The New York Herald Newspaper, June 4, 1870, Page 5

- existed in the United States against people of THE RASTERN QUESTION. Torkey in Mer Relations to America and Ad- vanes to Reform and Democracy. The Genius of Hnlightenment and Freedom Inspiring the Ottoman Bmpire. Universal Religion Not Based on the= Koran. Atheism, Deism, Materialism and : the Schools, The Sulian’s Speech on Progress—The Situation on the Bosphorus. ‘The European mali at this port delivered our spe- fal correspondence from Turkey, supplying the foi- lowing exhaustive and accurate details of the grand movement towards reformed democracy, interna- tonal fraternization and universal religion which is now being so rapidly evo!ved in the Ottoman em- Dire. The marked influence of the very reflection of our American system of government in aid of the progress is noted ani commented on nealthily. CONSTANTINOPLE, May 6, 1870, Although the Ottorcan empire is one of the most remote of the countries in friendly alliance with the United States, the relations existing between them annually increase in importance, and consequently tend toexcite an interest im whatever occurs in either in the shape of progress and improvement. in Europe others of the oldest countries and peoples are also paseing through a condition of transition, each approaching more and more the principles of human frecdom and civil rights which exist in the great republic of the United States of America. The example offered to the world by the wonderful, prosperity and progress made there in the useful arts bas much more weight and influence on the minds and hearts of people the most remote from the United States than probably their citi- gens are aware of, Interference in the affairs and concerns of other nations and Peoples by elther the government or American People is not only entirely wrong, but also quite unnecessary. As it is a sacred principle of tho American government not to allow other govern- ments to interfere in its domestic concerns it is na- tural to suppose that it freely recognizes its appll- cation on the part of all other governments. Had this principle not been respected by the greater Powers of Europe during the late ctyll war in the United States its results might have been widely di/- ferent from what they have been. The people of the United States being in the possession of the bless- ings of civil and religious liberty it is natural that they should wish to see them exist in all parts of the World and sympathize with the efforts made by any and all other peoples to acquire them. This, how- ever, does not give them any right to go to their as- gistanc? in the promotion of these efforts, much of which are through bloodshed and reyolu- tions. The principle which holds good with nations 4g equally applicable to individuals. Misfortunes occur amoug peopics and in domestic circles, and are regresabie in either cass; in place of good, inter- ference on the part of ontelders may produce much harm, and, besides forming an infraction of the prin- eiple here alluded to, it}s a question whether do- mestic peace and national weifare may not be best Promoted by such a course. 1s it not wiser to encourage those who have ‘clearly adopte the pro- Per course by words of commendation, and assist them by our sympathies, when passing through their state of transition, without attempting any open interferenc> ? Some of the results of peace are improvements and salutary reforms, and at the present moment there 4g no government Jn Laropefwhich profits mere than Turkey by the tranqutl condition of her people to in« troduce amelloration3 in their condition and cir- cumstances. Just as in the United States there is a vast revolution belng nowcarricd on in favor of their colored citizeus, another {s being effected in the Ottoman empire in behalf of the non- Mussulman population. For many centuries the Mostems have been the privileg-d and dominant Face, from among which aii the functionaries of the government have beea chosen Rarely have Chris- tians been appointed to oftice in the Ottoman gov- ernment. A rellgtous prejudice exited against them even stron; than that which, until recently, and the government In}ors to allay this and satisfy the just demands of the Christian subjects of tie Sultan, al of whom area conquered people, from ‘whom the greater part of the empire was taken by force of arms. The-e men natura'ly aspire to regain thetr “lost estate,” and the government at the same time secks to retain what its forefathers conquered. The same aspirations at the present peiiod seem- ingly occupy Austria, Russia and even Great Britain; 60 that Turkey does not fi] a position without a paraliel in other countries, When, as in the former, Hationalitics are not invoked, coreligtonism takes here their place. If the latter are to form the cause of disunion European governments would be rent asunder with frightful violence; for it i well Known that reiigtous wars are far more sanguinary than civil ones. To allay such fruitful sources of dismemberment, which oftera wide fleld for the intrigues of neighboring enemies, and ambitious of self-aggrandizement, the Ottoman overninent secks to place all of its subjects on a footing of perfect civil equality. The effort is one fraught with quite as much difficuity as that which is being made in the United State, where the co- Jored race aspire to no otiier nationality than they give it by the right of birth in the country where it resides, and, a3 it makes even rapid strides in the right direciion, it certainly merits the commenda- ton of the world, and not its censure, Many pe:sons, who have never even visited the Ottoman empire, judge of its actual condition by What they have read in histories of past times. ‘hey suppose that here all is stat.onary, even reaction- ary. Thisisfar from heing correct. Greater and more speedy changes might possibly be made; but, if go, they would have to be effected against the con- victions of the people at large and the Mussulm® popniation in particular. No one can judge of the aiMiculties of the statesman without being well ac- wuinsed with them. Prejidices must be removed y him, which is the slow work of time, and education must take the plac> of igno- Trance, #0 ag to secure aad render his re- forms lasting and advantageous. People gradually become famitarized to a new state of things, when asudden revolution, effected by force, would pro- bably produce bloodshed and disaster among tiose who areto be beneiitel by the reforms deemed of general utility. Monthly, if not, inteed, daily, new laws are being Made here, generally founded upon those of the European governments. Tue wiiole aim of the Sui- tan is to introduce new princ:ples of law not based upon the Koran, or, in other words, to limit tho Mussulman religious laws to cases of matriion: divorce, and remove it entirely trom the coin concerns of civil Ife, What a vast change has be raade in this potnt here within the past twenty or thirty years! What Sultan Mahmoud IL, fainer of the present Sutan, would not have dared to do the latter can introduce with periect safety. As an ex- ample of this, Sultan Mabmoud would not haye ventured to appear before his subjects with a Chris- tian empress holding him by tie arm, and much legs to have received ner in his State barge on the Bosphorus. Nor could the same Sultan, possibly, have appointed a score, or even one, of his Chris: tuan Greek and Armenian subjects to be paciias ani sub-governois, a8 the present has done, Re- cently the celebrated Omar Pacha, generali:simo of the army, was citea before a civil tribunal on the demand of an Armenian banker, judged and condemned to pay alarze amount. Quite recently two pachas, both sub-governors, have been con- demned in the same tribunal at the suit of a native American citizen, A few years ago these cases Would nave gone before the Sueik-atisiam, a