The New York Herald Newspaper, June 3, 1870, Page 3

NEW YORK HERALD; FRIDAY, JUNE 3, 1870.—TRIPLE SHEKr. 3 sentiments of the » General Prim at another line saud his coll e6 did uot realize the diMicul- ues of carrying on @war in America, B Jt is aiso Known that Captain General Dulce sent two commissioners nder flag of truce to Cespedes, president and general-in-cnief, to eae a cessation of hostilities, which commission passed through the lines and held conference with him, Text of the Forthcoming Report | aust: ti, that, “un taceat civ war Hehe am harsh and cruel decrees issued by the government | If the volunteers strike for independence — the | to consider both as two States, independent as re- Tt arenes a Mtracer'nt Ta aan | Wile Pepa elea, fu couege he | stone ate, abe, Sap re | hat anes ne sappreo a he Gu neral Duce, because he | nize Lo judge of their differences.” (Bello Principios | rebellion, Who ci Westie! the fj the rec and the direct interest which the people of the | Was too lenient in the conduct of ine war, They | de Derecho. International, cap. 10, p. 20h). M ; — Re eee United , at home and ‘alread, have in the | boldly threaten the removal of General De Kodas if | Biuntsehit whom Labouiage Places in the frst rank Pincus" ty Me ee etd ane Lremnet nee grave issues Which are to be decided in Cuba. It | he falls to satisfy their demands, ‘They secured the | of jurists and publicists, and styles “Phe tlusttious | dame ghave occurred which not only involve bat Ft oe? fir ge on Asn RRs the ge pi Semaseda ae | oe ee moment when Professor of heldelberg,”? im one = the most re- homer Wad noe deny, fn the [hen of tha’ coonence teste ronment, these decrees erm Assurances from | cent e works on interna. ests of the ‘ Pci Many on une eon oe eens that ihe crueitiog to. Which heed pal AOe ne ae eapeatien = a ~~ Protests of the Seoretary of State azatnat the out- r they are executed, not according to instructions of | advancement should be suppressed, ‘They diste- | duty. of wovernments to erecognize content. | citiccns poy (he Fights and persons of American of General Banks. tba he corrapotvarce trauamted” t9" tbe | clos fit af catalan” whines Sass | Racor with ae adugainary ietiea take | Herc am, maugrami A WE or | impicaro in ue Calum seaegieyThrecot Rouse states tat the President, June 29, 1869, ten 7d to 4 : Cd) They Swart | aad ee ee ee eee ee ee ea eee te ae | ey mety the government in _recognisin ite bh dered the good omces of the United: States. 10.106 Meeriosn goreneenie se Minch te SPA BO | eee TTY Pa ea ee ceiba they swaria | and the principles'of neutrality, ne eays “war Is an | the independence of Guba ora declaration or Wat, e) very Spain in search of wealth. None | armed contest between different States upon aques- | but we propos» Consul General at fiavans recently received trom Tomain isthe land they plunder, to live among the | tion of public right, * * * * They recoxnize emergency "by specie meanares” yenesely io bed yo ti pidiagcle aun fines aioe a va Bec thle deptree wat to ate ee fenetally te quabiy of ‘Delligerents in gl forces | extent required, but not further, “itis facta alone. ¢ * ) coumulate great | who, not having been recogniy WV any | and hot appearances er presu y RE ne, whenever it became ne » Bo see Wealth, according to their aspirations and capacity, | stave already eeisting as havi the right | our action,” and this not a valler ths lapio-of sen v4 bs board of a British man-of-war, An pin mpanicd by families and unre- | to contend in arms, have ured = to | reasonable period,” but aiter a brutal internecine ae Tr, the American vice consul at Santiago de | strained by social Eo aud represent the most despe- | themselves a military organization, and combat | war ota year and a half, after hearly two bandred ne _— called to accdunt for despatches sent to | Tate Classes of Spain. A former distinguished | in good faith, in the place of, and & State, for a | armed consicts, afier the slaughter of tiousands ob Ms go" ernineat and published by the order of Con- | diplomatic representative of this government lately | prihemplé of public right.” (wluntachit, pages 270 | lives, and When there ts not only “littie? bub DO 8 iam tane, the unauthorized and irresponsible pisteing: Wank, lou punted the public | and 271.) ere is an exception,’ he continues, | “prospect of a termination of the strug ¥ J Ts who govern Cuba, and, under the | Journal this country over his own signaturt, de- } “to the rute that wars can take place only between 7 And it 8 to be — noticed. espe- advice of the anish Governor, who was | scribes the volunteers as being, “with some honor. | States. When a political party seeks the realization } cially, that the resolutions proposed follow the unable to protes him, yt ee gatsty able exceptions, adventurers, Of Whom one-haif at | of certain public objects and organizes itself a8 a | specifications of Mr. pdara a Le Arrng at herger for the purpose ot ee iy cl “ol war" ie The Course of the Spanish Govern- | of cava. Riese! t Severely Criticised was used advincdly 1a renege ee & conaiion' ot ment ¥ " e the contest which’ ¢ 1 sti withholding Fights of beligercaty igo tie fever. pate tothe Salon alii, October 3:18 yy Brutality of the Volunteers and Impo- yet ue a il Sara Sag aadtat tence of Spain in Cuba. fuspeuse, und the Mintater ia reminded of the {ree ’ Adams in another essential 7 from personal violence by ty! Teast are Spat convicts and desperadoes, and the | State, it becomes in a certain measure the State | point, that it contemplates a continu P Ae A ep, pe tniscea af dapauty ue Freneh frigate, under the protection of French naval | ruling power in the island; and he states fur- | itself. The laws of humanity demand that the | struggle on the land, and not “apon tho oan ba eee ee and croelties which have attended the conflict in omicers, ther that every intelligent man with whom he con- | quality of belligerents should ‘be accorded to that | 1s perfectly wituin the power of the government to Cubs for the last year. ‘The principle of neu- SYMPATHY WITH CUBA. Versed—Spantards, volunteers, Oubaus, foreigacrs | party, and that ite people | should not be | maintain the neutrality of the United states within Outrages on Americans and on | tally. had Wiltoied me" prevecuings ‘or “ihe | gchenennertredy 9 the, tuxduionsl potey of yy | and americans with a solitary exception, trealy | omaidexey a inass ok eriminais A party | this lll, under the tevoluiioas Yor which we ask nity he MMions pay of : ; It Sufticiently strong to create a power anala- | the favor of the House, But while the resolutions ge SS ANd ON | hide he save, with regard to | Svold aren te ites H 8 pryclaimes the fact. ‘They are satd to be upon other | that ts sutfictently strong {9 create ala | th f th But whi th war 9) nt he” Caiitot fh une | old AA participation tn this contest. Nevertne- | aulicrly Renerally without religious cultare or edu- | yous to that of a State, which odirs by its mulitary | are thus Within te almost ioodiess scheuie. of ; e American F lag. ennlts protraction of a conflict such as om Fatty itBhould be said that their sympathy for the | cation ous barugie, SP Gee, worst. xronte; thoy. | elfen erionce te tee ace ee ene a tow shat they aproach at ie ne Me TIMET Perr nawne area 8 BBs by ubané and ther prayers for thelr success are well | Wealth without scruple, by the worst means; they | gives evidence by Its acts of 18 intention to be- | know that they approach at leat ihe “we for the past vear iu the (40d, marked by crneles ‘ : Govennen obi. -weltunet ' allel a lodern Com ed war, enican Mivisier Whites tp Mr, ; Fish, September 19, 1 that he has been assured Necessity for the United States to Proclaim by tie, Preni ent of the Cortes that among the fst . su brought before that body was that of Ihe Neutrality Between the Belligerents, eruel and vindictive manuer by whieh war in cute 4s carried on. Captain General Concha also ex- Tris ee hen breeAaniopigiine of neg )evgie of i PsOLErs: ww Hi Other captives in Cuba. le it~ WASHINGTON, June 2, 1870. lorms the Secretary of State that he had expresse It seems to be understood that the long promised | the hope that the Spanish ‘government hal ane report of General Banks on Cuba will not be sub. | Measures to prevent hose barbarous and cruel exe- cmjops that had hjtherto marked ie b: mitted to the House of Representatives until next oe ye nae ery ip he Hy pipesen Obie mit J Monday week. Congressman Voortiees, of indiana, | Cuban insurgents only, merical’, afd, 1 nny a great camplop ¢ Cuba, goes home to-night for | !ustances, persons enthe'y innocent of particlnath x lays, and Z in the Insurrection. He