The New York Herald Newspaper, September 5, 1860, Page 2

THE GREAT EUROPEAN THN EASTERN QUESTION. Phe Oriental P: Russians. CONSTANTINOPLE aject ef the 8 TURKEY! CRITICAL CONDITION OF THE SICK MAN Plans for Setting Him On Bis Legs Again. A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SUGGESTED. PRACTICAL OBJECTIONS TOIT. TRE HERALDS SOLUTION OF THE DIFFICULTY, 3, &o., * ee. ‘The Eastern Question is again involving the peace of ‘@urepe, and awakening the interest af al) Curistendom. In was but yesterday that this same question was mooted, ‘und We merits discumied at the cannon’s mouth, at the ‘empense of innocent blood and treasures untold; and 1+ was natural to suppose that with the close of tho war « @Moiiesolution had bedn arrived at; but, on the contra fy, the subject is agsin revived, the tranquillity of the ‘world once more threatenod, aud commerce menaced web IDped men ts. The ostensible form it assumed in 1353 was that of a eeligious entboriaem, viz: gh» protection by Russia of the Ghristians of Turkey im their religious liberties. Now ate question is mooted under a philanthropic guise, or ‘the maintenance of the civil rights ef the same peoples; ‘aneo may be roused by the power of au unmasked weepotunm. in view of the importance of the subject, the following pistorical resumé of this hydrachsaded question is pro ‘wemted to our readers = RINE AND PROGRASB OF TURKEY arty io the ninth century @ tribe of Turkomans ¢rore- aa the Caspian mountains ani Inveded Armenia, They qworg bravely repulsed; but the aturing prospost of that swantry induces them to renewed attacks, until, with an ‘rmy of 300,000 men, they overran and dovastaied the wbole of that regiot. Tee present Turkish empire was catablished {o the year 1300, by Osman, or Othman. The first capital wus Meapolie, the second Broors, and the third Constantinople, which was taken May 29,1453. Thence they extended dbelr conquests into Europe ws fur as Vienna, becoming a iwantio political structure, ‘The prince of statesmen and paragon of diplomatiste nae drawn a corollary from historic facts, which nas been smmpbaticeliy demonstrated in the actual ¢ xperience of tne Turkish uation, viz—'‘Kase begets indifference; indiffe- swoce, misrule; misrule, auarchy, and aua'chy, ruig.’” The Turks, who wero only encoursged by rapine, and fentignied by religions frenzy, when the raze of war was «A hat checked, having no other incentive to action, re vexed io} supineness, or rather a barbaric luxury, Al \eugh in their Onward margh they came in coutact with arv:'igation, yet they profited not, and neglected the sci moe of government, Bo that, in tae of pence, instead of auebapding ther immense property aud wealth, like sprodthrifta they lived upon their capital, believing that _beir swords, hitherto su successful, bad ouly agaia wo be irewn wo be al!-conquering. They were so sated by con- qoeeta, their acquired territories 80 fertile, aad their sub wete no useful, that they eneily Decawe arrogant and in- foseut, and they came to cousiier themselves a people of princes, lords of the reaim. CACAES OF DEGENERATION jewvead of amesiorating the condition of the heteroze aevus peoples wLow their arms bad coyquered, or biead. tng em into «common patwonslity, they fostered recip roca) animosities among them, regarding \hem severaliy = sive to their own glory, and the eens of their own prosperity, the while treat vag «them ous rayabs, oF subjuguied poopie, eto uught to be thankful for the mere buvn of Io itwoif. ncoordingly they deaied them the rights of citizenship, sed impored upon them many other judigaities. They wore avt allowed to hold any offlee, nor to give their tes sameny im the courts of justice against « Massulman, nor carry arme, even io self defence, The only road to preferment or sorial equality was to embrace Islamum, sutaide of which all were compelled to bear the burden Mf tasation, apd in reality become the meniais of the oon quorors. The legitimate consequence baa besa that they nave been and still are the tillers of the soil, the artissas, ‘be mechanics, the merchaots, in flue, the bone and woow of the land, while the Museulman® themselves con asiared {t Demeath their