The New York Herald Newspaper, October 1, 1875, Page 4

4 THE HAYDEN. SURVEY. a Tnteresting Picture of the Mogqui Towns in Arizona, — ae LIFE AMONG THE ANCIENT TRIBE. Hospitality of the Chiefs and Curi- osity of the People. PECULIARITIES OF NAVAJO COSTUMES. Thdustrial Enterprises Among the Most Ad- vaneed of the Indians. Mogut Towws, Arizona, Angust 15, 1875, From our camp near the Navajo cornfields we sepa- fated into two parties, three of us starting out with two pack mules, carrying our provisions and the photo- graphic kit, for the Moqui Towns, situated some eighty miles to the west; while the rest of the party, with the train, was to return forty or fifty miles to our previous camp on the Rio de Chelly, near the diamond fields, there to wait for us It had been the inten- tion to take the whole train over to the Moquts, but we learned from the Indians that the distance was much greater than we had supposed, and water was very scarce, so that it would have been almost an impossibility to have taken fourteen animals through the dry country in safety. We proposed then to make aside trip, accomplishing the eighty miles in two days, Taking with us, therefore, Mexico and Blinkey, the only two reliable and swift pack mules in the party, we set off at a good round trot and kept it up steadily all day, stopping only an hour or go at noon to rest and take a little lunch. After leaving the train we passed through the corn fields which extended up the valley for a umber of miles. Each farm was separated trom the gext by not so much as a mound of soil or a ditch, but we could tell pretty accurately where one ended and | the next commenced by the position of the huts which stood in the midst of them, and as we rode through the corn on the trail we had to keep our ani- mals atarapid gait to prevent their snapping at the stalks which grew so close to the trail. Each hill con- tained several stalks, which grew scarcely three feet high, As we passed the wigwams THE MEN CAME RUNNING OUT to seo us and inquire where we were going. Every one seemed to be busy about something, either herding | their horses, moving their goods from one place to an. other, or engaged in some household occupation. We observed two or three of the men knitting stockings with steel noedles, and their work appeared as neat and creditable as that of any old lady who had knitted sll ber life. From some of these Indians we received directions regarding the trail we were to follow. Directing our course straight for the end of a long gray mesa, which we 1 had noticed on our march for several days previous, | we rode on until late in the afternoon before we reached it; but as there was no water here we had to ride ten ar fifteen miles beyond, and at sunset we camped near another Nayajo settlement, over forty miles from where we had left our train, The next day we rode nearly forty mules throug some of the most singular mesa country wo had seen on our trip. Our trail wok almost a straight line through a broad, perfectly level valley, where a railroad track might have been laid without no grading, and the mesas on either side appeared one after another, seem- Ing almost endless as we advanced. Their end pointed boward the valley, and they ran back each way for sev- srai miles. This was on the 12th of Angust, and a little past noon we approached the most eastern of. the Moqui villages, three of which we could see for a dis- tance of several miles, perched upon the level top and at the extreme poimt of a long mesa As we neared its foot we were first made aware of the vicinity of bnuman beings by observing several peach orchards growing in the sand in the valley below the plateau, and also by the presence of many flocks of sheep and goats, with their respective Moqui shepherds in attendance. Then we passed through numerous corn patches and open gar- dens of beans, squashes, watermelons and pumpkins, We were directed by one of the shepherds where to find water for our horses before ascending, which proved to be at the foot of the bluff in a deep depression, which had been improved and walled up from time to time by the natives. The water of this spring or reservoir was | tool, but unpleagant to the taste and alive with small insects and larvie, but it sufficed for our thirsty animals, faking the well-boaten track from here, we rode on un- Ul we approached a broad, steep, smooth road, which led to tke summit of the Mesa. This was some eix feet broad and could almost be used asa wagon road. We could see SCORES OF NUDE PAPPOOSES standing on the cliffs overhead and running like goats along the edge or leaping across a chasm from one point to another. They were all attracted to the edge of the Mesa by such an unusual spectacle as the ap- proach of white strangers. From their positions they could command a view of the surrounding coautry for | fifteen or twenty miles, and we had undoubtedly been observed when far out upon the valley hours before. As we climbed the last step at the top of the path and dismounted from our animals at the entrance of the town, two men advanced to greet us—one, tho foremost, a bright, fine looking young fellow, dressed in 4 full American costume, | with a cocked hat and red feather, who took off bis hat, shook hands, and in broken English, Interspersed with Spanish, bade us welcome. The other, an older man, did likewise. These, we discovered | afterward, wore father and son—the elder, the ‘“Capi- tan” or Governor of the town. By this time the tops of the houses and the open courts were covered with people. Old men, dressed jn tropical raiment; women of every age, cager to get a glimpse of us, and bun- dreds of pappooses perched on the walls around and above us—all seemed to bid us welcome in their beaming faces, which were turned upon us. After we had shaken bands with several more of the prominent men, our mules were taken from us and ly fed with corn, and our hosts invited us to entire the house, Following up a ladder to the roof of the second story and from thence to the third by 4 series of stone stopa, we passed through a low aperture into a room on this floor. Here we were bidden to be seated on a raised platiorm atone side of the room, on which had been previously placed robes made or woven from rabbit skins Behind us @ maiden was grinding corn in the Primitive manner of the Moquis, Scarcely hai we become seated when a beautiful girl approached and set before us a large mat heaped with pée-kee or bread. At the same time the chief's son placed for as some broiled meat, to which we nally did ample justice. but our attention was directed to the peculiar bread, which wae particularly palatable and which wjll be presently described. The pretty Moqui of the modest and beautiful Num-pa-you—signifying in the Moqai tongue @ spake that will not bite—every bead was uncovered ina moment, and each of us felt clumsy, dirty and ashamed of our torn garments and unshaven faces, Harry, our guide, conversed with the son in Spanish, and so we were enabled to make our errand understood, On this first mesa, approaching from the