The New York Herald Newspaper, October 13, 1875, Page 4

NEW YORK HERALD, WEUNHESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1875—QUADRUPLE SHEET. AT RICAN EX Paya A TION, Corrected Map of Central Africa, Showing the Livingstone, Baker, Speke, Stanley and Other Routes. | 12 BAYONG North Latitude AU KOMBO 2 eet 1865 seen ern ~-| “Turkey alg. 188 SONHO \ \ SS pe oe (@ mossxme Se ER GUIN Me SALVADOR 16 20 Senet eetn Li CNL, Liba i . ow ce SCALE OF ENGLISH MILES 50, ico 150 200 250 36u Or.Livngstone’s routes between the years 1851 and 1873 (ir piglet nasal 400. —$—$—$— 32 40 £QUATOR | Fut Cup ol v RoxTHer oc: t 20 po AY ISONDOKORO |} eRanig 36 eer ee S > 7] ». ! TARRANGOLLE % onic tor. ae Fi ‘ * > S ip» Dr.Schweiiifurin.Mar-Aprl870 veg Hoe cone RNeoote ® Fa is \ econ Eineerene) ("5 THE MILE QURCES Recent Letters from Henry M. Stanley. The of I a Progress and Objects Present Expedi RESULTS OF VARIOUS EXPLORATIONS, But One Link Required to Solve the Mystery. tion livision of Central Equatorial Africa, which {s ropreser n the map before the reader, from the various explorations and discoveries therein of the last twenty ears has become, to the scientific and commercial world, to the philanthropist and the general Teatler of the daily newspaper, the most interesting Fogion on the face of the earth. We give this map to the readers of the Hexato for their information, first, in regard to preeent expedition of Mr, Stanley reported results and ite alti- mate objects; and n for a general sum. ming up of the work achieved } Grant and Burton, Baker, Cam Livingstone, Speke, n, Stanley and other explorers in the common enterprise of ascertaining the sources and the extent and the mets and bounds of the great intorior basin drained by tho head springs, rivers and lakes tributary, or supposed to be tributary mighty Nile. to the STANLEY'S LeTTERs From the letters which we have so far received fr Mr, Stanley, detailing the labors, vicissitudes and re sults of his present our will have discovered his field of operations embraces—first, a thorough explora expedition, that realers appointed tion of the first discovered of the’groat Equatorial res. ervoirs of the Nile, the lake Victoria Niyanza; second, @ similar circamnavigation of the Albert Niyanza, which ‘May be calied the twin lake with the Victoria, of tho Mow —_ KARU Neu" eee -~—s F Kilima-N}, "pond ie in, = Set i % Tributarics of' the Lub or We aes sbbe R 4 “ iY, RUMUMAZ 0) Wniratre ML (2 280 WO} ZUNGOMERO iemba 2624 eee ; s{Mictond hus igh ‘ 400M. ‘ smn Runs Ni.Clarendon 6,000 Nile fouutains, and next (and here wo reach, no doubt, the main and paramount object of the expedition), the finishing of the unfinished work of Livingstone, in fol- lowing down the great river which drains his interior basin, from the point where the lamented chief of African explorers compelled, ‘a mere ruckle of bones,” to leave the enchanting stream and return to Ujiji, bis on th base of operatio ake Tanganyika, Hore, the reader will remember, Stanley found the brave old man, and {rom those timely and much needed supplies on hand so rapidly restored him to health and strength that he would not listen to the proposition of a return homeward short of another effort to establish the outlet of that beautiful interior river which he firmly be! tho Nil eved to be THR VICTORIA NIYANZA, The march of Stanley on this expedition from the East African coast through a wilderness of 700 miles of difficult swamps, jungles, malaria and hovtile tribes of savages, furnishos one of the most remarkable examples of military sagacity, discipline and horoiem fortitude and successful perseverance of all the heroic a into the heart of aboriginal Africa is apparent, from his first reports of his fifty-eight days’ reconnotssance of the Vic toria Lake, that the civilized world will be amply rewarded for his labors, whatever may be the fate in those African wilds reserved for him. He is so completely acclimated, however, to the pestilential air of Equatorial Africa, so thoroughly exporiencea as an African traveller, so quick to provide for all probable contingencies of danger and go fully informod as to the field of labor still before him, that we have the highest confidence that he will return from this enterprise crowned with all the honors of complete success. He has established the truth of Speke's report that the Victoria Lake is one vast body of water, and not a chain of lakes, as conjectured to be, by Burton and as enpposed to be by Livingstone, Ho has shown to the world that the wild tribes inhabiting the shores of this ‘lake occupy large tracts of amazing fertility, and that these people are rich in their resources of cattle and elephants for a profitable trade with the outside world, Unquestionably, his disclosures of these riches will shortly attract the entorprising mercantile spirit of Epgland and the Vaited States to the