The New York Herald Newspaper, May 6, 1876, Page 4

ee Re ee ne 4 BELKNAP. The Question of Jurisdiction Before the Court of Impeachment. ARGUMENT OF MR. CARPENTER. ——_-+—_—_ Does the Power of the Court Extend to a Private Citizen? MR. MANAGER ——+__— REPLY OF KNOTT. The Constitution and Its Refer- ence to Such Cases. eee Wasuixatoy, May 5, 1876. Tho Senate to-day resumed the consideration of the articles of impeachment against W. W. Belknap, lato Secretary of War. ‘The respondent, with his counsel, Messrs, Carpenter, Black and Blair, and the managers on the part of the House of Representatives being present, proclamation was made by the Sergeanteat-Arms, after which the minutes of yesterday's session were read. ARGUMENT OF MR, CARPENTER, Mr. Carpenter, of counsel for the respondent, after referring to the argument of Manager Lord of yester- day and tothe pleadings in the case from which he quoted, said he would endeavor to prove two proposi- uo. First—That articles of impeachment cannot be en- tertained against any private citizen in any case what- ever, and Second—Whore articles of impeachment are exhibited they must set forth every fact essential to corstitute a crime impeachable; or, in other words, the crime and every allegation of fact necessary to give this Court jurisdiction to hear and determine the impeachment. He would conflue his argument to legal questions, would be as brief as possible and as “dry as a stick,” There were two things possible in reference to the pro- visions in the constitution relating to impeachment, One was that the power of impeachment was given at rge and not qualitied, restrictea or defined; the other ry that the power of impeacbment was ined to oflicers of the United States, and that the Impeachment ran not against the crime, but against the crime, The importance of judging accurately on this subject could hot be exaggerated, It the former theory was main- tuined then every inhabitant of the United States, citi- zeu or alien, malo or female, might be impeached at the bar of the Senate for whatever the Senate for the time being might see fit to hold as a high crime and misdemeanor, Surely a jurisdiction — which would bring forth millions of people to the bar of this court was not to be exercised without the clearest warrant of the constitution, Certain principles were always to be borne in mind in Ul accusations on constitutional questions, Chief anony these was that the government of the United States, in uil its branches and departments, was one of limited, though not of inferior power, If any power tlaimed was not a granted power, either by express words or necessary implication, it was not a power of this government, Now, under the constitution, DIPEACUMENT WAS CONFINED to officers of the federal government, Under the claim the person who happened to commit | and not to the person, He NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, MAY 6, 1876.—TRIPLE SHEET. plies to Senators McDonald and Conkling. He then quoted from the Federalist and Judge Strong to show that the jurisdiction of the Senate applied to the oifice xt referred to the im- peachinent TRIAL OF ¥X-PRESIDENT JONSON, pretacing his remarks by saying that this Court more than any other was bound by its previous decisions. lu that case the counsel for the House of Kepreseuta- tives claimed, ag was elarmed by the counsel tor the delence now, that impeachment Was not intended as a tneans of punishing a eriminal, but of removing from ollice an Untt OF Corrupt official, Such, also, was the uniform argument in the opinions of such Senators as had Gled them. In support of this statement Mr, penter quoted from the opinions of Senators Howe, Garrett: Davis, Sumne: i Edmunds, and, continuing argument, said hoe had searched in vain fur « single iustance im any State of the Union where impeach. ment bad beeu commenced against « man Dot in office, Mr. Carpenter quoted from numerous authorities to show (hat fractions of a day could be noticed, and said he certainly had not supposed that it would be sought to convict the defendunt or that the Senate would be to bold jurisdiction on a legal fiction, According to auager’s present claim, if a man was sentenced by a court martial to be shot at two o’clock in the day and the President pardoned him at ten o'clock in the morning he muat still be shot because the law recog. rpenter also read an act Was not ot Was itself one which the man makin, it bad aright to make, In conclusion, he said he hi endeavored to show that, from the text of the constitu. tion, from the debates of the Convention which framed it, (rom. the writings of ali those men most fatnihar with the times im which it was adopted, from the com- mientators accepted as authority in every court of law, and from the nature and reason of the thing, the proceeding of impeachment was confined to those hoiding offlee at the time when the impeachment was commenced, He believed a settlement of this question was vastly important to the quiility of this great land. If we would avowl the scenes and convulsions which shook the South American States we shoulu let this proceeding stop where the constitution jett it. If it were held that a victorious party riding into power on the hot and florcely roliing waves of popular discontent could not only carry the administration out of power, but could also impeach them after they were out, how long would it be before these trials, instead of bemg, as they should, the rare remeay provided by the consutation for enormous crimes, such as no other court could handle and deal with, were degraded Into a mere partisan machinery, and the blood of u party be made w trickle on the bivek a8 soon as popular disconieat had driven them from office ¥ The responsibility laid upon the Senate by the decision of this question could not be exaggerated. ‘rhat decision could vot be avoided, aud it would stand as loug as the government itself ARGUMENT OF MANAGKR KNOTT, Mr. Manager Knorr followed in behaif of the man- agers, He suid the real question before the Court was whetber they exercised the tumctigns devolved upon them as the highest court known to our governinent by virtue of a consututional power, or merely at the will aud pleasure of the accused. He admitted that the Biount case cut no figure as an authority in this case, for it was not Ju many respects parallel in its conditions, The only case, im his judgment, from which a legitimate analogy to the case under discussion could be drawn, was the case of Judge Barnard, in New York, and that, he claimed, supported the posiuon tuken by the managers, for the Court had there held that Barnard could be tried for acts done in 4 former term of office, He contended that the meanimy of the constitution was not to be judged from what some of the framers of 1 might bave said in the Convention, ‘but by what they did. There was not a soliuary syl- lable tn any of the provisions of the constitution which limited the power of the House of Represcatatives to