and afterward a 28-inch silver-on- | glass reflector for photography; and by his success was instrumental in the rapid ad- | vances made in the use of the camera for | astronomical purposes. This development the heavens, and the opposite end at right angles to it can move east and west along the celestial equator. At the joint or elbow is a reflecting mirror which® conveys the starbeam centrally to the eyepiece as satis- factorily as if the observer viewed it directly. : As he also needs a view north and south of the celestial equator, another mirror formiing a constant angle of 45 degrees with the objective and arranged to move round in the desired positior gives com- mand of the entire firmament, with the exception of that section northward below the pole star, which has to be left to the exploration of ordinary instruments. This strange construction, which is about twelve inches in diameter at the end hold- ing the objective, has many advantages. As the observer can look downward at the approved angle adopted by microscopists, he attains ease of position, which cer- tainly facilitates concentrated attention. He also avoids change of position, as the movable part of the tube by aid of the mirror can reflect all objects toward the eve end. Thus his movements are no longer subservient to those of the instru- ment. The expensive dome is dispensed with, and a roof that can be set aside when the the eye end is permanently roofed. first predictions were rife as to its failure, especially on the score of loss of light by means of the double reflection; but it has now been in use satisfactorily for twelve years, and the recent construction, also under M. Lewy’s guidance, of a 23-inch equatorial conde i8 a vindication of its use- fulness. Perhaps the ingenious instru- ment may eventually become an adjunct of every observatory. The birthplace of Huxley is now (not inappropriately) the center of hope for the advocates of the reflector. The deceased naturalist is not known to have any direct influence in the matter, but fame some- times revisits a spot that has once been favored. f At Ealing, Middlesex, England, dwells | | 1HE “ EQUATORIAL CONDE?” proved also the development of the true sphere of the reflector. S 1f there had been any danger of its dis- appearing from view, that dangeris passed and its future is assured. : The photographic plate being selective as to color, the colorless image produced by the reflector will always yield truer de- the refractor. The Astro-Photographic Congress of 1887 selected the lutter to ensure uniformity in the charting of the heavens, and as a needed concession to the general inapti- tude and lack of patience in managing the reflector. Messrs. Roberts and Common, who have always practically upheld its merits, ad- mitted, however, that it required thorough skill as to its irements to obtain the best results, Though during the forty- SIR JO 1N H1IR3SCHEL AT TH. tails than the more or lesstinted image of | famed for his success in celestial pho- tography. As the first owner of the Crossley re- flector, now en route to its Californian home, and with which he achieved his most notable success. his surroundings and aims are of especial interest. Ealing is a pretty suburban town, fifty minutes’ ride from London, and has a population of about 25,000 inhabitants. 63 Eaton Rise is the home of Mr. Common, and at the rear, in the garden, is the building where the future ally of the Lick telescope brought to light on the photographic plate wonder- ful nebulous coils and planetary details before unseen. great comet of 1882 left its best imprint, and that many faint objects before unno- i ticed came in the field of the famed mirror. Mr. Conimon sold it not because he had ‘ Dr. Common, F.R.A.S., for many years | | | E CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, 1835. five years following the completion of Lord Rosse’s telescope the reflector again took a backward step as to size, it is not to be inferred that the capabilities of the leviathan of Birr Castle were a disappoint- ment. It fulfilled its mission, bringing light and knowledge, and was the in- centive that led to the construction of Lassell’s large mirrors. As facts predominate in its previsions, the scientific world is rarely disappointed. The matter of expense and the increasing fac n the manufacture of large lenses combined in keeping the reflector from advancing in size at that time. In 1870 a four-foot reflector was constructed for the observatory of Melbourne, Australia, and with such a valuable mirror the south polar regions of the heavens will grad- ually reveal the faint dim objects so long hidden in its unexplored spaces. It became badly tarnished some years ago, but with renovation it will yet have a long career of dxscoverf'. One of nearly equal size was added to the equipment of the Paris Observatory in 1876. nfortunately the flexure of "the large speculum injured the definition of objects, and various methods had