chief of the Islam religton, and decided entirely by holy law. This has been entirely set aside, except in cases of a sirictly religious character. The ten- dency of the reforms of the government are tus in favor of the introduction of civil codes of law, and the setting aside of tie pinata of law deducted from the Koran, showing a vast change in public senti- ment within tie relgns of the lite and the present Sultan. Education has not, however, kept pace Wih these salutary changes for the better, and the government ettil labors under the difficulty of not essing men quaitfied to carry out the new tnstl- ons esiablished by it. In connection with the new daws comes the subject of legal advisers or law- yers. Heretofore lawyers were heid to be so many Hays, or men of bad faith, who encouraged tricks and subterfuges in the view of preventing justice and protecting crime. The judge was the only ex- onent of the law, and applied 1 conformably with is own judgmeut, from wich there was no appeal. Lately some liwyers were allowed in civil suits to act for and in behalf of the parties as tleir represen tatives or proxies. Even this was not allowed tn all Places, Jt commenced in tie capital and gradaaily extended into the provinces. Many persons were edu- cated as lawyers, took tiie question up as a profession, a@ad argued Cases before the criminal tribunals, quote Ang DO only the Gitoman codes, but also those of ys mn NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, JUNE 4, 1870.—TRIPLE SHEET. 5 other countries. The judges not being studied in law were often ed tied by the observations of these “hiekory” lawyers, were sorely troubled to know how to decide their cases in the face of such conser! staicie.ts, Quite recently, however, Enylish, neh, Itaan and German Mwyers have established themselves In Constantinople to practice in tae consular courts, and these have formed thems selves {ito a bar, with the approbation of the govera- Ment, Mereafter these will be allowed, after exhib- iting their aiplomss, to practice in all of the civil and criminal courts of the capital, Some young men, Ottoman Christian subjects, are now following Dp & course of siudies in France and in England 1p the view of being lawyers in their own ego ‘There are some anoinahes still existing in Turkey with regard to jurisdiction, based upon what are culled “The Ancient Capitulations” of the Porte with foreign Powers, Fir's—Ait cases are tried by the consuls occurring beiwcen ‘heir early subjects or citizens; for instance, between two Enghistimen or two Americans, and the judgments are executed by the consul. Second—The claun of an American against an Eng- Hshman must be made in the consular court of the lattir, and 1¢ judgment be given against the Eng- lishwan his consul enforces It, He cannot, however, execiite a sentence against the American, and conse- quently never gives one, Snérd— xu oases occurring Between sn American and an Otvomnan aub.egt Welle ef civil oF crimiual ar:tiled by the Turl tribthais, in thé pregency ft the dragoman of LS ee Legatin, or Consuid'é, ie san, Lowever, does not form a part of the biting HOF afd a vase In ee ov deci sion. He is oF preter conptry niin, and can only Miverpase oh 8 peut gf aah ue, ‘The civil commercial tribunais pre “ 1? das mosh ag egeh legaijon has ps right of being repre- se :ted in them by two iiférchants (American, for ex- ampie) to act as judges; but this 13 not allowed in. tie criminal courts, Wuere ali of the judzes are ap- pointed by the Suttan, The foreign iegations may claim the right of execuiing the judgments of their tribunals, over their owa subjects; though in case they do not do so the Porie will execute (hem itself, When furkish Judges ave men of jegal educauous and \awycrs may appear belore them and plead ae the “ancieat capitaladons” wil jogo all their valuo, Religion is losing its hold upon the minds of many Persous in Constantinople, especially the Mussul- Mans, And this way be attributed to the absence of svientitc euucutions, Atheig7n is taking tie place of Delsin, and in the midat of the diversity of reii- gious In the Bast, men end by believing in nothing, hot even In tlie existence of aGod, This is partica- larly bhe case amoug sume of the functionaries of the goverament, Whose time is 80 much occupied With the concerns Oi their oitice as to leave them no leisure fr those graver matiers WRLCR interest their lue in the hereatier, Education wii, it may be hoped, arvest Us sad Inclinaiion, and the eloquence of a Beecher is much needed to divect men's ininds Into a channel leading them at lest away om atheism and materialism The Sultan’s Specel. CONSTANTINOPLE, May 4, 1870, Annually the Siitan has, of late years, made a formal visit to the Sublime Porte, a large edifice situ. ated in Stamboul proper, close by the walls of the “Old Seragiio” or ancient Byzantium, for the purpose hearing the reports of his Ministers and making them aspeech. The speeches of the Sultans of Tur- key cannot well be called from the throne, as the poor sick man does Not possess one, and so they can more properly be sald to emanate from the Sage, though, indecd, I believe that the Sultan detivers his speech standing on his legs near the large circular tabie, around which each of his Ministers have a seat. The Sublime Porte is, by the by, neither a liv- ing being nor yet a cask of old wine, a3 some persons suppose, but rather plain stone bullding, some three stories high, {n which the Grand Vizier or Chief Minister, some of the other Ministers of the Su- preme Council of Justice, the Council of State (popular Assemb!y) and many of the bureaus of the government are located, The Suitan’s speech has been published in Turk- ish, Greek, Armenian, Arabic, Buigarian, French and Itahan, and reads very well, [The Siate paper has been speclatly translated for the HERALD and published in our columns.) Such documents, it may be supposed, are really drawn up by his Ministers for him, and so seem to show the state of mind and policy of the latter, In this connection they are of Iustorical interest. They show the progress made, or designed to be made, by the government, and, even if their contents are not put into execution to- day, this may be done to-morrow; at least there is always room to hope for good or better things to come. What the Grand Vizier would probably find it rather dangerous to himself personally to urge upon his “august master”? as a matter of economy and curtailing expenses he can put in his mouthasa recommendation to his «‘Majesty’s servants,” and this is clearly the case in the present speech of the Sultan Abdul Aziz. Therein nis Majesty urges npon his Ministers to promote and encourage internal Im- prevements, such-as railroads, wagon roads, ports, agricatture schools, agricultural banks, &¢., &c.