The New York Herald Newspaper, July 6, 1872, Page 4

4 THE PRESIDENCY. Our Presidential Elections and Their Results. The Rise and Fall of Our Po- litical Parties. Their Machinery of Caucuses, Regencies, Kitchen Cabinets and Conventions. And the Breakages by Blunders, Bolters, Out- side Parties and Factions, Our Five Political Periods Under the Constitution. “The unity of the government, which constitutes you spenple, Liniso now dear to yu." Washington, if e Eternal, the Union’ must and shall be pre- werv Jackson. “The States are sovereignties."—Ciihoun. “To the vietors belong the spolls."—Marcy. The extraordinary attitude in which the demo- cratic party now stands before the people, on the basis of a coalition with all the other anti-adminis™ trative elements of the country, and in support of a liberal republican candidate and platform for the defeat.of General Grant in the approaching Prest- dentia election, perplexes the politicians on all sides, and casts them adrift in reference to the probabilities of the contest. In this extremity the lessons of the past may serve to throw some light upon our present political complications, and under this impres- sion we herein propose to lay bev‘ore our readers a brief recapitulation of our several Presidential elections, and of the partics ana issues involved, following with such explanations as will serve to indicate thé rise and fall of our political parties, factions, cliques and politicians, and the political changes through which we have passed since the time of Washington. In assuming this interesting task we will begin at the root of the matter. which is the office of PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Our President is elected for four years.” His com- pensation embraces a salary sf $25,000 a year, a fur- nished house in a sickly locality to live in, witha small conservatory attached, and near It a little en- closure in which to dry the family washing, stabling for two or three horses, the franking privilege and & political and agricultural library, limited to the trashy works issued from the Congresssional printing office. His duties are two-fold—those defined in the constitution, which we need not here repeat, and those established among “the time-honored principles” of all our political parties, among which he is required, in civil service reform and in retrenchment, to reward his faithful Yriends and to punish his enemies; to take care that the spoils are faithfully distributed by this Tule, and-to this end it is incumbent upon him to keep open house, day and night, for consultations and private dinners with his party advisers and de- pendants at hisown expense, and to run the gov- ernment, peace or war, as circumstances may de- mand, in the interest of the party electing him. HOW THE PRESIDENT 18 ELECTED. The manner of electing the President is pre- scribed in the constitution, but the machinery by which he {s elected is quite another thing. This machinery, after Washington (who was the unani- mous choice of the people tor two terms, and who would have had another had he not positively in Advance declined it), was controlled first by the Congressional party caucus; next by kitchen cabi- nets and party regencies, and next by national party conventions, the system which still continues in force. Under the constitution, as originally adopted, two candidates, by each party in the fleld, were nominated for President, and the highest on the ist in the electoral vote given him was made the President, and the next highest the Vice Presi- dent, provided that in each case his vote was a ma- jority of all the electors; otherwise the election was turned over to the House of Representatives. We shall explain farther on how this plan came to be changed in an amendment of the constitution, OUR PRESIDENTIAL PARTIES. There was an administration party and an oppo- sition party from the very beginning of the govern- ment, and a very ferocious and unscrupulous party, too; but this opposition did not enter the Presi- dential feld till after the retirement of Washington, and then the fray began between the ins and the outs, which, with one exception (that of 1820, in the re-election of Monroe by general consent), has been repeated every four years, from that day down to this. 1706.—THE FIRST PARTY CONTEST FOR THE PRESI- DENCY—ADAMS VS, JEFFERSON, The French revolution of 1789 exerted a powerful political influence in the first organization of par- ties in the United States. From the high-handed arsumptions of the French republic and its agents and emissaries it was as much as Washington could do to maintain relations of peace with it. But France had rendered such incalculable services in the cause of our independence that a large body of the American people sympathized with tne new cepublic in spite of its Jacobinical excesses. Thus sympathy for France under Jefferson, we may say, was the foundation of the old republican party, and opposition to the Jacobin and infidel excesses and ideas of the French republic was a leading idea of the federal party in the contest of 1796 between John Adams, representing the federal party, the gy of Washington, and Thomas Jefferson, the ead of the republican party. As we have stated, under the constitution as originally adopted, each party in the field voted for two candidates for President, and the candidate receiving the largest number of the electoral votes of the several States, if a majority of all, was the President, and the next highest, if a majority of all the votes, was the Vice President. In this contest of 1796 the federalists supported John Adams and Thomas Pinckney us their candidates. and the re- pemiicans concentrated their whole’ strength on etlerson. Their electoral vote was much scat- tered upon different candidates for their second choice for President; but ag the fight, was really be- tween Adams and Jefferson their Vote Fespectively will serve our present purpose. ‘The total number of electoral votes cast WAS........ disttah wens eu Of which a majority was. Adams received. Jetterson received, . 67 A narrow eseupe for Adams, notwithat: Support he received from Washington's edtalatetres tion. The results were the election of Adams President and Jeiferson as Vice President, 1800—THE SECOND CONTEST BETWEEN AI JEFFERSON. erator In this contest the two Pres dential candidate: the federalists were Adams and Pinckney, rt tis two republican candidates were Jeife'son and | Aaron Burr. The votes of the electoral colleges of the thirteen States of the Union at that time +++ 73 For Pinckney. 64 73 For John day..,.. 1 There being a tie between Jefferson and Burr, the election was carried into tiie House of Represeuta- tives for “decision as to which should be the Presi- vent am. #hich the Vice Presideut. There was a very exciting and a somewhat alarming struggle in the House and outside, between the supporters of each of these men. We have heard it walt was clearly the wish of the republican part: Jefferson should be President, his zealous iriends had organized in Washington for @ coup d'état, in the évent of the elecitom of Burr; but on the thirty- sixth ballot in the House, this danger, if t existed, Was avoided in the election of Jefferson President, Burr thereby becoming Vice President. 