preter, or of the Senate to try, articles of nmpeachment as to the time during which’ the party accused shall remaiu tn olfice, or to any other time whatever. ‘Tho Managers wight concede, if they saw proper, that a person could ve impeached for no otlenco unless 4 was committed while in oftice, or they might even admit that the offence must be under color of the office or in some manner connected with the discharge of ollcml duty. The very mo- ment the impeashable offence was committed the guilty party, too, became liable to impeachment. ‘There was not @ word in any of the provisions of the constitution relieving him irom that lability upon the termination of his office, whether by resignation or otherwise. The other side had attempted to prove that you could not disqualily unless you could remove, It ‘wus trae that when on impeachment ao oilender in oltice was convicted the Senate was bound to remove him, but nothing in the constitution took away from the Senate the power to disqualify, although the power tu remove migut have been taken away by the resigna- tion of toe party. If the only or the most important ebject of an impeachment was simply the removal ot un official criminal from office the argument of tbe df the managers, President Juckson, if he were still living, could be impeacned by the Senate for removing the deposits of the United States Bank, and brought to she bar of the Senate. Would that be an impeachment of the President? The purpose in the constitution was not that certain conduct should be subject to impeach- ment, but that certain persons were, and those persons were described and designated by the de scription of their office ss Hable to impeachment, it said the President should ve impeached and re- moved, In the case of Jackson would that be. an im- p a hmont of the President ? It would be a impeach- ment of a private citizen for conduct at a former period of his life in a public office. Mr, Carpenter then showed that, as he conceived, the framers of the consti. tution intended, as had been done m England, to. con- fine impeachment to certain enormous crimes and for the punishment of certain exceptional criminals so great in power and so steeped in wickedness that they couid not be handled by an ordinary tribunal of law. In the present case, however, the matters charged in the articles came clearly under a statute, and were not crimes so great that they had grown and swollen be- yond the power of acourt of law. Mr. Carpenter pro- ceeded to read at longth from the debates in the Con- vention which framed the constitution to show that in the opinion of a large portion of that body impeach. ment was unnecessary, since in a land such as this where officers only held short’ terms, the people could easily remove them by an adverse vote at the polis. ‘The whole devate, he said, clearly by impli- tation had roference only to the removal by fmpeach- tment of actual officers of the government. For exam. ple, it Was at one time proposed that the tmpeachment should bo tried by the Suprome Court, but it wi agreed that the President, being in oflice, and exercis, tng the power of the Executive and having appointed the jud,es who would in that suier to leave it to the that the words “high Asutstitute for the word “4 Mr. Madison thought was too ambiguous; 'w Madison said if tho word “imnalacministraion lef it would make the vant of Congress, siuce y could ity for anything they Chose. This showed that the as fit subject py to the standard i Wied that after an examination of the whole it was cloar beyond all controversy that the men who tr (tution and submitted it t she people tor adoy never had the slightest ide that anyone buta public officer was ever to be pevched. ‘The whole discussion showed that impeach tent was intended as et UPON POWRK jo the power was in extstence, Id enter into a couspirae; yuld be beyond the grand jury migh ty be exercised wh Individual who she MWe governinent courts of law. the Senate, 1 the people to hol and protect the people HinsLEALON. trom wala Mr. MeDoyanp, of ludiana, asked if the term ot office of the accused should terminate or expire pending the iial, would that operate to discontinue or abate the | rer said that if he was right in bis argu n impeachment was to re- nan Was out of cease, That was the only object t impeachinen . Sup ted suicide while the trial was ot that stop itf Soi he coui- by resiguing the oflice, the prose- cution hal gained it The disqualitying clause, as malty, Was putin to make impeachiment effectual ‘nd to prevent the President, after an oflicer has been ed by impeachment from restoring lim to power, It should be noted that the whole discussion in the Convention was only in regard to the Executive, and the - check upon hin would not be — eflectual it the morning ater a removal by impeachment had taken plaice the President returned the ollender to power, Judge Story said that the dis- Qualification was not a necessary part of the judgment. Was this court to go on wud sfhtence a man after he wus officully or physically dead? What @ tarce to re- Move amr irom oitice when he was not in office or | titer he bad died aud passed beyond the juristiction | di this Court So far as the effect upon ihe suet was puncerned he «aw no difference between a man’s official or his natural The suit abated because there Was no turther motive to prosecute it. There was not & single writer who did not m#intain that impeachment was intended for punishment, not simply asa protec. tion to the people agaiust high and dangerous powertul offenders, After this Senate got through with him the tan was handed over tothe Grand Jury to meet the appropriate punishment for his crime, whatever it was, Me, UoxkLive, of New York, asked if the gentleman made no distinction on the point of jurisdiction to try &n smpoachment between the case of rerignation before articles were found and resignation alter articles bad been found? Mr. Camreyter said there might be @ distinction be- tween the cases, but he mainiained that in both cases the proceedings fell to the ground. Os course he mitt | be able to establish one proposition and yet fail to es tablish the other, Itdid not follow, because a man Was clean und clear out of office by removal or by the expiration of is term aud could not be inpesched tor bhat reason that, therefore, a resignation of the oflice Qiter articles of impeachment had been found would @nd the prosecution, They were diterent questions. | Me mayntaiged the affirmative in both, and be thoaght | that if the resign wok place eveo in the midst of | bhe trial the suit abated, because the object sought to be accomplished by the suit was accomplished, Tho SHlect which the resignation had was not dependent apon the wotive Which dictated it, ‘On motion of Mr, Epacxps the Senate took a recess for twenty minutes. pflice the xuit we lor which the pow pose the man comn progressing, would toitied official suicid other side Would have some weight, but this the muan- ied. point Mr, Knorr