suggested to General Prim eight or ten Is feared no} Wil be | that the adoption of a system of cartel and We treat- ove until his return. But if by that time the report eR a Hi Pci Ung to us rules of ordinary be not then doth Voorhees and Logan wii | WAttar ule’ ah ¢ vest the war of its savage maxké 4 regular onslaught and demand that the the Corie, ot raw at Se cnet adopt 0 é sik cbt 9, it the verument: House give consideration to the subject then and | Would add; logue) cause the ey Bigh unlversal. They have cherished confident monopolize ¢ dignitiea, offices and emoluments of | come a State, that party has a natural right to de- hopes that the necessities of the cxse and the justice | the Church; they contro} alt conmeaeet employ- | mand for its army the same treatment that ts ac- of their cause would lead the Spanish nation to con- | ¢018 and all the advantages of ¢ hey usu corded to a State already in existence. The cede to the Cuban people the liberties they bad, by | the patiouage of every grocery, tavern aud hosteiry | sxcrifices of war are ju that way diminished, revolution, secured for themselves, This, we are | in the interior of the istand; they occupy, to the last | not only for the now pariy, but for au its red, has bien the wish of the leaders of the late | 48", every appointment and post of civil or mili- | adversaries, If, on the contrary, the volunteers of revolution, and is still the nope of the liberal party | tary administration; they are the protegés and | tie new party are pursned as criminals the contest and press of Spain, as itis of other Enropean Siates, | protectors of tyranny, monopoly, slavery | becomes more savage, and neither of the adversaries ‘The popular organ of the ¥ol nt } Jn Bava tg | And te slave trade, and implacable en“+ | will allow itself to be bang gyi by the other in the the Voz de cuba, That paper - ia a} mies of Cubans, Americans nat other } barbarism of its acts or the cruelty of its reprisals, on the 20th September, 1869, that not alone the | foreigners, who are of uecessity hostile to tyranny | Under this head are ranged the expeditions under- newspapers of the United States, the London Ties, ipondpely, slavery and the slave traie, ‘They have | taken by certain forces called Corps Frane, or free La Patrie of Payis oy the republican journals of vette ties {eh Heghay! cal science and less for | corps, When these corps are regulariy organized Madrid urge the separation of Onba from Spain, but | methodieal Industry. Eeemncesp ang egnaice are | and respect the laws of war they ought to be con- that thoronghiy Spanish conserygtiyg publications | ggneraliy Cylans or foreiguers, Tid Spahiards aye | sidered as belligerents.”” (Bluntschil, page 271.) uy tH nding, which exerclse great intinence | advocates of license and enemies of law; the Cavan’ | M. Phillimore, ‘in his work on internationa- ¢) dhe opmler, fhe counsel Sprin to the | aad th @ Who sympathize with them are of neces- | law, Which ts of the highest authority, says There cession of the island, such as the Diario | sity ad¥ooates of law and enemies of Jicense. They | 15 nO proposition of taw Upon Witch there exisis a de Barcelona, — whic from its age, its | ATC Owners Of land but they share no government | more Universal agreement of all jurtsts than that the infuence, its moderation and practical good sense, | ¢mploy, Mone of the cignities, oMces or emoluments | virtual and de fac‘o recognition of a new State (rec- is read with interest in all (ue Cataian provinces and | Ot the church, none of the advantages of { ogniz'ng the commercial flag and sanctioning we im foreign States, and which iately made the follow- | rade and commerce, and none of the iraupities arpginvnent oF chen to Its ports) gives LO just ing declaration:—"in our judgment no other re- } Which elsewhere atiach to the cultivation of thé | éafde of offend the old State, inas- source remains to us but to open negotiations with | Soll. The culture of wheat, whieh grows lnxuriantly, vated standard of action Which this government has hitherto adopted wheuever and wherever the cause of Itberty has been involved. The principles which have governed the Amerivan people In cases of this character are stated by Mr. Webster in his letter as Secretary of State to the representative of the spe of Austria, at Washington, December el, 1850, No State per Was ever more 2uthustastically or unan aoe Seance by the American people than the “Hulsemann letter,” 16 carries us back to the doctrines of the founders of our government, It recalls the declaration of Philtt- more, the ablest of English commentators on inter- national law, Uat the right of a government to pro- ect Its citizens Wherever commorant, and the right of one government to recognize the exist ence of another, constituie the foundation of the law of nations, it is the Ameri- can protest against the doctrines of the holy alliance, a8 expressed in the Layback cirenlay, that new States could only be tolerated when yeeognizea vy existag goveruments. Had Mr. Webster lived only to make this declaration, hs life would have been a victory. “It is the right of AAA A piuch as ft deeides nothing concerning the ee ES EES Se SE ES RE ie Ee = there, In the meaptime I have procured a copy of | S4vPresstOM OF the | yfrection tu Onba to proceed | the United States for the cession to them of our An- | 18 prohibited; breadstuit from ‘the United States | asserted rights of the latter.” Re makes a | every independent State,” sald Mr, Webster, “io enter ‘the #5; Pchett, 4a will bo som, ta°veos €15 in accordauee With the forms of regular warfare. tiles, The Cabans informed Captain Genefa) Du'ce, | auc Other products grown In Spain are excluded or | destinction ween the “virtual? recognition of a | into Mriendly relauions With every other independent vu i A a o- N Qf THE UNITED mau e3 IN CUBA. the most tiberal of the Spanish oMicerg, arly in 1869, | burdened with Leavy dunes for the benefit of Span- | new State by admitting its commercial tug and the | State. Of course, questions of prudence naturally Qubnt d pogtby, going over the whole foilnd | | The tafe Droximity of Cuba to the United | that ifthe would concede the Ingependence of the | Ish producers. ‘Tlie Spagish volunteers support | appoiniment of consuls and the formal recognition | arise in reference to uew States broaght by suc: covered by thé Vudan question. States gives to these Rae events an importance | i-land they would unite coymany with the Spaniards | tu % Pp ynba, and thelr families and friends | by sendimg ambassadors and entering into treaties | cegsful revolutions into the family of nations, pe eterna ly Appreciated by another State, | in its eovermmens, jsut heparation from the mother j, And athass large fortunes besides. Nothiug | With the new Stace by foreign Powers, which should | but tt is mot to be required of neutral ‘the Spanish goyery aomnuty ‘PAE vehised and the Cu not having | attaches them to Cuba, uothing weans them fro; | not be done until after a practical cessation of hos- re | sup i Ptod Ret dhe ar | faite fy the power of Spain YY estaiel the veforms pes ae by i ay y Tes, - $3 a See, aie Chrough prom ' A jected = their roposals. we . e cr Bee ka hii athe 2 4 pura he SGeplt- | the public jourfa's a defence toF the narst measures Cotontars Minipieva:deotared to the corics, Octover o, fal, and, ¢t the close of t ders. This would, in fact, bo an admis. lating the early stages of the patriots’ Struggle, the | adopted 10 maimiain jis sovereignty, The Cubans | 1869, their determination to sacrifice the last man, | Ventures, they take everything to Spain, leaving | sion of the competency of the new powers elusive promises of Spain to speedily crush the | appes) to our people for rympatity and support in | the fast cent and the last cartridge sooner than to | Mothing to the island tiey Abandon but a numerous | to negotiate and contract engagements under rebellion, and the tmmense efforts made by the | Heir inequal strngele for liberty and independen suffer detriment in relation to the integrity of | progeny of mixed blood, which i generally sold to | the law of nations. (Phillimore’s International Law, ‘i ” ¥ The Cuban qnestion becomes, therefore, au Am anish territory. By the project of reform for Porto | Savery. An: this has been the ilstory of Spanish | vol. 2, pp. 17 fea In case of ‘olunon, Wheaton Spaniards and volunteers, it continues as tollows:— | can question, und the government of ‘the United | (Heo, read to the Cortes Noveyaber 25, 1869, all dis- | colonization tn America for three centuries and in “The ervil war does not necessarily extinguish The Cubang had at Yara, October 11, 1868, 147 | States 18 constantly compelled to interfere in behalf | cussions that tend to promu*g@te ideas touching a | Europe since colonies were recognized as an ele- | the existence of the sovereign or parent State, but men; 4,900 the 12th of October; 9,700 in November, | Of Its citizens agalust the unjust decrees of the au- | separation of the island from the mother country, or | Ment of civilization, Coming from among the most | that, uns) the revolntion is consammated, while the and 12,000 in December. They have now 20,000 well | torities and peopte of Spain, and for the protection | designed to impair the integrity of the Spanish terri- | Cesperate classes of Spain, the Catalan Volunteers | civil war, Involving a contest for the governient, armed men. There ate 60,000 enrolled and dritied, | &! the lives of tunocent and unoffending Aimert- | tory, and all discusston in regard to slavery, so long | return to their native lavd laden with til-gotten | continues, other States imay remain indiferent but. without arms, and they claim that with | Cans, as well as to justify, by argu- | as it shall continue to exist, is prohibited. The | Wealth, improved by an imperfect education picked | Spectators of th Gontroyerays stl continuin, @ supply of arms they can put into the | Ment, the almiosi universal sympathy which | spanish Minister of State sald to Mr. | Up im an average realdeuce gf seven or eight } to treat the ancient govel lent as soverdig’ Held 200,000 fighting men—citizens, farmers and | is felt, and im part expressed, “by the | Sickles, October 8 1869, that Spain did | years, and, emboldened by Powers that they shouid await the recog of the new goverumenc of the paient Siate principle of public law has been more freguentiy acted upon, within the last thirty years, by the great Powers of the world than this. Within that period eight or ten new States ha tablisned in- dependent governments, within the lunits of ecjo- nial domimion or Spain on thts Continent, and in of the same thing has been done by Belgium and Greece, The existence of all these governments was recognized by some of the leading Powers of Europe, as well as by the United States before it was acknowledged by the States from which they had sparated themseives, Ii, therefore, the United States gone so far as to acknowledge the inde- pendence of Hungary, aliiough, as the result has proved, it would have been a precipitate st one from which no benefit would have r% either party, it would not, nevertheless, have becn an act against the law of natlou provided they took no part in her contest with Austria.” (Works of Daniel Webster, volume vi., pages 498-499.) These are indisputable American doctrines; but we do not go so far as to ask the House to apply them in the case of Cuba. Mr. Can- ning said upon the same subject in the House of Commons, February 4, 1826, that “aa to the pro- ulities,”’ though it does not demand a “perfect and undisturbed internal tranquiility’ within is b The report opens by referring to all the numerous amier petitions in behalf Cuba, sigued by nearly 75,000 beg: i AAS reinfor les, the repa'y ¢! a unrestrained exercise | aud the government de facto as @ society, entitied to emancipated blacks—men of the country fighting | American people for the cause of liberty in Cubs. | not and could not see tn Cuba the sentiment | Of political power, they fight against Mberty and | the rights of war agatost its enemies, as may espouse for its liberties, These hostile forces have not for. | Mr. Martos said to Mr. Sickles that the welfare of | and capacity of indepencence, and, therefore, if she | quality, against all just principles of government, | the cause of the party which they believe to lave otten the objects for which they were organize Cuba Was More important to the United States than |. should consent to a separation trom that rich ana | and for the supremacy of iniolerance in religion, | justice on its side, In the first case the foreign State ‘rom the declaration of Cuban independence ai | to the mother couhtry. We cannot recat all the | ancient colony she would not have the consolation | corruption In administration, monopoly in trade, | fulfils all its obligations under the law of nations, Yara to this hour there has not been a week, | Cases in which the intervention of this government | of giving extatence to a new nation, bat the remorse | tyranny in the goverpment, and the perpetual ser- | and neither party has any right to complain, pro- Bearcely & ay which has not been marked in the | has been demanded for the protection of its citizens | of leaving a people of her own language and race | Vitude and slavery of the Spanish people, and inio | vided tt maintains an imparital neutraltty.” (Part 1, calendar of war by flerce and bloody contests, No | afd its intere-t, “It as history for day by day, not a | to miserably perish and disappear, Spain could not | the hands of sucli the responsible power of govern- | ch. 2, 6.) Aud again he says:—“it has al- revolution presents a more constant and determimed | relation for a breakfast.” The Consul General at | admit that the majority of Cubans incline to separa- | Ment in Cubs has fallen, Wanderers from Spain, | read been stated that while the contest struggle. urhough the Cubans were undisciplined | Santiago de Cuba mforms the Secretary of State, | tion from the mother country, but (hat a turbulent | Commorant only in Cuba, indifferent to the interests | for the sovereignty continues and the civil war and unaccustomed to the use of arms, of which in | June 19, 1869, that a native of New Orieans and two | and blind minority, excited and aided by filibusters | Of the island and regardless of the rights of its | rages other nations may remain passive, allowing to the beginning they had few or none, and their en- | Haturalized American citizens, part of the expedi- | and pirates, aspire to overcome the general will of | people, no principle and no power iuposes upon | both contending partes all the rights which war emy was composed of the best troops of the army | tion of the steamer Perit, taken prisoners at Ramon, | their counctymen, and this was the sole cause of the | then restraipt. gives to public enemies, or may acknowledge the | priety of admitting States which had successiuily and Dave ot Spain, whose places fa the. military | Were publicly shot, without trial, at Santiago de | discord. THE IMPOTENCE OF SPAIN, independence of the new State, forming wlth It | shaken otf their dependence on the mother country 18 of the island had been supplied by the resident | Cuba. Speakman, a native of Pennsylvania, an in- XO HOPE FROM SPATN. Our consnlar officers in Cuba are commerial agents | treaties of amity and commerce, or may join in alll- | to the rights of uatious, there could be no dispute. pantards organized as volunteers. Tho Cubans, | nOcent man, was cruelly murdered, after me ‘there were two ways of proceeding, were the case i There is, therefore, no reasonable hope of perma- | Only without diplomatic powers or authority. We | ance with one party against the other, In the first nevertheless, have been ready to meet their foes | formality of a trial, the Secretary of State | nent peace from the voluntary action of the Spanish | cabnot, of right, Insist upon the recognition of our | case neither party has any right to complain so long in skirmish, combat or battie, aud have shown | Says, that “amounted only to a tarce.” | Ministry. It ix represented, on the other hand, that | political interests in the government of the island, | as other nations maintain an impartial neutrality themselves as brave in attack ag defence. A record | Many others have been executed under circum- | the eniire Cuban people, without respect to age, | Our diplomatic relations are with Spain, not with | and abide the event of the contest.’”” (Wheaton, Of nearly all raids, skirmishes, combats, engage- | stances of equal barbarity. The bratal butchery of | rank, color or condition, are for independence, urged | Cuba, Our inquiries and protests must be commu- | part 1, ch. 2, 10.) ments and battles occurring from the 11th of Octo. | Greenwald, because he was thought to be an Ameri- | thereto by a long confinued and nnexampled op- | nicated to Madrid, reported to Cuba, retarned to | precEDENTS FOR RECOGNIZING CUBAN BELLIGE- ber, 1868, to the defeat of Puello and Goyeneche, | C&D and the treatment his dead body received by the | pression; that they are fully determined to sacrifice | Spuin and transmitted again vo’ the United RENCY. which terminated the campaign of December, 1569, | authorities at Havana, as well as the attempted | their lives rather than jive under the tyranny