1904—THEB CHANGE IN THE coNnstiTUTIO: - 3 % SON'S SBCOND ELECTION, eae In the session of Congress of 1863, to Yecurrence of such a Presidential aimonee wed ped ‘a8 that of 1800, between Jeferson and burr, resolutions were passed émbracing an amendment of the constitution, abandoning the plan of voting for two candidates for President, and roveding that each party in the contest shali name its candi. | date for President and its candidates for Vice Presi. | dent, and this amendment, having been ratified by three-fourths of the States in the interval, came into force in the Presidential election of 1304. ,, i this contest the republican Hidates were Jefferson for President, and Gvorge Clinton, 0! New 2 ork, for Vice President, The federalists nominated thatas it | that | NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1872-TRIPLE SHEET. dent. be election in the electoral colleges resulted as follows:— Votes, For the republican ticket. 162 For the federal ticket... 4 aay things under the first term of Jefferson had contributed to his larity and to strengthen his perez, and not the least among these was is purchase of the vast Territo known ther as jana from France, under the First Napoleon, for the paltry sum of $15,000,000—our first annexa- jon, . 1808—FIRST ELECTION OF MADISON. In this contest, owing to Jefferson's embargo and to the embarrassments of American commerce and the critical state of our relations with France, re- sulting from the aperenes on the high seas of the Milan and Berlin esrecs of Mapoizon, &o., the fede- ral party recovered a little from their heavy defeat of 1804, In the Presidential election between James Madison, the ig candidate, and Pinckney, the federal date, the électoral vote waa thus t divided :— For Madison..........122| For Pinckney......... 47 George Clinton (118 votes) was, with Madison, elected Vice President, 1812—MADISON'S SECOND ELECTION, In this year our sage compuonnene bi about our second war with Eng! i—the war for “free trade and sailors’ ts.” At first it ope- rated somewhat prejudicially to Madison's adminis- tration and his party, for the Presidential election oj tls year showed that the federalists were gain- ing strength. The electoral ro stood :— For Vice President, Bopnhlican ticket.Madison........128 Gerry....131 Federal ticket. De Witt 89 Ingersoll. 86 1416—FIRST ELBOTION OF MONROE. The general success of our second war with Eng. land, with the return of peace, greatly strength. ened the republican party, while the 2 Seclel of the 1edoraltsts to this war greatly weakened them. James Monroe, the republican candidate for Prest- dent in this contest, and Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, the- republican nominee for Vice Presi- dent, were elected by 183 electoral votes, against 34 for Rufus King, the federal candidate for Presi- dent, these 34 votes being distributed among séveral candidates of this party for-Vice President. 1820—MONROE’S SEOOND ELECTION—“THE ERA OF GOOD FBBLING.” In this contest the old federal party, from its op- position tu the war of 1812—having died out—disap- peared. Monroe was re-elected President by every electoral vote save one, and Tompkins was re- elected Vice President, by 18 votes against 14. Itis from this point that “a new departure” in the or- ganization and machinery of our political parties was taken; for in this contest the old political party Unes of division were obliterated, and the American people became “all republicans and all federalists.” 1824—OUR FIRST PRESIDENTIAL SORUB RACE. In this contest, the federal party having dissolved and disappeared and the republican party havin, become divided upon several favorites, we ha whatis called a Presidential scrub race—that a, a contest in which each man runs “upon his own hook.” The last Congressional Presidential Noml- nating Caucus was held this -year, and it was in favor of Crawford, but It was a signal failure. The Presidential candidates in this contest were An- drew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay, and the votes of the elec- toral colleges were thus divided among them :— For Jackson. +» 99 For Crawford For Adams.. +, 84 For Clay... ‘The bre euye of these candidates having less than @ majority of the whole vote, the election was thrown into the House of Representatives, the choice in that body under the constitution being limited to the three highest of the candidates from the electoral colleges. ‘The House in these elections votes by States, euch State giving one vote, as the panloutey of its delegation may decide. On t ret ballot in this election Adams was elected, having Teceived the vot's of thirteen States, against Jack- son seven and Crawford four, Adams thus became President, But this result greatly incensed the friends of Jackson, who claimed that his popular and electoral voto, as the head of the list, should have determined the election in his favor in the House; and when Adame made Clay his Secretary of State, the Jacksonian cry of a bargain and sale in the House between Adams and Clay—‘‘the Puri- tan and the blackle; ‘was raised and sounded through the land pgainst the “corrupt coalition.” And from this small beginning, under the flag of Jackson and the glory of ms battle of New Orleans, ‘was developed the late all powerful and dictatorial democratic party. 1828—JACKSON AGAINST ADAMS, From the agitation of the “corrupt coalition” of 1824, the Slory of New Orleans, the alien and sedi- tion laws of the elder Adams, and “retrenchment and reform,” aga'nst the cheapest of our adminis- trations—$13,000,000 a year—J: yn in this contest was triamphantly elected, his electoral vote being 178, to eighty-three for Adams, But it was mainly his “glorious victory of New Orleans” tnat gave Jackson his great success. Some of the outrages of the British on American soll in the war of 1812, especially the burning of the public buildings “4 Ashington, had revived an intense and deep anti- British feeling among the people, and @ strong de- sire to reward the heroic Jackson for his effective chastisement of British Insolence at New Orleans, It was, therefore, as the hero of New Urieans that Jackson became the founder and the idol of the democratic party, and it was in ths connection that the 8th of January became and was observed for many years by the democratic party as an an- nual party festival. 