said that he disliked ex- asking a favor at the hands of the Seuate, but ho was suflering such physical pain that he must ask for adjournment. On motion of Mr, Eowunps, of Vermont, the Senate, sitting as a court for the trial of articles of impeach- ment, adjourned until to-morrow, POLITICAL yOTES. Tho Worcester Spy quotes Judge Hoar as saying re- cently that he would jump out of a three story window to make Bristow President, or out of a two story win- dow to make Blune President, A Blaine club has been formed in Springfeld, Mass., by colored men. It has a membersnip of seventy, Portland (Me,) Prees:—If the republican party only lives up to its history, and avails itself of the glorious opportunities, it willcommand the whole independent vote.” The Troy Times says that Tilden’s friends aro now claiming that although he may not get the St. Louis nomination himself he will still be able tu sell the delegation from New York, body and breeches, to the highest bidder, owing to the instraction that it sball vote asaunit, That, they argue, will make him Sec- retary of State or Secrotary of the Treasury or Minis- ter to England, in the event of the election of the can- didate with whom ho bargains, ‘The Austin (Texas) Statesman thinks that Bayard’s character will be of more avail than the machinery of pohtical intriguers, Louisville Courier-Journal :—Bristow is the only candidate tor the Presidency whose chancos wero ever injured by a suspicion of his honesty.” ‘Tho Athons (Ga.) Watchman says:—“Lot the South ‘unite on Bayard and the matter 1s sottled. It ts to the South that the democratic party must look for its main strength and the Southern delegations to St. Louis should soo to it that a man acceptable to their constituencies be nominated.” Speaking of the approaching conventions, the Boston “Advertiser says!—°Tho republican party cannot afford to nominate any obscurity and devote the chief work of the canvass to telling the country who he ts. It cannot afford to take any ‘make-shift’ and put him in nomt- nation as a ‘compromise candidate.’ Our candidate this year must be cininently fit for the nomination and the office; and we don’t beliove the Convention will bo Larned away from men of vhis character, and give the nomination to some respectable mediocrity, whose nomination would mean ‘disappointment, apathy and deteat.’* Tue democrats might even nominate Mr. English, of Connecticut, d be sure of getting for him the “regu- lar party vote.” But the Cincinnati Convention could not pominate a man of that sort without bringing de- siruction upon the republican party. The Worcester (Mass.) Spy pays its respects to Tilden | as follows:—"It is impossible for anybody to be an hon- est and earnest supporter of political reform who puts forward Samuel J. Tilden asa representative reform leader, Mr, Tilden’s political record shows that he is not now and never has been anything more than an | unseruputous politician and self seeker. His ‘canal | reform,’ which has been talk, pretence and nothing | else, was started to serve a potltical purpose, None of | the canal robbers have been mado to disgorge their plunder; none of them have been punished; he has not meant to have them punished; he bas- meant ouly to have his personal followers talk of him asa “ro- formor.’"’ Boston Merald:—‘Pubhisher McKee, of St. Louis, who was convicted as a member of the Whiskey Ring, and sentenced to pay a fino of $10,000 ana go to jail for two years, was a good specimen cf the political organist, He always supported the party. If there was any vice he detested and violently denounced 1 was bolt- ing or scratching the regular ticket. He was a jour- nalist becanse he was a politician, His notion of ran- ning @ party organ was to get ‘inside,’ know the se- crets that were worth knowing and share tn the spotle, With him politics was a game, and his paper was use- ful because it increased his share of the ‘swag.’ INDEPENDENT LABOR PARTY. The independent labor party held a meeting last evoulng in Masonic Hall, Thirtecmth strect, between Third and Fourth avenues. It was not exactly an enthusiastic meeting,but it was a very excitable one, the excitability, happily for all concerned, being under great control, Mr. William A, A. Carsey is the president of this union, and he was accused at a previous meeting of having collecied mor of the association and of it appropriated them to his own The ommibitesee ty ited to in vestigate the case reported Inst night, au: heir re. baie they stated that Mr. Carsey had collected trom ir Gideon J. Tucker, Mr. Peter Cooper aud othe: money to tho amount of $150, which he had not ac counted for. A long fight and a strong fight th Mr. Carsey's friends th After recess Mr. Canrgxtee resumed bis argument Surther the points in bis previous re | time | THE EXHIBITION. Great Britain's Elaborate Display at the Centennial, WHY SHE SHOWS SUCH INTEREST IN THE EXHIBITION, The Relative Excellence of American and British Goods. A Walk Through the British Section. Puicaperrata, May 5, 1876. It begins to be evident that no foreign nation is khow- ing so great a patriotic interest in the Centennial Exhi- bition as Great Britain. Certainly none will make more determined efforts to have a thoroughly representative exhibit. Her Commissioners seem to feel that Engi.sh manufacturers have peculiar reasons for exhausting their resources in the display at Philadelphia, Eng- land scems to sev that she is in danger of losing the control of markets where she has long reigned alone. Atall ovents American maaufacturers will dispute her supremacy, and the Philadelphia Exhibition will be the battle ground of the friendly strife, in which will bo settled the important commercial question whether or not America can successfully compete with Great Britain in many branches of manufacture. ENGLAND 18 SURPASSING HERSELF in the character of the goods she 18 sending for display. Her exhibit, though not so large, wil be diner than sho has ever betore made at any World’s Fair, It has been collected and examined with the utmost care, and for thoroughness and excellence will be a magnificent in- dustrial triumph. Mr, Archer and his eoileagues of the British Commission do not in the least boast of their work. On the contrary, they are diplomatically re- sorved; but in their dogged English way they have quictly achieved a collection which cannot but win the admiration of the world, About seven-cighths of tho entire British and colonial exhibits have arrived in this country, Many ofthe articles are still in boxes and cases which have not been unpacked or opened. But quite a number are ready for exhibition; and enough of the collection can be seen to Justify tho bignest an- ticipations of its wealth and variety, MRK SPACK IN THR MAIN BUILDING. In tho main buliding nearly one-quarter of tho entire floor space is assigned to Great Britain and her colo- nies—Great Britain having 51,7763 square Canada 24,070.8, and Australasia, India and other colonies 24,070.8, Tho