diguity to be employ ed other w ise Aba af rulers or soldiers. Who WKAE THE DERE RETS. Bm every despotic guvernmment the main oxsontial ef gatioval’ greatness is military power; therefore, who- ever of the Mucsulmans coutributed to that power was permitien to arsumme the dignity of bere Boy, or feudal quiet. To these [4ré-Beys the sovereignty of the pro wipces was consigned. These Deré Boys paturally aduset tbe prerogatives of S@eie positions, assuming & power adsolute, like that of ame potentiate they represeuted. They not only euected the duce of the government, bet ad fed thereto «their «own «demands, which, of gouree, fell beavily upon the rayahs, whose aaty resource, having Ge apposl, waa to hide their pus- emmions and assume the semblance of poverty But this gould pot sive them, fur persecution, imprisonment, and even death \tecif, were reeorted to Wo extort their preses- war ‘There was po eecape from these Dero Bers of their subordinate oMcars, for the people were chained, aa it ‘wore, to the soll, The taxes being #hare’ among the \gheditants, no one family or any member of it conid be qared in the distribution Hence the peuple became spice wpon exch otber, for tho withdrawal of any one rm the community would increase the weigat of the A pew pol diery was a ins iiate! im apposition to the eta Turkoman warricrs, whose resticasnesa of apirit rea- @ored them trrbulent and ommounageabie, It wae at fret Gompewed of young prisoners of war, who were brought ep in the Mosiom faith, and w contredistinction to the od ett ng army were denominated You! thers, or Gow wokiiens From their earliest years theese Christiag slaves, (matebed from the bosom of their families, were inured to gil sorts of hardships, and to pertect mwignation t) the wiht of their superiors. They were dihgently trained in and , 7 $ & a : i i H i H i il dt i f § 2f3iF iF *. he Hut 15 : 3 i i i ; i & matter of frequent cecurrener, and the aamaasin could fod @ercure asylum in thelr barmoke, from which a0 power @F aa herty covid elnim fi With soch an administrative government, and ecb an army, it ix 00 wonder the empire gradualiy deoaved, aod gremed & ft prey 10 Beighde Oe, ea Snes ia, whose deviguenpon Turkey bare rapitly acce 8 jt ruin | NEW. YORK Wepe) ine empire began to be dispetied when the genius Of ‘ter the Great roge like « eum i the horizon, Ho ‘wa. ciermined to render himself iiustrious by theag. prone izement of bis pation He @rste tablished reformus the , and then turned his attention to war Ab? Whe extension of bis territories The neighboring ua. torgcn tbe soutbera jroutier Being too formidable, he pavrally directed bis am>ition towards gonq re smaller States on the norte His fret aivack au de. feat at Narva by the Swedes only excited hm to greater energy in det whe try Having established capial, be attracted the be cotabliabed agents wecreily to intrigue with the Caris Mans of Turkey. On this account the Turks were forced to declare war with Russia. ‘The Caer excited the fanaticism of his soldiers by the idea of w rengiow war, giving them new standards for the covasion, nearing Ou one side ® cross, with the io toription of ibe Labarum of the Greek Emperors of Joa »* en tnuto nika.”’ and on the other the motto, Ip tbe name of God and Christianity,” ‘THE REVERS OF PETER THE GREAT AND THE TREATY OF PRUTH ‘The war was commenced in the Principalities of Molde vie and Wallachia, because Peter, knowing that he had partially gained over thosc populations, hoped to make ‘them the basis of future invasions into Turkey. But he was gurrounded by the Turkish army on the banks of the Pruth, and placed completely in their power, so «that be was ean ae Whether by the bribery of the wife of the Em- peror, or some other unaccountable stratagem, the Grand Vizier, Mehemed Baltagy, the commander of the Turkish army, instend of taking the Czar captive, was ‘duced to consent to the famous treaty of Prath, which berated Peter and bis army. Had the Graud Vizier re- fused peace on any terms, the Czar and his army would probably bave perished, and Russia relapsed into her former insignifioance, and the world would bave-been ‘epered the solution of tbe present difficu!t probien But, a6 Thornton has said, ‘The genius of the Uttoman empire slumbered when the treaty of Pruth was signed.”’ Undaunted by these reverses, the Czar uever relip quished bis designs upon Turkey, to which was now Adced the desire to be revenged for the ignominy he bad fuffered. Ho consequently continued to augment the military, and to worry the Turks by constant aggressions. POLICY OF FRTER, He bequeathed bis policy to bis successors in a cele- brated State memorandum, of which articles Ilag 4 are as follows:— * Article 11. Tho House of Austria must be interested in of the Turks from Europe, and tn the event of Constantinople, its jealousy must be neu- tralized, by e: the otner States of Europe to make war with it, or by relinqu shing @ sbsre of the con at a later period. quered territory, to be taken Art. 12 Ali the Greeks ip , Turkey, or South- ern Poland, now divided into , must be rallied around Rusia as a central point; Russia must be their Fupport. and, by means of @ certain ccclesiastica! supre pare the way for complete suvereignty. How faithfully and pe the sacovesors of Peter the Great bave endeavored to full his will is recorded fm aul tbe subsequent history of Ruseta : pnstapt aggressions were kept up in the regions about ‘the Fuzine and the borders of under some tence or other—eometimes actuated merely by a spirit of revenge for their own disgraces at the battle of Pruth, ‘at others as champions of the Cross. ‘WAR IN THE CRIMEA AND THR TREATY OF BELGRADE In 1784, the Russian army being numerous and well disciplined, and the artillery very effective, the govern- ment concluded that the time had arrived to put their macy, must against the Turks—Austria in Servia and Bosmia, and the Russians in the Crimea. The war in the Orimes was troops. Turkey wished for peace, Sas tho elton Sits Baaaie propered wore tan Gichienre’ Die to ecoept; indeed, Marsbal Munich, who headed the arm, ae werely by Russian arms, principles of weery bd i E Hy g < 3 i E i i | 6 Fes i i? i 3° if if il 2 if az Dut who bad ceased to hate their conquerors, and who were now yates ansious joy ery S. ‘tbe Rusaian power. told the Carina that all the Greeks ded ber as their legitimate sovereign, and that strongest excitement prevalied them. ‘Now,’ he; ‘now ts the time to take advantage of their euthusi. asm ip oar canse, and to march upon Coastaantiaeple while the eftvet which our victories have produced is fresh and vivid, euch an opportunity ty Be sad he offered.’ ’ Bot (ue Austrians sustained heavy on the upper Danube, and were glad to argotiate for with the mutual enemy, stipulating that Koasia Nd cease hostilities The Turkish army being woo erful and elated by victory over the Austrians, Rus- ar obliged to cloge in with the treaty of Belgrade j rb as abe was on the eve of accomplishing the dearest echeme of ber ambition By this treaty it was specially Rus*is should not, either upon the ssa , it if not to be eapposed she in tended so faithfully to relinquish her designs. ATTACK ON POLAND AND TREATY OF KAYNARDJAM. The next aggressions of Russia were through Poland, where she had stirred animosities amoug the Christians own emissaries until a civil war was pro- 5 of Poland by Russian troops without avail trary, the Russians carried their aggressions eveu into the Turkish territories, claiming forts which were not designated as theirs in the treaty; coasequently she Turks were provoked to a declaratiua of war. ng the occupation of the Moree by Rus. tian troope, and ing reek Ottoman there Thea difficulties @ere, ijah, which entirely changed the relative post. tion of the two empires, and bas bees the source of inna merable troubles ty the European States. ‘The most important articles of thu treaty wore as fol- was qaintained! of Kay’ g f Ebr SAB i i the mal treaty, the Ottoman Empire, from Jame ian provines, wheere tne m mney, trope, Ao hota HERALD, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1860.