The New York Herald Newspaper, July 19, 1870, Page 8

8 Se ko eere e BALANCE OF POWER W BUROPE, cany. A treaty between the allied Powers and Napoleon (who was represented by Ney and Canlaincourt), having reference to this arrangement, Was signed on April 11 at Paris. By its articles, after his solemn renunciation for himself aud his descendants of the sovereigaty of France and Italy, it was stipulated that “their Majesties the Emperor Napoleon and Marie Louise” should retain their rank and titles for tife, and that all the branches of his family should also possess the titles of princes; ! that the Island of Elba should form a separate prin- clpality, to be held by him in full sovereignty and property for life; that there should, besides, be granted to him an annual revenue of two millions of frances ($400,000), in rent charge in the great book of France, with reversion of one million to the Em- press, and that to the members of his family there should be assigned a revenue of two millions and a half of franes, according to an apportionment made in the treaty, It was further stipulated that the duchies of Parma, Guastaila aud Placenta should be granted im. full sovereignty to the Empress, With succession to her son and descendants; that the Empreas Josephine should receive a million francs yearly from the great book of France; that. the property possessed by Na- Po'eon in France should form @ capital not exceeding two mitlions of francs, to be expended in “gratifications" to ipso Magara list given in by him; that free passage ghoukl be given to all of the family and their suites who chose to estab- lish themselves out of France, and an escort of 1,200 or 1,500 of the imperial guard to Napoleon himself 40 the place of enjuar! }» and set pe should be ailowed to take with him and retala 400 men as nis ther articles favorable to Himself and his “Zhe Congress of Vienna and the Reeon- struction of Europe at the Close of the Napoleonic War. "The Bonds by Which France is Bound to Keep the Peace. ‘Those “‘Detestable” Treaties Under ‘Which Napoleon LIL. is Chafing. eet) They Separate France from the Rhine, the Kastern Frontier of the First Empire. Past Facts for Present Consideration, WILL HISTORY REPEAT ITSELF? ¥ - > a exec! W ireaty. ac fomever, ly bore on art of al si "The events of the past few days plainly indicate to} 8 Mures Bf ihe Ministers orPrustia, Austria and us- ‘tue werld that Napoleon III. tha been spotling fora | ata. gig ere x onthe part of England, ac- Ache with Pramia and that he bab been delermined | Coded ie fy hat cute iy Wu prog sabi, totes no pretext pase for embroiling Europe ina Rae eisneer tg 6 Acs of third parties.” Casie- | ‘war, trusting-to good luck for it to result in terri- | reagh's objeetjons to the treaty were twofold—firat, th aera the tleor Napoleon as Emperor of France, which ac bad ever yet doue, Gireotly or Indirectly; |, second, ssighed Dim a residence in independent sovereignly, Clos to the Italian coast, and within a few days? Ball o! France, while the fires of the revolutionary volcano ‘orlal aggrandizement, Eleven years ago he joined ‘Bis arms with those of Italy against Austyla, and we Well kuow that Savoy and Nice were recelved by nim in payment for his services. And four years ago Luxemburg formea a bone of contention were yct unextiny lahed in both countries, The re- which nearly led toa ruptare between Prussia and | suit proved that efit iplomatist had judged rightly. France and.toan opportunity for the French Em-} | On April 20 Napoleon left vontaiubleag, and on the evening of the 26h saued from St. Tropes, on the southern coast of France, in the British fri-ate ‘The Undaunted, which he chose in preference to a French corvette, and on board of whici he was re- ceived with .all the honors due to bis exalted file. While the dethroned monarch was traversing the sontnern districts of France to the port of carbarka- tien @ very dierent scene was velug witnessed on the northern shores, Louls XVIiL., having been éalled to the throne, left his place of abode in Eng- land, and, after bemg received with great ¢éclas in the British capita), crossed the Channel from Dover to Calais tn the Royal Sovereiga yacht on April 24, and on the 3d of May made bis solenm eniraace 1.110 the capital of his dominions, On that same 3d of May Napoleon arrived at the iatand of Elba, THE TREATY OF PARIS—1814. The Bourbon dynasty being gow restored to France, the Orst of those treaties which were to settle the batance of power in Europe, was exeoutcil. This was the treaty of peace, signed at Paris on yay 30, 1814, between the Plen poivn- tiarles of the’ allied Powers and those of France, The second article of this treaty assured to France the Integrity of its boundaries as they existed on Jaauary J, 1792, with such aug- mentations of territory as were comprised in tie subsequent articie, which defined a line of demarca- ton on the side of Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy, toat on the Spanish border remaimmg the same as itstood at the beginning of 1702. By ‘tlus settlement some exchange of smail territories took lace between France aud the neighboring Stites, for the purpose of more ciearly deiining the frontier and for mutual advantage; but France received nore ‘than she gave up, and obtained thereby an increase Of 450,000 1n population, Jn this arrangement the fortress of Landau, which prior to tae year 1792 hat formed an jap aig) aig In Germany, was joined to @ Bcquisition of the intervening territory. France was at she same time assured in the possession of the principaliuy of Apienan, the Venaisin, the county of Montbeilard, aud ail ‘the enclosed districts once bevenging to Gemany com- prised within the new fronuer, waich lad been 1n- corporated with France before or a.ter January 1, 1792, and were the arst of the revoiution. The neighboring States were vo preserve the fuil right to fortify Cae? pet witiin thelr innles Uiat they might deem expedient fur their safety, and ‘uuce =was tO abandon — all pretension to any territories beyoad the fron- tier now agreed upon. By ether articies the navigation of the Rhiue was to be free, subject to equitable duties to be settied at a iuture congress; peror to extend his sway to the left bank of the Rhine, which every Frenchman considers to be the legitimate eastern boundary of his country, The Drst empire extended thither, aud the present ruler weems intent upon carrying the frontier of the sec- ond there also, But one werions obstacle to this desire are the stipulations contained In the treaties ‘@ecided upon in the Congress of Vienna and in the definite treaty of Paris of 1915, which nave not in- aptly been termed «The titie deeds or Burope.” That Napoleon chafes under these treaties there can be TO doubt; fora few years ago, in tse remarkable mpeech he made at Auxerre, he #0 far neglected to sustain his character for taciturnity as to cesig- mate them as “detestable,” These noted diplomatic documents were then supposed to settle the “balance ‘of power” in Europe, but the revolutionary events of 3830 and 1848 and the Itallan and German wars have mince caused them to become little better than waste paper. And now Napoleon has exhibited a desire to wield himself the weapons whith were directed against France by the allied Powers, and so under the plea of the necessity of sustaining the balance of power, ‘dotermined to prevent a Prassian prince from ob+ taining a Spanish crown, It is diMcult, however, to veliove otherwise than that jealousy of Prussia and the acquisition of the Rhenish border were nis Teading incentives, and his action in the matter has more closely resembled tne doings of his great uncle than any other event of his life. The readi- ‘ness with which he has taken umbrage in matters growing out of this question seems to andicate that ‘what being amicably