British section extends from the central transept of the main building mearly to the west wall of the building, Italy, Norway and Sweden occupying between them about 30,000 square feet to the west. Of course it would be Impossible to give at present any- thing like a dotailed description of the British display or even to do justice to the goods already in position there in the space of a single nowspapor article; but it is instructive to ramble through the British section and note th8 more prominent objects, passing by the innumerable articles less conspicuous by their position or their novelty, English workmen are busily engaged on all sides. Exhibitors and their assistants are uo- packing boxes, cabinet makers and joiners are putting up Cases, and confusion and noise prevail on all sides, It is not casy to examine critically or to pause long to admire a piece of fine pottery or metal work without being in some artigan’s way and being told so, rather bluntly, inan odd sort of accent, SOMDRE SHOWCASES. The first peculiarity an American observes when he treads upon British ground is that the showcases sug- gest the establishments where mourning goods are sold. in this country. Tne wood-work is invariably of a solemn black, Sometimes there isa delicate gilt bor- der; a few cases are richly decorated with gilt and carving; here and there other colors are very sparingly introduced, When the cases are filled their. sombre color probably affords the best contrast to tho goods withiu, but when they are empty the eftect of so maay tall, gaunt ohjects—for most of them are upright—is Much the same as a visit to a largo uodertaker’s shop where the coffins aro kept standing on end. When one becomes accustomed to this darkness of color it is found to be resttul to the eye and in infinitely better taste than the majority of the cases in tho American dopartment, The British cases are solid, substantial and of chaste design, while those now veing put up by our own exhibiters—often moro expensive and made of the finest mottled walnut and polished woods—aro generally too florid tm ornamentation. British exhib- itors say that the cases from their country are all mado by three famous houses in London, who make a specialty of mauufacturing handsome work of this kind, DOULTON WARR The largest single space allotted in the British seo- ton ts that of T. H. Doulton & Co., of Lambeth, man- ufacturers of the pottery universally cailed ‘Doulton ware.” Their stands cover 3,000 square feet. Nearly all tneir goods are ready. Tuis establishment, which is famous throughout the world for its tine work, sends ‘one of the choicest collections of all, and certainly the finest in its pecuhar line, The famous group of “America,” in terra cotta, is to be placed in the centre of the Art Gallery, It hasarrived and been unpacked, but has not yet been set up. Of its thousands of fragile parts not one was injured, #o carefully wasit packed for transportation, Another of these exhibits is a beauti- ful dolptin fountain of elaborately ornamental Doulton ware, which has been placed in position in the centre avenue of the main buildfng. Itis ten fect high and of beautiful design. Divided into a number of sepa- rate groups are manufacturing and domestic stoneware, One group ts of large jars, surmounted by a monster ho.divg 260 gallons; another ig for chomical and scien- tife ware; and another for plumbers and sanitary goods. A huge segmental sewer pipe, nearly five fect in diameter inside, which can be taken apart like the staves of a barrel, is also exhibited. The gems of this collection, however, aro in the art work—ornamental china and pottery, designed not only for the table and the mantel, but tiling for floors aud for tnlaying in door panels, = mantcis, furniture and ~ walls, Thero are over 1,500 different specimens of these alone. This exhibition of Doulton ware, showing the many articles which can be made of pote tery aud chia, and the iapumerabie uses and orna- mente it can bd ord to, will certainly be one of tho great features of the British display. METAL WORK, Another promincut object ts the fine metal work of Elkington & Co., where, in a space of much less than 200 square feet, Will be goods val ‘Thess hands rotunda, in ¢ Their acighbors are the cases of A.B Danicll & who exhibit costly and elaborate ornamental CHINA WORK, whose js wore amoug the firstto be in Vorcelain and earthenware are also extibited by T. O Brown, Westhead, Moore & Co., from Hanley, Stafford- shire; Brownlleld’ & Son, of Vobridge, Staifurdshire, aod others, Maw & Co., of Broseley, Staffordshire, have a very pretty structuro of encausiic tiles and mo- sates, and adjoining them Craven, Dunnell & Ca, of Shropshire, bave a floor and wall of mosaic tiles, “The Staffordshire pottertes are well represented, and such a display of ware was never before seen in this country. ‘Two iarge columns of polished Aberdeen granite are the present most prominent representatives of old Reotia They are sent by MoDonaid, Field & Co., and Thomas Hunter, of Aberdeen, IRON ART WORK. A conspicuous object is a very elad fe iron lawn ilion, now eek 7, Messrs. Barnard, Br « jarnard, ot the Nor! iron Works, Norwich, tb. itors of fine art work in metals, This pavilion is well worth a description in full. The detaiis are thus given pry nical description in the Norwich Mercury of pride This pavilion, whieh is Intended for nse upon a lawn, or orn ¥5 feet long by 18 feet wide, by 35 Huge. It is mounted wpun «date of » Ata height of seven feet inches fro row S‘temusowm bar oonmects the colucaus, ‘The lower versede fe | AD a ss desizn to the lower ones. ore 8 Wransom bar, above which ie mish open work ‘ates Rilke euevarter teks Recotonse’, The wrackets, however, character, ie @ riehl; floral ‘and geometrical pattern, the chrysant! taken as one tor its ornament. hich are wrought Tee iron) is covered with sinc, d tiles, and is jounted by a ng. id pendant and overhanging the tower effective design. Une of ost, novel features of this work is which surrounds the entire building, Thi fuches high, and is entirely of wrought ircu, has been tukeu asa type for its ornamont, ig as been divided into seventy-two panels, ench of whieh is oc- cupied by a suntiower three feot six inches high, the Hower ftwol g eleven incues in diameter, fully veined loaves, six in number ‘The appearance of this railing is of a wost ustal character, iece rivalled of its 4 tho The suntiower The railin; ving cares each "flower, striking and workumansh! of time has. pre: tis wy a in bas relief, and the upper floor will be appro: an ameutal staircase Tn vcast iron. While ‘upon exhivition as Philatelphia the ceilings aud the upper portion of the walts of the interior will be covered by s slihen cloth having rich embroidery upon it, specially designed by Mr. Jecky! MURCH DECORATIONS, Church decoratious, of handsome workmanship and Deautiful devign in brass, silver, glass, enamelled porce- Jain, tiles and wood are shown by several exhivitors. James Shootbred & Co., of London, and other firms, have put up structures jor the display of urt furniture. This display wiil be particularly interesting and attract- ive, There comes trom Easton a statue of Christ, in Derbyshire alabaster, and large carved chests for val- uables. Goods im iron, clay and terra cotta are shown by Ivory & Wood, of West Bromwich, The leading English makers of tiles—Minton, Hollins & Co.