—all certainly very good things in their way, but which require plenty of capital and competent men, both of which are rather rare just now in Turkey, The Sulian does patronize good roads and the planting of trees alongside of them whenever the former are needed for his own use and comfort; but as to those pro vono publico only he has not, as yet, done much, On the other hand, it is not known that he has ever discouraged the willingness of any of his people to make roads; but it is rather to be regretted that none of them have evinced any such disposi. tion; In fact, there is no spirit of association existing ainong the natives of Turkey. To meet togetner and subscitbe for the expense of erecting even a road of vital importance to their own agricultaral interests is a@ matter unheard of here. All look to the Padishah for anyuiing of this kind, and though he may be very favoral:!y disposed, it is equally possible that bis means are Insufficient for such a purpose. Heretofore the Suitan has not been in favor of using his soldicrs lor the construction of railroads or anything; but of late he has been convinced that it will be a good way to give them active employment during peaceful times, keep them healthy, and teach them the value f time. A ratiroad is now to be made by the Sul- an from Scutari to Ismail (Nicomedia), and proba- bly thence through Asia Minor to the Smyrna and Magnesia line, ‘The soldiers, who now receive $150 a month, are to receive the additional pay of sixteen cents per diem in addition to their food and raiment, lodging, &c., as soldiers. They are ail quite Willing to accept this arrangement, and thus live in_the open air, ip place of cliy barracks. ‘The great Roumelian railroad has not as yet commenced its actual work. It is to be promoted chiefly by a lottery. The drawing of this came off on the 30ih, and there were “great expectations’ on the part of the shareholders of drawing large prizes; but it turned, out rather against the fair fame of the company,,that nearly all of these fell to itself ‘The whole contrivance looked rather undignified for @ company, heeding so much capital and prestige among the public, here and elsewhere, and it will be Father dificuit for 1t to get up a repetition of the same for some time to coine in Stamboul. The question of the passage of the Straits of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus, during the night, by com- mercial vessels, has been decided by the gov- ernment. Heretofore ali such vessels were freely permitied to enter and pass through them during the day only, and come to the harbor of the capital. They couid not leave it and return through them except with firmans, costing some $4 (as clearances), which they were held to deliver to the comman- ders of the fortresses, at their mouths. This is sulll continued, and the gai is that ticy may now botn enter and leave them during the night, subject, however, to the absolute necessity of stopping to depoalt thelr firmans at night as well as during the day. This will prove so exceedingly diMcult that few vessels will attempt it, especially when they are favored with strong favorable winds, ‘Those golag to the Black Sea from the capital through the Bos- phorus can procure tugs, and so be towed through at night,in cases of need, About the prssage of snips- of-war nothing whatever fs said in the new reguia- tions, so that the old probibition against them con- tinues, which is much to be regretted. The it (eeling to which the assassination of the Eng- Ish and lialtian gentlemen near Athens by te brigands has given rise here, between the Greeks and the English and Italians, still continues, Sev- eral quarrels and blows have been the result. The latier do notspare the former, whion 1s rather ungen- erous, and are particularly severe against the govern- ment, which is right; and on Sunday the chapiain of tne Briti-h Embassy preached @ sermon of mourn- tng for the murdered Engishmen, dwelling particu. lariy on the subject of the wretched siate of the government and administration in Greece. Le, how= evcr rather relieved the picture, somewhat, by ad- mitiing that all real Greek gentlemen feit quite as bad about the occurrence as he did, and <0 could, or should, not be blamed for what they themselves ab- horred, Upon the whole, he rather gave all of the Greeks ‘gente fits,” and ‘small spasms” to those Who attenied the service. Mr. Rangabe, the Rives Greek Miuister here—fornierly in the United tates—was present, and not very visible, thanks to hig diminutive height, and did not hear much good of his country. Certainly Minerva and Thoseus, the Parthenon, Socrates, &c., are very much at dis. count, and classic Greece, and her heroic voluntter patriots in Candia, did not form any part of the dis course. None of the foreign Ministers were Present, not even oue. Phiihellenism secins have thoroughiy faded away before the ignominy and shame which'are attached to the terrible crime com- miited. Things have, indeed, been considerably changed by this atfair, aud i¢ will be some time betore classic Greece, with all her memories, will be able to get up another sympathy in her behalf, A cloud, for the present at least, hangs over Greok prestige; but the sun will in tune dispel it, especi- ally if a batter and’more energetic government be Instivuted, so ag to sweep all brigands forever from aland which, notwithstanding tnis incident, does coniain much (il used) mteiligence, and the “grand idea” of once more driving the Turks from Con- stantinople. Portraits of the brigands’ decapitation after theirfdeath, are now selling here as photo- raphs, much in pout of taste as that of Traupmann nn Pans, And the inquiry going on now in Atiens, wh) render thege ail the more interesting, RUSSIA AND THE EAST. Ao Emperial Russian OMcer in Special Exe position to the Hernald—Muscevite Policy and Cabinet Diplomacy in and from St. Petersburg. Sr, Pererspura, May 4, 1970, In accordance with the promise given in my Isst letter I proceed to-day to furnish an account of the conversation which I had with General Rostisiott Fadeyeff on the Kastern question, and on the condl- tion of the countries immediately mterested in this question, General Fadeyeff ws widely known in Europe for his writings on military and political subjects, His “Opinion on the Eastern Question” has produced a sensation in this part of the world, and has set more people thinking than any book Dubiished for @ long tue. Geaeral Fadeyelt, after being educated in St, Petersburg, was trained Inthat practical school which has given Russia some of her most eminent military men—the Cau- casns, where he served for upwards of filiecn Years; was adjutant of Prince Bariatinsky, thé tate Vice- Toy; and more recently occupied the same position undey the Grand Dake Michael, brother of the Bm- pein Of paying a visit to General Fadeyeff I found at his hotel a number of distinguished generals and officers who had come to pay him their respects. Aniong the most prominent of these were Generals Khrulett and Chernyayety, the former famous for his defence of the Malakof during the siege of Sebastopol and the latter fur his heroic exptoits ‘in Central Asia, and especialy for his capture of Tashkent, which le ac- complished with twelve hundred men, Since Tush- kent is a city of one hundred thousand Inhabitants, and was garrisoned by ten thousand Astatic soidiers, it is easy to understand that Chernyayes, by 1ta cap- ture, became the hero of the day, and was popularly entiticd tie Russian Cortez, HoseIraLiry, General Fadeyef, remembering our old acqnaint ance on the Caucasus, was glad to see me, and, with the usual Russian hospitality, at once invited me to dine, Afier dinner we spoke of affairs in the east of Europe, and naturally referred to the subject of the General’s book. Our conversation, which was sub- stantially as follows, [ afterwards reduced to writ- ing, and with the General’s permisssion present it here: — SPECIAL DIALOGUE, Connusronpe Having recently been In Austria I found that your book on the Eastern question has made a profound impression, Judging by what you have written you Go not look upon Austria as hay- ing a future? GzENeRAL—To your question I will answer as fol- lows:—The period of consciousness in history has arrived. A State must now be uble to answer the question why it exists and what idea or principle it represents before the world. Every State musi have ue raison Méire—its title deed to existence. ‘This We find to be the case with ail Powers which have funy hope to the future. Let us take, for instance, a few ot the leading Siates at the present time, Pras- siarepresents the great German idea of a united fatherland; Italy the union and development of the Italian race under one government; France has lon, since passed the period of struggling fer untty o} race, and her real task is at present 1g altainment of harmontous Internal development and liberty. Her {ature position