of | States—a circuit of many thousand miles Such are the views of modern jurists, In the late and January, 1870, give an honorable distinclion 10 | &88tssination of other American citizens—his cont- | Spain, and that should the war be prolonged the | and wasting months of time before either | civ war in America all the nations in Europe recog- the struggle of the Cubans for independence that | Pinions—is too recent to require detailed state- | dominion of Spain must cease or the entire prop- | party can appreciate or comprehend — the | nized and acted upon this doctrine, Belgium, Would in no wise aisoredit a people long accustomed | Ments. ‘The Consul General at Havana transmits to | erty of the island be destroyed. Tne President has | news of the other, and then the circuit’ is | France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Denmark, to self-government and ned to the use of arms, | the Assistant Secretary of State, August 21, 1869, an | informed Congress that, in order to put a stop to | to be repeated, it may be many tmes, before | prussia, Rusala, Spain and Great Britain issued at is unnecessary for the purposes we have | ®Cconnt of the recent murder of prominent citizens | pioodshed in Cuba, he had proposed the good | uction may be recommended, What is worse, our proclamations declaring their neutrality and setting in view to speculate upon the advantages | Of Santiago de Cuba, with thelr friends and aitend- | offices of this government to bring the coniest to a | successin gaining the fayor of the Spanish govern- | forth regulations for the government of their sub- gained by the Spamards or Cubans in these | &nts, twenty in all, by order, tt ts stated, of a subor- | termination, but that offer was withdrawn because | sent may cause defeat of our rights in Cuba. “The jecia, Our government protested agatust the man- Constantly repeated hostile encounters, The record | dinate officer of the Spanish army, while being con- | § pam would not agree to any basis that he delteved |“goverument of Spain is impotent for the protection | her tn whicu some of these declarations were made 4s presented as indisputable proof of the long con- | Veyed as political prisoncr to the headquarters of | could be accepted by Cuba. It is apparent therefore | of our citizens,” says the Secretary of State. The | ana against the manner in which they were exe- tinued existence ot civil war in Cuba, But we recall | Count Valmaseda, the Commander-in-chief of | that a contest so barbarous in itself, already so tong | moderation of the home government and the sym- cuted, but it never denied the right of any govern- the facidents of the campaign of the past winter, in | the Eastern Department of the island. The | induration, and imperilting our nattonal interest in | pathy of Americans for Cuba, which ought to modify | ment’ to declare its neutrality im uny contest. The whieh, after exhaustive preparations by the Spanish | OMcers of our goverument report that the treatment | so many Ww: is not likely to be terminated by the | their rapacity and cruelly, mfuriates the volunteers | qeciarations of Great Britain and Spain were sub- government, and the most coniident assurauces of | Of the patriots by the Spaniards apples voth to } voluntary act of Spain, by Ouba, or by tie friendly | Who cam wonder that Cubans revolt against such | stantially alike. Thatof Great Britain was as fol- the speedy termination of the war, her best generals, | Cubans and foreigners; but tt appears their ferocity | mntervention of the United States. rulers and fight agatust such tnjusticey How long | jows:— Puello and Goyeneche,in a concerted campaign under | 18 felt chiefly by Americans, Admiral Hoff, who was POWER OF SPAIN IN CUBA, are We reqmired to shut our eyes to facts which are BY THE QUEEN—A PROCLAMATION—VIOTORIA Valmaseda, were both defeated, the former with a | Sent by the President to Cuba with a vessel of war Looking, therefore, to continued force alone for a atont to al the worid, and endure indignities never Whereas we are happily at peace with all sovereigns, loss 01 1,300 out of 2,700 men, as evidence of tie | % Mino ned the case of Speakman, reports that | solution of the war, it becomes us to inquire, What is fore practised on any nation? Such grave events, ‘and States, moet st Me hostilities have uunbappy spirit and capacity of the Cubans for successfat war. | Great Britein’s laws of citizenship had enabled her | the power of Spain'in Caba? This pregnant question covering period of eighteen months, show an | commenced between the government of the United States “The Spanish campaign in Cuba has thas far | toobtam from Spata the entire revocation of the | has already challenged the attention of the adminis- | estabiisi condition of affairs —injuriously | and certain States styling selves the Confederate States tated,” writes Mr, Sickles from Madrid, to the Secre- | Proclamation at the 24th of March, 1869, whicn facts | tration, The Assistant Secretary of State informed | affecting im every way the rights, the in- | of Peete RN teed We aee oe tat aasicien aes tarel doin: tary of Staic, ““Tholr great reliance 1s naw an the Spemed to be Knowi and onderved by the Spaniards | the Conn! General ut Havana that they hud been | terests and the honor of the Ameitcah govern. SiaGeh th walsmaln'a sitios ano luipartial peutralhy 19 the gunboats Top the Tinited states." what has been | thronghout the island, and gave British subjects | informed from Madrid that Measures had already | ment. That condition is described by the Spanish contest Letween the said contending parties, we, therefore, ‘the result? ese conficls have had various results, | #reater consideration when captured or wrecked on | Deen taken to disarm the volunteers; that General | oflicials and American representatives as “anarchy.? | have thought fit, by the advice of our Peiey ‘Connell, to tasue the exact truth of which cannot be ascertained, nor | ne Cuban coast, 4 de Rodas had engaged at all hazards to stop the | It is vot war merely, but the prosecution of hostill- | this, our royal proclamation, &c. Dated Moy 13, 1st. is it necessary for our purpose, wich is to consider The Secretary of State tustracts the American | scandalous execution of captives and other | ties by meu without restraint of the law or the ‘Phat of Spain was as follows:— the present condition of the island as to peace or | Minister at Madrid to call the attention of the | barbarous eruelties, Rut they received, at the authority of government. It is barbarous and PROCLAMATION BY THE QUEEN OF SPAIN. war. The official reports of the Spanish government | Spanish governinent to the report of Aduirat Hot, | same time, information from Cuba that Valmaseda, | bloody internecine war. It is unnecessary to as- OodaGuartun ee tanto ato. orints betenen ‘Spain and state that 16,980 Cubars have been killed in action, | 2n4 to say that “we shall expect citizens of the | the atrocious perpetrator of the worst of these cruel- | sume that this disregard of authority and deceucy 18 | the United tiatos of America, and the expediency of not 9,118 wounded, 2,092 prisoners captured and that | United Stutes to be treated with as much considera- | ties, nad received promotion for his services from | in accordance with the Wishes of the present govern- changing the reciprocal feelings of friendly understanding on 16,600 have surrendered and received pardon, mak- | tion and to enjoy as broad rights as the citizens of | the’ government of Spain, The administration is | ment*of Spain, or that it makes professions of regards | account of the grave events which have been bappeniag in more questtonable. Reckiessly and with a hurried course t the object which might be soon reached, or almost as soon lost, or by another course, $0 strictly arded {thargno principle Was Violated and no offence given to other Powers.’? (Hansard’s Par, Deb., second series, vol. Xxil,, p. 78.) “itis not by formal stipulations or solemn de- clarations,"? said Sir James Mackintosh, in speaking of the proposed Seenoy earueae of the Spanisi American colonies by Great Britain, ‘that weare to recognize the American States, sbut by measures of practical policy, the most{ecnspicuous part of which 1s the act of sending or receiving diplomatic bogies It impiles no guaranty, no alliance, no no approbation of the successful revolt, no intimation of an opinion concerning the justice or Injustice of the means by which it has been accomplisiied, The tacit recognition of a new State not being a judginent for the hew government or against the old is not a devia- vion from a perect neutraily or a just cause of offence to the dispossessed ruler.”’ (Macintosh’s Works, p. 749.) But we do not ask the assent of the House to such self-evident and patnotic doctrines. We ask only that in the armed ventest in Cuba, the existence of which it would be a crime to question, the neutrality of the United States shall be proclaimed and en- forced. We ask for Cuba nothing but justice—that justice which Mr. Burke said 18 the chief concern of iniokind. it 18 a misconception of fact to assume that, by a declaration of neutrality we grant beili- gerent rights to the Cubans. They have an inaliena. bie and natural right, admitted of all men, to fight against oppression for the liberty of their race. It would be tnuuman for us to strength- en the hand of the oppressor. If we cannot espouse the cause of itberty we ought at least to stand neu- ing @ total of 44,200 men lost to the Cuban'cause. | any other country.” also Informed from Madrid that the government will | for the rights of the United States at Madrit | tat republic, Lhave resolved to maintain the strictest neu- | tra) When we recognize that @ contest i the Those statements are doubtless greatly exaggerated, AMERICAN DIPLOMACY, declare the immediate abolition of slavery, while | which it~ does not tniend to observe. in | {ality in the struggle, engaged. iu between all thefederal | 115" or nutions—the euuightened fae a perce hre An official report of the Captain General states | , The Prestdent staved im his late annual message | tne general tenor of information from Cuba ts the | Cuba. On the contray, the character of its i | world—defines the rigtits and applies the law of bel- vi ich aject that the ‘Spanish army lost 14,000 men in | that a schooner of the United States had been ar- | other way, and that it was of great importance that | military force in Cubs, Ihe oMictal declarations of | Mg Mjorder toavold the lowes which jour auviecte, mlylit 1869 by disease and atte. Owing’ to imperfect | rested on the ign seas by @ Spanish frigate | the government of the United States should know | the officers of the United States aud of Spain, and | rules to which thelrconduct might conform, in accordance communications the Cubans have reported their | 8Ad two prisoners carried to Cuba. The govern- | pow far the news from Madrid can be depended on, | the record of current events from the beginning of | with my Council of Ministers, I decree as follow! principal actions only. In the early part of the war | Ment prot ted | against the act and the men were | The American Consul General a¢ Havana, Ocvober | the war, prove conclusively that the government of And then the regulations which govern neutral the people rallied for a fight and separated when, 1t | Teleased. The Captain General of Cuba subsequently | 24, 1869, answers the inquiry. The disarmament of | Spain in Cuba is unabie to conquer che people of | nations are given as in the British proclamation, ‘was over, leaving no means of estinating the losses | July 7) issued \a proclamation authorizing the | tue volunteers, he says, Whatever may be the | Cuba, to suppress the rebellion, to enforce its | dated Juue 17, 1861. We protested against the man: they might have sustatued, It is not possible, there- | Search of neutral vessels on tue high seas. Alter | desire of Spam, is at present impracticable, | authority, to secure the observance of tts orders | ner in which the British proclamation was issued fore, to give an exact estimate of their foss'in the | Tetionstrance by the American government the | and there are many reasons for the belief that no | among the Spaniards, even to support its own om- | and the falihiess manner in which it was executed, numerous conficts in which they have been en- | proclamation was modifled by limiting the | time will arrive, while Cuba is connected with Spain, | cers to protect the ts of forvign nation, orto | put we made no protest against that of Spain, whose gaged, but it is not doubted that it has been very | Spanish cruizers to the rights conferred by the | when such a measure will be practicable. The o punish crimes which the civilized world must con- | dciaration was identical! with that of England, great. treaty of 1795, and, after further remonstrance, | ganization of volunteers appears now to be a per- | demn, except that it repeated the word “belligerents,” PROOFS OF A STATE OF WAR. this proclamation appears to nave been withdrawn. | inanent power in the island. It was owing to Its DUIY OF THE UNITED STATES, which was not used in the British proclamation. Such warlike organizations, preparations, con- | The Captain General, Dulce, March 24, 1869, is- | presence in the early part of 1869 and after that the What, then, is the duty of the United States? | On the contrary, we accorded to the Spanish gov- ficig, losses of men aud destruction of property, are | Sued ® proclamation declaring that all ves-els | istand had been saved to the mother country. It | Clearly to recognize the actual condition of affairs, | ernment our thanks for her prompt and friendt ‘wholly inconsistent with the idea of “a mere civil | captured in Spanish waters, on the high seas or near | now numbers upward of 40,000 men, well organized, | and to take such measures as are preseribed by the | action, Mr. Schurz, American Minister at Madrid, commotion,” as it has heen regarded by our govern- | to the island, having on board men, arms, or effects | armed and equipped, and is considerably accus- | Jawa of nations for the protection of our rights until | writes to Mr. Seward, July 15, 1861, as follows:— ment, .or “a domestic disturbance,’ as it has been | thatcould in any manner be used to promote the | tomed to the exercise of arms, Jt holds all the ports peaceful, permanent government can be established. | “senor Calderon Collantes lien asked me whether Tepresented by Spain. The facts, taken by them. | insurrection, should be treated as pirates, and all | and towns. The reinforeements sent from Spain | It is no longer a “civil commotion,’ as tt nas been | the declaration of neutrality on the part of Spain, in selves, and still more when their inevitable conse- | such gers Without regard to their number, | were made in great part by loans and con- | hitherto regarded by the United States, nor a me regard to our domestic troubles, was satisfactory to quénces are considered, are absolute proois of pro- | Should be immediately executed. The Secretary of | tributions of the volunteers. As to the | “domestic question,” as it is represented by the | my government. I replied that, as to the declara- traeted, barbarous and biooay war, It is regarded | State, April 3, 1860, informed the Spanish Minister | suppression of the scandalous execution of | Spanish government. It is protracted and | tion of nentrality on the part of Spain, 1 had received as war by Spain and the United States, | tliat the United States claimed the right of carrying | captives and iike ornelties, he does not know. | atrocioza civil wur. A civil commotion ts directed | no expression of opinion from my government, and and ft is so intended by Cuba, The documents | to the enemies of Spain, whether Spanish sudjects | He says:—tHow the idesign can be entertained by | against individuals or agatust civil magistrates, that I thought it would;be cousidered satisfactory.” transmitted to the House of Representatives recog. | oF citizens of other countries, merchandise not con- | the government at Madrid except asa desired an it may react the standard of sedition or insurree- | Mr, Schurz writes to the Spanish Minister of State, nize on the part, ot the Spanish American and Cuban | traband of war, and articles contraband of war, eub- | remote Possibility, whether it can be done and | tion, in which a sovereign may be disobeyed ; but it | seior Calderon Collantes, July 31, 1861, ag follows:— overnments a.condition of war. ‘The Secretary of | Ject to the right only of capture by Spat, and | when, are questions which must give place to the | ts sill @ crime to be suppressed and punished by |” giu yesterday Ireceived a despatch from the peli tate says, ina letter tothe Spanish Minister, April | could not consent to the punishment of any Ameri- | more imporiant issue of the suppression of the re- | State authority, without intervention and without of State of the Gaited States, informing me that the rotary 17, 1869, that a portion of the people of Unta have | can citizen for the exercise of this privilege, secured | hellion. He does not doubt the good intentions of | affecting rights of foreign governments. A civil | dext bag read with the greatest satifaction the proclamation bean.in arms against the government of Spain for | to him by the law of nations and by