settlod some other pretext Would have been found for crossing swords with tie great German Power, In view then, of the present attitade of affairs and ‘of the events that may ensue, the newspaper reader and the student of Ltstory will be interested in an ‘account of the great treaties which lea to the terri- 4orial settlement of Europe, and which, more or leas, Yor above half a century have regulaved the poistical ‘action of Huropean nations. We therefore give in these columns, in the forma of @ connected narrative, the closing events of the great Napoleonic war, the Negotiations for peace, and the results as embodied 4n these treaties. ; NAPOLEON'S FIRST OVERTHROW. ment; Italy, out of Austrian limits, was to be com- It was not until the hero of Austeriitz and Jena }{ pused of sovereign States, sk Malia, with its de- 4 a hundred other fi 1 pendencies, Was to beluug in full soverelguty \o = tha ee ‘i she Sik 7a his sword | Great Britaln. All the colonies, factories, lisleries, at the pen of the diploinatist was fairly calied Into | gc., possessed vy France on Jaiuary 1, 1792, wer: to play. It was then supposed—it was, however but a | be restores me the exception of Bowne St Lneion elusive supposition—: and the Isle of France.(the Mauritius) and 1ts depen- waieal scald eli de ; ee compmiey denc:es, which were ceded to England; and tat eal arones' not only driven their | part of St. Domingo, which Was ceded to Franc: by enemy within the limits of mis own land, but had | the P oavied of gine which see to revert t ce forced their wa me tal, Guadalog jarunique aud French Gulaua rahe slater ser jin and bad entered | itoato Frunce, the irst by Swedens th wis, March 31, 1814. The Emperor of Russia on | portugal, under arrangements entered sntu ‘the next day issued a declaration, in which he affirm. | tween men ana, the ullies. by manat favorable ed that tl youl eat | factuues for forming commercial estabiis:uments tn crak the Aiuied sovereigns would no more teat | tho wast Indies were granted wo France on cout. ‘with Napoicon Bonaparte, nor with apy of his family; | tion that no Jortifications Were to be erected in the ‘Bhat they respected the integrity of ancient France, ees rics goers to her a that no more tte ‘ ° soldiers were to be place@ there than were neves- asit exisied under its legitimaie kings, and would | firy ior police purposes, The right of fishery off perhaps do more for it; and that they would recog- | Newfoundland and in the Guif of St. Layre nize and guarantee the constitution ‘which France | also restored as im 1792. The naval ars should adopt. ships-ol-war in the maritune fortresses BU by France in the conveation of April 23 (), On that day, April 1, the members of the Senate | was provided that the French troops shou'd ev: assembled in consequence of an extraordinary con- | ate all ge Lag ter and ag mig nd As : i i e tiers of old France), were to be divide Fee ee aie ot onevento (Talleyrand) | Franco and the country to witich such fs ing President. At the invitation of the ates | lunged. Antwerp was for the fuiure to b- soiely a they passed a decree establishing a provisional | commercial port, government of five, who were then nominated, Talleyrand’s name standing first, and were charged ‘to provide for the wants of the administration, and to present to the Senate the plan of 9 constitution ‘which may suit the French people.” On the next @ay the Senate passed another decree, which, after Holland, in which a constitationcl monarchy had been abolished im the precediug March, Was to re- ceive an accession of territory and be an indepen- dent State under the House of Orange—its sove~ Teignty under no circususwnces to “belong to a prince wearing or designated to wear a foreign crown,” the German Stites were to be inde- pendent and united by a federal league; Switzerland was to continue independent under its own govern- These were the principal political arrangements, the remaining ariicies being chielly sipulations ative to private interests, debts, obligations, & The thirty-second arilcle bound the Powers eagax in the late war to send wititin two Months plenipo- ® preamble asserting “that in a constitutional Monarchy the monarch exists oniy in virtue of the “Constitution or social compact,” preceeded te show, tm @ numer of articles, In What manner Napoleon ‘mad Violated his compact with the French people; tentiacies to Vienna in order to regulate ina general Coagress the arrangements for completing the cis- sand, a8 the consequence, declared that he had ‘for- eited the throne, and the hereditary right estab- position of the preacut treaty. Mehed in his family is abolished,” and that the SECRET TREATY OF PARIS—1814. In addition to this public treaty 2 secret one was French people and the army were absolved from ‘their oath of fidelity towards him. A similar resolu, also signe}, which contained arttcies of oonsider- able importance, and poluted in ao obscure manner ‘tion was, on the same Gay, adopted by the legisia- ‘@ive bouy. W the poltcy avout to be pursued for the reconstric- tion of the balance of power, They relate. chielly Napoicon—whio had aliowed the Allies to give him ‘the slip, and was with his army to tie south of to the disposal of the immense terriiories, contali- ing no jess than 15,360,0u0 souls, Wuich had veen severed front Napoleon’s empire, besides 16,000,009 more from its external dependencies, which were now in great part at the disposal of the Allied Powers. ‘The leading principle whieh regulaud these distributions,” says Sit Arclubald Ailson, “was to strengtien tle second rate States wich bordered upou France, and from the weakness of which she had hitherto always been abie to make successful Irraptions from her own territories before the More distant sovereigns coud com? to their sup- port. To guard aguinst this danger i. was provided Paris—on learning what had passed in the pcg ply Fn hn opr ir 8 tory by the incorporation of Genoa with capital, rclired to Fontainebleau, where, 00} her dominions, the latter town being de- April 4, he sent Marbais Ney and Macdonald | clared free port: thai the Feconstruction of »witzerland, as agreed on by the A‘lied Powers, should be ratified by France; that Flanders, between the Scheldt and the Meuse, should be annexed to Holland; and the German States, on the left bank of the Rhine, wh.ca had been conquered from France, divided petween Holland and cussia.” Previous to and General Caulaincourt, to carry to the Senate his Proposal of submitting to the decision of that hody and the French peopie, and of abdicating in favor of his son and the regency of the Empress. Such an abdication had been suggested by the Emperor of | tie French revolution Genoa was a republic, though Russia, early on the morning of the 1st, to Caulain- | since 1523 ruled by an arisweratic government, and court, who had been sent by Napoleon as emissary a ers had been a province of Ausiria, the house to the alles; but the march of events iad go pro. | Gy Jiasburg having inherited it from the Spanish gressed by the time of its arrival in Paris, that it was HOW TUE TREATY OF PARIS AFFECTED FRANCE. rejected—the proposition of a regency belug then in- admigsable, ‘The pleniporentiaries at once returned to the Emperor, and aiter some difMlculty obtained from hia au unconditional abdication, expressed in the foliowing terms:— ABDICATION OF NAPOLEON. “The allied Powers Laving proclaimed that the Be ies atics of Paris formed the groundwork on the tc coming treaties of Vienna were based. more especially detiacd the Europe over what she pos revol Emperor Napoleon was the only obstacie to the re- | and had, resto outta ob establishment of the peace ot Europe, the Emperor | the colonfal possessions she t in’ the Napoleon, taithful to his oath, deciares that he re- Ae een eee ee Set \ from old Fran mounces, for himeeif and heirs, ¢ thrones of France and Italy; and that there isno personal sacrifice, even tliat of life, which he is not ready to Make to the interests of France.” Such was the close—it n was riled; honor was otferedt. resiore Ue provinces ' 4, as levied: not a p: ning | the sp was, however, a time—of a career of imeatiadle fl Hollend, were 1s bition which bad for so many years in- | or the great King of Prussia wero unrecitimed. volved Europe in blood, and shaken its firm. | far from sollowing Napoleon's bad ex: est thrones, He had refused conditions of peace y which would have left liim a potent thougiia dimine “the Phlowiog year iahed sovereign. He was now to sink into the ruler more wel ang Ova 0 Of his career y . 