—TRIPLE SHEET. | peltes to France; neither p Fen seats ‘a a a, peouliar geo- Potentate who pounessed it to make it the world Consequently it is evident that ne: reets of Europe nor tbe liberal spiri. of the |. by which Rossia beusd | treat the Urinean Tertars | aw wdepr , 2Dd not to interfere in their fovernment or civil purity, by actually produce a state | Of divaffiction and revolt, aud they stepping im as a meat stor, she succeeded ip 1783 tu annexiog the Crimes, The commission of this biguhanded robbery naturally pro- duced great indignation among the Otvemacs, and re- course be bad S ayetier treaty, which suasapied nee ‘THe RASTERN QUESTION. ‘Vittles for a while But Austria Rassia como! } ‘Waking renewed bgzrouioan. ‘Tue peitey of Ruesia was | The question, then, is: what is to be done with Turkey? meothy peruse eal tanarestions were the cousequence. | And this, im reality, constitutes the famous Eastern Before the war broke out in 1187 Catherine sent MAO! Guestion fleets to all parte of Greece, inviting the inhabitants “to take up arms ant cooperiio with ber iu expellirg the The lateet solution of this question, which has been so enemies of Christianity from the countries they had jong on the tapia, t contained in s recent pamphiet enti- veurped, and reguining for the Greeks their ancient liber- | teq « La Syria et I*Alllance Russe,” in which we are in- formed that France and Russia bave arrived at ‘‘an intel ous independence.” 80 well did these effurts 8.cored, t ip 1790 w general deputation of the Greeks w.s sent \igent system of policy,” which is founded upon “the want of expansion” of both countries, Russia is to be © St Petersburg ‘to implore the aid of the most mag bed, by the ofler of to asaist France 0 Panimous of sovereigns. and to beseech that she would bril Oonstantivople, the revendication of the Rhine tronticr Prussia is to re- “fog the Crimes, as wo the will per- mit any of the Powers, especially (the em bed)- went of absolutism), to usurp its sole possession. give to the Greeks for a sovereign her grandson Comstan- line.” Thue address was graciously received by the En press, who promised them the assistance which they re- quested. were then conducted to the apartments of ber grandson, where they paid homage to the Grand Ouke Constantine, and saluted bim as Emperor of the Greeks. DERGNS OF CATHAMINE 1. ‘The fury of this war was stopped by the remonstrances of Prussia and England. The threat of an Eoglish feet in the Baltic induced Catherine UI, to poetpone ber project of placing her grandeon Constantine on the throne of Con- stantinople, and the treaty of Jassy was concluded, doubtiess to give breathing time for new attacks on the meditating for the last 185 years over part of Russia, But death prevented the Empress trum | tom Siacen oh Murapean Tusey, Mat Crate tne de. executing ber plans, when every tbing ng Seg cay a empire of the Sulian? We think not. If Ras- for the consummation 80 tly devired. Ove of tm jebt us her co-operation for revendica- principal results of this treaty was to make Turkey grant the dominwo of the Caucasian aad Georgian provinces to Rusia Ip 1805 the Czar, owing to tbe state of affairs in Eorope Russia being about to join England and Austria against iapoleob), demanded that Turkey shoald euter juto an offevsive and defensive alliance with Russia, aad more- over that all the subjects of the Sultay who professed the faith of the Greek church should thenceforth be con- Sidered under the protection-of the Emperor of Runsis, While these demands were preesed upon them, which would bave made the Soltan a mere vassal of Russia, the Frevob persuaded tbe Porte, in violation of their piedge given in 1602 to Russia, to depose the Horpodars of Wal- lachia and Moldavia, without covsutting Russia. Without sny warping, the Russians invaded theee Principalities, compelitog the Turks to declare war, which was termi- nated ip 1812 by the treaty of Bucharest. ‘This treaty restored the two Principalities to Turkey? ter, which Napelewn 1 yum condition of bis existence as a sovereign. only two millions of Turks in Europe, whereas there are thirteev millions of Greeks, whose spiritual bead ie the Cur * * * The Greek insurrection, which lasted pine years, was but the prelude of the movement which ig preparing in thore regions, and which the maasacres ia Syria may act upon ase signal to break oat. The Greek Christians are ouly waiting for an order from