east, stand three towns:—Tegua, pronounced tocally Tay-wah, Se-chim-a-wee and Moqui, pronounced Md-kee, The second is sometimes given with the frst, asit is but a small village separated by but a few hundred feet; nevertheless, it is one of the seven Moqui towns. As we strolled along the aucient courts and streets of these interesting places our attention was attracted on alt sides by hundreds of curious sights First were the buildings themselves, built perhaps five centuries ago, still standing, some in perfect preservation and others deserted and crumbling gradu- ally away. Where one house ended and another com- menced it was impossible to tell, Frequently tho suc- cessive stories were occupied by different families, and usually two rooms were the extent of space, There was but one jumble of walls, one above the other, for four stories, Rooms had been dug into the solid rock be- neath our feet, and we were only aware of their exist- ence by observing square holes in the ground as we passed along. The successive stories of a house usually recede, something after the style of the Egyptian pyramids, until, in some cases, four stories, or even five, counting the subterranean, have been reached, The doors and windows were all small apertures in the walls, through which one must stoop to enter, The underground rooms were usually workhouses where blankets were woven or the pée-kee was mixed and baked. One thing was particularly noticeable In the style and architecture of all of these buildings, and that was a marked similarity to the ruins of those ancient buildings from which we had just come. The walls of tho two were built and plastered ‘out of the same materials and in the same manner. Many of these Moqui houses were plastered externally with a layer of adobe smeared on with the band, just as we had seen in some of the rains along the San Juan River; and here it may be said that wo had the pleasure o,, observing the fair Num-pa-you em- Ployed at this work. The doors and windows of the two are similar, being wider at the bottom than the top; bat the greatest point of resemblance between the two is in the roofs. For a long time we did not discover a ruin possessing any indications of ever hav- ing been roofed until one was seen in the canyon of the Rio de Chelly, wich had been so thoroughly protected | from decay by the overhanging rocks that the roof was almost as perfect as when laid. This was made ex- actly as the roofs of all the Moqui houses, being com- posed of parallel poles of cedar, filled m with willow twigs and leaves, We noticed many of the depressions among the ruins which were evidently the subverra- nean workhouses of the modern Moqui towns. In tho extensive ruins, previously described, on the Hovyen- weef, there were seven of these depressed rooms, To | be sure, the ruins of the ancient people which still stand are more scattered, and are built in different sorts ‘of places from the mesas on which stand the seven towns; but this is accounted for by the necessities of those bloody times, ON THE RVENING OF OUR ARRIVAL we strolled through the streets to pass away the time and learn as much of the manners and customs of the people as we might pick up. The hundreds of dogs which infested the place heralded our coming and | followed us in packs, never, however, attempting to | dite, Thus we were accompanied by a band of music | wherever we went Making ourselves at home we entered, without bidding, wherever wo liked. Climb- ing up one of the ladders we passed into a room where a robe was spread for us to sit upon, and the pée-kee was set beforo us. In every house we visited we were treated in this hospitable manner, Passing along a court we supper below, reclining around a low table, on which sat the mutual bowl of food, into which each thruat his | band and brought forth what he wished. In all the houses we noticed immense quantities of corn, dried on the cob, which was to be seen stored around the walls | or piled up along the sides of the rooms like cora wood. | This was to provide for a possible failure of the crops, so that a famine would be prevented. The corn was | usually the red and blue grained variety which the Na- | vajos raise, At sunset the men came in from their day’s labor im | the fields in squads of four or five, almost naked, with their hoes over their shoulders and their boomerangs or bows and arrows and whatever small game they might have killed during the day in their hands. The hoes and weapons were laid in a pile in the centre of the court, and aij hands repaired to their re- spective dwellings to sup. We noticed that the only weapons these people possessed, with the exception of haif a dozen guns im the tribe, which were only obtained recently, were weapons | of the hunt, consisting of wooden boomerangs and | small bows and arrows for killing rabbits, the arrows | without points of any kind. This would designate find no trace of any ancient weapons among them. The first night of our stay we camped to the north of these towns, a quarter of a mile away, on the plain | below, beyond one of tho principal reservoirs, This wall fifteen feet in diameter and descended by stone steps, At daybreak we could see several figures, stand- } ing like sentinels on the parapets of the houses, watch- | | ing for the sun torise, As he appeared slowly above the eastern horizon these figures dropped away slowly below, each with a huge jug, wrapped in a shawl and of which there are three or four at the foot of the | mesa, and carry up water to last during the day. The juge are spherical, with small necks, which are flat- j tened on one side to fit the back of the bearer, and will hold generally about four gallons, being filied usually by means of a gourd, with d hole at the end of the handle, This mesa stands about 400 | feet above the springs, and the paths on either side are them a peaceful nation, as were their ancestors, and we | was some ten feet in depth, surrounded by acircular | | from one town to another, Supported from the back, All the women and many of | 14.04 9 graveyard just on the suburbs of the town. It the men repair regularly every morning to the springs, | cut in the rock in a succession of steep, winding steps. | Ascending to the mesa early, in order to photograph | the towns, we rambled around once more in search of good specimens of the modern pottery to bring away | with ugas mementoes, It was with no little curiosity | that we stopped and passed the threshold of one of the houses to witness the Interesting process of THE MANUPACTURE OP PEB-KER, or Moqui bread, which wo had so frequently eaten since our arrival. Under a large, flat, smooth, horizontal stone some two feet long, a foot and a half wide and three or four inches thick a hot fre was burning. Be- fore this a woman sat on the floor baking. Ina pot by her side was @ thin, pasty mixture of a greenish flour (made from the red and blue corn), ash and water, Into this the woman dipped , her band and smeared a thy ing over the stone or oven, which been previously greased to prevent adhesion. seconds