1832—JACKBON’S SECOND ELECTION—NEW PARTY OOM- PLICATIONS, The gloss of Jackson asthe hero of New Orleans by the year 1882 had somewhat faded, though it was still fresh and attractive to the popular fancy. But as President ‘‘the hero of New Orleans” durii his first term had made himself a greater hero wit! his os by his indemitable pluck against an opposition Congress, his resolute will, his decisive’ icy in turning his enemies out of office and put- ioe fnendvia, ‘and by his war upon the United States Bank of that day, including, particularly, his trenchant veto of a bill to recharter that institution. New party compitcations were developed in this contest which at this day appear to be utterly con- temptible. The results were in the electoral vote :— For President, Andrew Jackson, democrat... Henry Clay, nationat republican. John oy) (South Caroline vote) . William Wirt, anti-Mason.......... 7 These figures indicate an overwhelming popu- larity on the part of Jackson, but when we come to sift ft this overwhelming ascendancy will disappear. He was strong, to @ great extent, because oi the absurd divisions of the opposition. 1836.=VAN BUREN’S ELECTION. Martin Van Buren, as @ Presidential candidate, was the creation and the creature of General Jack- son. Van Buren was thus nominated as the liveal successor of “Old Hickory,” and pledged to follow in his footsteps. In this election it will be seen that from the con- tinued divisions of the opposition upon several can- didates Van Buren gained an easy victory, though it 18 probable that there was in reality a majority of the ee, opposed to him. The distribution of the electoral vote of 1886 shows how the strength of the oppcaition, as in 1832, was wasted, to wil ‘or Martin Van Buren, democrat. For W. H. Harrison, opposition. For Hugh L. White, opposition For Daniel Webster (Massachuse' For W. P. Mangum (South Carolina vote) . Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, with Van Buren, was run for Vice President as the regular democratic nominee; but as the Colonel had a negro wife in Kentucky—and avery ugly negro at that—the Virginia democracy repudiated him, and so the election of Vice President wag oe a 31 carried to the Senate, where Johnson was Saeaee ee 83 votes, Francis Granger, of New ‘ork, 16. pe REN ‘: 1840,—TAR GREAT POLITICAL WHIRLWIND, Van Buren's administration of four years was singularly disastrous to himself and his party. In following up the State pet Donk policy: of Jackson he brought upon the country thé featful financial revulsion and convulsion of 1837; and in the mean. time the rage for infation and speculation and rapid fortunes which he had created resulted in a list of public defaulters and embezzlers which shocked the country and gave a fearful significance to the general oppos'tion war cry of “Anything for a change.” The opposition united on General Harri- son, i pigcea and Tyler, too,” and “the union of the whigs for the sake of the Union,” and they swept Van Buren’ ninistration away as by a whirlwind. ‘The result in the electoral vote was i— For Harrison. 60 But the fruits of this overwhelming victi whigs turned to ashes on their lips from the defec- tion of their Vice President, Juhn Tyler, an unre- constructed democrat, when, by accident, he became President. 1844.—THE LAST TRIAL AND THE FINAL DEFEAT OF HENRY CLAY. In this contest Henry Clay, the “great embodi- ment of the hing | party,” was brought forward with sanguine hopes that at I sh the CT ke Ad had come for rewarding him with the White House for his great public and party. services. But Harrison had died in the White House, and Tyler, in thus be- coming President, had turned inst Clay and tho whig party, with his bank vetoes, and the whiga in’ consequence were much weakened and demoralized, Next, the democrats, rejecting Van buren, set up Polk as their Presidential candidate on the annexation of Texas, a Southern pro-slavery movement, and upon this question, Clay ving written a letter to Alabama leaning to annexation, 15,000 anti-s avery whigs of Western New York de- serted him for Birney, the abolition candidate, and their desertion of Clay electec of theelectoral vote was 1K The division For Polk and Datla: . 170 For Clay and Frelinghuyse With the thirty-six electoral votes of New tore given to Clay (and those 15,000 abolition whigs could have given him the State by 10,000 majority) Clay would have been President, He had written one letter too many; and here we see this abolition party, for the first time, wielding the balanco of power in a Presidential election. 1848,—THE ELECTION OF GENERAL TAYLOR, The annexation of Texas resulted in a war with Mexico; the war with Mexico resulted tn making General Taylor—“the hero of Buena Vista —an Available military champion for tné Presidency, | Charies &. Pinckney, of Seuth Cayolina for Presi- | Gewt, and Ruz King, o” sew York, for Vice Prog! | The Whigs adopted him, and his election was secured by a bolt of Martin Van Bureh from the pro- Slavery democratic party to the free soil or anti- | ala and he was made.their Presidential Candidate. ‘fue Presidential electoral vote in tuls contest was :— For Taylor and Fillmore......... For Cass and Butler, of Kentucky. + 127 Here, with the transfer of the thirty-six votes of New York from Taylor to Cass the result would have been 163 for Cass and 127 for Taylor. It was Van Buren, as the free soll candidate, who carried off the democratic balance of power in New York and gave the election to Taylor, Thus the abo- Utionists, as the third party, with their balance of power in New York, ¢ Succession turned the scale of the Presidential election, and they were rapidly coming to the front, a will soon appear. 1652,—THE ELECTION OF PIRROE. In favor of the slavery compromise measures of 1850, of Henry Clay, there was @ great popular re- sone 3m 1852 for the sake of . General Scott, as the hero of the ‘Halls of the Montezumas,” was made the whig candidate, but the w! were get- *ing mixed 2. with abolition and they were fg rusted. The election of 1852, there:ore, resulted in giving Pierce the electoral vote of all the States of the Union, excepting Vermont and Massachusetts in the North and Kentucky and ‘‘ennessee in the South. But there was anotner and a more tremen- dous political reaction soon to come. 1856,—THE LECTION OF BUOHANAN, President Pierce qnd the democratic party in Congress, regardless of their pi on Clay's compromises, made haste to upset them in a bill intended to make Kansas a slave State, boing pease of the Territories pledged as free soll in the Mis- souri Compromise, The results were a terrible Northern (sy revolt against slavery, the ad- vance of the new republican party into the fore- und, the prostration of the democrats as the lominant party of the North and their absoiute sub- Jection to the will of the pro-slavery of the ty South. Some hedging, however, was required fo save the Northern batance of power, and this was contrived in the democratic nomiyation of Buchanan, who, as “Pennsylvania's favorite son,” ‘saved Pennsylvania in October, and thus saved tiie Presidential election in November. The electoral vote of this contest was:— For Buchanan and