—also send many exhibits. The perfumery exhibit will be a very pretty one, the principal exhibitors being J. & E. Atkinson, In siained glass the exhibitien will be the tinest England has ever made at any international fair, Splenud cpportunitios fof display are alforded by the large windows over the ends and sides of the main building, Tue south centre gallery windows were assigned to England, and the most famous Eng- lish makers are sending their best specimens, the con- tribuuions being so numerous that an extension of space was granted. There will be an excellent chance to compare the Enghsh glass with the far-lamed German work, the latter country having been assigned the windows of the west front for her exhibitors, orn ExXUMTs. In the departments of watches, clocks, scientific, sur- he and mathematical instruments, and in carpets, firo grates, furniture and stationery, the displays are | going to be good, a8 also in upuolstery, glassware, | stoves, silverware, woollens, cottons, Ineus, artists? | materials, threads, yarns, poplins, laces,’ hosiery, gloves, jewelry, musical instruments and jeather work. exile fabrics especiaily will be completely rep- resented, ‘THR LOXDON GRaPHic has erected an enclosure on tho walls of which are ex- | hibited many of the origival designs of their pictures, which make it a very attractive exhibition. In the | centre of thorr space there is a model of the machine | on which the Graphic is printed, which will be used tur | printing circulars, and will bave power furnmtied by the agency of u gas stove. The Jlnstrated London News, also, has 4 structure on which are shown many of their best engravings. Bradbury & ‘Agnew, the publishers of Punch, will exhibit a curious collection of cartoons trom that fam- ous publication. ‘Tne British Geological Survey and Orduance Survey will show maps, &c, Ap ornate wilton has been erected for the “school of Art jeediework,” over which the Princess Louise pre- os, and ‘nere will be shown, amoug other things, work sept by the Queen and royal family, FROM LNDIA. The exhibit of India goods in the main building is neurly all urcanged, and will be of much interest to Americans, The greuter portion is sent from the India Museum of London, There are specimens of the tood and other products of India, showing everything that the natives cat, wear and use, There are dyes und silks im every sible iorm—raw, floss, cocucn, spun, woven, dyed, &¢.--and wild silks, These specimens ure carefolly arranged in cases, with neat labels showing whence they came, There aro ulso cases contaiving native Indian arms, pottery, metal ware (some of it of great costiness), lacquered’ work, boxes made of porcupine quills, sandal wood, &e An assoviment of native fans are exhibited, also inlaid ivory and native stone work. There are specimens of the Hindoo antiquit.es trom Amarayati; also textile fabrics in silk and cotton, unique drawings in nica and embrotdcred work from Delhi. There 1s a case of jow- ciry from Bombay, « case of maguificent India shawls, ‘an exhibit of Indian carpets and also fine specimens of lace worked by the native ladies, In the carriage ansex to the main puilding En- gland has 4,000 square feet and Canada 2,700 square feet, The goods ure not yet, however, arranged. Tho loading carriage makers of London, Worcester, Man- chester, Norwich and other places send contributions, the famous Sondon establishment of J, Peters & Sons sending ten vehicles, from the lordly “drag” to the ladies’ “Victoria,” One of their finest curriages 18 used by the British Commissioners in Philadeiphia, the royal arms being patnted on the panels, There is also a tine exhibition of harness and carriage fittings, lamps, &c, The structure of the British vehicle is generally much heavier than that of this country, Mr. J. H. Jopling, the Superintondent of Fine Arte in the Brisish section, is in this city, and has laid out plans for hanging the pictures in the Memorial Hall. | All the contributions are here. In the horticultural department a considerable British display will be made | of garden ornaments, terra cotta ware, lawn mowers und other similar articles from the varlous manutuc- turers mentioned above. England will not have much to show in horticulture, Waterer, the British florist, sends a display of rhodo- dendrons; Veitch, of London, sends a fine collection of plunts. There will be inside the hail a collection of 260 plants from Jamaica, New Zealund sends a tine exhibition of ferns, i AUSTRALASIA. The Australian exhibits are chiefly specimens of raw products, views of sucnery and flowers and samples of soils and minerals. New South Waies has erected in the centre of ite space a large trophy containing speci- mens of coal in blocks, The Quoensland exhivit is in the most forward state of prepzation of any, and is in charge of Mr. Mackay, of the Queensiander, Hor space 18 cuclosed and has in the centre an obelisk rep- resenting the quantity of gold found in the colon: since 1868. The height of this oelsk is 19 feet S inches; itis 3 feet 3 mches square at the base and 18 juches square at the apex. The gold it represents ‘weighed 60 tons and was worth $35,000,000, Towering above the enclosure, this obelisk is a prominent object in this part of the building. There are photographs apd colored drawings on the walls, represeating the scenery of the diferent parts of the colony, the towns, villages, gold regions, &c. These are arranged in geographical groups, each group having a descrip- tion on (he wall above it and specimens of tne soils aud products beneath. The colony sends spec'mens of Un, copper, sugar, arrow ruot, wools, oils, timbers, silks, natural history and also botanical preparauions, The production of tin 18 now eclipsing that ot gotd in Queensiand, and the colony has sent oo leas than twelve tons of tin to the Exhibition, representing the metal ip every stage from the crude ore to the smelted tin. There are also five tons of copper sent, one singie mass of copper ore of very fine quality weighing two tons, There are Sara, eee wines, spirits aud also fine wools from the ling Downs district. An elab- orate box, exhibiting twenty-two different woods of the colony, is exhibited, these timvers being also repre- sented in the leg. The Canadian exhibit is not yes ready, the cases being all up, however, and mach of the goods on the ground. Raw products wiil make up a great portion of the Canadian digpiay, THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. PREPARATION FOR THES CELEBRATION OF THE COMING FOURTH OF JULY--EXPLANATION BY ‘MR, KIMBALL, OF NEW YORK, Puivapeceua, May 5, 1876. The commission came to order at three P, M. There ‘was but a siim attendance. Mr. Kimball, of New York, who was reported in yesterday’s Hxenaty as taking ground in favor of abnagating tho existing contracts in regard to the liquor question desires a correction made— via, that he was decidedly in tavor of sustaining all existing concessions, but acknowlerzes that he was in the outset opposed to tho selling of hquor on the ‘ou! but asthe concessions had been gran ny point undoubtedly sustain them, oo ‘The credentials of 8. 