the sheet of péekes was removed and another baked. Twenty or thirty layers of this folded twice formed a loaf, and when dry it was extremely brittle and palatable. The process of grinding the corn into flour and converting it into this bread is an almost endless job for the women, but they take it as a matter of course and are always laughing and apparently happy. The flour made by them | is of two kinds, the greenish blue and | the white, The latter, made from the white corn, when had cedar | coat. | In a few | by long, narrow, horizontal ste! which are walled around the outer edge, Up the rocky trail into these the docks of sheep and goats are driven every night, where they remain till morning. In one of the ruins near the Rio de Chelly we noticed one of these same sheep corrals, which adjoined a large ruined building perched on acliff in a large cave, In every house may be seen several fantastic toys, or GODS, CARVED OUT OF ROTTEN WOOD, brilliantly painted in many colors and decorated with feathers, These are the gods used in the great dances of the tribe, and, although they are very highly prized among the Moquis, we were fortanate enough to obtain a couple. At noon of the day after our arrival we packed up and started across the valley in a westward direction for the other towns, situated on mesas from eight to fifteen miles distant By some misunderstanding of our directions we passed within three miles of Oraybe, the largest town, which we afterward saw from a high point; but as our time was short we did not retrace our stops to it At sunset, however, we entered the plaza of Shung-a-p&b-wee, Just at the entrance of the town we camped, picketing our animals to one small bush, which was the only sign of vegetation on the rocky top of the mesa, We obtained three or four small pieces of wood from one of the inhabitants, and had to walk a mile after sufficient water to boil our coffee. Wood ts so searce in the vicinity of all the Moqui towns that it is packed on the backs of men a distance of eight or ten miles from the valley below. We cannot wonder at this when we consider how many centuries these people have occupied this spot, especially as the country, being so sandy and barren, never was well wooded, Obtaining some negatives of the principal buildings of Shung-a-pih-wee, we rode over to the next town on our retarn route, Bown as She-piu-lah-wee, and were welcomed, as we bad been at Tegua, by the head man of the place, Na-kwip-she-o-ma, After partaking of some pée-kee, dricd peaches, &c, and indulging in a social smoke, sitting in a circle on robes spread on the floor, we passed oat to the hollow square, around which the town wag built, and obtained negatives of the principal views of the place and also of Moo.sha- neh, the seventh town, built on a high point a few hun- dred yards beyond, across a deep valley. In returning to Tegua we passed close to the base of Moo-shé- neh, but did not stop on our way down the mesa, as we had already tarried longer than we had in- tended. We caught a glimpse, however, of some Al- binos who live here and belong to the tribe, At the base of this mesa we stopped to water our mules at a fine large spring, where we observed some decorations on the walls, placed there by pappooses, probably, in the shape of painted sticks and colored feathers, which fluttered from them. Near this spring lay several flourishing gardens, fenced in by high stone walls, in which were growing luxuriantly onions, beans, castor oil beans, cauliflowers and some ornamental blossoms, Returning hastily to Tegua in order to take a few more desirable views before evening, we met the agent and trader for the Moquis, who were the only white men we had seen since leav- ing the La Plata River, About dusk the whole party repaired to Moqui to take supper with the Governor of that town, asociable man and one who could speak a ‘little English. Arriving at his house we were bidden to be seated on blankets and robes in acircle around a largo basket of pée-kee and an immense bowl of pre- pared pumpkin. In the party there wero five white men, four or flve Moqui men and three Moqui women, Dipping into the dish of dried pumpkin with the drst two fingers of the right hand, we alternately scooped out pieces of the pumpkin or broke off bits of peé-ee, and in this primitive manner we enjoyed the meal heartily. We camped that night in the plaza of ‘Togua, and but for the wanderings of our hungry mules and the fleas, which infested the place, we might have passed a comfortable night, The full moon poured her light around on all objects, making it | light as day as we spread our blankets out in the level, | would pause to look down some shaft ata family at | rocky street, Our animals were fastened by long ropes to large flat slabs of stone, gave one, which was tled to a ladder leading down into an underground room. All night wo were kept awake by the mules dragging the stones all over the place, and did we ever sink into a doze for a moment one of them would approach and we would be wakened just in time to escape BEING CRUSHED BY ONE OF THESE ROCKS. Throngh the whole night the sound of the flour mill floated out on the drowsy air from some dwelling, and sleep seemed to be a thing which never visited the place. Long before the sun sent his rays up from bo- hind the eastern horizon scores of females were out on the housetops, with their jugs on their backs, waiting for the first ray to light them on their way to the spring. Allover the roofs reclining figures who had not yet waked might be seen rolled up in their blankets. ‘As the sun appeared above the long line of mesas ex- tending eastward all was bustle and noise, and the routine of another Moqui day had commenced, It was the Sabbath, but all days were alike here, and the day’s | work proceeded as usual, At daybreak we were startled by a crash, and discovered that the mule which had | been tied to the ladder had pulled off the whole roof of the house, which was precipitated to the bottom. The men of the Moqui tribe wear their hair in a fringe, | cut off square just above the eyes from ear to. ear and hanging’ down behind to the shoulders, or else gathered up ina knot after the fashion of the Navajoes Many | also adopt the style of the latter in the head bandage, Tho married females usually part their bair in the | centre and wear it in two long side plaits. The dress of | both sexes is very similar to the Navajo costume, All | the children, until ten years ofage, run perfectly naked, | The Moquis possess nothing in the shape of horses ex- | for packing wood from the plains or riding occasionally | At Shung-a-pah-wee we was composed of graves marked out in squares, around much sacrificial pottery was strewn and brokenypre- | cisely as we had observed in so many of the ancient burial places connected with the ruins. We were also | informed by the chief of Tegua that their dead were buried below the bluff in the valley. @ Unlike many other tribes of Indians the Moquis pos- sess a great affection for their offspring, One old woman whom we