project of opening a commercial highway from the seaboard to the Victoria Niyanza, We anticipate a ilar report from THE ALBERT NIYANZA, Sir Samuel Baker, in his famous military expedition up the Nile in the service of the enlightened and: pro gressive Khedive of Egypt, narrowly escaped with his command from the treac! rous and warlike savages and slavetraders on the peninsula between these two great lakes; but he gave thoso savages such a whole. some chastisement that they have since been compara. tively peaceable. General Gordon and Captaim Long, too, at present in the Khedive's servieo, have recently impressed those tribes with the invincible power of the white man, 80 that in crossing over from the Victoria to the Albert lako we expect that Stanley will find friends among those tribes instead of enemies. In nis circumnaviga- tion of the Albert Lake, which has been explored only by Baker southward for 100 miles or so from its north: ern outlet, Stanley may solve the only remaining mys- tery of the Nile, which 1s its reported connection with the Tanganyika, It was by some of tho natives ro- ported to Baker, while on the borders of this lake on his military expedition, that thero was A NAVIG BLE CONNECTION between this lake and the Tanganyika; but this report was treated ag an invention, with the fact before the world that Li igstone and Stanloy, ina canoe trip from Ujijl to the north end of the Tanganyika, found there a river with @ strong current from the north flowing into the lake. Thus a dividing riage was established be- tween the two lakes, and yet there may be a navigable connection between thom, as we shall presently show. Proceeding now to a general explanation of the CENTRAL AFRICAN DISCOVERIES presented in the map beforo us, we find that these recorded results of many explorations within the last nbition and the in sixty years are due to the lofty spiring temptation of discovering the source or sources of the wonderiul Nile, and of its steady and never- failing stream and of its annual fertilizing inundation of Egypt. Bruee on reaching in Abyssinia the sources of the Blue Nile thought ho had discovered the head springs of the main river; but the Blue Nile to the White Nilo beara bard!v the samo comparison of length and drainage that the Upper Mississippi bears to the greater Missouri, MOMAMMED ALIS EXPEDITION The Viceroy of Egypt's expedition, the first equipped undertaking to determine tho length and sources of the White Nile or main river, This ex. over ‘thirty years was 1 and ago, regularly organiz pedition ascended the stream from the cataracts of Egypt to a point four degrees m@rth of the Equator, and within a hundred miles of Lake Albert, when, dispirited ond exhausted, tt faced about and returned down the river to Cairo, The first actual discovery of one of the fountain-heads of the great river was that of SPEKE AND GRANT, in their discovery of the great lake, to which, in honor of their sovereign, they gave tho name of Victoria, coupling it with the native name N’yanza or Niyanza, They traced to its outlet, and its outlet they found was the Nile, or a branch of the Nile, part that they had discovered the fountain-head of Convinced on their the river they so reported it and it was so accepted by the world until Sir 6amuel Baker a few years later, in ascending the main stream from Abyssinia, discovered west of the Victoria and crossing tho Equator, too, another great lake tributary to tho Nile, to which, in honor of the worthy consort of His Sovereign, he gave the name of Albert Niyanza. Thus, that the whole problem of the sources of the Nile was it was considered settled, excepting the extent and the drainage of the Albert lake, But it was inferred by the London Royal Geographical Society that this lake extended south- 4 only a degree or two below the Equator, and that, with the Victoria, it absorbed all the fountain But LIVINGaTON®, heads of the Nile, had unknown to the world, his meantime, from Lake Tanganyika westward, been quietly pursuing, Jaborious’ explorations and his extraordinary discoy- cries in that great interior region of fertile lowinnds, and of springs, lakes and rivers, which we will call Livingstone’s Interior Basin. In consulting our map the reador will perceive that all this vast system of lakes and fivers, through the Lomame, are drained into ope great heavy stream flow- Lualaba and the ing westward, and that this stream, as in an unknown desert, is suddenly cut of THIS 18 THE NILE MYSTERY which still remains unsolved, and here lies the uitt- mate and paramount work of Stanley tn his present expedition, for here it was that Livingstone was com pelled to relinquish the prize within his grasp and to abandon it from sheer exhaustion. . THIS GREAT BRIOR MASty, extending through over ten degrees of latitude and Stretching across twelve degrees of longitude, may, In general terms, be described as