ainong nations wil depend ei- urely upon the degree of success with which she accomplishes this task. With you in America the question of unity has been setiled by the jaie conflict, in which the American people have shown that they are deserving of a glorious feature, and glorious in the best sease of the tern, Since it wil avord to every man the widest possi- bility of ustag the gifts which God has given him, Of the mission of Russia I shalt have occasion to speak hereafter. I wilt merely say now that we Kussians are conse!ons of 13 greatness, and are sure of success. Weleel that we have on our side, as was 80 Well said by the Emperor Alexander I, the Glements of space anid time. Beginning our political existence under the most untavorable circumstances that have ever surrounded ® people, we have kept on, century alier century, tolling patiently, without the sympatiiy of our neighbors or tae favors of the physical werd about us. Nature, which for other nations haa been & bounteous mother, was for us a harsh and unkindly stepmother. Hverything that we received we had to wring from her unwilling hand. And if ‘tis a meiit to fuli 1 the commandient of God, by which man is to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow, I think we are not less deserving than any people now existing. Besiies, the difficulties of our geographical position, which we have since correctet, we had always to be ready to defend oursclves against all comers, Of all great Powers now existing there Is only one that has not met us on the tle.d of battle, and that 1a America, as she is the only one that has given us a sincere expression of good wil and gratification at our ad- vance in the world, You will now see that accord- ing to my idea every State hitucrto mentioned has a tack to perform, witch 13 in accordance with the a@-pirations and desires of the great majority of its citizens, If we examine the condition of Anstria, what shall we find? Austrla is a collection of States, each one of which had an exis- tence anterior to tie confederation afterwards. Known as the Austrian empire. The reasons for forming this empire were various, but the principal one was in the cessl'y felis during the ume of Mussuliman conquest of standing shoulder to suoulter again-t (he common eiemy of Christen- dom, Not one of the States wich entered into tats confederation surrendered any of its nts; but, on the conwary, they were ulways ? ed and guaranteed by tie House of Mapsbnrg. of coulederation for external defence having gone by, te government of Austr Wishes no ionger to reco.stiize the pational rizhss of the dif. ent political ur ot Which this federative e: ve is Composed, bat is endeavoring to denationa 2e, for tie benef of one fraction—namely, the German—tie great inajority of the people who fave their own historical rights and their pecatiarities of Tace and language. Austria, from having been one ofthe main de encers of Christianity, has become tue chiei aliy of Mounmmedanisn POKRESPONDENT—Do you think, General, that this good understanding between Austria aud Turkey 13 sincere aid likely to last long? GENBRAL—F look upoi it as the most natural in Europe. Both goveruments are in possession of Slavonic lands; indeed, the Dapeng Lying under their rule are mainly Slavonions, It 18 the sett.ed historical policy of both to keep the Slavonic ¢le- ment down. Neither in Austria nor in Turkey is there a career for 2 Slayouian unless he becomes a renegade to his race, When zou remember that Buropean Turkey and ‘Austria, if we take into con- The time sideration the great miajority of the pco- ple, are Stavonian, but anti-Slavonian if we consider only the governments, you may obtalit au taeda of the deep antagonism existing in both countries between te domingat few and the aisaifected multitude, The good feeling between Austria and Turkey 13 founded on an ideutity. of pur- pose—the subjeciton of the Slavonic race. The suc- cess of this race, outside the Russian empire, de- pends on its breaking down the impediments to ils developmeut, These impediments are Austria ant r ‘The success Of Ausirian and Turkish pol- Y Id be the ruia of the Slavonians, and vice versa, The concluston to be drawa is evident. CorrEsronDENr—How is itt that ths nec y for the existence of Austria has not been eatied 1 ques- tion earlier? Or, to speak more plaiuly, how is It that the radical antagonism between Austria and the Slavonic race has become a question only In our day? ‘SsNERat—Because its only recently that Russia has appeared a3 a great Power in Burope. ‘This event has acted mi a similar way on the Siavonians bot of Ausiria and ‘Turkey, It gave the former tie hope of saving tuemseives from moral and political oppression, tie latter of saving themselves from moral oppression and physical violence. To Anstila, although jin an inferior position, the’ Slavonian was sife in hfe and pro- perty, at least solong as he did not attempt to give any sign of poll.teal aspirations. In Turkey neither his life, his property nor the honor of his family was sale; he had no means ol guarding any- thing that he hei dear. The appearance of a great Slavonte empire changed at once the conditions and prospects of the oppressed populattous in the south- east of Europe, and gave new life to the countries from the 4 ean Sea to Saxony, ConresPONDENT—How 18 it that the S have lived so ioug in Eastern Europe without iceling @ community 0! race, or at least feeling it only in w shght degree? GENERAL—This resulted from their’ he'pless post- tion and consequent want of development. The re- Vival of the Slavonic spirit began after the over- throw of Nupeteoa L, which ga to Russia a rominent position in Europe. For the first time i history @ powerful State recognizing iteci{ as Siavonie assumed a leading position among the nations of the earta. Up to this period the Slavonic idea could have no hope of realiza- tion, and consequeatly did not appear as a factor in European politics. Previous to the reign of P the Great it & Was not a Slavonic, but merely a Sta Being forced continnally to fight for their own existence Russians had neither time nor opportunity to think of their Sia- vouic brothers groaning under a forcign yoke, Asta, forming two-thirds of the human race, was occupied for centuries in the endeavor to conquer Europe. Russia was obliged to meet these waves of invasion, and after breaking their violence succeeded in driv. ing them back, and thus saved Europe forever from possibility of being aitacked by barbarian hordes. On account of this prolonged struggle with Asia, Russia was ie(t behind in the race of civilization. In order to catch up with the rest of the worid it may be said that Peter the Great made Russia a schoul, This period of going to school lasted for a cenwury and a half, and came completely toan end only with the reign of the present emperor. The first shock was, however, given in 1812, when Russia appeared, Not asa State under European influence, but 229 bectth fighting tor their own personaliiy—a S.ayonic copie. CORKESPONDENT—The question of Pan-Slavonle ‘union lias hitnerto exisied in theory. What may be its practical result?) Whatis it striving for? GENKRAL— First Of ail, 1 wiil tell yon what the Sta- Vonians are striving for, and thon what resuis may nvoniANs be expected H ther edorts are ergwncd with Buc- - ccas. The Stavonians are striving to be Jet alone, and allowed to arrange thelr own. in thelr own manner. habiting the cast of Europe, they think they have a rizist to the countries they occupy. Hav- ing no rule over other racea they demand that other races shall not ruic over them. As every man is masier in his own house, so they wish to be thelr own masters at home. Beyond the Atlantic you proclaim the principle that America {# for Americans, and you do not permit Westera Barope to meddle in your affairs, In the East we wish to act in