visited presentet! her three lttle children to us, and with tears in her eyes told us she had had two others, which (with a wave of the hand upward) bad | gone to a better land. | There can be no doubt that the Moqui tribe isa branch | of the American race of men, but just as in the Cat casian some nations are further advanced and more re- fined than others, OCCUPYING A HIGHER PLACE in the seale of human advancement, so these Moquis area more ctyilized, intelligent and industrious race | | | | | which flat stones were set on edge, and over the whole | | than any ofghe pastoral American tries. The high | foreveads and full, intellectual heads of the majority of | them would alone piace them in advance of all other Indians, Their towns, lying, as they haye done for centuries, on the mesas of Arizona, in longitude 110 deg. to 111 deg. west, and latitude 35 deg. to 26 deg. north (not on the Little Colo- rado and San Juan rivers, as some authors report, but a good two days’ journey from any large stream), will probably remain where they are for future centuries; for, although of late they have been impor- tuned to leave their present abodes and relocate in @ | more fertile country, they have refused to be removed | from these pre-historical spots, made sacred by a long | line of ancestors, who have passed away forever, loav- ing but the results of their labors to be carefully pre- | served and guarded by their posterity. The Moquis | Princess who had waited upon us eat down in another | finished is as fine and good as any of our manufactured | part of the room, and resumed her occupation of cut ting corn from the cob into a divb. From where we fat we could gaze upon her unobserved, and many an ednuring glance was went in (bat direction. She was of Abort stature and plump, but not unbecomingly so. Her eyes were almond shaped, coal black, and possessed & voluptuous expression, which ma fascinating. Her bair was arranged in that character. fetic, Oriental manner, peculiar to her tribe, which denoted her a maid, It wae parted in the centre, from the front all the Way down behind, and put up atthe sides in two large pufs, which although odd to us, nevertheless seemed to enliance her beauty. Her complexton was much lighter than that of ber family, and every movement of her head or exquisitely moulded bands and arms, or bare little feet, was one of faultless grace. All the surroundings of the place, our reception and the presence of this damsel, so unex- pected and novel to us, OVERWHELMED US FOR A TIME with a mute surprise, and we could only silently eat and look about us, almost believing we were acting in @ dream. We liad entered abrupily and awkwardly @Rough, with our hats unremoved and our garments Fageed, iravel-siained and dusty; buton the apgroach | the mera a phird of the way down, are numerous sheap | tended to give them 4 grand banauet beso | brands, This passes through three mills; the first breaks up the corn, the second grinds it coarsely and | the third puiverizes it. These mills consist of stone | boxes placed in @ row, which may be scen in every Bouse, !n each of which is an inclined, square, smooth rock on which the corn is placed and rubbed witha four wide. The grinding is invariably done by the women, who labor at itfrom morning unti evening, and frequently during the whole night. The mesa, on which are built the three towns men- tioned above, is a long, narrow plateau, extending from northeast to southwegt, The end on which the towns stand is not over 200 feet in width, and that portion of » them extremely long stone or roller, some fourteen inches in length and | it between Se-chdm-a-wee and Moqui, in one place, is , not over twenty feet, and in crossing along the trail one can see down for 400 feet perpendicularly on either side. The trails betwoon these towns are worn deeply into the rock; in one place twenty inches and two fect in width, Considering that this has been done entirely by the feet of tbe Moquis from generation to generation, and for the most part by their bare feet, we may gain some faint idea of the length of time they have occupied this mova On the sides of are growing fewer every year, and now they have dwindled down to, perhaps, 1,500. The line of empty houses to be seen in each town tells a tale of its own, which must sink sadly into the hearts of all who pause to think of the approaching fate of the Moqui race, ROSH HASHANAH. Yesterday was the first day of the new yoar accord- ing to the Jews, or the commencement of the year 5636 from the creation of the world. It was religiously kept in this city by. the orthodox Jews, the festival be- ginning with sunset on Wednesday and ending to-day atsunset. This accounts for the numerous stores that were closed yesterday and for the conspicuous absence of the Jewish members from the Stock Exchange. With the reformed Jews only one day is celebrated, so that this portion of the Church will resume their every- day avocations this morning. THE FIREMEN’S CONV. On Monday next the annual Convention of the Chief Engineers of the Fire Departmonts of the several cities throughout the United States will assemble in this city, About 100 delegates will be present, Fir *s Hall will be the place where the Convention will meet, and it is presymed that it will last for Uaree days, It in in- NTION. | a state of comparative defencelessnes, THE SCLAVE REBELLION, How Much Depends on Montenegrin and Servian Help, THE MONTENEGRINS AS SOLDIERS. The Insurrection Likely to Hold Out. ‘TeenaNx, Sept. 8, 1875, If one were to judge the capital of the principality of Montenegro by outward appearances it would be dim. cult to attach any importance to the hamlet of forty or fifty modest stone houses, few of them of a size or pre- tension equal to a New England farm house, which is the erty of the ruler of the Sparta of our epoch. No New York merchant would be in the least proud of the palace if it were his country house, and no farmer of the Middle States would care to have as a farm the whole plain in which it {s situated, Its rocky, dry soil gives a stugted growth of maize and pasture, and the hills around are mainly bare rock, with dwarf oaks and beeches growing in the clefts, Yet to-day Montenegro is the point on which turns the question of war or peace in the Balkan, and, per- haps in Eastern Europe, and this week will decide be- tween the two, I left the city of Catarro yesterday morning at five o'clock, and after a dizzy ride of two hours, by a zigzag, which in some places rises only about one foot for five of road, with nothing but bare rock on every side, we cameto the descent into the plain of Njegush.. The wild desolation of this amphi- theatre of gray glistening rock surpasses everything else I have ever seen. Hore and there a starveling fir or cypress has found a cleft to get sustenance from, per- haps’ a score or two on the whole circuit of the ‘basin, and on the south sido is a forest of stunted beeches, No gorse, no heather, no bushes even cling in the crevices of the slopes of the precipitous mountain; solid rock on five-sixths