covering’ an area equal to the section of the United States embraced between the latitude of this city and the Gulf of Mexico on tho one hand, and between the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi River on the other, And all the arain age of this great basin, from all its countless springs Jakes and rivers, drawn from the enormous rainfall of Equatorial Africa, as Livingstone believed from his researches and from tho course of the great outflowing river, BELONGS TO THR NILR. In this belief he died, and in (his belief his welcomo companion on the Tanganyika and his successor to his unfinished work bas gono out to finish it. If estab. lished that this system lakes is tributary to the Nile, then the great river of Egypt, flowing through forty-four degrees of latitude, or with a distancé in a straight line of 8,000 miles bo- tween its sources and its delta on the Mediterranean, becomes of jaterior rivers and ‘THE LONGHST RIVER IN THR Won.p, Stanley has cstablishod its drainage by tho Victoria lake as extending to four degroes south of the Equator, or thirty-six degrees from its junctions with the sea. Thus, ns our mighty Mississippi flows through only twenty degrees of latitude, it must be admitted that old Grandfather Nile, leaving out Livingstone's extension, in his length and unfailing strength eclipses the “Father of Waters.” Flowing 1,600 milos through aronsting desert without a tributary, the volume of water which the Nile carries to the sca is much less than that of the Mississippi, while its supplies from the clouds in the rainy division of the continent which it crosses are much groater, THR TANGANYIKA LAKE, Livingstone made this lake at Ujiji his headquarters for several years, He had been up and down it and far to the south of it, but had not discovered its outlet when ho was found and reacued by Stanley. The two men jn an expedition, by boat, as we have said, dis- covered a powerful stream flowing into the lake at ite northern extremity, from which they naturally con- cluded that its outlet waa at its southern extromity. and that the stream im » routheastwardiy course wax discharged into the Indian Ocean, But LIRUTEXANT CAMERON'S DISCOVERY of the outlet of this lake causes ua to regret that Live ingstone did not make it, This Cameron, a young and clive British explorer, in a recent circumnavigation of this beautiful lake, discovered its outiet on its westerm side, and from our latest advices concerning hin wo presume that he is now threading by boat the mazes of" Lavingstone’s basin, The fact is ostablished that the Tanganyika lake is tributary to the Lualaba, and ag the Lualaba joins the Lomame we have only.to make a connection between this stream and the Nile in order: to connect the Tanganyika with Lake Albert, Camercn set out on lis voyage down the outlet from Tanganyika fwily satisticd that he was on the wators of the Congo and would come out by this river into tho Atlantic Ocean, But the Lualaba and the Lomame, which drain this interior basin, pursue a course, nob westward to the Congo, but northward to the Nilo, Nor can wo resist the conclusion that if the Lomame is not discharged into Lake Albert it will bo found to be the Bahr-cl-Ghazal, a great river which enters the Nile on the west side some 400 miles north of the Albert lake. Petherick’s exploration of this great tributary or main river docs not overthrow this theory, for he did not pursue the Bahr-cl-Ghazal to its sources, while between the ascer- tained basin of the Lomame and that of the Congo there is achain of mountains of 5,000 fect above the Sea, or some 2,000 fect above Livingstone’s basin. On our map Lake Albert is given as over two fect higher than Tanganyika, but more careful measurements will doubtless give a superior elevation to the latter Inka, It may, however, have a lower surface lovel than Lake Albert and yot be tributary to the Nile through the Bahr-el-Ghazal. From this brief roviow of the various discoveries embodied in THIS ACCOMPANYING MAP, the reader will observe that Stanley's present expedt« tion embraces a thorough exploration of tho lakes Albert and Victoriaand their respective basins; that his circumnavigation of the Victoria lake has been fruitful of interesting discoveries and results; that his establishment of the metes and bounds of tho Albert luke wil) probably be attended with very interest: esting discoveries; and, finally, that in tho ultimate task before = him ho has tho high reward for this expedition, in view of the com- plete solution of the problem of tho Nile sources, In any ovent, at the close of his tabors in this great fold of govgraphical research, he will have achieved enough to link his name and the two public journals concerned in this expedition in the roll of public benefactors, to whom the world will be tudebied for the opening and the revo- lation of the hitherto sealed books of Central Africa