a similar manner. The Stavon'c idea is merely the Monroe doctrine of this part of the world, We desire to preserve the Kast for Eastern people, and by no means allow it to become @ field of con- quest for Western Europe. As to the re- sults of Slavonte Sropericien or Pan-Slavonic union, 23 you term, it means merely setiing the Enstern qnestion in is trae sénse: that ts, ina Slavonic sense. If you run a lne from Salo- nica, on the Augean sea, to the river Danube, you find along its whole extent a Slavonic population, Jn the saine way aline from tne Adriatic to the Black Sea would pass, excepting a few vilages towards the East, through a pure Siavonic country. Now, it is just to ask what arrangement not made in a Sia vonic sense can give this country the means ot harmonious developmeut, Of thls 1 slall Have occa Bion 10 speak Jator, vg URNED, It being tate in the événing we deferred the con- tinuailon of our discourse t> the following day, when Ceneral Padeyetf promised to develop his ideas more fully on this importa .t question. “LOTHATR,” Disrnel?s New Novel. rom Tinsley’s London Magazine.) A month or twe ago, when advertisements began first to tell us that Benjamin Disraell, recently Prime Minister of Engiand, the veteran novelist and astute politician, was about to give us a new story in three volumes entitled “Lothar,” all the world was on the tiptoe of expectation to know what could posst- bly be the meaning of this strange title. The world, thus eager to know, began to proph- esy, and sage prophets to help in guessing; but, as usual, tie most knowing prophets were all in the wrong, aud the book now before us is neither a giorificatton of defunct toryism nor an apotheosis of medieval chivalry, nora political satire on recent friends or focs, There is not a line In it to which his political enemies or comrades can object as personal, on which they can hope to form new theorles or re- vive old animosities. And yet the essence of the is book Benjamin Disraeli himself, and the air on which he lives, moves and has his being is politicspollics m love. making, !n philosophieing, in building cathedrals, in feasting at ducal banquets, in arguing wih car- dinals and firing with pretty women, in worship. ing at the shine of frecdom or in the temple of Kom superstition; politics all ciothed in the author's own peculiar dress, seasoned with his own gait, atmed at the perils which he dreads, and winning the victory for which he longs, And so consummate is the art with whch the whole plot is consiructet and developed, so eas: g@aceful nnd mellow the whole toue and style of composition, that Its special purpose and nrigsion ae m@ together unseen; and the readem at once takes a vital Interest in the fortunes and Misfortunes of the romantic hero as & 1e@ai living personage, In no sense, however, can “Lothair? be regarded as anovelin the ordinary meaning of the word— dealing with ordinary psople tn an ordinary world or among probable incidents, It is, m fact a giow- ing and impassioned romance, as wild and as fanci- ful as ‘‘Mon'e Christo,” though with a Christian ele. ment running through it from which that eminent hero and his unaginative xzuthor are wholly and en- tirely free. Over both romances hings the glowing coleur de rose ; in both the chief actors and actresses are endowed with similar heroic or super. human powers—monsters of craft and dexterity or mode's of beauty, Wisdom, wit, courage and power. No less a stage than the world contents Mr. Disrach, His hero is gilted with beauty and strength, and with boundless wealth, His career carries him tato the inner circles of nobility in England, at Rome, at Je- rusalem; he argues with Romish cardinals, who long to devour him; he flirts with lovely Engtisn iadies, highborn princesses, Who worship and desire to enslave him, Wherever he goes he ts surrounded by Notabiliiies— princes, pashas, dukes, cardinals, wari politicians, angels of beauty, of goodn and not unvisi Mary, the Most blessed among womted, licrself, Everything relating to and belonging to hint is perfect, gorgeous, pence, unique, If he wishes to present bis lady- love with peasis, they must be ‘the very pearis worn by the Queen of Cyprus,” and Mr. Ruby the Jeweler must furnish them for “four thousand guineas;” if a stray curate turns up in aristocratic halls, he has a sister “worth forty thousand pounds’’—otherwise he could not breathe the same atmosphere a3 the immortals; if ducal young ladies take a ride in ducal grounds, thelr horses are as horses of the sun, aud the fair equestrians (both married and maiden) bonud or vau's into thelr seats as fairies or godesses. Mcn sparkle with anecdote incessantly and blaze with repartee; the heroism of the heroes is that of Hons; their eloquence, whether painters or patriots, that of Apollo, and their courage that of Hercules himself—at times “brave even to bru- ” If aduke ie spcana man he trains his own horse aud wins the Derby; if Madame Ph chus, an artist's wife, sings, not only t9 the whole assem- bled crowd of noble and titled hearers entrance! as the spheres, but “her uncle Is Prince & descendant of the Greek emperors; If Lothair’s grandfather has to be buried, he is en- tombed i alabaster, hemmed in “by a railing of pure gold.’? not in a churchyard or @ cathedral, bub in a superb aud lofty octagonal auclent caste; if Lothatr dines with Lord Agramont he meets jorty ov Ofty at dinner, ‘entirely saaidea aunts and clergymen aad that sort of thing.” The mystery 13, thay the reader is never tired of all flown lo.tystrain, On the coutrary, having in, he is compelled to goon. So iresh, so witty, so genial, £0 Original 18 our author that he fairly takes a3 captive; and we gladly wander with him throughout the length and breadth of nobie iife in England, among dukes, countesses and earls, or young, charming aud beantiful Engiish girls; stay- Jug here awhite to plot with Gartbaldians or there fo outwit Romish priests; to play croquet or to dis: cnas matrimony, muste, the philosophy of cooxing or the encainping an army; always amused and al- ways ina good humor with ourselves and wita our guide; for, with all his powers of sarcasm and nis love of paradox, bts aptness to stab a mortal under the fifth rin, and to smile as he stabs, our guide throughout these sunny volumes 13 always in a good humor, Whether at times of sorrow or Joy for lis horo, when the clouds descend or the sun rises, his bonhomie never forsakes hin. As for the plot of “Lothar,” there 13 no need to tell anybody what everybody already knows, In we hands of aless consummate master {6 would, prob- ably, not have any great interest for us. But in his, tue Interest is sustained with unabated power almost to the last. The career of Lothair is that of a young English nobleman, of biuest blood and faduious wealth, for waom the tivo vaitures of fierce Roman- ism ant patriotte entausiasm—the one armed with sit- perstition and the other @.scarding all creeds and Hiei bomanity jnto a God—contend with un- bridled rapacity. By ® combination of good sense and good fortune he escapes at last from the clutches. of both, fails back into his old life in England, and pruden'ly mat the young, high born and lovely Corisande, to whom he had plighted his deepest affection {ong years before. The history of is jong trials and flerce temptations; the siren allurements of Rome: the bolder suphistries of sctence, “falsely so called;” the nolsy clamor of Freedom shrtek- ing to become license; the perils that beset the no- bie and wealthy youth of agreatand free country like England when about to choose their path and life—these ave the things of grave and mo- mentous 1841 whch Le Disraeil suminons Terence on the title eclat “Nosse omnia hic salus est adolescentuits,” a3 wisdom and heaith to the rising generation, Perhaps never—certainly In no recent work of fie. tloa—has been drawn a sharper, darker