of the, circuit, At the lower edge of the hillsides, wherever a little earth has been able to hold its own against tho floods, a wall has been made and maize or wheat or grass planted—little flelds ten feet by five, walled in from wamdering flocks and forming family heritages. Everything which niggard nature has given is preserved and made the best use of. It reminds one of the buck- ets of earth put in the clefts of the rocks on the Rhine, only here there is no golden wine worth its weight in silver, but a starveling crop of grain or potatoes, THE JOURNRY TO CETTIGNE is over ridge after ridge and through gorgo after gorgo, mainly by a good bridle path, but which would permit not only no carriages but not cven a piece of artillery to pass, Winding in and ont by ways cut from solid rock, or built up in masonry by the side of wild precipices and over the beds of streams which in winter are torrents and now dry as the rocks above them. Hereand there we pass little groups of gray stone farm houses, and where little plains are formed we see cultivation carried out with an economy of space which would be a lesson to Yankee farmers with their zigzag fences, Everything indicated poverty and thrift. The people are clad like beggars, but do not beg, and, except those who are dressed in their fighting dresses, the general look is squalid, But we seo few mon; women do most of the work. The children are healthy and rugged, and one little fellow about two, abingularly grave and thought- ful looking child for any nation, told us that he had got into the second class in school. Every village has its school, and every child born in these times will know how to read before he goes to the fields, The men are allin the army, and just now most are at the camp at Trahova or with the insurgents in Herzegovina, Wherever there is a body of Montenegrins the insur- rectiow prospers. In Western Herzegovina it has been janguishing and was nearly extinct. The houses of the Christians there, their crops and everything immova- ble have been burned, and their families are mainly in refuge in Austria or Montenegro. The men, unaccus- tomed to military discipline and demoralized by Turk- ish slavery, have been unable alone either to organize or co-operate in defence of their villages; but with A NUCLEUS OF MONTENEGRINS, who are thoroughly organized and aisciplined, they gather courage and act well, The insurrection natu- rally more on this account extends in the mountain districts nearest to Montenegro, and, as tho war, if declared, will be most important in the districts toward Servia, the movements of the insurrection, already directed by Montenegrins, | will take tho direction most favorable to their future operations, In pursuance of this plan thoy have moved east from the frontiers of Montenegro until they have tinally met the advance of the Servian volunteers, united with other bodies of Herzegovinians, on the great road by which the Turkish troops must enter Herzegovina from the south, and already hold this road securely blocked, and the town of Nova Varos, held by the Turks, is blockaded, all the passes and paths being held by forces of Montengrins and Sorvians, joined by Herze- govinians, and meeting at the position of Banje, the western forces having their headquarters at Plevlio and the eastern at Nova Varos. Twice already the troops from Meran, which is south of the insurgent line, have attempted to penetrate to | the aid of their companions blockaded in the moun- | cept a very few burros or jackasses, and these they use | one by one, and stole down from the mesa to the spring tain, but have been repulsed both times, and no Turkish force in Eastern Herzegovina dares show itself now out of the fortresses. If Montenegro enters the field she will bring artillery heavy enough to breach the walls of nearly every fortress now in Turkish hands, and will have a force of well disciplined men large enough, after retaining those necessary to hold the passes against an enemy entering, to send 20,000 to 26,000 mon into Her- zegovina and to the assistance of Servia. The Turks have now 3,000 to 5,000 men, and hope to send 50,000 in all into Bosnia and Herzegovina; but if they could all bo sent, which I much doubt, they would not be enough, In this mountain country there must be at least double the number of troops in the attacking force that there is in the defending, even of good troops, and these tho | Turkish are not, Tho Porte has, by its own carelessness and want of thrift and common intelligence, left itself in Dervish Pacha, who had the government of Bosnia, had tho organiza. tion of the redifs in that province, and reported to the government before the insurrection that he nad forty battalions, On asking for reinforcements from Con- | stantinople he was told to call out his redifs; but in- stead of forty he had barely five, and these came out with great reluctance, not at all disposed to fight; for the Bosniak Mussulman, in old times noted for his ferocity, is now cowed by the fear that with all Christendom against him the only result of his tak- ing up arms against the Christians would be that he would lose everything he had. For several years the Mussulmans have had a conviction that their time had come to leave Europe and go back to Asia. They fight now with reluctance, and I see here, in the streets of Cettigne, NUMBERS OF TURKISH SOLDIERS TAKEN PRISONERS by the insurgents and released on the Montenegrin frontier, but who decline to pass over into Turkey. The service is not agreeable. Their presence here shows that the war is not, on the side of the Christians at least, so murderous as such fighting used to be, and tho Montenogrins go in with a discipline in favor of hu- manity, as they have a national character to risk, Everything here waits impatiently for the | action of the Servian government, hoping that war will bo declared. Tho moment the news reaches here the Montenogrin troops will be launched like a thunderbolt on the Turks in Herso- govina and down from the eastern declivities of Mon- tenegro, Munitions, communications, everything is | ready, and the troops, actustomed to march light and far, will fall on the weak points all over the disputed country with almost simultaneous attacks, There is only one fortress in this country (Stolatz) which is strong enough to cause much delay. Mortar, Tre- bigne, Nikshitch and Gatschko cannot make a defence u ‘urks have not beem able to mal im its present state what will they do when the Montenegrins come tn? ‘The next week will tell the story. If the Montenegrins do not take part openly it may be kept alive through the autumn and winter, but not another season, The animosity of the Christian population against the Turks is so great, and thetr knowledge of what awaits them if conquered so thorough, that they will hold out as long as it is possible for bands to cobere, and they will endure the extremes of hardship before they will surrender, THE RUSSIAN SOCIALISTS. THE NIHILISTS AND THEIR THEORIES—THE ‘‘1R” AND THE STATE—RUSSIA HONEY- COMBED BY SECTS OF FANATICS. [From