to be re- sorted to for holding it in unchanged cur- vature. S - M. Lewy of Paris Observatory devised a form of telescope named the equatorial conde, or elbow, as the eye end of the tube used it sufficiently, but it proved an incen- tive to greater attainments. He resolved to construct, himself, a five-foot telescope, fully convinced by his experience that the reflector is the best instrument when properly made and managed, and that success would finally reward his labors. His premises became his workshop, and with tools, gas engine and all appliances for the experiments required in the pro- cess of construction, and above all with unwearied patience, he toiled for years and completed one silver-on-glass disk five feet in meter. However, it was not his ideal, and he commenced another which he completed about four years ago. It was one of the first telescopes to obtain a glimpse of Jupiter’s fifth satellite after its discovery by Professor Barnard. To procure. the best results he renews the silver film every month. This is a different spirit from the endurance year after {enr of the blurred images in the old speculums. That this enormous mirror will surpass anything yet accomplished by a reflector there is little doubt. Mr. Com- mon is now one of the greatest authorities on the subject of reflectors, and is of the opinion that a mirror of eight or nine feet in aiameter is quite possible. There are well-founded rumors that one of the features of the Paris Exposition in 1900 will be a reflector ten feet in diam- eter, thus outstripping all previous at- ing powers and can be easily renewed, has | is permanently directed toward the pole of | tempts. 8ir Howard Grubb has taken ¢ instrument is in use takes its place, while ’ At Here, too, it was' that the | some pains to plan out the most feasible method of mounting such colossal tubes, the weight of which would prob- ably be about fifty tons. He agrees with Mr. Common in thinking that they can be most easily moved if floated in tanks of water, thus lightening the friction that would wear away the axes if unrelieved. They should be deeply sub- merged, and round the upper opening sev- eral receptacles for eyepieces should be formed, so that the observer could find a convenient eyepiece at every side of the Newtonian tube. A refracting telescope forty-eight inches in diameter and 200 feet in length is actually in course of construc- tion at Paris. M. Mantois, the enterprising optician, asserts that, gressure of time is the only reason that a stil larfier aperture was not undertaken. Whether these enor- mous telescopes that seem to defy ex- perience will have any value from an astronomical point of view or nn{ special function in observation yet unfulfilled is knowledge that will come with the coming century. The “captivation that lies in the study of things that are seen but still are non-ter- restrial is such that one gleam of knowl- edge gained repays any amount of striving or expenditure.” If the gleam be very faint there is no repining, but hopefuily and eheerfully comes redoubled striving and expenditure. It seems to be the ideal investment where gain goes on forever. All the results of i:ity aim and genius combined are still but the slow coming to light of nature’s treasures gradually un- earthed in the natural process of develop- ment. “O’erthatart” * * * “sanart which nature makes.” Our planet itself, by its rounded form and motions giving successive views of heaven’s expanse, is an observatory whose special functions can never be superseded. EOUCKTORS GREW WARM. No Photographs of School Children for the Atlanta Exposition. A Speclal Meeting of the Board Which Wound Up In Hot Words and No Work. A special meeting of the Board of Edu- cation was held yesterday afternoon to discuss the proposition of photographing the schoolhouses and school children for the Atlanta Exposition. The meeting ovened quietly enough, but before the Directors got through with the business before them there was a scene of wild dis- order. There were only nine members present, but this, instead of harmonizing the meeting, made matters worse, for it was an impos: ty to get a majority vote on any proposition. The trouble grew out of the request of National Commissioner of Education W. | T. Harris that all the schools in the prin- cipal cities of the United States make a showing at the Atlanta Exposition by having their classes and schoolhouses photographed and sending the pictures on to Washington to make up the exhibit of the Commissioner. As soon as this propo- sition was made public quite a number of local photographers wanted to do the work for nothing, with the exclusive privi- lege of selling the photographs to the children. As there are about 840 classes and over 30,000 school children, this in itself would have been a very fair paying proposition, but it was considered as nothing to the ad- vertising which would accrue to the pho- tographer from the work. C. L. Shilling has done