08 We salt he ay snow, 1 erritoriai Huts cu but ele bh pay A heavy peountary inc 0 Witness ar works which she mulated as of @ petty principality and the poesessor of a private fortune, TREATY BETWREN THE ALLIED POWERS LEON. Marshat Marmont having been Jnvited to pase, with oo w had dee! AND NAPO: i munity ant his corps, under the new government, acceded on | Piles of War torn from her n ~ and restore conaitjon that the Bmperor's ife and ea‘ety shoud | *° tel! various pousessors. condition that the Emperor's life and rafety shou NORWAY CEDED TO 8W 7" be guaranteed, and that he shonid be sent to a coun- While Tand contest m Cer t Europe was thus being drawn to 2» was gathermg in the North whielt was to produce try chosen by the allied Powers and the French gov- ernment. These tevins were agreed to, and ‘he FP new stornvof war and for a time retard the rest peror of Russia proposed to Napoleo#, Jn the name | Yon ad aah tranqaliliiy Of Barope. It had GPUdib dition, that ho ar git ‘22 of retreat | D°€8_ parts of “a secret engaemeny coniricted vy Sot harnaett aratt he should choose a place of retreat | Aiexamiey’ ft "Bornadote. ‘at Abo, in 1812, tha | jor himself and his | His choice fell upon | way ,sbould be ceded to SWodea, 1 exchange for | the [slapd of Elba, on the coast of Tus | comtine™{al possessions Of the Swedish crown, Winch | were ceded to Denmark; and by a subsequent treaty wath Great Lritain that | Power undertook to lend ber Ur POSE cal e arrange! into effect, When Denmark was deserted by Napo- leon, to whose fortune her's had been attached, she was compelled to acquiesce in tne conditions im- nm her; and by a treaty of ce concluded at Kiel 4 weden, found it ne- lanuary 14, 1814, with oossary to resign that ion of her dominions to which'she owed one of her crowns, For its 1088 she 3, however, com by Swedish and the Island of ‘on, which she alterwards ex- tweaty witn Great B tal pened a w in, to cede Hel igoland to Engiand, in excl for her West India Isiauds, and tw ce — in the alliance against France, In the follow- ing month (February 8), she also concluded @ treaty of peace with Russia, and on August 25 with Prus- sia, But the Norwegians stoutly opposed be! transferred from one sovereign to another Sqaind their consent. The two crowns of Denmark and Norway, which by mheritanc? had been placed upon the head of the sane sovereign, had been united jor above 400 years, The Norwegians when they were thus deser by Denmark, proclaimed their inde- pendence, and on Apri! 19 chose Christian Frede- rick, hereditary prince of Denmark, who had been Governor Generat of the Kingdom under Denmark, as their king; but the act was denounced by the Danish monarch, who recommended them to accep the sovereignity of the Swedish king. The latter also, but without avail, oftered to leave to the nation the faculty of Cp eth I sescliel oi analagous to its wants, and promised to-keep the finances of the two countries separat-d. Toe allied Powers likewise sent envoys to Norway to endeavor to bring abou’ a reconciliation, In this, however, they were unsuccessful; and the Norwegians Re tines in their opposition to the Sw ht Toe, jontily commenced, in which’ Great Britalil, in opposition to the liberal yew ‘of wey of her le, took part with her i The Sw after some repulses at first, eventually for their way Into Norway througp the mouniai pee which separate the two countries. fe tasted but iit’ more than & Sachiign and close, August 14, by the sub:nisston of No: and Ue resiguation of sucic newly elected king, Cn Oc- tober 5 the Norwegian Met, by & majority of 74 to 5, $e i 10 Qadinn o: ng - bie bits "ets aitunged were, however, very lavorable to the Norwegians, Wi Brie Bees the sub- stance, thougi mt the ive, of in pendense, and when thes: Were iinaliy seitied the on Noven- ber 4, unanimously elected Charles XNL of Swoden as thelr king, ‘Thus one natioa was annexed to anotuer which it looked upon as its patoral ememy, aud Was compelled to subwuitt to @ yoke shat was re- Pulzive to it; etill, thouga many old patriots mourned the loss of their political independence, Norway has had no real reason, trom Its subsequent goverament, to regret its union with the Swedish monarchy. RESTORATION IN HOLLAND. The important baste of Leipsic, October 16, 1813, decided the fate of Holland and Belgium, our of which countries the Freack were shoruy afterwards driven by the allied armea, On the 13th of Noyem- ber following Wilijam, Prince of Orange, gon of the Jast Stadnolder of tie United Ne.herlanis, ar- r.ved at the Hague, where Le was heartily wel- comed. He immediately repaired to Amsterdam, in which city he was proclaimed Prince Sovereiga, the people being unanimous!y desirous that ine Siedholdership should be changed tuto a neredita- ry monarcuy, Maying iirst charsed “men of constd- eration” with the preparation of the constitu: con- n sulted to the wants of the people, the Priuce Sove- reign promulgated it on March 3, 1814, and on the pine Sage same month took the oath which it pre- scribed, ‘Yh anioa of Holland and Belgium, which E decided upon in th gecret trea.v. ed to by the plemipoien- t aries of the allied Powers in London, in the month oi Juge, aad was publicly announced at the close of July. In advance of the decision being conirmed as the coming congress, on the Ist of August, 1314, the tea Belzic provinces, then usually distinguished by the nauie of the Cathoilc Netherlands, and which Were among the first conquests of the French tn the revolutionary war, were provisionally united with the sevea provinces of Protestant Holland, under one government, by the name of the Netherlands, with the pewly created Sovereign Prince of Holland asitsruler. Austria was not sorry to rid hersetf of tis Belgte territory. 23 trom its being detached and 80 far distant from the rest of tue empire it had long been rather @ burden than an advantage, and Its future defence cuud only be secured by a strong and expcusive Ine of fortresses, When the Con- er Vienna had confirmed the umon the frlace Sovereigu announced the same in & letter, cated February v2, 1915, to the Secretary of Stite ot Brussels, and by patent, dated March 1é, assu:ned the regal title. com- Mee was then appointed to Irame a new constiiu- tiou for the kingdom, which they reported on July 13, and on the 13th of tue same mouth the King | issded'a proclamation noti ying tie unfon of the united provinves wit Belgium. On August 8 tho Sta’es General unan mousiy accoptedthe new con- stitution; aud ‘on September 21 tho ceremonial of the inauguration of the King of the Netherlands took plice at Brassels, atler which the constitution was read, and ‘the King took the oath “with pecu- Nar energy.” Thas union, however, has not proved 80 iorvun.ite nor so lasting as that between Sweden and Norway; for, afler many years’ existence in Reiginm of ‘an antagontstic feeling agaist the Dutch, the people of that section of the united nation dn 1830 gained thelr dadepeadence, By a Wweaty signed at Viensa on May 31, 1815, and m accordance With a stipulation in the secret treaty Of Paris, tue King of the Netucriands received Luxembarg as an