the London Daily News, Sept, 17.] We have been accustomed to hear of Nihilists asa body of fanatics, whose theories were unintelligible, and whose practices were revoltiig, When some years ago @ man mysteriously disappeared, probably to serve his private ends, a report got about that he had been murdered by his brother Nihilists, for the excellent rea- son that he was engaged to be married, Tho Nihilists Were understood to object, like the Manichwans to all that sort of thing, and it used to be hinted that they wished to carry into practice the theory attributed to Schopenhauer, that the sooner the human race disappears from earth the better, Apparontly the Russian government holds that there ig some truth in these anti-social charges A document is im circulation which pro- fesses to contain the accusations brought by M. Zychareff, the Imperial Procurator, against the Nihil- ists. Mention is made of charges of a disgraceful and criminal nature, which tho society denies with scorn, To send the whole human race straight into Nirwana is not, they allege, their object, Reform, not destruction, is what they aim at, and their reforms are reported to be devised on a large and liberal scale, Nothing will satisfy these thorough-going men short of the abolition of the State, which is hostile to the Mir, Now, THR Mik 18 THE [DOL O¥ RUSSIAN SOCIALISTS, It is the primitive ay of eee on tenure, Ql ip mas it bo said, a ‘ersal institution FT ey ae ab and has ‘A its traces to this day in Scotland. To overthrow the State and to make the Council of each litte Mir supreme within its narrow bounds is only the first step of the Nihihsts, They are to go on to overthrow capital, to regenerate humanity and to create a new huinan society. Lovers of the Republic one and undivided, poets like Mr. Swin- burne, for instance, have sometimes looked on Russia as adespot-ridden horde of slaves, Snows,” says the inspired the bard, “choke the huge Russian woos,’? After the announcement of the plans of Nibilism, Rus- sia must be acknowledged to be, what it is, a really ad- vanced country. The Nihikst programme is, as Toad- in-the-bole in De’ Quincey said of an artistic murder, “one that you can recommend to a friend.’ Here aro no half measures, no tampering with mere expedicncy. Tho French Communist who said he would voto for the Evil One, becauso he would burn = everything = down and start fresh,” was a Nihilist without knowing it ‘here is only one political scheme which, to the best of our knowledge, comes at all near the Nihilist one. When there was some talk of that mystic society of the Rosy Cross an adept, or a pretended adept published @ plan for “The Universal and General formation of the whole wide World.” But his remedies are said to have been less heroic than those of enlightened Muscovy. One of the queerest features in this propagunda is the obscurity of its origin and the sudden power it is said to have acquired. 1t was only in 1872 that the clubs in the Russian universities took up Socialism. Such clubs, of course, are usual wherever young men meet, The charm of exclusiveness and secresy gives birth every summer in England to litle coteries of undergraduates, who call themselves by quaint names, and, greatly daring, wine. There was prob- ably at first little difference between the Lovers of Tea of the Russian Universities and the B, N. C. Vampires or the Adelphi or the A. D. C. of Oxford and Cambridge. If there was anything to choose the Lovers of Tea might well seem the more quiet and well conducted oubg men, But behold the patrons of tho modest erb read Bakounin, who seems to outdo all the revolu- tionaries, and whose hobby, a8 George Sands says, is the pale horse of Apocalypse. The Russian students now thirsted for nothing blood, and in three. years they have converted distinguished _scho! artisans, tradesfolk, young ladies and Prince Peter Kerapotkin, ven @& Judge put money, a very large sum in roubles, into the cause. ‘The local boards of nobles, with praise- worthy unselfishness, aided a cause which means to raise the newost cowches sociales to equality with princes. M. Zychareff really appears to have been charged with the task of framing AN INDICTMENT AGAINST HALP 4 PROPLE, It is difficult to imagine the state of things in which it can be serionsly believed that a vast proportion of all ranks in the State 1s anxiously waiting for a chance to _ overthrow society. The Nihilists are said to have Icoked on a future war with Germany as their opportu- nity to revolt, and to introduce what the Latin Gram- mar would call, very appropriately, res Nothing so new has yet beon ant ona political speculation, When, a tew weeks ago, an Ingenious: contemporary speculated that a mutiny'in the Russian army was ono of the events that w provide the world with a big topic, it came very near guessing at this largest topic of all—namely, Society destroying itself for an idoa—of Bakounin’s. In the difficulty of ascertaining how much of the charge attributed to M. Zycharelf 1s genuine, it is of course impossible to say whether the Russian govern- ment dr the approach of an unheard-of revolution in human nature, and fears that ideas which have always been the dream of the few should have become the desire of the many. Russia is, at all evente, in the position of a State where the wildest schemes of reform appeal to a peopie previously ignorant and tO @ society honeycombed with strange sects of fanatics Russia, it has been said, in tho aspect which it turns 10 Western Europe, is a mere facade of laws and institu- tions, which hides the real life of the people. ‘Holy Russia” is full of heterodox sects, which retain or revive the confused doctrines of Gnosticism The same ideas recommend themselves to the half-awakened | minds of the Muscovites as of the old Roman Empire, and heresies and sects arise which can be classified un- der the ancient titles of theology. THE SECT OF KULYSTY answers to the Flugellants of the fourteenth century, and Origen would have found practical agreement among the Skoptsy. These fanatics are said, like so many religious maniacs, suc! as Postel ana others, to recognize @ constant incarnation of Deity in their lead- ers, Like the Dervishes and the Snakers, the Khly- sty find religious consolation in spinning round in an ecstatic dance, They are said to have disciples among princes and clergy. Reaction against Voltatrianism has occa- stonaliy taken this shape even among educated Rus- sians; and reaction against gross asceticisms has pro- {duced the gross profligacy attributed to the Shakouny. ‘These devotoes are said to continue the revolting prac- | tices of the Sabbat, which Michelet has painted in more than one of his works. To repeat all that is re- ported of the Shakouny and of the Skoptsy would be to tell an old and hideous tale of lust and cruelty excited by faise religious motives. It is possible enough that the long current scandals about these ecstatics have been lately revived, and attributed to the Nihilists, Whatever the truth of the matter may it cannot be doubted that repression of free thought and speech make secret societies of an evil sort possible, and makes tales about them credible, Despotic governments, like lazy nurses, are forced to keep bogies to terrify their subjects with, and the bogy of seoret societies is sometimes nursed into a terrible reality. In the history of such societies it would be hard to find one, for the Jesuits are not a case in poin which has succeeded in the political schemes attribu toit, Thata large proportion of the Russian peoples are in @ conspiracy against the State is not renaily’ cred- ible, That Russian society is honeycombed with clubs, that the peasantry are infected with ugly forms of fa- naticism, and that the crimes of the latter are attributed to ihe instigation of secret societies, is very readily credible, THE HULL OF THE VANGUARD. CAN THE SUNKEN SHIP BE RAISED ?