treaties. The | General De Rodas, but the circumstances with which | war, on the contrary, isa contest of arms between a | of ber Catholic Majesty concerning the unfortunate troubles More than six months. The proclamation of the | Captain General, Cabalero De Rodas, upon this pro- | he has to deal are stronger than his power to over- | part of the citizens on one side and the sovereign or | that have arisen inthe United States, and tt affords me the Captain General, dated July 8, 1869, deciares that the | test issued a decree, July 7, in substitution for that | come them. The cessation of hostilities, he says, | those who obey him on the other, in regard to which belts Al ad A) br preg to your Bxpalianey. the hi h ‘war of insurrection against Spain ‘demands speedy | of March 24 and three other decrees of prior date, | looking to any other end than the submission of the | the action of foreign governthents may become | Sense which the Presiden ‘ikon ae Senunen and exemplary punishment and decrees the penalty | substantially reamrming their provisions, and ex- | insurgents, would be scouted, and as to the tmme- | absolutely necessary. “It 1 sufficient,” Vattel says, | Prompt de s 7 Ms of death upon hose who may be captured in arms, | Pressing the hope that it would be satisfactory to the | diate aboliiion of slavery he does not find any expres- | “that the malcontents have some reason to take up | THE COURSE FOR THE UNITED STATES TO PURSUE. A proclamation from the Cuban Secretary of State, | government of the United States. The Secretary of | sion of vellef im official quarters that it would | arms {in order that the disturbance should be called | A measure thatis right in itseif cannot be made dated May 4, 1869, published by the Spaniards, de- | State informs the Spanish Minister, July 16, that this | pe practicable. The Consul at Matanzas informed | civil war, and not rebellion.” (Vattel, liv. 3, ch. 18, | Wrong because it isin accord with the practice of clares that “from this time forward all liberties are | decree (July 7) assumes powers and rights over the | this government, June 19, 1869, that the island was | 290-295.)” The people of Cuba present’ the best rea- | #ll civitized nations, nor can the action of this gov- established in thelr widest sense, subject, however, | trade aud commerce of other peoples incon- | jn complete anarchy, The Catalan volunteers do not | sons for the contest they urge. It has every claim to | ™ument in defence of its rights against the poile; to the.stave of war in ‘which the public now is.’ | sistent with a state of peace, and to which | alow Spanish rulers to administer justice. The | the sympathy and support of the friends of | Of Spain in Cuba be less defensibie because it foi- The Spanish Minister we says, in re. | the United States oan only be expected to allow | Governor of Matanzas informed him, when applied | liberty, equality and justice. It 18 a race | Jows literary and exactly the precedent of Spain in ply to the American Minister at Madrid, | their vessels to be subjected when Spain avows her- | to for aid in the case of Speaktnan, that he was | struggling for independence—an enslaved people | !t8 action with regard to the civil war in this coun- ith of October, 1869, that if they have not realized | self to be in a state of war, or shall be manllestly | without power and had been compelied to seek his | contending for liberty—a nation fighting for national | tty. All nations have been notiged that we shouid their desire to ‘mitigate the horrors of war it is | exercising the rights conceded only to belligerents | own safety by appeasing the wrath of tue volunteers, | extstence, The contest in which they are engaged | follow the example set by other governments in owing.to the conduct of their enemies, who have so | in time of war, anc the Spanish Minister is Informed | ana that his commanding ofticer Was then a fugitive | has all the attributes of barbarous and bloody civil | thelr conduct to us when other inethods of re- apueh. contributed to prolong the insurrection, but | that the continuance of this decree will be regarded } on board a Spanish man-of-war. Admiral Hoff, sent | war, aggravated by the disorders and crimes of | “ress of wrongs were closed against us. The that mercy and humanity have veen generally re- | by the United States asa recognition by Spain of a | py the President to investigate the case of Speakman | anarchy. Our first duty 4s to treat it as war, and in | President, in his inaugural address, made that de- commended in the conduct of the war. ‘The Ameri- | state of war with Cuba; and the Secretary of State | and Wyeth, reported to the government that these | accordance with the Jaws of nations to deciare and | Claration. “I would respect the rights of ali na- can Consu) General at Havana informe the Secretary | desires to know whether the “insurrection which | American eitizens were cruelly murdered, owing en- | maintain in regard to the eke engaged therein a | tons,” he said, “demanding equal respect for our of State, June 4, 1869, that the Spanish residents, dig- | the United States have hitherto treated only asa } tirely to the weakness of the Spanish officials in | strict and impartial nentrality. “A olvil war,” Vattel | OW. IH others depart from this rule in their deal- satisfied with the conduct of the war, are inclined to | civil commotion within the dominions of Spain, } yielding to the demands of the Catalan volunteers, | says, “is when a party arises ina State which no | !0gs With us, we may be compelledqvo foilow their take the management of affairs into their own | that did not give rise to what are under- | gna in saleconstrulng or acting upon the cruelde- | longer obeys the sovereign and is sufficiently recedent.’? (Inaugural address, 4th March, 1869.) hands. “They contribute,” he saya, ‘largely to the | stood as belligerent rights on the part of either | eree of the 24th of March, 1869, In this view the | sirong to make head against him, or when, in a hat objection cau Spain make to & prociamation support.of the war by money and by service as vol- | party to the confict,” 1s regarded by Spain | President concurred,” The American Consul at San- | republic, the nation is divided into two opposite | Of neutrality in the case of Cuba, tdentical with her unteers.and desire to see the war ended.” as @ state of war, in which she claims | tiago de Cuba says he bas been informed by the om- | factions, and both sides take up arms, * * * | OWN “prompt decision and friendly action” in the BRUTALITY OF THE SPANIARDS. the rights of a beiligerent. In consequence of | cers of the Spanish government that, owing to the | Civil war breaks the bonds of society and of the | Case of the United States? hat objection ‘The 4merican Consul at Santiago de Cuba informs | this demand General De Rodas moditied the de- | active measures which he, the Consul, had taken in | government. It gives rise in a nation to two inde. | can the European nations, who instantly proclaimed the Secretary of State, June 19, 1869, that tbe Spanish | cree of the 7th of July by the suppression of the sixth | behalf of his countrymen, and to prevent their mak- | pendent parties, who acknowledge no common | their neutrality in the civil war in this country, urge overnment applies the most Eacrous, and barbarous | article only, relating to the search of neutral vessels | ing any declaration, it is their determination | jndge. They are in the position of two nations | against the neutrality of the United States in the five, which have made wars of extermination shock- | on the high seas, but the provision that individuals { in’ future to shoot all American prisoners im- | who engage In disputes, and, not being able to recon. | War between Spain and Cuba, after the unparalleled ing 10 every civilized nation. Count Valmaseda } suspected of being in the service of the insurrection | mediately on the spot. ‘While I am will- | cile them, have recourse to arms. The common laws | atrocities of eighteen months and the brutal murder Assued @ decree, April 4, 1869, which declares that | Who might be captured with arms, with the crews of | ing to admit,’ says the American consul at | of war are in civil wars (o be observed on both | of scores of American citizens and repeated insults there 18 no longer @ place for neutrality; that those | their vessels, were to be treated as pirates, is still! | Matanzas February 7, 1870, ‘that the Americans are | sides. The same reasons which make them obliga- | tO our consular and commercial agents? Great who were not ior him were against him, ond that his | retained and enforced, The government had before | ag