indemnity tor the principalities of Nasaau-Dullenbarg, Liege, Hadamar ant Dietz, given to Prussia and transferred by that Power to the Duke of Nassaa. It was at the same time agreed that the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg should form ‘one of the States of the German Confe leration, and that the fortress ef svat nawe should belong to the Ooufedcration. DULCH POSSESSIONS CEDED TO ENGLAND. On the 13th of August, 1814, an arrangement was signed by the Prince Regent of Engh and the Piiuce Sovereign of the Netherlands, in which it was stipulated that Great Britatn should retain the Cape of Good Hope, Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice, and that the island of Java and all the rest of the conquests made upon tke Dutch during the late war—uamely, Sarma, Caragoa and St, Bustatia— should be restored to them, Ceylon, as being ceded to Eazlaud before ihe war, remained in her posses- sion. RESTORATION IN PIEDMONT. According to a deciaration in the name of the alied Powers, signed at Paris Aprn 25, 1814, and ad ireased to the Continental States of the King of Sardinia, Piedmont was restored to the rule oi that sovereign. The King arrived at Genoa May 12, whency be issued an address to his Italian sudjects announcing the recevery of his righis aud as- suring to them every attention on his part to restore the country to @ prosperous state and to relieve tie people from thelr exorbitant taxes, His Majesiy eate urin on ihe 20th, aiid the ac- miations of the people. The Duchy of Savo; opt a poftiog whica by the new Boundary a rangements was added to France, was also restored to its ancient sovereign, the King of Sardinia. GENOA CEDED TO SARDINIA, In‘ the mon! yf April, 1814, Genoa was ocenpied by the Engitsh, waen Lord W. Bontmcx issued a proclamation aunouacing tat aidering it to b2 the uaiversat desire of the Genoese nation to return to that ancient goverament under which it enjoyed jiberty, prosperi.y and independence; considering also tint bis dese seems to be coutormabls to the principles acknowledged by the high siied Powers to restore to a.1 their ancient rights and privileges,” deviared the conatitution of the Gexoese States, Wiich esisted in the year 1797, re-established; and accordingly appointed a provisioual goveriament upon its principles, Tho city continued in the po3- session o1 the Brilisu troops and under the adminis- tration of the provisional government till Decemn- ber, when an Eavoyarrived at'Turin from the Sar- dinizn Minister at the ¢ 283 Of Vienna, with the Jnfor.nation that by a protocol, signed on the 14th by the plenapotenuaries of Powers composing the Conzress, the cession of Genoa and all tue country hat beca decis.veiy Axed, and that the King of Sar- dinia might view them as <efinitety united to his States, I} had been considered in the Congress that the retention of the separate existence of Genoa world risk the weakening of the system adopted for Tistly, and, consequently, expoa? its safety. Thus another State was transterred to a new master, without It being unagmed that its consent was in the least nece-sary to the vaidity ot such an act. Ventes was, im ke manr cd to the Austrian province of Lombardy and placed under the domi- mon of the Ausirian Emperor, re anvlent republic, 6) Jong the mistress 0! the Adriatic was finally ter- minated, and the country ecame a maritinie de- endency of the adjoining empire, THK POPE. In the general settlement of Europe after the revo- lutionary deluge one of the most Important restora- u ns Was that of the Pope at tue Eterna City. Upon the — overthrow the empire the Pont was in France, aad one of the fh onal goverament ade: eck hi and conducted to the I onors due to his rank. He enterea Rome on i of May, nearly five year: alter he had been curried off at dead of night by the troops of ot acts of the Pope after ug of a bull, August 17, 9 Jesuits, and the promaiza- isl4, for the re-establisn- e Instantly Set at Man frontier with was, by lvert, tion of an e¢ meat of te y While the greater part the European Contine! an under provistonal o: { Powers respecting = Confederacy was ea) mat diet the terms on exist as an indopeniter f CANTONS, rdinate States of acting in suspense e decision of the dition, the ci brace the whole convention of as thay stoon by tite of December, 1013, on an equal vention declared the constitutron intro- poleon by act of iediutioa annulled, ted the imped iple that no Br camions of St. Gal, , Argovia and the Pays de Vaud to the niependent members of the confedgracy, extended and” equal in fature times, igh the now plan of con na principle of equa munities .orming th federation was based y of rights among all the Helvetig nody, if exeited a4 as were reduced in thei ph ace, and especially those which had possessed subjecis., At the head of these Was Borne, long the mot wealthy and popuious of the cantons, and tue sovereign of several dependent @istricts, vhich it fad ruleloea master. It com. ‘ plained the new federal pact, it was par- celled out od stripped of rights over countries acquired by their ances! ‘was thus separated tors, and from tts ancient subjects; but, while 16 Sraeree determined to retain those subjects, the Vaudois and the Argovians were quite as resolute in asserting imdependence, @3 well as St. Gal and the country generally, were from bong ina uil state, Which caused the ministers o! the allied ers to interpose by & note addressed to the Diet on & That body was consequently summoned by its President to assemble at Zurich on the 4th of September, in order to take the necessary steps to obtain oe aycany of the independence of Swi ‘land at Myre aud to regu- Tate Its political interests. The Diet was not net ry coming to a conclusion on these weighty points, and on the 8th male @ decree that the treaty of alliance between the nineteen cantons should be sigaed and seale] as a true federal convention, By this act of confederation the cantons recipro- cally guaranteed each other's constituuon. In its articies it appointed a contingent of troops to be raised in the proportion of two me. in every han- dred, and amounting to a total of 30,000, but subj to revision im the follow! year; levied a con! bution on the cantons for the expenses of war and of the confederation; established a treasury, and deorced that in case of dauger, interaal or external each canton snould be entitled. to clatm the ad of the confederates, and that all differences or claims between canton and cw#uton should be decided by federation. Among other provisions was one ‘that ‘there is no louger any subject in iy bs Cont Seigen and.” The Diet was to consis: of nineteer members, one from ea ever, ste Jo ty phrges ‘by its epi Ber a ee a war, ‘peace, cludin: alliances with ‘oreign &c., two-thirds voices eI require for ep dertionion) ip, others a majority. cantons might ‘several contract treaties to furnish soldiers, and make oth ith fovetgn Powers not inirings MEN ‘ois, Geneva and its bogies and rent chatel were afterwards united to Switzerland, formed go additional cantons. 