-—NECKS= SITY OF BLOWING HER UP. [From the Dublin Evening Mail, Sept. 17.) The ship was on the water line 825 feet long; on déck her length was. 310 feet. The origin of her con- struction was that it was found by experience that four and one-half inch plating, similar to the Warrior class, | ing was in the | | even against assault, so the attacks of tho Monteno- | | grins are much dreaded by the Tarks. They have a bad habit of going in with their khanajars, or long*knives | like a sword bayonet, which the troops don’t like, as | the ground hardly permits continued fire or solid masses to use the bayonet, and at best the Turkish soldier never was much at that instrament, | THE ENTRY OF THE MONTENEGRIN into the fight would change its whole charactor, giving | it discipline, concentration, educated officers ac- was insufficient for the rapidly increasing ordnance of of the period, so in order to enable ships in a seaway to carry heavier plating it was consolidated, or brought to acentral position, and the suggestion of the then constructor of the navy, Mr. EB. J, Reea, C. B., was adopted, The Vanguard and Iron Duke class are a fair example of this so-called improved class, These iron- clads have their fighting battery amidships, and at this point all their protecting plating is placed. This plat. Vanguard, and also in the rest, eight inches thick, of rolied iron plates. These diminished gradually to six inches below the next deck, and finally ended six feet below the water line, to join the skin of the ship, only five-eighths of an inch thick, Now, owing to the experience we had in the late Kus- sian’ war of torpedves, the bottom of the Vanguard was made double, und was filled with water, which wag utilized as ballast. After the deplorable capsizing of the Captain, on which occasion 500 lives were lust, the question was raised ag to the seagoing properties of this class of iron-clad, The investigation undertaken proved that some radical change was necessary to enable such ships as the Vanguard and the rest of her class to successfully weather a gale, so they were rigged as barks, to lighten the top hamper, the spars being also cut, and below the double bottom was fill not with water as heretofore, but with scrap iron od conerete, and as long as the Vanguard floated, this doubtless proved most benefictal. I now come ww th question at issue, CAN SHE BR RaIsED? And the answer is in the negative. And to anderstand the reasons which have led the most competent to judge om this point to such a conclusion it must be, a6 1 before said, remembered that her plating on the main deck battery was eight inches, involving an enormous woight of metal on the ship, and this ds from six inches below the battery’ deck to half au inch, six canon: ro they leave, | guatamed to (ae country aud abuagant gunniian 1 | feut below the water like “And here comes the even among the ~ = the tie at tee shi wy aed " ip commences; for su) that'chains of two and a half imehes in diameter (and a Single such chain will lift 132 tons dead weight) were rove through the ports of the main deck battery, the weight, when being lifted, would cause the weak point, situated between armor plating and the concrete bottom or double chamber, at once. Again, If the chains could by any bility be reeved under her keel, on the purchase being attached, the weight of the main deck battery, c., would cause it to collapse, outwardly go to spenk, end ia what posste ble way can the tension be made uniform in conaequenes of the Weak unit which intervenes between the weighted masses? This is, leaving out mathematical details, « rough outline of what has been discussed by naval archi- tects since her loss, and she therefore awaits the process of being blown up; but, even in order to accomplish this, fine weatber—finer, in point of fact, than can be hoped for at the present time of year—must be obtained, Moanwhile a lightship will be kept day and night in the proximity of where the hull lies. THE EPISCOPAL CONVENTION. ———— THE BISHOP'S ANNUAL ADDRESS—HOW THE FINANCIAL PANIC AFFECTED RELIGION—A CRY FOR MONEY ALL AROUND. The Episcopal Convention met again yesterday ‘morning in St. John’s chapel Morning prayer was said by the Bishop, assisted by Rev, Messrs. Snowden, Livingston and Rosecranz, Bishop Potter’s annual address was presented; but as he had given a general and detailed review of the progress of the diocese for twenty years at the last meeting of the Convention he had very little to offer in that line now. The Bishop earnestly commended private preaching as being more fruitful than public, and gave illustrations of the same, He referred to ‘THR VINANCIAL CONDITION of the country and its effect upon the work of the Church and its missions. This work could not be left to the fluctuations of our finances. It is said that there are millions of money locked up here because men have not confidence in each other to place it in circulation. But here is work, and these are times in which those who have abundance of means should hear the call and respond to the same and put their money where it can do most good. The missions of the diocese have been well sustained, bat the city missions have not been so, St, Barnabas House, which does so much good temporally and spiritually, is cramped for want of funds, The man- agers and the missionaries do their work well, but they ought not to be compelled to spend their time looking for the means to carry on their work. The Bishop referred to the establishment of an Italian mission im New York since last convention and said that another Italian priest is now ready to enter the church for mis- sion work, Of the thirty places of worship in this city for the 250,000 Germans here only two are furnished by the Protestant Epivcopal Church, and the Bishop congratulated the Convention on the founding of the Church German Society to supply this lack and to find out and educate competent young men for the ministry of the church among the Germans; to provide reading, rooms and a proper literature for the German masses, and to do similar mission work, THE BISHOP OP NORTH CAROLINA was Introduced and given a seat beside Bishop Potter, and the Convention, by vote, expressed its pleasure at his presence. The clergy of the diocese were asked by resolution to read to their several charges on Thanks giving Day and the day preceding so much of the Bishop's address as relates to the fund for the aged and infirm clergy of the diocese, and to encourage a large collection for this fund, Trustees for this tund were elected viva voce, and members of the Standing and eared committees were chosen by ballot, as fol- lows :— Missionary Committee—Drs. Beach, Swope, Apple. gate, Clark and Wyatt, and Messrs. H. Bruce, A. Be McDonald, W. M. Kingsland, James Pott and C.'A. Hig- gins, laymen. Standing Committee—Drs. Dix, Eigenbdrodt, Tuttle and W. F. Morgan, and Messrs. 