well protected as any other class of residents, | tory between foreign States render them more neces- | Britatn declared her purpose in regard to the Ameri- oe know how to distinguish them they | protested against the general provisions of these de- | still, in a state of affairs bordering on anarchy, there | sary in the unhappy circumstances where two | cam rebellion in the House of Commons the 6tn of were Ci to observe the orders they them- | Crees “in the interest of civilization and humanity.” | can be little safety or security of any kind.” The | exasperated parties are destroying their common | May, 1861, twenty-three days after the atiack on selves Carried, First—Bvery manffrom the age of | The suppression of the sixth article in no wise | Secretary of Stute says to the American Minister at | country. When @ nation becomes divided into two | Fort Sumter, and betore a single }ife had been sac fifieen years upward, found away from his habitation | changed their barbarous character. Madrid, September 1, 1869:—‘‘Anarchy prevaiis over { partics absolute and independent and no longer | Mficed or a drop of blood had been shed, except who does sot prove a justitied motive therefor aptain General De Rodas, on the 28th of Septem- | much of the island, murders of American citizens | ackuowledge a superior, the State is dissolved, and | 1n the conflict between soldiers and citizens in Baltt- will be shot. Second—Every habitation un- | ber, 1869, issued another decree, which declares that | are committed by volunteera, and confiscation of | the war between the two parties is the | More onthe 19th of April, 1861. Spain Issued her occupied will be burned by the troops, | if any person be found without @ passport on board | their property ia attempted by Spanish authorities.’ | same im every respect as @ war between | proclamation of neutrality, describing the contest- Tuird—Hvery sBabitation from which does uot } @ vessel about to start from a Cuban port, he should | The American Minister says to the Spanish Minister | two nations. The obligations of obsefving | ants as belligerents, the 17th day of June, sixty-five & white fiag as A signal that its | be liable to # fine of $100, and the master ofthe | of State:—‘‘The unprovoked injuries to American | the common law of war is, therefore, absolutely in- | days after the fall of Fort Sumter, and before a oceupants desire peace will be reduced to ashes. The | vessel to a Mne of $200, The Secretary of State in- | citizens become more and more frequent and fatal | dispensable to both parties and the same which the | single life had been sacrificed, except at Baltimore. Searetary of State, May 19, is instructed by the Presi- } forins the American Consul at Havana that the gov- | within the Spanish lines as the contest is pro- | law of nature obliges all nations to obaerve between } What objection can Spain make to a declaration of demt to protest in the most forcible Manner against | ernment of the United States cannot acquiesce in the longed.”’ “It is impracticable to ascertain the | State and State.” (Vattel Droit Des Gens, liv. 3,ch, } Deutrality on the part of the United States tn the Cu- such @ mode of warfare and demands that persons | application of this decree to citizens of the | will of the Cubans by a vote,” says the | 14, 200-295.) ‘When a part of a State takes np arms | ban contest, after a bloody and brutal civil war haviig a right to claim the protection of the United Diled = States, aon to those who may | secretary of Stale to the American Minister at | against the government, if it is sufficiently strong to | Of @ year and a half?gaie lmitations and con+ Stater! shall not be sacrificed or injured in the | be passengers om board vessels which merely | Madrid, August 16, 1869, “because of the disorgan- | resist its action and’ to feonstitute two Wes | ditions under which neutrality should be declared Condw >t of hostilities upon tis basis, Inanote to | teuch at Havana on the way to some other | ization of society, the terrorism that prevatis and | of equally balanced forces, the existence | ave sternly and strougly stated by Mr. Adams in his the American Minister at Madrid, May 11, 1869, the | port. The applicatton of the decree to passengers | the violence and insubordination of the volunteers.’ | of civil ‘war 19 thenceforward determined.’ | correspondence with Lord John Russell upon the Secretaty of State protests agamst the infamous | On board the steamers which ply between New York | “Spain desires to terminate civil war,” says Mr. | If the conspirators against the government have not | Alabana claims. ‘To every position assumed by him Poppe cig of Valmaseda, and he ts instructed, | and New Orleans, he says, would be particularly | Sickles to Mr. Fish, “and will agree toan armistice, if | the means of assuming this position their move- | our assent is cheerfully conceded. “Whenever an igust 1), 1869, solemnly to protest, In the name of | offensive, and he instructs the Consul General, with | necessary to peace, but the measure must be left to | ment does not pass beyond @ rebellion. A true civil | insurrection against the established government the Presia‘ent, against carrying onthe war in Cuba | firmness and courtesy, to protest agaist the indis- | the discretion of the Captain General. That is to | war breaks the bonds of society by dividing it, In | Of a country takes place the duty of governments in this bar’barous way. The American Minister at { crimigate execution of that decree. This decree | say, it must be with the consent of the volunteers.” | fact, mto two Independent societies. It is for this | under obligations to maintain peace and friendship Madrid reminded the Spanish Minister of State that | was modified on the loth of November by merely | ‘Jt is notorious,’ gays the American Minister to Mr. | consideration that we treat of it ininternatloual | With {t appears to be, at first, to abstain carefully this government had before remonstrated agalust | Nmiting its application to passengers, whether or | Bercerra, “that these irregular troops have | law, as since each party forms, as it were, a sepa- | from any step that may have the amallest mfu- certain proy'lamations of the Captain General of | not American, embarking in the ports of the island. | sometimes set at defiance the authority | rate nation voth shonid be regarded ag subject | cuce im affectt! the result. Whenever facts Cuba that threaten a mode of warfare j A prociamatton of April 1, 1869, by Captain General | of their government and the orders of | w the laws of wai This subjection to | occur of which it is necessary to take at varianey’ with the recognized customs | Dulce, declares that all contracts for the sale of | their superior oMcers, when the measures | the law of nations %@ the more Necessary | wotice, etther because they involve the ne- of civilized _ nations, and he protests, | every description of property, without revision of | of government have failed to satisfy their vindictive | in civil wars smee these by nourishing | cessity of protecting personal interests at with all solemnity, in the name of the Presi- { government, are null and void, and that all individu. | demands.” The Secretary of State says to the | more hatreds and resentments than foreign wars, | home or avoiding an implication in the stroggle, dent of the United States, against the de- | ais, merchants, brokers, presidents and directors of | American Minister at Madrid, July 29, 1869—:"We | require more the corrective of the law of nations iu | then it appears to be just and right to provide for the Jorable excesses’ Which have thus far character- | Corporations violating this decree would be subject | want to arrest the destruction of life and property, | order to moderate thelr ravages.” (Riquel me Ele- bs ar by ie wa measures, precisely to the ex- zed the war in Ciba, and insists, in the name of hu- | to punishment under the penal code of Spain. The | and to stop the out and annoyances to our cit- | ments de Derecho Pubitco, cap, 14, tom. 1, p. 172.) | tent that required, but no further. It ts, manity, while Larch are prolonged, that the war | Secretary of State, on the 30th of April, demands a | zens.” ‘the Spanish authorities in Cuba,” be says | “When a faction is formed in & State; which | then, facts alone, and not appearances or preaump- shail be conducted fr) @ manner more in agcordance | modification of this decree, so that it shall not be | again, July 20, “ARE IMPOTENT FOR PROTECTION OF | takes up atms against the sovereign, in ‘order to | tions, that justify action. But even these are not to ‘with the humane and’ Christian sentiment of the