picture of ve periis of Roimanisin if again triumphant in England; not as regards doctrine, but a regards moral power aud control over the souls and bodies of its disciples, “I, says Lord Culloden— Loihair’s grim Presbyterian gaardian—“if Popery were onty just the sign of the cross, and music, aud censerpots, l'd be free to leave them aione If they would leave me. But Popery 13 8 mueh decper thing than that, Lothair, and our fathers found it out, ‘They could not giand it, and we should be a craven crew to sland itnow, Aman should be mastor in his own house, You will be taking a wife some day, at least it is to be hoped so, and how will you like one of these Monsignors to be walking into her bedroom, eh? and taikiog to ner aloac, whenever he pleases; and when you wantto consuit your wife, which a.wise man should oites do, to find thero 1s another mind between heys and yours "7 Equally pointed and equally shrewd is our author on ail the other topics of modern controversy handled in the course of the story; whether his keen vision is turned towards Romanism, Rattonalism or Rituat- ism, Or any other idol of the day. But nowhere is he happier tuaa in his dialogue; though, indeed, we at once detect the voico tuat speaks, It is Jacob still, whatever the dis- guise; the same Jove of epizgram, the same craze alter sparkling paradox. Thus, we find Theodora, the youug and enchantingiy lovely apostie of free. domi, the Wife of an American colonel, who has sacri- ficed all for the cause of Italy, saying, ‘I live ouly for climate and the affection look on atmosphere as the main source of felictty;” but (being ina gar. den) “I cannot bring myself to believe that they hat geavel walks in the Garden of Eden.” “When the good time comes we shall give up fata public, except, per haps, eating frutionagreem bank with music. Here, again, he peeps ont in the talk of a Mr. Pinto, a choice after-dinner wit:—“If every man,” says Pinto, “were straightforward tn his opinion there would be no conversation. ‘The fun of talk 18 to find out what aman really thinks and then con- ast it with the evormous lies he has been telling all dinner time, and, perhaps, all his life.” In the same atrain says Pinto:—“Lord St. Je. rome gave the same champagne at his bail suppers that he gave at his dinners. In short, he was a patrios We talk with wondering execration of the great pojsoners, tho Borgias, the inventor of aqua,topana, and the amiaple Marchioness of Brinvilliers; but there are more 80- cial polsonersa about in the present day than in the darkest and most demoraiised periods, and none of them are panned,” Again:—“Knglish is an expressive language, but not diMicult to master. 1is rage is limited. Iv con. wists, a8 far as [cau olserve, of four warda—‘nive,’ , chamber in an” Youly,’ ‘charming,’ ‘bore’—and some grammari- ans acd | By ignorance you seen to mean want of knowledge of books. Books fatal are curse of are the the human race. Heine-teuths of existing books are nonsense, and the clever books are the refuta- Uon of that nonsenae, ‘The greatest misfortaue tat ever befell man was the invention of printing.” Next we have two men of title talking about mar- “In the tirat_ piace,” ar fogo, ‘there are your swells who cannot avoid she halter—you are booked when you are born; and then there are mod- erate men, like myself, who have their weak mo- ments, I would not answer for myself if I couid fina an aipetlonate family with good shooting and frst claret, ext we have Father Catesby propounding the “greatest moral freedom view of religion. “It is the religion of solence. Instead of Adam, our ativestry is traced up to the most grotesque of creatures; thought ls phosplmrus, tho Foul complex nerves and our moral SENSO A BECK e= a ton of sugar.” And here, egal, is PERS St Kimself speaking in the ‘voll to Lothatr:—“The only tolerable thing in life action, ana action ts feebie without youth. a you do not obtain gre imme lie object? You always think you will, and the detail of the adventure is full of rapture, And thus it is the blunders of youth are preferable to the triumphs of manhood or the successes of old age”—a that sentene> which Mr. Disraeli might have uttered on any political platform in Buckmghamshire, if not within the sacred precine's of St. Stephen's, These few examples of our author's special man- ner are taken from the first volume, but others are sown in abundance broadcast throughout the whole story and may be easily gathered by the reader for himcef, Nor are more personal or less pointed Mustrations of his. humor wantlag. Many readers whl at once recogn'se the portrait of the High Church Anghean dignitary who goes over to Rome, and oa the poipt of becoming a carimal waxes yet and yet more bitter in mind and spirt he draws nearer t> Infatibiitty ; and still that of the Uxford professor who, “eit od with a greatcommand of words which took the form of endless exposition, var.ed by. sare sin and Rem sges of ornate jargon,” was not satisfed wih his home career, but Had dreams of vanity in the New Would; who “would maintain Oxiord witi the necessary changes ?? “And what are these,’’ says Lothar, “Not much,” says the Professor. “1 would slinp ly get rid of the religion,” On the whole, therefore, though “Lothair” is not @ nove! fo thé ordinary sense of the word, it bs a powerful, Amusing and brillant romance, rich in ML the vipest fruits of imagination and fancy, political wisdom and wordly insight, and all the more anaziug a8 the work of a keen stutes- man, Whe, in the scanty leisure of a busy life, has contrived, wien Jong past the golden ar lor of man. hood, to write a book that will captivate readers of all ages, Classes and opinions. This is a real arlisue triumph, DEATH FROM HIDROPHODIA, A Young Lady Dies From the Eftects of a Trifling Bite of a Dog. {From the sburg (Pa.) Patriot, May 30,) About nine weeks ago, while passing al th street, Margaret Dabaugh, aged between e and nineteen years, and residing in Meadow lane, — between second and Third streets, was bitten in one of her tingers by a sinall dog. ‘Tile wound produced was slight, the teeth of tie animal scarcely penetrating the flesh, aud no thought of hydrophobia was entertained at the time, The Anger quickly healed and the occurrence was soon entirely forgotten, On Friday last the young lady experienced a pricking sensation in her had been bitten to the furthest extremity of lier shoulder, and- noticed that the tp of her finzer was siightly inflamed. When valled on to do some domestic work she complained that her arm pained her so badly that she could do nothing that required its use, On Saturday it was her custom to attend market, but last Saturday she said it would be impossible to carry anything on her rightarm. On Saturday afternoon she grew worse, witon @ physician was summoned to alleviate her sufferings, On examining her he thought he dis- covered symptoms of bydrophobia, but he was not fully contirmed in his mind as to the correctness of his conclusions. During the night she became alarmiagly worse, being thrown into spasms, which continue at intervals until hail-past e even o'clock yesterday morning, when stupefying drugs were administered and she was put to rest. Another physician was caled to her early on Sunday morning who had treated a caso of Nydrophobia. On seeing her condition he said she was afflicted with the incurable malady, To convince himseif more thoroughly he asked whether she had been bitten Pye dog, When she answered alrmatiyely. When in paroxysms she was a said spectacle to behold. She foamed much at the mouth, exhibiting great nervous irritability, breathed with muci difficulty and appenied Ppiteously to those about her to keep at a «is- tance, a3 if feariul that she might do them per sonal injury. During one of her spasms a dog entered the room tn which she was lying. As soon as her eyes fell on the animal she became