8. P. Nash, Lioyd Wells, Hy. Drisler and George McC. Miller, laymen. The Missionary Committee reported that their re- ceipts during the year were $6,985 75, and their ex- penditures $7,577, which, with the balance on hand from last year, gives them now a balance of $1,227 98 in | the treasury, from which, however, they will be obliged to pay out'$1,556 about October 1. Tue Convention took a recess, Upon reassembling Dr. Seymour pre- sented the report of the Soclgty for the Promo- tion of Religion and Learning, from which ft appeared that, notwithstanding the finan. cial depression of the country, ths society hag been sustained better than ever before. Its income for the past year was $868 Of, of which $604.99 were con- | tributed by this diocese. One hundred and twenty fronngiraee from different parts of the country have n kept in preparation for the ministry. The society is one of the oldest in the diocese, and has contributed of its own funds to the objects for which it was created over $25,000. ‘The report of the committee on THR BPISCOPAL FUND showed that its capital tund amounts to $110,750 60, of which $110,500 have been invested on bond and morte © on unimproved real estate. A mortgage of $7,000 Eee been, paid off during the year, The aggregate’ re- ceipts for the year are $13,804 92, which sum has beem paid out or invested. A committee was appointed te | award to the several parishes of this diocese such sum as shall, with the cpiscopal fund interest, be sufficient to pay the bishop, to whom is paid $9,000. he report of the fund for aged and infirm clergymen | showed the receipts to be $13,309 43, and the expendi- | tures, $11,144 51, leaving a balance in hand of $2,664 O%& ‘The aggregate amount of this fund 1s $43,187 73. The treasurer's report showed receipts and expendi- tures for printing, &c., $10,201 44 He bas now om hand, $6,460. The parochial fund receipts for the year amounted to $1,441 62 and the expenditures $291 37 less, which amount is on hand; $8,000 of its funds are invested, ) The report from St, Stephen's College showed that 74 students were in attendance there last year, 8 of | whom graduated, There are 76 in attendance at the present term, 17 of whom are preparing for the min- istry and all’ but three are communicants, ‘The city missious report showed that they require $30,000.a year to carry on their work, and yet all that they re- ceived last year was $18,000, and, ontsiae of St, Bar- | nabas House, a little more than $12,000, For St. Bar- | Babas House $8,000 are required, but less than $6,000 were contributed; and the trusteos were obliged ta make up the deficiency by falling back on the Home fund, which, however, did not meet all their obliga- tions. But they cali on the clergy and members of the | Convention to sustain this work and not compel them | to close their institution. | A communication from the diocese of Albany was | read in which that diocese says it sullers because the i} ew York has not, according to promise, made up its Episcopal fund to the required sum to sus tain the episcopate in that diocese. The Mnd ia $37,500, which pays about half the Bishop's salary, and the balance is mado up by taxing the parishes, half of which and the clergy of the same depend for aid upom the missionary society of the diocese, The report of the special committee of this diocese, to whom that communication was referred, reported yesterday that no such promise as that indicated was evor made by the diocese of New York; that when the DIOCRSRS OF ALBANY AND LONG ISLAND were set off from New York there was uo idea of divid- ing the Episcopal fund between them, and that this Convention hasno power to divert this fand from the purpose for which it has been created—the support of the episcopate in this diocese. Tne sum of $1,433 col- lected in this diocese a few years ago and now amount- ing to $1.759 79 is bere on deposit subject to the draft of the diocese of Albany, which has refused or neglected to recerve the sane, The committee therefore recom- mend that no further action be taken on the communi- cation from the diocese of Albany. Adopted. ‘The usual resolutions of thanks were passed, after which the Convention adjourned, BOSTON’S PULPIT. [From the Boston Saturday Express.] Let us look at the Boston pulpit, Who are its lights? Who gave it solidity, position, strength and respecta- bility, so far as marked talent and giftgoes? Whose names are mentioned when the stranger asks as to the guns among the preachers? There are Lorimer, the most effective orator in the Boston pulpit; Murray, Brooks, Miner, Webb, Vinton, Putnam, Hale, Pentecost, Lothrop, Clarke, Everett, Wright, Ware, Hoyt, Neale, Hamilton, Plumb, Patterson, and, per- haps, one or two others, while the wumber of clergy in the city is 300 strong. The four who draw the largest congregations, and, wo may add, always draw large ones, are Lorimer, Murray, Brodks and Webb. Next on this score are Halo, Miner, Wright, Professor Everett (son of Edward, and a very sound thinker), Ware and Clarke. Next in order are Pentecost, Patterson, Mate Hamilton, Plumb and Putnam, ‘Dr. Lorimer, at Tremont Temple, draws regularly the largest congregations, averaging 2,500, Mr. Murray, who is about to open Music Hall, will no doubt fill tt, amd bave an audience of 3,000, Phillips Brooks always preaches to @ crowd, as also Dr. Webb. Mr. Ware ia vory successful in attractiug numbers, and is @ substantial, as well as popular preacher, r. Hale fille a capacious church and Dr, Vinton is followed by humerous admirers. But what of the two hundred and fifty odd not included in this select corporal’s guard? Alas! it tg answered in an ecbo, “What?” They may be an clement, numerically in the pulpit, but they are Bot a pow ‘They may be clever men in their way, but the way is deseri! and sympathized by a cipher, They are the right men in the wrong Lisp or the re- verse, which is all the same. They are the square mem who are put in the round hole, KILLED ON THE BAIL, George Lawson, one of the employés at the shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad, on the Hackensack meagows, was sitting under a car, eating bis dinaer, at noon, yea terday, when a train of cars backed down, and he waa mangled under the wheels, two cars passing over hia body. The remains were removed to the Grove street morgue. Coroner Lynch will hold an ‘equost, | resided at John atrect. Bast Newark.