5. Kikins, of New Mexico, were presented and referred to the proper committee. in reference to rations tur the 4th of July cel- ebrauion, General wiey explained that the proces- sions could not be fused, that they would be cach #0 Massive that the streets would be obstructed and too proposed thet tho civic miNiary nnd woclety duplays at the civic, military and soc! aye Mould be allotted uiffercat vections of the city, which would, no doubt, be carried out. The ceremonies upon the ground have previously published so far as it could be arranged at present. A prelimiuary committee of three wore appointed to organize tho tions of the day and report afer the opening of the Exbibition, On motion, the{commission adjourned until Monday next at three P. SPANISH-AMERICA AT THE CEN- TENNIAL. Several respectable commission houses dealing specially with Spam and the Spamsh-American coun” tries have turnished funds to establish, in the Inter- national Exhibition, an oflico devoted to the promotion and the increase of trade betweeu the United States and all the Spanish-speaking countries, being at the spy ooh give y Rogen or eye re- the bxbibition and its contents to Spaniards and Bpanish-Ainerican visitors. if ‘The office will be known under the name of “‘Spanish- American Commerciai oe ip wad ite mai will ‘ve Mesars. C. Carranza and soategui, wit! orn the idea inated. Among the subscribers of stock- ho'ders are found, besides these ceutiemen, the weil of Mufioz & Espriella, late Ribon & hy on thedry BE. F ad as & Co., Her- andes Tracy, alway c. Mr. Carranza has been for a long time the chargé d? affaires of the Argentine Republic at Washington, and ‘Mr. Ansoategui is the Consul General from Honduras, s WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL UNION. The last general meeting of the Women’s Centennial Union will te held at Chickering Hall to-day, at two o’clock. The President’s and Treasurer's reports will ‘be read, and the banoer destined for the Woman's Pa- ‘vilion at ‘will be exhibited, STREET TRAVEL How London’s Four Millions Travel on Land and Water. The Great Usefulness of the Underground Railway. THE ‘“’BUSES. Over Fifty Million Passengers Carried by One “Bus” Company. Instructive Facts for New York Conveyance Monopolists. Loyvox, April 22, 1876. As might bo expected, the necessities of the wem- ing miilions who inhabit the “county of houses” called London have cailed into existence a manifold system of locomotion which, in extent and general adaptability, is without equal. A glance at the statis- tics relating to the ares and population of London will suffice to show what the locomotive necessities of the inhabitants must be. Spread out on cither side of the river over an erea of 78,000 acres, equal to 122 square miles, in an endless labyrinth of brick-lined streets, ; the vast city shelters a population of 4,000,000 souls, London must be regarded usa congeries of towns and cities amalgamated imto one vast whole, the aucle! being the cities of London proper and of Westminster™ Around these two centres the growth of centuries has produced modern London, the extreme suburban points of the circumference being Hampstead, Islington, Stoke Newington and Hackney in the north; Stratford, Lime- house, Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Charlton and Plumstead in the eust; Camberwell and Streatham in the south, and Kensington, Fulham, Hammersmith and Putney in the west. Thus, although all these places retain thei old manner, they are tn fact swallowed up by the huge and ompiverous monster of whom they have become part and parcel, As the question of RAPID AND EYMACTIVE TRANSIT is now exciting much atten( "yn in New York, the read- ers of the HekatpD may like to have some details as to the principle and method employed in solving this im- portant problem for the immense locomotive popula- tion of London, It must be stated, however, at the outset that, owing to the entirely differing coniigura- tion and topography of the sites of London and New York and the completely dissimilar geological forma- tions on which the two cities stand, no strictly parallel comparison can be made between them. Tho triple city of New York, Jersey City and Brooklyn is sepa, rated by two vast streams and lies upon an unrivalled harbor, whereas London, tar inland, is simply bisected by ono great water artery, Then, again, New York stands upon rocky ground, London upon a formation which has given a name to geology—tho ‘London cluy”—s point of much importance when the practiva- bility of subterrancaw railroads ts taken into consider- ation. The three great lines of transit and travel in settled countries being ROAD, RIVER AND RAIL, it {s under these hoads that an account of the systems of locomotion should be classified, River and rail, as arteries of London locomotion, do not present any par- ‘cular points of interest just now with regard to the question of transit engaging the attention of New York, where an effective and suitable system of omnibuses and cabs seems to be the great desideratum. Indeed, so far as locomotion by river ia concerned, London has far more to loarn from New York than New York from London, There is scarce any ground for comparison between the little “penny steamer,"’ flitting about on the Thames, and the majestic ferryboat of the North and East ri although, on the other hand, tho dimensions of the penny steamer are in keeping with ‘the size of the stream on which it plies, just as tno mighty St. Jobo is in harmony with the oceafic stream of the Hudson. As to the facilities afforded by gig!) THE METROPOLITAN AND DISTRICT RAILWay, the many schemes which have been suggested to provide New York with an underground ratiway must have made the London system familiar to your readers, and it will not be necessary to dwell at any length upon the subject, A glance at the official map of the Dis, trict Railway and its connections explains the wholo system utonce, The underground railway sweeps in an oval form around the central and western portions of London embracing the centres of commerce and fashion. Attached to tho oval on its west is a loop line embracing the westeru suvurbs as tar as Hammer- smith, At different poiuts in {ts circumference tho, underground system is tapped. by the main lines of railway which radiate from the metropolis to tne provinces, the radiuting lines crossing on the north a Jong line which traverses northern London, and on the west