thetr chief at St. Petersburg, or their pstriarch at Constantinople, to rise against the infidels; and there are but few far- and genrrally confirmed the former treaties A “MPO: | sighted politicians who do not anticipate a solution of the aes ade Raat Soeenalade this trepiy, Sencrs beaten in asense favorable to Russia, and that ‘and the ambiguity of ite terms was such as would af- | 41 1. distant time. It is not therefore ‘that at ford Russia pretext for intervention on future occasion. the call of their co-religionists, and by the RUMGLA OPPOPRD TO RPUAM IN TURKEY. predictions of Stalezanew, the Russians sbould be pre- Pared to cross the Pruth at the iret alarm.” WUSHLAN ORURADE AGAINST TURKEY. By late attvices from Europe we are informed that great agitation aguinst Turkey prevails {in some parte of the Russian empire, and particularly at Moscow. The Greek clergy are presching up a boly war, and orying out for the Roesians to march at the same time as the French to avenge Christian bicod. We have despatches from St. Petereburg which speak in terms of the ‘confi- dence that the intervention of the foreign Powers must be extended to the European provinces of Turkey. A corps of 80,006 ynen is at present in Bessarabia; other corpe are within reach, which would raise an army on the Pruth to 75,000 or 80,000 Laders is already named as the commander The soidtera are well disciplined, but burning to avenge Christianity and the repute of the Rus- siaw army. It cannot be credited that the present Emperor of the pi ppl oa the interests < his empire by #0 m Russia, nor wu ‘the ex- ample of Napoleont bs otis PARTITION OF TURKBY. ‘When Napoleon I. and Alexander discussed the famous scheme by which they were to form a duamcirate of ths world at any sacrifice to other friendly nations, the va- Russia’s diplomacy was pext directed to counteracting the military reforms of Mahmoud, which seemed to de- mand prompt hostilities, lest the renovation of the (tto- man empire should frustrate her designs. On his seces- sion to the threve Nicholas renewed the policy id od porting the Christians of the @reek church against enemits, which had been somewhat dormant during the time of bis predecessor, aud the Sultan, owing to the ua- prepared etate of the country at that crisis, was vo submit to the demands of Russia, which were ratil by the treaty at Akkerman, 1826. ‘tenor of this trea ty conferred stiil greater Ainge a ou the Principalities and Servia, greatly reducing Ottoman supremacy over them. WAR AND TREATY OF ADBIANOPLE. ‘The Sultan was soon again provoked to deciare war, be- cause Russia would not give up the Asiatic fortreases, ac- cording to treaty stipulations. This war was most disas- trous to Turkey, on account of the unorgaoized condition of the army. Since the recent destruction of the Janissa- phe Badin bergen yah on aera Bsr ty military tactios, bev’ Single virtue tence Notwitbetanding ite great reduction, the Rassian army, Owing to the ~ poliey of its General, Diebitah, in protecting both ead Mosiem poids fey great panto at (he capital, as it was Seteed Pa -cpech “Ambaseedore, ‘togetuue | Fetare for his leaving Turkey at the meroy of the \Cusco- thousand men. The “opean with the Sultan’s Ministers, all Abe empire from utter destruction terme. his own ‘xoept Roumelia and Constantiaopie, bag stead & Aivtenaple, the vexation of furkisn go: co = failed Dim for s time when be | verument; and it was arr Detween the two Em- Napoleon souchs iv effect a diamemberment of Turkey, in which some of ber best provinces should fali to bis own share. Two plone were discassed, by one of whwb the Turks were wo bv silowed to retain their 4b independent kingduw, &o unfavorable footing upoo which the Turkish om. | frit sobeme sssigned to Ruseis he Danubian nt00d at the conclusion of this treaty excited the am- | Byars was to > ia, ition of Mohammed Ait of Egypt, who, after haviag taken | FYance wat Wo have Albania, Greeoo Rae a ee ee ae eee am, | compennastion te them for seeing the Russians ttantivople itself In this emorgency the aid of Eugland | ovine mouth of the be According ‘was refuses to the Sultan, on the groond that ane had wot tale deste pia ta