Breckinridge, democrats ‘ton, republicans. . mn, Know No! merican.. emont carried all the Northern States except Indiana and California, New Jersey, Pennsyivani: Ilinois; Buchanan the Southern States except Maryland, which was carried by Fillmore. It was Fillmore, however, ag a third candidate in the North, who carried off the balance of power from Fremont and elected Buchanan. But the Ameri- can or Kuow Nothing pal died from this contest, and its fragments divi tween the republican and democratic parties, and for the decisive strug. gle on African slavery of 1860, 1860,—THE ELECTION OF LINCOLN—THE GREAT B® BELLION, This memorable and momentous Presidential struggle was marked, first, by the collayse of the Charleston Convention and the disruption of the democratic party on the slavery question; second, by, the nomination of two democratic Presidential tickets—Dougias heating the one on the Western democratic dogma of popular or squatter sover- eignty in the Territories, and Breckinridge heading the other on the ultra pro-slavery dogma of the right of the slaveholders to settle with their slaves in the Territories. There was aiso an outside con- servative or Union party, But against all thesc dl- visions of the pro-slavery and compromise elements of the country there was the new, compact and terrible republican party, with its broad ensign of “No further extensions of slavery.” The Presiden- tial nominations of these parties were :— jican Ti icoln and Hamlin. Squatter ‘ Democratic—Douglas and Johnson, of Georgia. Ultra Pro-Savery Democratic—Breckinridge and 6. it Consérvative—Rell and Everett. In the election all the Northern or free States were carried by Lincoln except New Jersey, which was carried by @ fusion of the democratic factions. Of the Southern or slave States Douglas carried ‘Missouri and Bell carried Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. All the others were carried by Breckin- ridge, Thus, by the divisions of the opposition ele- ments, Lincoln was triumphantly ®lected, while against the combined pe popular vote he was ina minority of 947, This election was fol- lowed by the secession of the Southern rebel States, beginning with South Carolina in December, 1860, by the organization of the rebel Confederate gov- ernment in February and by the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April, 1861, and then the war. 1864,—THB SECOND ELECTION OF LINCOLN. The war against the rebellious Southern confed- eracy being still in full blast, and Lincoln being renominated as the champion of the war for the Union and emancipation, and General McClellan, having been nominated by the Northern democracy on a platiorm declaring the war for the Union & failure, the Presidential contest of 1864 resulted in ae division of the States participating in the elec- jon :— t ad MoClelan—New Jersey, Delaware and Ken- ucky. For Lincoin—All the rest. And Lincoln's major- ity on the popular vote was 411,000. 1868,—ELEOTION OF GENERAL GRANT. From the bolt of President Johnson against the Southern reconstruction policy of Congress (our third Vice President Mie} by the death of his su- Pea had become President, and had set up for imself for another term) and from the political confusion thereby created, General Grant became a neceay to the repeniioes Party in 1463, He was accordingly nominated; and, in order to beat him, the democrats, Late thee: J oe the reconstruc- tion acts of Congress, nominate: ne platform, only to invite another disastrous efeat. The election in the electoral colleges resulted :— For Grant and Colfax. 213 For Seymour and Bis ‘And the popular maj. ‘000. And he carried twenty-six States against eight for Seymour. Three States—Texas, Mississippi and Virginia—not being reconstructed, took no part in this election. The tables of this election, and of the State elections of 1869, 1870,1871 and 1872, 80 far, suggest what Grant has lost and gained, and the work required to defeat him in these impend- ing elections, THE UPS AND DOWNS OF OUR POLITICAL PARTIFS— THE FIVE PERIODS IN OUR POLITICAL HISTORY. Our political history may be divided into five periods, as follows :— 1, The Washingtonian or federal period, of twelve years, including the administrations of Washington and John Adams, ending in 1800, 2, The Jeffersonian or old republican period, of twenty der embracing the administrations of Jeiferson, Madison and the first four years of Mon- roe, ending in 1820, 3% The transition period, ot eight years, from the second elaction of Monroe to the irst election of Jackson, ending 1828. 4. The HL democratic period, of thirty-two years, from Jackson to Lincoin, ending in 1860, 5, ‘The period of the new republican party, of twelve years, so far, from Lincoln to the present day. We need not here enter into an analysis of the Various questions upon which the federalists and old republicans were divided. It will sutice that the leading federal idea was national sovereignty and that the leading ie ph idea was State sovereignty as the basis of State rights. What mis- chief this dogma finally made we have Southern secession and the rebellion. In a strictly partisan view it was plain sailing the Jefferson to Monroe, from old republicans from Je 1300 Ag, 288 The transition period from 1820 to 1 marks the transition from modera- tion, toleration, rigid honesty and economy in the party holding the Sevens y ig We corruption of all parties in he Aer gt big for the spoiis, ~~ hg, Wstor of the democratic party, from 1828 to in this view, 18 fe record full of instruction and solemn Warnings. Jackson was honest, but he |. Was a terrible partisan, and reckless alike in re warding his friends and punishing his enemies. His great popularity, however, enabled him to rule his party as with a rod of tron, and to dictate pis immediate successor and his policy. He had hi Kitchen Cabinet, he had his Albany Regency, his Richmond Junta, his Washington ‘love, Rivaay Argus and Richmond Enquirer, and with these in- struments at his bidding he had everythin pis ow! way. Tho independent newspaper press had Moe come into existence, and public opinion was manu- factured at Washington. There were no railroads and no telegraphs at that day, and the Washington Globe was tive imperial Moniteur of the democratic party. The word of “Old Hickory” was the law, and the Giove was his I ght snows So the government, asin the right line of succession, was transferred from Jackson to Van Buren, and xo It was, too, that in 1840 the democratic party, trained to the idea of eight years each for its Presidents, renominated Man Bsa Ct gt vena noc waheteritiay the cl lunders and corrupt aduninistration, sem THE FIRST CRUSHING REDUKE. Against this oligarchy of the Kitction Cabinet t Washington Glove, the Albany Regency ang ‘he aMitating party press of the country was admin- istered in the Presidential election’ of 1840, The independent press had entered the fleld, the inde- ly lent people had