considerable schoo! work since the new board has been in power. and he was one of those who were willing to do it again. The minority of those present wanted to see Shlllini get the job, gut the other photographers had not been idle, and nearly every School Director was ready for a snap shot. School Director Henry T. Scott offered a resolution that Taber be permitted to take the pictures of the schools and children, and immediately a protest went up from the not silent minority. School Director Barrett voiced the protest and declared that there was a job in the proposition to give the work to Taber. Shilling had had the first call on the work, Mr. Barrett said, and he was the first who offered to do it for nothing. Taber went Shilling one better in that he would not only do the work for nothing, but that he would give larger pictures. ft was then discovered that all the photo- raphers had offered to take the pictures or nothing, After hearing the arguments in favor of 8hilling, Taber, Thors and Marceau, Super- intendent Moulder made a motion that the work be given to Taber. Director Barrett responded by saying that Mr. Moulder was an emissary of Taber, at which Mr. Moulder grew indig- nant and said that he was not. %dr. Barrett said that **he was, too.”” “You'll have to take that back,” cried Superintendent Moulder. “Nobody can sag that about me.” Secretary Beanston looked as_pleased as if he were drawing two salaries and he buried himself in his books and tried to look asif he were earning one. He does not like Mr. Moulder, as that gentleman is of the opinion that the board should have a more courteous secretary. Mr. Scott tried to pour oil on the waters by introducing a resolution dividing the work up between Thors, Marceau and Taber. As only six votes could be got on this proposition, the resolution was lost. Ambrose, Clinton and Barrett voted against it. Then Director Barrett intro- duced a resolution giving the work to Shilling, This groposizion was knocked out and the board adjourned. The result of the meeting, it is said, will be that no hotographs will be sent to the Atlanta ixposition. e THE NEW RACETRACK. Cash Ready to Cover the Cost of the Stables and Grand Stand. “All the stock of the Pacific Coast Jockey | Club has been taken,” said Henry J. Crocker yesterday, “and we have now about $80,000 on deposit ready to cover the expenses of putting up the grand stand and stables.” Contracts for the iron work for the Ingle- side track and the big timbers have already been let, the Pacific Rolling-mills and Pope & Talbot securing them respectiveiy. 'he club will probably meet to-night, when the bids for the grand stand, cement work for the stables and the asphaltum work will be opened. Contractor Kelso has knbout completed the grading of the track. Mr. Crocker %ointed out the advantage yesterday which the Ingleside track will possess over any other track in being close to the steam railroad. This will enable people, he explained, to return home from the races speedily, and will also allow horses to be taken there without the neces- sity of being led through the streets. Matuaa Enham, Cofumbia, Pa., says ‘That Bearing= Down Feeling and dizzy, faint, gasping attacks left me as soon as I to take Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound. I was sick with b womb troubles - s0long I thought I never conld et wall» NEW TO-DAY. NEW TO-DAY. RIGHT TO THE POINT, Pertinent Paragraphs Regard- ing the Work of the Cope- land Institute. Treatment for children unexcelled anywhere. Treatment for adults confessedly satisfactory. Fair, honest and candid diagnosis and a de- sire to secure for each patient the shortest road to recovery. Confidence of patients sacredly respected. No names published unless volun- tarily offered. Credentials, experience and special training and skill unassailable, unquestioned. Straightforward, honest dealing, without excuses, persuasions or deluding promises made to keep patients under treatment month after month without benefit or cure. Cures genuine and complete; no bolstering up of invalids with temporary stimulants and tonics. Gentle, palliative treatment, not destruction of the delicate inembrane lining of the throat and nose by severe methods or local treatment. Testimonials from representative residents well known to the community, not bogus, fairy tales from bogus individuals, nor portraits of {fakes and phantoms, The truth told in the consultation rooms, the truth told in the newspapers. The first con- sideration, honest, straightforward dealing, skillful and successful work. The second con- sideration, the matter of profit. THE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT Of One Case Always Leads Others to Heed the Warnings. That nothing succeeds like success is shown in the statement made by Mr. Anton Decio, & well-known and popular business man of Ar- cata, Cal. He says: ANTON DECIO, ARCATA, CAL. “I have been cured of a case of catarrh by Drs.Copeland, Neal and Winn, and I want it known so that others may know what can be done for them. My trouble began twelve or thirteen years ago. I was then living in Santa Cruz, where I am very well known. At first it did not amount to much, but it gradually grew worse, until I was suffering all the tortures of chronic catarrh. I doctored continually, and took all kinds of patent medicines, but nothing helped me. I had about made up my mind to give it up, when I read of the good work of the Copeland Medical Institute. 