2 ‘The constitu: waa formally acceded to by the whole cantons on the 27th of May, 1815, and formed the basis of the Helvetio Contederacy until 1848, In wailch year a new federal constitution was adopted. Dari nop gress oft agreat Buropean confict, uring the progieas o! ict, Sorte toe pa a goa cot rty-L WO F ry from Napolevn or bis hie! the Powers who had co red by the te arms of ered ative oaquered by 2 @_respectiv Powers each Would nave had complete right to annex Its own peculiar Conqugst to its own terrivory. In the present case, however, the conquests had been made jomtly in a war waged for a common p.rpose, and the maia business of the Congress of Vienna con- sisted in 80 disposing of them as to accomplish the objects of the war. ‘he preliminary arrangements made in the secret treaty of Paris decided the fate of some of these conquests; Dut it was necessary that the decision should be coniirmed, and it fell among the duties of the Congress to make such conitrmation. Besides this, other con- uests had yet to be disposed of, and though it had been arranged that the German Siates should be formed into a confederation, it was both neces- sary for the C to settle the terins of tliat con- federation and wo decide upon the sovereignty of a considerable poriion of German territory which was heid under provisional occupation. It been originally intended that the Congress should have commeaced its sittings in Vienna on the 29th of July; but the visit of the ajlied sovereigas to Englind and their subsequent return to their own capitals necessurliy caused delay, and tt was not till September 26 that the Congress commenced by the entry of tho Emperor of Russia and the King of Pras- sia into the Austrian capiial. These soveretgns were immediately followed by the kings of Bavaria, Wur- teimberg and Denmark, and a host of lesser princes while Lord Castlereagh, and sal jugnily the Duke of Wellington, on the part of England, and M. ‘Taiey- rand on that of France, arrived to attend to the m- teresls of their respective monarchies, ‘Bug’? says Alisoa, “although the sovereigns and ministers in appearance kept up the most amtcable and confiden- tial relations, 1t was easy to see that their inierests aud views were widely at variance, aud that the removal of common danger and tae division of com- mon spoil had produced thelr asual effect of sowlag dissension among the victors.’? PRSLIMINARY DIFFICULTIES, When business came to b2 discussed among the ministers of the several! Powers if was found slat 50 much previous labor was requisite to bring the ques- tions for determination to @ due state of maturity, tuata deciaratioa was issued for adjourning the formal opening of the Congress to the 1st of Novemn- ber. A pre!iminary question of precedence rose as to the rank of tue different States assembled and their representatives, ppt this was at once termi- nated by the happy expedient of the Mmperor Alex- der that they shouid be arré and ‘siga acccord- ing to the alphabetical order of the first letter of the nome of their respective Statesz, A more serious dimfcaity was the nent as FO What States should, tu thelr own right as principals, taxe part in the detiberations. It was at first proposed by the ministers of Russi , Austria and Great Britain that they suould, in. the first instance, come to an agreement as to the disposal of the ter:itories wrested from France and it3 altics before they entered into conference with France aud Spain, This proposal was, however, naturally resisted b; Talleyraud and the Spanish Plenipotentiary, an Lord Saatersagh and Prince Metternich, perceiving the necessity of a counterpoise to the prepouderating influence of Russia in the conferences, eventuall supported their claim to be present. Tae result ‘was a decision that not only the mimsters of the four allied Powers, but those of France, Spain, Portugal and Sweden should aiso be admitted to the delibe- rations. The Cardinal Gonzalvi, on the part of tae Court of Rome, was afterwards received. through the persona! intercession of the Prinve Regent of Eng! nd, while the ple: entiaries of Murat, King of Naples, the kings of Sicily, of Bavaria, the Neth- erlands, Saxony and Denmark, besides the minis- te:s of the Swiss and Genoese republics, though not, adinitted to the conferences of the greater Powers, were present at Vienna, and bad their interests at- vended to by such of thelr more powerful neighbors as Were disposed to support tue. QUARR2LS AMONG THE CONQUERORS. The dispute with regard to the ad:nission of min- isters to the deliberations furnistied a key to ihe course which the different Powers were likely to take in the Sprroncaing. Begotiations; Dut & Cousid- erable time elapsed before the real divisious ap- peared, However, much was doné, in the first in- stance, without any ditferenve of opinion taking place. The matters arranged in Paris, such as the union of Belgium to Holland, were soon setuled; and the-annexation of Norway to Sweden was algo at once agreed to, In fact, both these untons had been already consummated. " It was likewise ag easily aecided that Lombardy should agam be placed uuder the rule of Austria, and Savoy of Piedmont; and that Hanover, with considerable accession o} territory, taken from the defunct kingdom of West- phalia, should be restored to the King of England, on whos? behalf the Prince Regent declared, Octo- ver 26, with the concurrence of the aliiea Powers, that he agsamed the title of King of Hanover instead of "lector, the duties of that position haying termi- nated. “So far,” writes Anson, “all was easily arranged; but the questions of how Poland, Saxony and Genoa were to be disposed of were not 60 eas'y adjusted; and the first of them gave rise to dissen- sions so #erious that they not only completely broke up for the time the grand albance which had effected the deliverance of Europe, but had it not been for the unexpected, and in that view most opportune, return of Napoleon from Elba, they would, In ail robability, nave led to the flames cf war again yeaking out and the old allied forces being cou- ducted to mutual slaughter.” POLAND CLAIMED BY RUSSTA, The Emperor of Russia stoutly insisted that the Grand Duchy of Warsaw shouid be ceded to his ear- pire, as an indemnity for the sacrifices it had made ‘and the losses it had sustained during the war. He represented that it would be as much as his crown was worth if he were to return to St. Petersburg ‘wittout having obtained some adequate compensa- tou for the sacrifices the nation had andergone, and he asserted that the Poles expected a revival of thelr nationality either from a union with the Russian enlpire or in @ sedarate establishment under a prince of the imperial family of Rassla. He added weight totnese arguments by the significant hint that he had 300,000" men ready to march st a.mo- ment’s notice; that his troops already occupied the whole of Poland, and that, by representing the Rus- sian alliance a4 the only means of resionng their jost nationality, the whole warlike force of the Sar- matians would soon be ranged On ius side, Prussia, which was enitrely under the jufluence of Russia, and owed her a debt of gratitude for deliverance from the thraldom of Napoleon, supported those prevensions, in doing which she imagined that she Was enabled to support ber own claims. DEMANDS OF PRUSSIA. When the grand alliance waa agreed upon it was Stipuiaced that Pru should be “reinstated at the close of hostilities, in all respects—statist cal, finan- clal and geographical—as it had stood at che com- mencement of the war of 1806, with such additions a3 might be deeied practicable.” Prugsia now de- moanded the fulfilment of this promise, and claimed, bes.des various provinces on the left bank of the Rhine, which were at the disposal of the allies, the whole of Saxony. It was insisted that Prussia should be largely indemnified in Germany for Kus- sia’s claims of a considerable portion of Prussian Poland to bound her proposed acquisiuons on the Vistula; and her Minister argued that the interests of Europe imperatively demanded that a powerful iutermediate State should be placed between France and Rusala, and stated that recent dangers ciearly pointed out the side on which additions should be made to her territory. On condition of her demands bemg acquiesced in Prussia was ready to cede to Russia the southera, proyinces of Poland, and was ng to demolish the fortifications of ‘Tiora and Dantzic in order to appease the jealousy of te Ger- ian Powers ai the aggrandizement of Russia, in these changes 16 was insisted that Prussla would not be strengthened in thesame degree as Russia would be by tie acquisition of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, aad Austria by Lombardy and the Milanese, France, Austria and England were decidedly opposed to these sweeping annexations to the Northern Powers, and they contended that the unton of the crowns of Poland and Russia on the same head, and the an- nexation of Saxony to Prussia, were coutrary to the genera! principles of justice on which the war against Napoleon had been maintained. ‘The Empe- ror Alexander had expected the opposition of Bug. land and Austria to his designs, but he did not loo! for that of France. He consequently openly charged the French King with biack ingratitude, and his dis leasure was manifested without disguise to M. Tal- jeyrand; at the sume time ie contracted cioge rela- tions with Eugene Beauharnois, who was then in Vienna, and openly espoused the cause of Murat in opposition to the Bourbon family.in the contes, for the throne of Napies. He also spoke of the unfitness of the elder brauch of the Bourbons for the throne and the probaviiily of a revolution placing the svep- NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, JULY 19, 1870.