perfecuy furious, and not until it was removed did hey agita- ted feelings undergo @ subsidence. Tho sizht of water also mereased the violence of her couvulsions. From the time she got the first severe spasm until drags were adininistered she was tied to a rocking chatr, Uccasionally she would spring up violently, carrying the chair with her, a:though held by a genticman, When her agitated lee'tugs were sabdued sae was laid upon a sofa, to Which she was secured until she died. Dur- ing the day o large number of physicians called to see the unfortwaate Mdy, ali of whom declared she wis aicted with hydrophobla, From the incipient atiacks until death ended her sufierings the gptoms went to establish this opinion. Site also scemed to be conscious of disease which way hureying her to the geaye, W sth furter to lish the inalady as a case of hydrophobia the fact that tae dog which bit ie young lady died from the eve Of @ disease suortly alterwards which tv said by physicians who have had the facts detailed ( have been bydrophowt The young fady died haif-past tour yesterday afternoon, From the u she Was put to sleep uutil she ceased breathing sly hud no spasms, Death of a Horse from Hydrophobia. {From the Corning (N. Y.) Journal, June 2. Mr. B. Cacteriine, of Painted Post, lost oue of his horses, a very Valuavle one, on Friday last, by tins terrible disease, About a month since, as we ave tie formed, Mr. Casterline found a coach dog belon sing to one of his neighbors astray, and Kindly took hii up, and tied him under his wagon for the purpose of returning him to his owner. After proceeding part of the way home he had occasion to stop and jeave iis team atone for a short time. On returni to them tre found traces of blood upon the nose one of tuem, and an appearance of having vecn ten. Within a day or two after this circumsta: the dog died, exhibiting all the symptoms of hyar phobia, Mr. Casterline afterwards kept a watch upon his horse, aud on Thursday last dis ered the first symptoms, which were a dis; bite at everything within his reach, He, however, continued at work until might. On Friday morning tiie horse had grown so violent ag to render it dan- gerous to go near him, Astrong pen was built in which he was placed and kept until relieved of his sufferings by a friendly bullet. During some of his paroxyams he would seize the plank of his pea wilh his testa and tear Out pleces several feet long. ~ EMIGRATION. The Per Capita Tax Question—A Hint to the Commissioners, New York, May 27, 1870. To Tun Epiror of TAR HERALD:— Sit—In your report of the last meeting of the Commissioners of Em'gration I find it stated that Comm/’ssioner Bell, 1a moving for a reduction of the commutation tax, satd that “strenuous exertions were being made by other seaboard citics to induce the emigrants fo land there.’ Now, sir, I think it will be found to be a fact that not five per cent ot the emigrants coming to this country are aware that (hey pay any tax at any port, alihough they are generaily aware of the superior advantages afforded them by the New York Counts. sioners, and would, I have no doubt, prefer paylng the per capita tax in this port to going Jree into avy other, But would the reduction proposed affect the emt- grant’s pocket? Ceriainly not, I say, under the present passage system. The “swenuous exertions” alluded to by Mr. are being made not in the interest of the emi but m the combined intecests of certain ratiroad a shipping companies, The former flad their prof an increased passenger trafic on ther lines, and the Jatter turn a nice (but not honest) penny by pock ing themselves the three doilars per capita + which they still exact of tie emigrant ta the y money, wh le they rob him of the benefits to whi its payment would entitle him if he landed at Castle Garden. Com missioners of Emigration would do inne! vice to the emigrant than @ reduction of the commutation tax would accompilsi if tiey would try to ascertain how many thousands of poor, frieud- 1e33 emigrants have been and are sill being swin- dled by shipping companies, who charge them for passage to New York, including per capita tax, and afterwards land them at such ports as best suit their Own Intereats—to poits, for instance, where ey may have a paying cargo consigned—wiere the emi- grants find themselves wit out any emigration com- inigsion to protect them from baggage smasiers and ticket swindlers or any Cusile Garden to she ter Oe species of emigrant swindling 19 more griev- ous when, as is often the case, the viclim 13 a young, friendles’, unsophisticated female, She is thrown on the wharfin astrange city, with her little bag- gage aroun! her, at the mercy of the thieves and ruiiians who are usually in wait for such prey—teft, perhaps, Without a penuy fa her pockel, to redch her destination aa best she can. An instance of this was lately atforded me by the arrival from England of (wo femate friends, and it is the indignation excited by the trickery practised upon them by the shipplog agent, which now prompts me to write on the subject. When means have been taken to insure to the emigrant that he shall not be swindled out of the re- duetion of the per capita tax by shipowners it will be me enough to consider the advisability of reducing the slight Impost whic now entities him to care and protection for five yoars, Respectfully asking ! Insertion, and apolo, izing for tres) ing at such leogth, Pau. aang 'RCOTO*AMERICAN, Tight arm, extending from the finger in which she [| —_— ss ee ee LIMITS AND SPHERE OF GOVERNMENT,” Gravely Important Questions Connected with Governmental Organization and Its Admin istrative Development as Viewed end Reviewed by One of the Firmof Fomale Brokers of Wall Street. There are @ variety of operations, natural aad artificial, by which the proper limits aud sphere of moverntnent inay be tllustrated, It ia dealtabie that some of them be presented, ao as to convey a correct Aden of & perfect controling power, which bear the same relations to the parts controled aa goverument stould to the people ander it, The cotan mills of New England are good artificial - representatives of government, In them all the various parts are compelied into unity of action by the controiling power evolved from coal or transformed from water, The crade cotton Is frat taken and freed from al) foreign anb- stances by “the p'cker; the pure remainder ia then formed into a homogeneous mass by “the cards;? this mass 13 then divided and subd vided into the different degrees of heterogeneity required, and these are more distinctly individuated tnto “the webbing and Mllug” by “the jacks and imules,? and are then reunited by “the webber and loom into cotton cloth, the ultimate result, Every part of this process forms points of resistance more or Jess cusily. com- pelted into unity of purpose, Every bobbin, #pin- die, shuttie and card is 60 many different expe- _ riences required to be gone through with before the result can be reached, while all parts of the process are golpg on at the same time, Tho power is the government; the operatives its administrators; the various places and partsof the machinery are the people working in the several paris of the process; the cloth is the attained eivilization, while the dufer- ent degrees of fineness are its progressivesteps. Thus 1ishould be with human government, It is the power resident fa the central part which should control ail the processes by which the people dre guided to produce the ultimate result, [t should be of such character as to take the people in the home- geneous mass, and, by picking, carding, ¢pinning and weaving, compe! them into a unit of action for Divine use. Every operation in nature, if analyzed, presents tne same process aud similar results,» A central power competent for its purposes, through various ineaus and avenues, controls the materials Into perfected