a line which traverses the extreme western por- tion of the suburbs and connects the main lines which run north and south. The first section of the under- ground railway, consisting of three anda half miles of tunnels and cuttings between Farringdon street and Paddingdon, was opeued in 1862, It cost £1,300,000, and runs on the same level with the gas pipes and water mains, Hence it has been cailed the “Railway of Rats’ and “The Main Sewer.” The southern half of the oval was completed in 1869 and 1871, and rans through more cuttings than the northern portion, from which circumstance 1t has been dubbed the “dayiixght route,” UNDERGROUXP LONDON. This system of rail has proved an immense boon to the hundreds of thousands who, when their day’s work is over, wish to escape speedily to the freer air of the suburbs, and its complotion has no doubt tended to swell immensely the growth of the suburbs. The speed of the underground trains varies from twenty to thirty miles an hour—a rate which is maintained be- places owing to the system ius cam be brought to a dead stop in a few yards. e fuors of the carriages being on « level with tue platiorms of the stations, the car- riages are emptied aud filled im an imerediavly short space Of time, the average time of st beimg about twenty to thirty-tive seconds, The chief, and indeed almost the only cause of complaint against the Metro- poiltan Railway, 1s the overcrowding of the carnayes daring tie busy hours of the morning and evening. _— ng cach otner, as the trains do at intervals of ut a usual an underground railway carriage being the only public Yebicie in Which such overcrowding is tolerated, Occasionally sowe old geutioman with corns wil com- | mence a rotest, ‘Really, you know ——,’’ in- terrupted by sorry, bat I've missed two trains already.’’ 30 much, then, tor river and rail. The two branches of ROAD OR STREKT TRAFFIC OF LONDON are the omnibus system und the cab (“‘hansom” and “four-wheeler”) system. Vi different trom the | swall, light New York stage, drawn by its weedy | horses, is buge, solid, lumbering London ommbus, dragged through the crowded streets by its heavy, eT Belgian horses. Perhaps no teature of the street lite of Loudon strikes the American more than the ap- ce Of these great ‘*'buses,” crowded inside and ‘out, for, asa Operon thing, though a "bus"? not possess Its 1u.] complement 01 passengers within, there 18 nearly always a double row of male traveliers, seuted back to back, upon the “‘kuife-ooard”’ and two others ‘on cach side of the driver's box, — It such be the prac- lice tu the damp, rainy climate of London it would seem that the riding outside and the consequent enjoy- ‘ment of the wir might very reasonably be adopted on the New York tramways. “Another point of giiference | is the invariable employment of two officials to each stave carriage, viz, driver and conductor. Inthe American stage, which, even when crowded with people, both seated and standing, cannot afford accommodation for more than thirteen or fourteen, the driver, like the hundred-banded giant of mythology, bas not an impossible task in mi: ing his horses, Joohing alter passengers and giving his dexterity in the performance of this complitation of duties 18.4 matter of astonishment to Kuropeans. But tm the case of ‘THE LONDON oMNT ‘with its twelve passengers inside saat fourteen out, the glass along the sides being fixtures, above which the Vehicie ix pierced for ventilation. One of the objects of | this arrangement is, no doubt, to protect the inside | consequences: ae | for wear and tear on our pavements. perengipaani” ee ‘jockey club’’ on thetr pocket han@> u ant al customs. Some of the drivers, weather beaten and their bowen and thelr tapeecohie pita charace ter is very well ilustrated by the dexterous manner in which they guide their unwieldy vehicles through the thoroughtares, a collision or even # graze being ter of the utmost rarity, stolid, immovable driver ts the nimble conductor, the greater pars standing on @ step of al the sidewalks for passengers: Ita hand shes his sanane always going. ever, by no means intertere with the o Pecmnpibeer fei. wit, Caaf Uy eon’ tales at every avai opportunity. delights women as his fares. Ho will with the pata Bo temper toad himself with the Of the outside passenge:s while they climb to the erally remember the exact spot at wh takes the ‘bus, and the precise point at e é [ ri zt ts requested, to put any st w down Th “omnibus cad,” as his sobriquet ts, has even been im mortalized in song, for it will be recollected thet “Polly Perkins,” the belle of Paddington Green, whom the song says was Beautiful as s butterfly, Proud us a queen, ngled out one of this fraternity to elope with, aban- mung her chances with viscounts, earls and milkinen, The pages of Punch teem with the sayings and doings ofthe omnibus fraternity, who are, on the whole, portion of the population of the many: sided metropolis which could not be spared, Their almost invariable good temper and their capacity for looking at the right side of their arduous life of hard wor and ex posure have made them public favorites, THE AVERAGE SPEED of tho London *busses, including stoppages, is from five to six miles per hour. During the middle of the day, when the oid ladies are abroad shopping, the may be sometimes rather less; in fact, it has been ro. marked that during these slack hours the snail may gallop guyly past the fustest bus, and the tortoise (baving ap apporntment to keep) prefers walking to a Seat on the kite board. OMNIDUS ROUTES traverse London in all directions, through the centra parts to and from the extreme suburbs There am about 1,500 different omuibuses (about 600 of which are the property of the Londou General Omaibus Com- pany), employing nearly 7,000 persons. The majority commence running at eight in the morning, and, as & rule, do not cease until midnight or later. They suc ceed cach other during the busy parts of the day at im tervals of Ove minutes, The fares vary {rom one penuy, to sixpeuce within the metropolis, according to dim + tance. A hst of the fares to the chief points of ite route is posted in each omnibus. Tho chief centres from which omnibus routes radiate are:— All the railway stations, ‘The Bank of England.