—TRIPLE SHEET, tre in the hands of the house of Orleans, which, curiously enougil, 1n course of time came to pass. WARLIER PREPARATIONS. Discussions soon rose to auch @ height that they Were not confined to mere indications of ill humor at the Congress, The whole of the Russian armies on thelr return home were halted tn Poland, and re- tained in every respect on a war footing. The Poies were promised to have their lost nationality restored to them, and were called to rally round the Russian standards as the only means of affecting it. Russia declared that haying eongvered Saxony she had no intention of parting with it, and to support the de- claration armed her whole contingents as if war was on the point of breaking out. On the other side, the three Powers were not idle. Austria pul her armies in Gallicta on th? war footing; France was invited to suspend the disarming which the ruined state of her flnances had rendered necessary, while British troops in great numbers were sent over to Belgium. Thus, wile 2 peace congress was sitting the pacificators kept a miition of men under arm ready to battle with other, Mafters were ju time brought to @ crisis by the conclusion, at Vienna, on February 3, 1815, of a secret treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, Detween Austria, France and England. The kinzs of Hanover, Bava- el aud Piedmont were invited to pacede to this treaty, immediately did; 80 effect, by that, in the whole’ forces of Western and Southern Europe were arrayed against ad,Prussia, The pian of proposed opera- {ions was even traced out, and they were intended to meet the anticipation that the Russian atuues Dis. iT OF P ei: iene of Haare having transpired it produced considerat le cation in the views } of tae Norsher. Powers, coos one se rh a reaul that Russi iaisbo several dite Of Poland, comprised in Duchy of |. which were restored tor: the laser Power haviog originally ob- talned on the of that uphappy coun- Sidhe tes F eae Bae and anotuer Russia ated Prussia, by which tres was cone y meepetut ws Hass i. with the at it shoul pire but should form @ 8@; Cree oun, Pa'tivor of the Czar. The three Powers not beng abl the disposition to either of them le to agree upon of the ancient town of Cracow, by a third treaty ded on th same day between Russ a, Austria and Prussia, 1 wie deciued that it should ‘forin an independént republic. : i In the settlement of the Saxon diMeulty Praasia ally agreed to be content wita a poriton of Sax ‘and a smaller portion was given to Hano- ver. But against these Torced concessions the King of Saxony, in a note dated March 11, loudiy pro- tested, aud ovjected to any partition being made of his dominions without his being allowed s represea- tative at the Congress, Nevertheless, by the avcis- fon of the ailtes, he was compelled to part with two- fifths of his. subjects and more than one haif of ns territory, and a treaty of between Prussia and Saxony was conciuded at Vienna on the 18th of May following, when the King of Pruasia assumed, on account of his new provinces, the ‘titles of Duke of Saxony, Landgrave of Tharingea, we of both jusqtias and Count of Henneberg. puch was tie fate of the King of Saxony, who had the misfortune of being the last of those sovereigus who in the same year supported the case of the in Emperor. On the 22d of May the King of Saxon: from Saxenburg, a valedictory address to the itants of the ce: part of his kingdom, in wich ne excused the cession as the only condition by waich he could ontain the restoration of the remainder of bis hereditary estates; ani on th: same day the King of Prussia promulgated, at Vienna, a procia- mation to the people of Prussian Saxony, in which he announced (their union to his crown. A week revivus, on tke 15th, the latter mouarch also issued m the Austrian capital a proclamation to the in- habitants of the Grand Duy ot Posen, wforming them of the restoration of that Polish province to his monarchy. On the 30th of April the Emperor Alexander also addressed.to the President of tha Polish Senat the fate of thelr country had been unanimously de- cided by the Powers assembled jn congress, and that he had assumed the: title King of Poland, “Tne kingdom,” he said,» “shall be united with Russia by the bond of ils own cousituuon.’? 1 how ha3 that promise been Kept? This newly created kingdom of Poland, with the Praszian Duchy of Posen and the former annexations of the three partitioning Powers, compretiend the whole of what was once Poland, witu the exception of the ancient capital. Cracow, whicn those Powers then thougut good in. Cong! to deciare a iree, inde- pendent and strictly neutral city, naving a sniall ter- nitory annexed tu it. Russia, Austria and Prossia engaged to respect, and to cause to be respected, its neutrality, and no armed force was upon any a text to enter its territory. It was to possess its free constituuion, its academy and its bisnopiic, 28 Bet. tled by a iormer treaty. Poland here recovered a small portion of her lost nationality; but, alas! how time has swept ont of existence even this last lithe speck of Polish independence, for in 1346 Cracow was incorporated with Austria. PRUSSIA’S GAINS, But the repossession of Posen and the annexation of the haif of Saxony were mo! the whole of the ter. Titoriea that fell into the Prassian net, She optained also almost the whole of the Lower khine from Mayence as far as Aix-la-Chapelle, and © great_por- tion of Wesiphalia, but had to give up East. Friez- land to Hanover, and by an excange with Denmark into large possessions on the borders of the Baltic, We have already stated that u, the treaty of Kiel, by which the King of Sweden received Norway, Swedish Pomerania and tye jsiang of Rugen were bestowed 1s a couijensation usdu the King of Denmark. To the latter cession Prussia Tefused to accede, and the King of Deninark, ne his uew posszssions of Little value, on account o! tielrseparation from the o:ner part of his dominion3, ceded them to the King of Prassia, by a treaty dated June 4, 1815, inretura for the duchy of Lauenburg (whica had been made over to Prussia by Hanover) and the gum of $2,690,000. Prussia had aiso to pay 3,500,090 to Sweden. Thrs exchange was ci pleted by letters patent from tie King of Sweden, dated October 1, absolving the inhabitants of Pome- rania and Rugen from any remainmg allegiance to ‘the Swedish crown. and in the sam2 monih those dls- tricts were formally occupied by the King of Pruseia’s commissioner, ’ ACQUISITIONS OF AUSTRIA. It was decided by the Congress that Austria should not only have Lombardy restored to her, but that Venice—which. for a iew years at the begmning of the century had been uniter Austrian role, and