productions, each one of which is per- fect of its Kind. ‘The sphere of unts government 18 to produce the legitimate result; aud its limits are ably bounded by ‘ho necessities of the power that the re- sult shail low; w it must and docs always. It 18 there predicated that a power competent to produce harmony in that over winch 1 reigns must be suficlent to control all the divereut parts to’ one end; whatever individual or combined pointe of resistance may be raised to its edicts must yleld to the geueral purpose, even to the extinctién of thelr resistance. It ts necessary, therefore, thatths governing power must ve lavested by the governed with the necessary control to compel er into harmonious action, so that no sntagon- ism may arise to divert the tendency to unit, of purpose. It must not be supposed constituted, absolute power is argued for; bat this power should be ove fashioned and organized by and with the consent of the people, who, knowing their weakuess and acknowledging it in their sover aud wiser moments, sball recoguize the necessity of 1t tO compel them, If need be, to act with the gence whole for the general good, even if It seeaungiy m.litates against thelr Individual good, and which shall be of suilic.ent sirength and difusivenesa to regulate all the movements within the body of society. We will now proceed to the analysis of the varie 0us Operations of goverument ty find to what the Inharmonious relations betweeg the governin; power and the resistance are attributavie, au thereby be able to determine the required remeuy, Wherever this may lead, whatever “infaibie” polly tical dogmas it may destroy, or cherished forms and privileges disprove, it will be pursued as relentlessiy—unmerciiully if you Wwill—as the crucibie ana the flame proceed to disorganize xiaterial compounds and separate their constienent elements tnte the poisonous, the nutritious and she useful, that the former may be put away and the, remainder appropriated to promote the general’ good, -Government has its centre and ite cireumference. From centre its power 13 distributed) to its entire circumference, measuring and shapin the various nels through which it flows into such form permits harmony in ali its parts, and, having spent its post- tive force, is thet returnet to ite contre, Thia counted and elreumference tbo the perfect body, every member of which musi not Only bear its proper re- lation to all the other members, but mast be tasuch accord with themasto permit the aninterrupted flow aud action. the power by which the whole {3 bound together, No tndividual member of w can say to the body tself, “E have functions and riguts peculiarly my own, which, if they ave not such @s your general power can fécognize a3 contributing to the geueral good, » Phe member, in becom- e3 its functions aad power with the and power of the body.» By con- @ partof the body it gives up ity o¢er Liself and becomes a part of aly. By adding its life ant power eases the sui (otal of tts life aud on of the aggregated and assimilare:t m aris Aud taneous Mts G change—if change i$ required—so that the power Ais.xibated to it by tae general power can perform its miesion in harmony with ail its other parts, Like the body haman, t pody corpora'eé must be under one governing pow wile each part is diferent tc form Troi all other porta, and performs separarte— e al suveres gener.l so to the bod. power aud periaps distinct—functions. The eye may not say to the ¢ nor the hand to the foot, *T have no tot you,” for eact and all are alike dew pendent upon tral part for exisience, wits the central part cowd not exist tiaelf without the sur rounding and distant part Tne very nature of the compat 18 tiat each and every part is joined in @ systent of mutual and reciprocal iner-dependence, to which general system no member cans: itself auy 8 im peculiarly its own ty tion or opposition to or to Interfere with the general system. The government of any country, originally, is a compact amon; & certain number of previously separate or unorganized powers, by whiek they merge and consolidace into one power, or are com- pelled so t do. This power, 80 is the governitg power, — which, parts have contributed to its formation, is in Itself superior to any power that can be organized within its Mitts any part of the originally consolidath vi If at any time an opposition is organi oft tie result must either be the reduc- - tion of the opposition or the destruct.on of the con federation, For # natural iiustration the human b dy js avain referred to. If from any canse an op- position to the harmonious action of the general powers of the houy Is raised a coutest tor supremac; is inevitable. If the boweis refuse to perform tne! allotted partin the general economy of the whole a confict ensues, and never ends until they are returned (o duvy or until they demonstrate that thetr opps ittou to the general administration ts more powerful than tue general power of tt, and that the organization must ve dissolved im con- jormity to this power. On the other hand the gen- eral power cannot compe! any of the constituent paris to conform to ruies and forms not operative im the whole, nov to bear any mequality of any Kind, nor to perforin duty outside its special sphere. The governing power, though suvertor to all, must itself ve sudject to» the common law of justice. Specialties of conferment or requirement arc utterly imconsisteat with @ perfect forin of government, Te same rule of con: tributing to the general support, and in tarp recetv- ing appropriate sustaining powes, inust be uniform Uni oughout ti Je, Such & body thus acting, be it haman or ito, is alone # healiny and har. montously conse! ed power. All goveraments, be able to cou ytoute to’ vie public welfare, musy exist upon similar prineiples and act by similar means, e ft must again erved that when several parts or powers ar? organized into one, no power less than the whole has autiority therein; for, tn con- senting to the union at frst, all absohite individu- alty is forever walved: the individual is no Jonger simpiy an ind. vidual power, but forms a part of the common power. Nor can absolute individuality ever again be maintained, except @ superior antago- nisue strengti ts developed which demonstrates that the powers originally attempred to be consolidate! were imposdble of harwontous action—a natural aad suitclcnt reason for dissolu- on, Tested by these propostivas what conditions and. relations does the goverament ot the United Siaies, as a Whole composed of parts, present? Does. it form one homogeneous whole, the paramount in- terest of the parts of which fs the best welfare of tie whole’ Does each and every part act in unity and* harmony with every other part, and in turn yicid to the preponderant authority of the whole with that grace and dignity which bespeaks unison of urpose and Mnterest? Lt not where does the diMculty fod its siariing point? Is it in the system by which the pores was organized—in the interpretation of It or in $8 administration? For this the conatitution must be referred to to find wherein, if at all, its or- <anieation te dercetite. If the couferment of power b; o the organization tscomplets then it must be com~ juded that those Who adininister 3 organte force esther fall to comprehend the extent of tts applica- tion or to perform their duty in applying tt. ° VICLOREA C. WOODHULL, 44 Broad street, CAUSE OF THE SUICIDE OF CAPTAIN CORNELIUS GODFREY IN SAN Francisco. Near the of pips tain Corneilus Godfey, an accouatof whose saici in San Francisco has already been published, was found a memorandum book, Contaluing the photo- grap of a young Woman, upon which was insoribed the Jollowing, apparenty in the handwriting of the _ jecéased:— ‘A thorougbly beartloss woman; the mistress of David Wil der, formeriy ny Ws'o. Show Hue eauae OF Iv deste, ‘Thia tolls the whole sad starg. " 1 a