risen from their lethargy, and he ruling lemoeratic oligarchy of that day was swept off with Van Buren’s administration. It was @ political tornado, a mela revolution; and but for the death of Harrison and the desertion from the whigs by Tyler as President the successes of the democratic party might have ended with Vau Buren's overwhelming defeat, THE DEMOCRATIC RESTORATION OF 1844, The defection of Tyler demoralized the wi and revived the spirits of the democtacy. “ina new oligarchy had essumed the mastery ‘hem—the siaveholding oligarchy of the South. They demanded the annexation of Texas for a slave State, and they demanded a Presidential candidate upon this issue, Both demands were conceded by the democratic pare. ainst @ ma. jority pledged to Van Buren in thelr National Con- vention, and with the election of Poik the slave- holding oligarchy took tho place of Jackson at Washington; but their reign was short-lived and disustrous, THE DEMOORATIO DEFRAT OF 1948 Spotled their calculations, Yan Buren had been dismissed by them, He could pot swallow their Texas mecicing and they rejected him. But he turned upon thom as an independent candidate and they were swamped, d Horatio Seymour | } bins to the downfall of the pro-slavery democratic The overwhelming election of Pierce in 1852 was & delusion and a snare, because 1t was false pretences. Buchanan’s election was @ mere im the chapter of accidents, by Southern slaveholders B ogee their supremacy, which ended with the first election of Lincoln. OUB FIFTH POLITICAL PERIOD, that of the present republican party, ts distin- guished by the most sanguinary civil war and the most remarkable revoiution in the history of any people, Starting out upon the idea of “no further x ions of flavor, ,”” this republican party has abolished slavery. nd’ in the coustitution hus es- tabiished the equal civil Sod potion’ Tights of the black race, and of the men of all other as citizens with the white race. But now,.wik this great mission accomplished, and with all these Measures accepted by the dem gud with Mr. Greeley as the democratic can data what is the prospect? How will this Cincinnati boit trom the administration, including Mr. Greeley, affect this coming election t THE NATIONAL OONVENTION SYSTEM—THE DEMO» CBATIC TWO-THIBDS RULE, The National Convention was tytrpagoed in the Jacksonian or. democr: period, and the two- thirds rule required for the democratic neminations of President and Vice President has been fruitful of strange und unexpected resuits. This rule, thor previously adopted, was first brought into decisive effect at the Baltimore Democratic Con- vention of 1844. Van Buren, though 80 dis- astrously defeated in ‘was stiil the favorite of Jackson, and still red by the democratic “old liners’ a8 entitled to another term. Hence he went into the Convention of '44 wi handsome majority of the delegates in bis fave but he had committed bimseif against the hasty annexation of Texas for fear of 4 war with Mexico, and the Southern ery men, resolved upon Texas for anew slave State, were resolved upon Van Buren’s oveithrow. . They succeeded in supplanting him by making his dismissal a sine qua non. Thus Van Buren was dd out by a minority of the Conven- a rule, and Polk; to the astonishment of all parties, 18 mpromise nomi nation, waa cliogen the democratic candidute, and he was, too, in the chapter of accidents, elected. VAN BUREN’S BOLT. But Van Buren was not yet satisfied. He would have another trial at Baltimore. So he sent a delegation, headed by hisson, John, the Prince, from New. York’ to the Democratic Convention of 1548, But these delegates were given tlie cold shoulder; and “the Little boty aoa ited, and, running as the free-soll candidate, he cut out the democratic nominee, General Cass, and elected General Taylor, ‘Thus, in Van Buren’s great revenge, the two-thirds rule had returned to piague its inventors; but the Southern men still heid iast to it because it made them masters of the democratic party. PIBROR’S NOMINATION, 40. Again in 1852 a baker's dozen of outstanding can- didates, including Marcy, Dickinson, Buchauan, Douglas, Houston, Woodbury and others, were all thrown out by the pressure of the two-thirds rule, when @ compromise was Logg, | agreed upon in the nomination of Pierce, who, like Polk, had given oence to nobody, because he stooa in nobody's way. Pierce, as we have explained, wus over- whelmingly elected, though it was a dis \strous vic- tory. But again this two-thiids rule broks up tho party at Charleston in 140, ani the last conspicu- ous blunder committed by the democrats under this terrible rule was the nomination of Seymour in 1368, when Chief Justice Cnase was at their service on a new departure. There is no reason to doubt, however, Mr. Greeley at Baltunore will safely Pass the ordeal of this two-thirds rule. THE WHIG CONVENTION RULE was the rule of the majority; but the whigs were also governed by anotier rule, which was the rule of expediency. Hence their military chi-ftains for the Presidency after tie success of Jackson, their Harrigons, Taylors and Scotts, to the great it of their Ulays and Websters. ‘The majority rule ofthe whigs was adopted by and is now the convention rule of the republicans, Since the nomination of Lincoln, at Chicago, in 1860, which was pore due to the bolt of Mr. Greeley from Seward in the Chicago Convention, the repub- licans have had no diificulty in choosing their Presi- dential candidate. ‘THE OHAPTER OF BOLTS AND BOLTERS since 1840 from the regular fap nominations and decrees may here serve us to some purpose. The bolt of Tyler in 1841, aided oY, @ little hig, bolt in New York in 1: defeated Henry Clay; the bolt of Van Buren in 1848 defeated Cass and dislodged the democratic Party from the government, and the general bolt of the democrats from the Charleston Convention of 1860 brought this republican pay into power, The Andy Johnson boit was ly managed, and served to strengthen rather than weaken the republicans adheriug to Congress. But if Tyler and Van Buren as bolters each did s0 much, may not much be done by Sumner, Trambuil, Schurz, Greeley, Brown and @ host of other repub- licans combined as bolters? ASTONISHING NOMINATIONS, It is sald that Mr. Greeley, as the democratic candidate, will be an astonishing nomination. Very well; Harrison wag an astonishing nomination. So was Polk, 80 was Taylor, 80 was Pierce and s0 was Lincoln; but each of these men was eleoted. leet is evidently strength in an astonishing noui- nation. ‘THE ISSUES OF THIS CONTEST are equal. The democrats, with Pierce, in 1852 went over and took up the whig platform of Henry bt and they swept the country. The moral is obvious, MISCELLANEOUS CAMPAIGN DASHES. The St. Louis Democrat has the irreverence to say that “the captain of a canal boat would be quite as much in place on the quarter-deck of a Cunard steamer in a whirlwind as would such a man as Greeley be in place at the head of our national affairs at the present time. His election would be & practical joke upon forty millions of people, who, with all their faults, deserve a better fate than to be sacrificed at the shrine of a meddiesome old man’s insane ambition.” Says tne Milwaukee Sentinel:—“How the politi- cal sea gives up its dead for Greeley! The loaf of fice, foating on the waters, has brought the long- time dead to the surface again. Among the corpses we discover Gwin, of California; Extra Billy Smith, of Virginia; Border Ruiian Atchison, Red-Handed Murderer Andrews, Amiabie (*) and Harmless (?) ex-Governor Price, and many others whose corrup- tion, years before the sea swallowed them up, ‘smelt rank to Heaven.’ The Carlisle (Pa.) Herald remarks that a Pike county paper claims that Greeley is the almost unanimous choice of the democracy of that section. Horace used to describe that county as the “place where they used five gallons of whiskey to every spelling book.’’ Misery makes strange com) aulons occasionally. s% The Lawrence (Kansas) Journal is sorry to see it announced that Henry A. Wise is going to take the stump for Grant, and adds:—‘‘We havé no use in the republican party for John Brown’s hangman. It is a democratic trick to bring odium upon the party. If Wise wants to vote the republican ticket there ig no law to prevent his doing so; but let him keep his mouth shut,” An exchange, after announcing that General Grant had been made an LL. D., exclaims, “kaws, Laudamus Deo 1" “ THE LABOR REFORMERS, The Workingmen Cannot Support Either Grant or Grecley=What the Labor Conference in New York, July 30, is Intended For, CHARLESTOWN, Mass., July 5, 1872. At @ labor meeting at Blacksmiths and Ma- chinists’ Hall this evening E, M. Chamberlain said that the call for a conference of the iavor party in New York, July 80, was an endeavor to assemble, those who believe that the only honest course for labor reformers to _ pursue was to support candidates who stood upon @ platform proposing explicit measures for the benefit of labor. That, as neither Grant nor Gree- her the representative of a party of that idea, labor reformers could go for neither. If a move- ment was not inaugurated somewhere else to place @ candidate upon 4@ platform guaranteein; the enactment and execution of — shor time laws, convertibility of the currency, direct progressive taxation and miuority representation, it remained in the power of the labor reiormers to inaugurate the party of the future by making out and out workingmen’s nomi- nations; but that if ger was apprehended of being overslaughed by the advocates of Grant or Greeley, nominations should be postponed, and an endeavor made to keep the labor reformers organ- ized in hostility to both, for action at a more favyor- able opportunity. RAILROAD ACCIDENTS, Aman about forty-five years of age, with dark- brown hair and whiskers, five feet eight inches in height, and wearing dark cloth pants, alpaca coat, cotton vest, with black and white striped gaiter shoes, white shirt and drawers, on Thursday even- ing was run over, corner of ‘twenty-third street and Second avenue, by car 88, of the Second ave- nue line, and almost ‘instantly killed, The body was sent to the Morgue aud Coroner Herrman notified, Kate Winneson, a little German girl, eleven years ofage, whose parents live at 78 Kldiidge ‘eet, on ‘Thursda evening was killed in Grand treet, near Eldridge, vy being crushed bencath he Wheels of car 103 of the Grand street line, Four persons are said to have witnessed the occurrence, and their names and residences were taken by the This was tho entering | Tenth precinct police. THE UNTERRIFIED COMPROMISE. Convention Topics from Swel- tering Baltimore. Interview with Senator West, of Louisiana. The Chance of Dividing the Negro Vote. THE BALTIMORE PLATFORM. Affirmation of Demoeratie Principles and Adoption of Greeley’s Cincin- nati Paraphrase, Delegates Arriving and Running Away from the Roast. ft b A DEMOCRATIC-GREELEY MEETING A Reminiscence of the 1861 Riot in Baltimore. i Louisiana, the Oarolinas and Mississippi Promised to the Liberals. BauriMone, July 4, 1872. One of the new features of the political campaign is the apparent division in the black ranks of the South, and from what has coine to light it appears to be tolvrably certain that Mr. Sumner is taking some-pains to advise his colored constituents that no good can come to them irom supporting Grant, and that the present is their opportunity to make a record in the political fleld. The Southern States will nearly all go for Greeley, and the prospect of being thrown completely out of the offices does not encourage ambitious colored politicians; and at the same tims: the late rebel elements have become very considerate toward their sable rivals and fellow citizens, and some of the shrewder negroes are propounding the proposition on th: stump and in the churches— which are the black man’s hustings—that just now is the opportunity to extend the olive branch to the white man and say, “‘We propose to co-operate with you and restore the section where we both must live.’” MR. SUMNER IN WASHINGTON. Mr. Sumner is still occupying his agreeable home on Lafayette square, in the city of Washington, where he has a dozen or twenty regular callers, who stop to pay their respects at least once a day, and every afternoon he takes a ride in a barouche out to the Soldiers’ Home or along the banks of Rock Creek, inhaling the air. His life is & singular combination of the passionate and the tranquil—the hard-working and the pro- vinclal. Taken unaware, when his mind is off public questions, he is one of the least sus- pecting of men, and often out of the heights of his political principles will drop down to ask a ques- tion upon some simple matter from a newspaper correspondent or a child. Whatever the situation may be politiceily, Sumner holds all his power. Both the administration and the liberals are afraid to tempt him out, and there is little doubt that during the campaign, unless the consultations of some of,his friends who are in Grant's inter- est prevail, he will make positive enun- ciation. As he writes an enormous private correspondence every day it is known that he has addressed several letters to eminent colored men, telling them that they can have no surety of progress while the Caucasians have none, and that the re-election of Grant will be acommon calamity. THE BLACK Vors. a To what extent a diversion in the colored ranks has been made can only be guessed from the con- fident manner of the Southern Greeley men, who declare that both the Carolinas and Mississippi are as certain for Greeley as Alabama or Tennessee. The colored man is not an ideal being, and hasa lively appreciation of his prospects and opportuni- ties, Even when the Cincinnati Convention was first proposed a ha'f dozen colored men of Wash- ington city offered to sign the call. Personal Jealousies and emulations have broken out among