for 1,300 years before the Napoleonic wars had been an inde- pendent repubiic, the jon :est in history—should be ‘United to is, and ine two provinces irom the kiugdom of Lombardy and Venice, and on April 16, 1916, the Emperor of Austria 1:sued 4 pro-lamatton announc- fag the conclusion of the treaties which awarded to him these possessions. Austria had aiso confirmed to her the lilyrian provinces, aleo as a kingdom, Venetian Da!matia, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salzburg, the Inn and Hausruckviertel, andi tne part of Gailicia ceded to her ut au earlier period, THE MINOR GERMAN STATES. Tn addition to the changes and exchanges in the German States, which we hive alrealy noticed, Bavaria, in exchange for the provinces again ceded by her to Austria, recelved the province of Wurz- burg as well ay Aschaifenburg, and, at a later date, the Palatinate on the Rhine, or Rhenish Bavaria, a poré.on of which was severed Irom France after the Unal fall of Napoleon. The electorates of Hease, Branswick and Yidenurg were restored, and every- thing else in Germany was allowed to subsist ag at the Ume of the confederation of the Rhine, All the peity princes and counts then mediatized continust to be #0. Wise regulations were established by the Cougress for securing ihe free navigation | a J rivers of Europe, particularly the Rhine, tho leckar aud the Meuse, without, at the same tiaic, abrogating the rights of the poteatates who were Interested in dues of passage. THE GERMANIC CONFEDERATION, We have stated that it Was one of the stipniations of the treaty of Paris that a confederation of the German States shoud take the place of the ancieat empire, ‘tic terms of this alliance were agrext upon at the congress of Vienna, and the act of con- federation was concluded and signed in that city on tle Sth of June, 1815, betweea the Emperor of Aus tria and the kinzs of Prussia, Denmark and the Netherlands, On account of tuose portions of thetr possessions Which were incladed in the German Inion, and tiirty-one other soverelga princes and the four free cities of Germany. Austrian Germany formed less than one-third of the Austrian empire, white Prussian Germany comprised about. tivo- thirds of the kingdom of Prussia. Ihe Grand Duchy, of Luxemburg was under the sway of the King 0} Holland, and Holstein aad Laueaburg under that of the King of Denmark. Schleswig was not included inthe union. The rest of the States were uncon- nected witit territory tat was no! exclusively Ger- man. Hanover, however, was governed by tue King of Engiand, but was not otherwise connected with that country. The States were, Im 1815, thirty-nine in number; but six sovereignties, exclusive of Holstein and Lauenburg, had ceased to exist prior to the dissviution of the confederation ta 1866, and had bes neorporated with others. The largest area of German territory belonged to Aus. tria; the greates! number of German inhabitants to Prussia, By tie act of confederation the affairs of the union were to be managed by a generai assembly or dict, in which ali the members were to be represented by their plenipotentaries, either singly possessing a vote (curte) ov several, joluing to form one vote—the Whole nunber of votes being seventeen, For the most important questions, however, the diet was to lb In plenum, When every State cast at least one vote, anu the larger ones two, tiiree or four, accord- ing to their importance; the total number of votes in 1815 being sixty-nine, but by the redaciion in the Lumber of States eventually reduced to Sixt, y Tue presidency sas given to Austria, and the of meeting appoimiel to be at Frank/orton-the- Main. Each member of the confederation engaged to assist in protecting not only ail Germany, but every separate Siate of the league, agaist any at tack and they reciprocaliy guaranteed to each other the whole of their possessious Jacladed within tie confederation. ‘Vuey also bound theiselves to enter into no treaties hostile to the confed- eration, and not to make war upon one another upon any pretext, but to submit their differ- ences to the decision of the diet. Among the other Provisions of tie act were @ constitutional govern. ment to be established in each State, diversity of Ohristiaa faith to occasion Bo difference in respect to civil and poilticat rights, the consileration of a mo‘le for ane ioraling tue condition of the Jews, the subjects of one State to hold property in another Hhate subject to the same charges ad the natives thereof, the rigut of free emigration of subjects from one State to anotuer willing to receive them, and of entering into its military or civil service; provided, the emigrant is under no previous obligation of mill- tary service to his native State, the consideration aad framing of uniform mations relative to the at Warsaw a letter, announcing that oo freedom of the press, and the devo teraerncase eens tween the States, * ee rca for fifty-one again c ion e the empire upon whose rains it was erected, a thing of the past. On Prussia devoived the task of pullding se edifice that now covers tha greater portion of the ground on which it stood, Tt was also decided upon in He reaey Paria that Italy, out of Austrian limits, was to vided. into sovereign States, The Italian peninsula, never- theless, ‘Presented ‘@ most Gomphieated fleld for dipio- macy, ie cession of Lombard, Anstria, and of the Genoese repubile to the kingdom Wilhous much Wimeue” davies tae parses mason ic leapite the on stranees of the citizens of tue latter commonwealth, who passionately desired the restoration of their, ancient form of government. ‘The desire, however, of the allies to strengthen the States on the French frontier and, above all, the kingdom of Sardinia, which held the Keys of the most important passes from France nto Ray, ‘caused them to lend a deaf of authora: ear to all remo ol the little republic, But the conilicting opie “ eee in January, 1814, had joined the allies ane ‘wrested Rome from the grasp of Ni n, his brother-in- law, and old comrade and fr.eid, who had raised him from @ private station t the throne of Naples— and the old Bourbon ly the ert olitan crown ere: & warm interest in ‘tne Oon- gress; the more~ especially ax 1 as we Taye previously fae out ue at. the resistance. of the fourt of to his views in regard to Poland and openly red fie clains: of the. former, his Safer hate copes nae ag ns ant in talian p Passed over to allies, ‘tne of of the: by Murat was obviously an pocmaly ie the ft Kener den, i Sea ee interest in replacing ‘thet crowa on the mend-of the of Sicily. The rest of the. great Powers sup- & sainet hina wien his tani of advant as when bis co-operation was of advan to the common cause. She Brien Cabinet certan Let a this was preliminary toa treaty wit im, Was upon the comdiien tion elsewhere should be found for Ki Murat was long in anxtous ture of auch @ by the ited mi on December 20, 1Blfs he caused a mei delivered to Lord Castlereash, at leuna, re- questing the” speedy conclusion of a definite treaty of Ler between the two crowns; but that nobleman oiticially announced to the Congress, at the end of the ‘eae? February, , that Murat ad so completely failed in bis own en- gagements that he had virtually l.berated the allies from theirs, Austria, too, had no desire thay a revo; lutionary throne should be placed so near the in: flammable material eontatned in her Italiamprov; inces, and Its close proximity to-tne Papal territory, which Murat coveted and had more once at- tempted to seize, geve.much alarm to the Court of Rome. Meanwhile Murat, fancying his possession of the crown of Naples in no danger, was dreaming of these ‘of the whole of italy south of the Po; and with that view, in spite of remonstrances from Vienna and Rome, kept eee, ossession of the three legations ef Bologna, Fe! and Ravenna. ‘His extravagance