1 decided to try them, and did, with but little faith. Repeated failures hed made me very skeptical, but my friend, C. C. Richard, had been cured, and I felt certain that if he could be cured there was a chance for me. I took the home treatment and began to improve, at first very slowly, but now I am as well as ever I was, with the excep- tion of my throat, but that is due to some of the treatment I had before. I want to recom- mend Drs. Copeland, Neal and Winn, and can- 1ot find words to express my appreciation of their good treatment. ALL DISEASES. The Treatment for All Chronic Diseases Is Only $5 a Month, Medicines Included. Are you afflicted with DEAFNESS ? Do you suffer from DYSPEPSIA ? Have you severe BRONCHIAL trouble ? Are you a sufferer from ASTHMA ? Do you suffer from RHEUMATISM ? Do you suffer from HEART troubles ? Do you suffer from LIVER complaint ? Do you suffer from NERVOUS troubles ? Do you suffer from any CHRONIC DISEASE ? 1t you do, the only cost for all treatment and medicine is $5 a month, and no better treat- ment is known than that of the Copeland system. HOME TREATMENT. Every mail brings additional proot of the success of the home or mail treatment. If you cannot come to this office write for a symptom blank. $5 A MONTH. No fee larger than £5 & month asked for any disease. Our motto is: “A Low Fee. Quick Cure. Mild and Painless Treatment.” The Copeland Medical Institas PERMANENTLY LOCATED IN THE COLUMBIAN BUILDING, SECOND FLOOR, 916 Market St, Next to Baldwin Hotel, Over Beamish's. ‘W. H. COPELAND, M.D. J. G. NEAL, M.D. A. C. WINN, M.D. SPECIALTIES—Catarrh and all diseases of the Eye, Ear, Throat and Lungs. Nervous Dis- eases, Skin Diseases, Chronic Diseases. Office hours—-9 A. M. to 1 P. ¥, 2 to5 P X, 7 t08:30 P. 3. Sunday—10 A. M. t0 2 P. M. Catarrh troubles and kindred diseases treated successfully by mail. Send 4 centsin stamps for question cireulars. ROYAL BICYCLES Up to Date and in Advance. FOR LADIES AND GENTS. The material nsed fs the best obtainable. Con- struction strictly on scientific prin- ciples. Finish exquisite. Send for Catalogue or Call and Inspect. THE ROYAL LIMITED, our Gents’ Road ‘Wheel, holds 24-hour record for American roads. THE RED HEAD is the ideal Road or Track Racing Machine. You should see our Swell Ladies’ Wheels. Nothing like them elsewhere. 100d Agents Wanted for Interior Towns. EXPERT REPAIRING. F. R. GRANNIS & CO., General Agents for California, 609 MARKET STREET, S. F. P e $200 CASH PRIZES! ARTISTS AND WRITERS. Amateurs or Professionals. PRIZES AGGREGATING $200 WILL BE PAID for the best ofiginal suggestions in sketches, de- sigus, testimonials, phrases and poetry, adapted for vertising our new preparations, Boraxo and Bo- raxaid. Addressfor particulars, PACIFIC COAST BORAX COMPANY, 101 Sansome sreet. Y ANTALEMIDY: Y NOLAN BROS. SHOE CO. lisg 01 ik TAN SHOES THIS WEEK. We Have on Hand About 5000 Pairs of TAN SHOES Which We Will Close Out at less than WHOLESALE PRICES, Ks the Following Price List Will Show. ‘We have the Goods and will close them out. Prices no object. Read the follow< ing net cash Price List of TAN SHOES And you will see that we are selling TAN SHOES for about one-half what you have been paying for them. It will pay any one to buy all the TAN SHORS they neod for this season during this sale. CHILDREN’'S AND MISSES' TAN BUTTON SHOES, spring heels, square toes and tips. 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By the Above You Will Ses That You Have All to Gain and Nothing to Lose by Buying Your Shoes at NOLAN BROS. SHOE CO. 812814 MARKET STREET, PHELAN BUILDING. Telephone 5527. WE KRR OVERSTOCKED N ONYX Tables, Banquet fld Piano Lamps. MUST GIQSE OuT. We WIll Offer Them This Week at FABULOUS LOW PRICES. ALL NEW AND SHOWY GOODS. AN BLEGAYT WEDDING OB ENGIGENENT PRESENT. Handsome Gilt Banquet Lamp, with Sil- ver Cupid Center, Satin Shades, HCB$3.95 Trimmings, complete. . — Fancy Brass Parlor Table, Onyx Top, lat- $5. 30 est design Lt Fancy Brass Piano Lamp, Center Draught $ 618 Burner. . — These pric Finer Grades From $7 50 to $20. HAVE YOU A CARRIAGE FOR BABY? IF NOT, GET OUR PRICES. Hood or Parasol Tops, Reed Body, Steel Wheels, Finer Grades, $8 fo $25. Electrical Construction and Repairing of All Kinds. Estimates Given. NOTE.—Special attention paid to Grindin, azors, Shears and E(:fed Tools by skilled mechanics. Prices moderate. uplicated after this week. 818-820 Market Street Phelan Building. Factory~30 First Streoty i ; i j | { i