the blacks, and even Fred Douglass is 1ooked upon with suspicion by some of his associates as a man anxious for consideration, and whose head has been turned by the two or three appointments he has received from the White House. The South- erners know the colored temper aad character very thoroughly, and, having been able to compose all differences between the races in cities like Charles- ton, they are disposed to give the blacks every op- portunity and award them a fair share of such offices as they can fill without detriment to the general service. The Greeley movement has already had the effect of showing the blacks that no party exists which has any further intentions upon their free- dom or suifrage, This settled, they will probably look at the institutions and propositions of the government with the same various eye which the paler race employs. NO STATE PRIDE IN MARYLAND, Thad a curions conversation the other day witha professional Southern man who had sett}ed i timore city. 1 was remarking tiat in Mi nd there is an enormous quantity of State pridé, and heasked me to indicate in whatit lay. For his part, he said, he thought no Cominonwealth had less of that highest admiration for its great exemplars than | Maryland. “Look,” said he, “at Reverdy Johnson, who has served the cyuntry and adorned the State in almost every capacity, and whose finesse and diplomacy; London, although it brought him dig- fads whe tie Fepablican wie Ra han aly vindicated by the weakness of Mr. Fish—that old man Johnson {s tusselling with the law in the Courts of this city justas he did thirty years ago, While people are picked up from the Eastern Shore who are not known to more than one-tenth of the people of the State, and sent to the Senate simply because they live east of the bay. “State pride, as I understand it,” said this gentleman, “consists in appreciating the best men, and dropping local prejudices for the sake of the reputation of the whole Commonwealth. Now, there is Dr. Dennis, just sent to the Senate; he may be a very exemplary man, but he has never distinguished himself in the history of the country, and we have just passed through the term of Senator George Vickers, who was elected by local right as an East- ern Shore man and who has made no mark what- ever, although, of course, he has been honorable enough in his private character. Now they have got the western side of the bay divided into three parts. The city of Baltimore is one part, the pe- ninsula toward Point Lookout is the second, and even the two counties crowded into the Alleghany Mountains insist upon being & section of their own and having Uiuted States Senator or a Governor by division and not by merit. Hence Marylanu is divided into four territorial factions, of which the Eastern Shore ut in its claims as a matter of right, the other hree as a matier of equity, Now, in rei lies in How intellectual force of the State county and about Cumberland. MARYLAND OPFICIALS. “However,” sald J, “don't you think Maryland has good oiticials 7" “Yes,” said he, “there is @ good deal of citizen virtue and good bearing in the state, The present Governor (Whyte) las culture, experience and that pleasant physical, moval and montal cleanliness which educated men like to see in high places, His rival, the retired Governor Bowle, is a man of aditferent stamp—a horse racer and landed pro- prietor, &c.—but he haa fine clean points of char- acter and some vigor and independence, Tom Swann, who stands between the two and claims the Senatorship, is a man of approved sucocss and cleverness in whateyer ne has undersrken. ry ly cramped shi pi virg nia arta cut in tw bebe Henney is 0 * devel all over about os well af could be ex- pected, and py communi Wit two hundred miles of Cot The the State took shares, with its food institutions, and ths ofan ‘aatereor ease. Institutions, 2 er at Apnapals, are about ag mee any State oftices; some say the best in the Sunt. As: TALK WITH UNITED STATES SENATOR wesr, United States Senator West passeg th ' more recently, and was interviewed by tne Gana correspondent with the following effect :-— “Which way are sou traveling, Senator?’ “Back to Waal to remove family the summer to Rho: land. I have been to Li Catharine's Wells, in Canada.” be! it the situation politically?” ut t “It's to be an enormons Sormpelen, I turned to Baltimore by way of the Phi iphia and Erle Railroad, and we had plenty of lumbermen om the train ail screaming for ys Lmet John E.j Ayer, of Illinois, @ very wealthy gentieman an former str ong eupponter ¢f Grant, and he says the Prairie State will go 30,000 for Greeley. The! certainly will be an extraordinary cam| Dlinois between Palmer and Ogi q Schurz will drop in and pay then a call. It is my idea that whoever is beaten in this election pending will be beaten by a terrific vote. Nobody, splitting hairs. Movements and impulses core great masses. I have no hesitation in saying that at this time and for the past month the has been wonderfully toward Greeley, It may ce] by some wismanagemeut. Whichever way the hes the thud will be heavy.”” “How do your own State politics point 1" “We are mightily mixed. ‘ihe newest 0) have been Colonel Carter, who made a speech af thé Philadelphia Convention, pronouncing against Kel-' logg and flying the Grant newspaper which he edited in New Orleans. Longstreet is warm for, Grevley, although @ relative or connection of a part of the President’s family and long one of the President's referred _oificehuiders.; Warwoth, I think, will not run again tor Governor, but that will be as he wishes, Grant always put his foot in it every time, and his Custom House clique, in our State, controlling, tuings without knowledge, give Warmoth cusy victories, {think Louisiana will go against Gran’ by a large ma ority, and atleast twenty per pane of the black vote will be cast it him. Carter, has a great followlug among the ne 8; he is @ strong ally and a poor leader; he is fine in assaul! but he scatte:s worse than buckshot. Pinchbacl will probably be for. Greeley.. Kellogg can be beatem without trouble. e is @ man of energy and cun- ning, but nobody belleves him. Heis what they call in polities ‘a worker,’ “When you remarked that Greelcy had tue popular impulse at but might lose It, what was your meaning? “Well, for instance, if any of our old rebel year lings should break tie peice—and I have no doubt they will receive plenty of temptation, to produce No: thern etrect—the status might change, But any desperate do ige oi thut kind would be exposed and redound to the injury of those setting It up. The pe aer spirit his subsided at the name of dreel y. oT take it, Senator West, that you are a strong partisan of Greeiey 1” “Not a blind one. I don’t like to be led out be- is my depth, and try to keep my enthusiasm ead and head witi my observat and judgment, I have no hesitation, however, in saying that so far from Rogie notion of the college boy politi- cians, that