even went so far es to Dim oa Febraary 15 to make @ formal demand for the passage of 80,000 men through the Ausirian territo- ries in Italy for the purpose of attacking France. ‘This militay possession and demand greatly excited the jealousy. of the allied Powers, which, towards the end of February, was increased by rumors reaching Vienna of constant correspondence between the Isle of Eibaand the adjoining shoves of Ataly, and an tne tended descent by Napol leon on.the coast of France. Before, however, entering. upon. the story of the hundred eventful days which France had yet to pas? through ere the warrmg elenents of Europe were put to rest for twoscore years, we will follow the fortunes of Italy to a settlement, wnich wasmnot dis. turbed till 1359, when the boom of French cannon was heard on th? plains of Lombardy ‘and the crowns {él from the heads of tne petty Itallan princes, Pearat. who had for some time been coquetting with both Napoleon aud the allies, no sooue heard of the former's trlumpnant.entrance into Lyoné thar. ho marched an army info the Panat territories and towards the borders of the Austrian provinces and frightened the Grand Duke of Tuscany from bis Sta eel nos anaes Bs by the Anatrian forces i back | own domintons, where his defeate: ar Bi be- came demoralized and disbanded. © Their leadtr Ned lon, Whence he proceeded. to. and af- Reewardavon Ootober 15, met, his de bri terwards, on a, in a fruitless aan to rally his former subjects. around his standard ‘On May 1 Ferdinand TY. ‘isaned at Palermo a pro- c'amation to the Neapolitans, informing them had reascended the throne of Lind” table “A Sirti sence of nine years,» made mato the capital The Grand Duke of Tascany ¥e- turned to his possessions, Which were increased 0; the union of some minor territories, among thei the Isle ree — te a of Vienna,’ aero ance wit! eaty WI fapoleo! t and Placentia to Marte a for fife, wit che A cluding Austria from tof Briccession. An: act of the 14th Sentooneny 1816,. signed ‘at. Vienna, confirmed those States to her, and after go her son, who, by the last enterprise of his ee was. placed iu an unnatefal tion. The little ercignty of Modena was restored to @ collateral rauch of the house of Hapsburg. All these pett, brauck sovereignties are pow swallowed up by the ne 1 Eieedob af fialye Ry oes THE IONIAN ISLANDS, The Congress of Vienna terminated on the pth of June, 1815—on which'day was concluded a génorab treaty, signed by all the Powers, in which fndttoe | separate acts were recapitulated and ratifed—but supplementary treaty, fixug the destiny of the seve Tonian Is'ands, was concluded by the allies at Paris sidered as forming part of te @ensral treaty. By as forming part ol . By this act these islands were to form “@, single free and independent State, under the nomination of the United States of the Tonian Islands,” to be placed under the immediate and exclusive protection of the English crown, which should appoint a Lord mis- B.oner to reside there; but the Sta.es were to. - late their Internal organization, with the ap) of the progecting Power.. The Sracigs of the said United States was to be ‘acknowledged Py all the Ligh aagbiay as the flag of a free and Inde- lent se. Petes islands have been lately, with the sanction: of fngland, incorporated in the Kingiom of Greece, to which country they geographically belong, NAPOLEON'S RETURN FROM BLBA. Just at the time when the quarrel of the conquer- ors, sitting in Congress at Vienna, was beginning to- abate, though Russia and Prussia, A bungry wolves, were still intent upon devouring Poland and Saxony, “an event occurre) which resounded lixe a thunderbolt from’ oné end. of Europe to the other,’ extingutshed all diplomatic jealousies and instanly tightened the bonds of alliance between the great Powers. Previous to this, however, the rumors of the correspondeace between Eiba and Naples, to which Wwe have referred, had acquired such cons'’stency that ti propriety of removing Napoleon from the meighvorhood of Italy. was. more than once ayitated in the Congress, and varions places of idence wore. proposed for him in exchange for Etba, among these one of the Canary Islands, which was suggested ‘the Portu- guese Minister, and St. Heiema or St, cla, which Were proposed by Lord Castlereagh, Alexander, om the other hand, firmly held out for adhering to the treaty by which the fallen Emperor way in possession of Elba, The feara of tne, other Powers and while,’ the tite, tha’ on the: were, however, too well wy according to # witty rematk made at Congress was dancing, out notadvauc! ‘7th of March, news was broughi to Me! ata ‘ball at Vienna, that. ‘Ni leit Elba.” Nearly a week ict Ml beeen en ot ign tas re Bey ‘rance, ne: ‘spol here, on is year, he had’embarked for his isléud homer aud. of ths same day issued an address to the French people Shot aShe, his retarn from exile, He immediately commenced his march towards Paris, receiving. upon the way numerous adhesions of French troops to the small military force of 1,000 men who came: with him from Elba, He entered the mt on the evening of the 20th. The fea" om. during the previous night and proceeded to: Lille, whence he afterwaras removed to Ghent, 1m Belgium, where, on the 2d of May he tssued Bideole. ration to his “subjects,” calling upon them to rally round him, aud stating that the great Powers ‘had decreed the destruction of the tyrant,” and would come to their aid and relieve them from the oypres- sion and usurpation under which they suffered atihe hands of Napoleon Bonaparte, a DECLARATION OF THE ALLIES AGAINST NAPOLEON. | When the revolt of the French army and the as proaching downfall of the throne of Louis XVIII. could be no longer doubted in Vienna, the C88 took the most vigorous measures to provide against the danger; and on March 13 the plenipotentiaries of Austria, Spain, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia, Russia ana Sweden nade a solemn declara- tion, 1n which they stated that Napoleon Bonaparte, by breaking the convention which had established’ hin in the Island of Elba, “has destroyed the solo legal title to which Dis political existence is attached.: By veappearing in France with projects of trouble and overthrow he has deprived himself of the pro- tection of the laws and made it evitent, in the fice of the universe, tuat there can no longer be either peace or truce with him. ‘The Powers Tore declare ‘that Bonaparte nad placed him- self out of the pale of civil and social relations, ang that as the general encmy and disturber of the world he is abandoned to public justice.” They also declared their firm resolution to maintain entire the treaty at Paris of the 30th of May, 1814, and that they were ready to give to the King of France, the French nation, or any other government that shall be attacked, all the assistance required to restore publite tranquillity. On March 25 treaties were con- cluded between, the four great Powers, by which each was bound to supply 150,000 men to carry outi the objects of this declaration, and the other Powerg: of Europe were invited to co-operate with them, ; ‘THE FINAL DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEON, A While the: diplomausts were actively in finishing the business of une Congress ie com manders of the allied forces were busily employed in making preparations for the subjugation of the arch-enemy, and within ten days after the [po= veatiaries had jaid aside their pens in. Vienna the sword decided the fate of Napoleon on the field of Waterloo. The Emperor, who had left Paris on June 12 flushed with the hopes of conquest, now has- tened back to the capital, which he reached the morning of the 20th, within forty houre after his crashing defeat. He soon had- the mortl fication to find that by the action of the Ubawbers there was no longer any nope of his * ne “.