“ General Post Otiice. Charing Cross. Oxiord strect, corner of Tottenham Court road. Oxiord street, Regent Circus 23 Sloane street, Piccadilly, Kegent Circus and White Horse Cellars, Bishopsgate street, trae ah Angel Inn, Islington, Elephant and Castle. Ludgate Circus, The chief starting points on the outskirts of Londo are:— p2avawater to Whitechapel, by Oxford street and Hol rn. Blackwall to Pimlico, Brompton to London Bridge. : Camberwell to Grucechurenh street, by London Bridge Camberwell to Camden Town, by Waterloo Bridge, Charing Cross, Regent strect aod ‘atheaie street. Chelsea, King’s Road to Bishopsgate street, by Sloane street, Si. Paul’s and Bank. Hammersmith and Kensington to the Bank, by Pic- cadilly, the Strand, St, Paul's, Cheapside, Kennington to King’s Crosa, by Biackfriar’s Road, Fleet street, Gray’s Inn lane. Mother Red Cap, Cumden and Kentish Town to Bayswater, Paddington to Oxford street, Holborn, Newgate street, Cheapside. St. John’s Wood to Bank. St. Joun’s Wood to Elephant and Castle, by Baker bee Regent street, Charing Cross and Westminster ride, Westminster to Highgate, by Charing Cross, Chan- cery lane, Gray’s Inn lave, Islington and Holloway. York and Albany (near Zovlogical Gardens), Regent's Park, to Camberwell meta bY, Portland road, Regeng, street, Charing Cross, and Waterloo Uridge, ‘Thus the whole area of the great city 18 intersected by the omnibus routes, which’ form an important auxiliary to the underground and suburban railways, connecting the stations and facilitating the ceaseles desire to “move on.’? HISTORY OF THK LONDON OMNInUS, Having said this much 1t wili be well now to inquire | more particularly into the history and working of the omnibus system of London. Itis to the French that London is indebted for the invention of the vehicie; for in 1562 an edict of Louis XIV, established a line of “carosses @ cing sous.” A grand féle inaugurated the use of these novel carriages; they became ‘the rage’ and were monopolized for some timo Ly the wealthier class, so that those tor whom they were especially de- signed could not avail themselves ot the new vehicle, When, in course of time, the rich people grew tired of * the novelty the poor would, have nothing to do with tne carosses, which consequently gradually fel into disuse. In 1827, however, they were revived and in 1829 introduced , into Loudon by a Mr. Shillibeer, and, for a cousidersble time, were known alter Lim by the name of Shillibeers, From that dato of this importation of omnibuses into England until the year 1855 the omnibus system of Loudon, which was, of course, of much smaller pro- portions that at the present time, was purely propries tary. In the latter year, however, a M. Orsi, who had accompanied the late Einperor of the French on the “Game Eagie” expedition to Boulogne, hit upon a scheme for itnproving his own tortuues and at the same time bettering the condition of the London om- nibus trailic, by introducing into London the same kind of management which had long worked admirabiy aa Paris. Having associated himself with a busimess wap named Foucard, and drawn up a prospectus, these two enterprising Frenchmen submitted their scheme to the tour leading London omnibus proprietors, who at once fell in with the proposal and became the agents of Orsi & Foucard. The new company was establis! in Paria as a Société en Commandite, the “COMPAGNIE GENERALE DKS OMNIBUS DE LONDRES,” with # capital of £700,000, Meanwhile, the agents in England bought up the roiling stock, horses, harn stabling, and good will of nearly ail the existing ownt- bus propricwwrs, and became the owners of ‘buses, "’ 6.000 horses, and employers of a numerous staf? of coachmen, conductors, and other workmen, They also bought the good will of theroutes which were to be traversed, and paid in some cases as much at £200 or £250 for tho good wiil of oneomnivns. Tue company continued working in this form, asa French rgd with English managers, anti! December 31, 1857, when, the Limited Liability act having come into operation, the Socicle en Commanidile was transformed mto an English company under the styi¢ ot “fhe London General Omnibus Company, Limited,” since which, no further alterations bi made in its organization ¢ i, FACTS FOR NEW YORK, . From the semi-annul report of this great company (the shares m which stand now at 13v) lor the hall year ending December 31, 1875, 1 extract the foliowing siatistics :—The gross receipts for the galt year were £826,882, of which sum £269,768 were produced by the ordiuary omnjbus trafic and private bi; £51,689 by the Lousing of tramway cars, and £4,884 {rom the sale of manure and advertising; the number of passengers carried during 8ix months by nibuses was: 35,088,390; the average number of omnibuses working on week days was 667; the average number of omnibuses work- ing on Sundays, 467; the average traflic receipts part omuibus per Week were £15 ls. 114 d.; The average tratlic receipts per omuibus per working day, £2 lis, ‘1d. ; the average fare per passenger, 258d, ; the avor- age carmngs pet mile rua, 1 ; total number of miles run by omuibuges, 5,876,547. The total 8 Ge Company during the hail year were 384 HORSES. The number of the Company’s horses employed it omulbusand tramway service on December 31, 1875, ‘Was 7,855; the a ek a patd ror horses during the half year was £39 Ss 64., in the corresponding period of 1974 it was £9 6s. Gd, The number of dead and hv- jug horses soid guring the half year was & in’ the corresponding balf year of 1874 tl ‘was 950: proportionately to total number ot the Company's es loss wag 0.6 per cent less than in 1874, The total cost of horse renewals in the haif year was 616 17a. 10d. ; in the half year ending December N74, it was £33,147 14s. f1d., u decrease of £2,5301%8. 1d. This company owns about 600 of the 1,600 omnibuses which traverse tue metropolis. The remaimmg 900 are the property of ‘a few lesser companics and of private individuals, The pay of the drivers of all the London omnibuses it about $1 50 per diem, and that of the conductors avout $i, On the Slst of December last there were 2,596 omnibus drivers and 3,402 condactors licensed. ‘THIR HASTY SUMMARY of a subject which pegon be swelled to much larger dimensions may be of interest to those in New York who are interested in procuring for that city a system of public conveyance which shall be cheap, commo. dious and effective, Although the system of horse cars, of, a8 they are called hire, “tramways,” is so much New York than in London, Fequiroemnts of the population, 1 fear that not many hints cab ve derived jrow the Ret remarks. In fact, what the horse cars dé for New York the omarbuses do for London, and trom ‘the configuration of London it is not possible that the “buses” can be superseded. The London sireets are far too harrow and tortuous to admit of rails, wuieh, im ‘the wide and rectangularly intersecting streets of New York are conveniently practicable, — In iho suburbae portions of London, huwever, horse cara have, alte Much opposition, beca successtully introduced and have furnished one more means of cheap and transit to the huge and overgrown metropolia. The real want of New York, as recently shown in the cok ams of the Henato, 4s cheap cabs, The want hat mn well met in london by the de: bansom cab system, 4! barges poe = Now that we are blessed with a stage conch, why cat not New Yorkers advance one step further and have “Cheap Cabs,” As before stated; we do not need & fancy equipage, bat plain, darable saragu ngs 4 bd ink u = Ch gg ‘. an cab, be ever 80 ost abiversally patronized im preterence to the packed and close “horse cars, or Setioss umaibuses exp Gayot wil kein ater agate y matter Naw Yous, May 1, he ee r ” ete, de. Uh