Mr. Greeley is a weak man, I think him the most individual and positive instance of charac- ter pit im nomination for the Presidency since Washington, Lincoln only excepted.” be “What do yan think of the efforts made to prove the contrary by editing from the files of the Zrivune ‘Greviey’s Record ?'”” “oh, pshaw! ‘The democrats are going to nemi- nate Greeley, any way, so how will tue record affect them? And to use the Tribune for tweaty years to make the republican party and then turn it over and use it against its own editor is garbage business. What person ye up. that gabble ?” “Ben Perley Poore has been indexing and editing the Tribune at the Library of Congress for many help the Grant cam) know what is Greeley’s rig How do th “What do you think, Senator West, of George FE. Spencer's recent letter to Grant, speaking of a con- re made with the President about the Alabaua offices ¥ 5 “I saw that letter before Spencer sent it. He's a’ plucky fellow, but he scatters too much to be for- midaole. The State is lost to Spencer and Grant.” “Do you know anything: about Greeley’s feelings ‘a8 to his chances ?” “I am told hé is confident as a fish hook and serene as a piece of bait. If it were known how among Grant's biggest supporters Greeley was being solicited to piedge away positions as the prica of support and refused to respond every day the panic would increase. Greeley. could ruin more men daily in public life by showing their hypocrisy than they can affect yotes by Pe dling {y bis. record.” ees Ree lbh Rae cert ay Sey ‘THE PLATFORM AT BALTIMORE...” What will be the platiorm at Baltimore? It a) pears probable, from concurrent testimony, that it may be as foliows. The suggestion for this plat. form is attributed to Horatio Seymour; others say to Montgomery Blair. I made an effort to secure the transcript, but without avail. This is my best recollection of the article in question :— “a “The democi a ppertr, whove principles of vern- ment aré acco! to the constitution; authority to the Courts of law and such Courts only; rights of minorities and non-interference with neighborhood matters; the equality of voters, and the mainten- ance of the federal authority, as at the foundation’ of the republic—no less, no more—continue to pre- vailand be our guide, desires, in convention as- sembled, to demonstrate adherence to the Union aud magnanimity to all who would again see the government administered with simplicity, dignity, respect for the laws and honor to the people, er “Ag to the principles of our party we have’ nothing to condone; if they were fective aid brought the eonntey or be Ny the appear to 18, they will be el for a longer pe! ol Hine alle ‘that the jasues aré removed which caus them,to be superseded by military will, We re- assert them in all their entirety and welcome back’ to our ranks all races and people ot our countrymen who prefer a Wrianrane, of rights and privileges’ ever clea defined to a government ego 4 ér voluptuously aggréasing upon the laws, seriously threatening the continuance of republican, institutions, “To make plain to mankind that the democratio party of the Union is in harmony with the largest and most liberal interests, we hereby enunciate the humane and patriotic liberal platform’adopted May 3, 1872, in the city of Cincinnati, and thus epitom- ized he Horace Greeley, the nominee of that con- vention. [Here follows the abstract of the Cincinnatt plat- form as re-stated by Mr. Greeley in his letter ac- cepting the nominat! fon.) “Faichiully believing that the members and con- stituency of that convention and the able Anak cans nominated there haye jt in phéir Pe wer, Under God, to reform the present loose and voluptuous administration at Washington, to revive tional conscience, renew brotherly love, and make us again a united people, we adopt their reso ) just now, Senator West,’ present, ie na tioas and their candidates and recommend them to the pre ig GAA ns of ‘This ing HY transcript from memory and not from Copy 15, Of colifsé, crudely expressive of the perspicuous diction ef the original, THE FIRST DEMOCRATIC-GREELEY A large masa meetin; wan! id i tht Poke ale on Monday Man endorse beforehand the nomina- tion 25, pire ey and Brown next week. The chief spirit of the meeting was Mr. Thomas Swann, insome respects @ very remarkable man, 9 contemner of Secretary Creswell, and who never joins a party or pore but to bi influence with him, riginally poor, he made his way by pronounced chafacter, aid twenty-three years ago succeeded Andrew Jackson's Secre of State as the Presi- dent of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, which road feat pushes a on River. ite i is a f J wonty-eight pore alt he doliae, Be pot ad from ies Bariays and George Peabody Sniphed Road I 7, Cumberland to Wheeling, over Successive Mounta.n” 18, for $16,000, hen he resigned, in 1 the Board of Directors said, ‘We find In every pari of the brig of sae hone phage your intel!t- gence ani ness. e 8 of ‘this close, managed + ‘oad ts noW aixty per cent sbove par. id Stevenson Archer, who addressed this meeting, is a Maryland Congressman, aud had both a father a ndfather in Congress from the same dis- trict ich he imw represente—viz., Harford Qpunty near the Pennsylvania line, on the west side of the Susquehanna. } Harry Gilmor was also a character at this meet- ing. His campaigns were published by Harper Krothers the year following the war and copr righted by them, Gilmor went into the rebellion ta the summer of 1861, and was the cavairy hero of Maryland in the confederacy. He was twice eap- tured, and after the war made a good impression his frank and charitable sketches of his rides, which, he-suid, “‘it suited some to ignore and di je into mere pland ring Taids what were expeditions of @ military character, and obviously, immediately or strategically bearing upon that Tesuit.” He 18 @ good-lhumored writer, and discards malice and re- venge a8 praiseworthy human qualities, The air was oppressive, but the meeting large and of one mind, ee sg RE ARRIVAL, a eh, « Several delegates have come here and dashed of again to escape the seorching weather. The heat is 6 lutense that few think much about. politics. Rooms can still be engaged at the Eutaw and a few other houses, ‘ALK WITH MARSHAL KANE. In gatherlog the political sentiment here the Heratp's writer called upon Colonel George P. Kane, better known as Marshal Kane, who was Marshal of Poltce in this city during the memorable days of 1361, when the troops were attacked in the streets of Baitimore by a mob of its citizens, I found Colonel Kane at his office, surrounded by & score of clerks attending to the onerous duties of his sheriifalty; I had never met him before, and as I entered I accosted a' clerk and inquired if Marshal Kane was in A stout, broad-shouldered man, fully six feet gh, Wearing a white pair of linen panta and a stripe Linen coat, stepped forward ‘and sald pleasantly, “IE