age. | applicable to property of citizens of the United | THE LIVES OF OUR CITIZENS." wrest ‘fom him the supreme power, or impose | be dealt with farther than the occasion demands. A For nearly a year, We says, the insurgents have | States. But no modificauon appears to have been CHARACTER OF THR VOLUNTEERS. conditions on him, or, when a republic 16 divided | rigid neutrality in whatever may be done is of maintained themselves against all the forces which | accorded, Very recently the American steamer The Neer volunteers, the authors of the atrocl- | into two parties which mutuaily treat each other | course understood. If after the lapse of a reasona- Spain and the Catalan volunteers have been able to pki was seized by & Spanish war veasel on the { ties of the war, who thus appear to be masters of the | as enemies, this war 1s callea Civil war. | ble period there be little prospect of a termination put into the field agatnwé them. | In the judgment of | high seas upon the suspicion that she had arms aud | island, number 40,000 men. ‘The Spanish troops are | Wars frequently commence by popular tamuits, | of the struggle, especially if this be car the President, in which fhe whole civilized world | ammunition for the insntgents, in direct violatton of | inferior in numbers and generally fraternize with | which in nowise concern foreign nations; but when | ried on upon the ocean, &@ recognition of will coincide, the fime has come, he says, when vhis | international law and breaty stipulation, she had | tiem. The volunteers are supported in their policy | one faction or party obtains dominion over an ex. | the parties as belligerents appears to be justifiable, struggle should be carried on in a jore | no contraband goods on board and was released | by gational clubs and committees representing Span- | tensive territory, gives laws to it, establishes agov- | and at that time, so far as 1 can ascertain, such a are way. To stovt prisoners of war | alter having been taken to Havana, but no repara- | yards of wealth and influence, and to these it 18 now | ernment in it, administers justice and, in a word, | step has never, in fact, been objected to.” It is im. simply because they are their hands is not in “hoe gli ligerents, It localizes the war, restrains the power of the conqueror, protects the vanquished, and sub- sttiutes for the rapine and murher of barbarous es ile restraints which are now every- where enforced by Christian nations. What is neutrality? There is no word in the Greek or Latin tongue that is equivalent of the term neutral or neutrality. The reason of this defect in the ancient languages, says Wheaton, is evident. The rules of war, followed by the most civilized na- tions of antiquity, did not permit one nation to en- Joy peace while neighboring States were engaged In war. The people were allies or enemies, That appears now to be the doctrine of Spain. The development of the laws of neutrats 18 one of the most fruitful and useful conquests of modern civilization. The neutral States contribute, in effect, to localize tne war, seek- ing, as far as possible, to extend and protect the in- terests of peace. (Bluntschll, page 375). ‘There ara degrees of neutrality. Strict nentrality impltes that @ Stute stands entirely aloof from the operaitons of war, giving no assistance or countenance to either belligerents, Impartial neutrality ts where bot bel- ligerents have egual liberty to pursue opera- tions of war, or to purchase military stores within the neutrals’ territory. Neutrals must be {mpartial, and powers not parties to the war must treat botn belligerants alike as friends.” (Woolsey’s Interna- vonal Law, p. 25.) ‘The essence of neutrality, says Hautefeuville, “is, fisrt, the most perfect im- partiality; ‘second, abstaining absolutely from ali stile acts.”’ (Hautefeuville, vol, 1, p. 370.) “Gene- ral neutraiity,”’ says Hubner, “is the conditton of a Nation that, without allytag itseif to any of the belligerent parties in a war, is ready to extend to any and all of them the alt which is due from one State to another, Tue neutral {s the common friend of both partles, and Consequently {8 not at liberty to favor one party to the detriment of the other’? (Lawrence’s Wheaton, p. 697.) Bynkershock states it to be the duty of neutrals to be in every way careful not to interfere in the war, and to do equal and exact fustice to both perties. Benrenity, consists in entire tmaction relative to the war aud in exact and perfect impartiality manifested by acts tn regard to the belligerents, so far as that impartiality has relation to the war and to the means direct and immediate of i ed it. This defi- nition by Hubner is cited with warm approval by Hautefeuille, (Vol. I, p. 363). Wheaton speaks of Hibner in the Supreme Court of the United States as “the great champlon of the rights of neutral States. Since the tume of Greetius the law of Europe bas become settled that neutrals have the right to trade with belligerents, except in those cases in which neutral commerce would affect the issue of a war by Interfering so as to assist either party in the contest. It is now founded in most treaties of commerce that elther party snatt have full Mberty to trade with the enerutes of the other during war, (Manning’s Law of Nattons, p. 192.) With te exception of the treaties of Whitenal!l, 1689, between Great Britain and Holland, against France, and that of the European Powers against France in 1795, there has been no interruption of the general rule that neutrals have the full right of trading with belligerents as ta time of peace, except in those cases wheu stich commerce would interfere with belligerent rights, There is nothing in com- merce that cin be sald to affect directly the issue of & War, and with which, therefore, beiligereuts have a right to interfere. (Manning's Law of aaah pp. 192-194.) Dur- ing the Greek revolution the same course was pursued by the British government, To a complaint of the Porte against allowing the Greeks belligerent rights, in which it was satd that to subjects in rebel- lion fo natioual character belon, Mr. Canning replied that “the character of belligerency was not so much @ principle as a faets that a Pate bg o i And consist~ ency acquired by @ mass of popul engaged in war entitted that population to be teoded as a belligerent, and, even when this tilte was ques- Uonable, rendered tt the interest, well understood, of all civilized nations so to treat them. Their cralsers must be treaied as velligerents or dealt with as pirates.” (Lawrence's eaton, De 43.) When Texas declared herself independent of Mex- ico, In March, 1836, t @ remonstrance that the yx fag was admitted to the port of w York It was answered that in previous civil wars between Spain and her colenies “it had never been held necessary as a preliminary to the extension of the rights of hospitality to either party that the chances of war should be balanced and the probability of eventuai success determined, For this purpose it nad been deemed sufficient that the party had actuaily declared its indepena- euce gid was at the time maintaining it. (Mrs Forsyth, Segyetary of State, to the Mexican Mintster, September 20, i806.) Mr. Webster said, Im an. swer to the covipliint of exico = thas citlzens of the Urited States had been en. ith i h h Je in answer to the « Ato aad BAged m a commerce Uy eat Nrnae and “mau n with arms in } ton has yer been made in autwer to the demands | proposed to add @ volunteer reserve corps, composed | exercises acts Of sovereignty, it ts a person in the | possible to aifirm that tere Is the slightest gene, Ico, had beep supplied with arma and munte vith the Christian | made by this government for the wrong done to our | ot person? not hitherto enrolled in military organiza Jaw of natious; and however 80 mucly one of the | by this goyerume@nt from the Sern wee WA iT fe Hons of wi at lt Was not tne Practice of nationd world. We havea right on ow’ part to insist that | commerce and the national flag, nons, Holting the balance of power, this force is | two parties ‘gives to the otber the wtle of | by Mr. Aqams, etter in {ts past action on th Va to undertake to prohibit thelr OWN subjects by preg Spain shail carry on this war hereafter In a Manner THE CHARACTER OF THY STRUGGLE. absolute Ht Cuba. The policy of ihe gov- | rebel or of tyrant, the foreign Powers which question or th the course now 70 osed ° 50 tat more 1b aveordance with the huWane and Chogbap Refereuce has ween made ty put few of the many J crnneyt ab Madryd yonet conform to its views. | desire to maigtain their neutrality. ought | trom taking any step that could Ae! disadvanta- CONTINUED ON TE NTH PAGE, 2 = = =