tn rveed tp the means of supplying the needed assistance; but Rassias | oi. tid sepvia, but Macedonia also, e: ‘was on the gui rive and had her ships and her soldiers harbor ef Gelenwa. Fi wente the ready nt Gebastopol and (densa, and when Mabinond ex: | Dertorot Solonis. | Francs, waa to take, pressed a wish for her protection, she innded 12.000 aol. | '» Gree a es Ales at the fot of tbe Giants siwu tain, om the Asiatic Soaks ieee we per Sice of the Bosphorus. Mabmoud was thus 8 ene q ‘ s Tovinoes wearest 10 th» Bosphorus. The Turks, thruet Finda ta ee Gomme, te ads” signs tangs, | 28° Deyond Mount Taurus, might still worship Mahomet the treaty, of Hupkiar-lakelesey, by winch | “2 the Dauksof the Puphrates Roosie, end when the Cunr chape demand it, to parva hy vd ‘ . ad, wo , to elewe | ‘This last scheme of national rebbery involved the coe Sal ether focige Powers, Vresh disturoavece broke {| 102 of Constantinople to Raswia, aud to this Napoleon out again in 1 because Mohammed Ali refused to | Would not consent, His Minister (M. Caulaincourt) pro pored to obviate thie difficulty by making Constantivople and the sbores of the straits « neutral territory—a kind of Haneestic free State, like Hamburg o Beemen. Tho the anxiety and toil which were untermining his consti. tution; be died op the Ist of July, 1680, and was suc- ceeded by his son, Ab-dul-Medjid, who was only seveo teen years of age. Russia was prevented taking advantage of the youth of the present Sultan, because Turkey was now sustained by tbe European Powers, and the Ministers of the Porte jupgarien the Sul tap extended bis hespitality to many Magvar chiefs who bad eacapea into Turkey, from wh Russia and | seeinet ao a crt or, or em _ Upoo AT ww ae the retusal be terms, eeonnd dimcumsivn about partition rkey took diplomatic BiH. FE war ecemed io. a in oe between ay 4 pad and sritable, "Bot the appearance of Ube Boglish et at the Se Rtn rece, eo tee Ax Dardanelice induced Austria and Russe to ebstain from Court of #8. Peterburg,’ when the ‘Cunr observed, “ ge Rg we ty al ‘we have ca cur bands'a vice tan,0 very sits wana; io el ibe Hungarians take in America. | be, 1 tell youfrankly, a great misfortune, if, one of tbese Russia, thus dailied, tried to excite revolt in tbe pro- | Gass, he shoold slip away from us, expecially be » toe rents of” wetsh was Gee tesemalainree ape fore all necessary arrangements woremain. * © ‘Menten oe oe Tt eee at * ly ® word, the Emperor weut on to ob- Won of France in bebalf ocjents ta serve—‘he I before told you, all 1 want is a good Haat; pretend that thie waa a claim for tbe whole Lali | Cidermanding with Gaglaad’ and. the. not church, Russia reoewed ber old demand of « prowotorate | What shail, but ax to what sbail not be doae, thie point of the Turkish subjects belonging 0, tbe Great, + | arrived at, the Rnglish goverument and 1, 1 and the nd at the seme time, ing to the poltey of Engied goverment, having entire confidencn in Kin, that+ Turkey could not be conquered without the | caver view, Loare ceom ever.” © 6° tae acqu of ,"" negotiations were instituted | paperor wenton to aay ‘that, in the event uf the dieola- tb: Sir Ham iiton Seymour, the Kmperor himself, do- | tice of the Uttuman ¢ be + ring his vieit to England tn 1844, having broach. | Simoult toarrive at sallatactory verriiwrial urfongomset ed the sunject to tha Duke of Wellington. The | than wee commovty believed. sy Priweipat courte, having refured to make over thirteea millions of | Are he waid, ie fact, an independent ate’ wader bie subjects to Nicholas, war waa deciared. my ; this might 80 continue. Servia might From the foregoing historical sketch, it will be per. ag yh he te crived that Russia has never swerved from the poliey of | wisn Bulgaria. There seems to be no reason why the Great, to dismember the Turkish empire bY | this provinos should nut form aa independent state. As means of Ite Christian subjects, eee Ce mn 1 Understand the importance to England Constantinople, willirg, aa Catherine boseted, find oer I can then only say that if, in the there ‘a capital for her empire, ovendt the Waster FOw: | course of Of the Ottoman succomsila upon Boch, thea, being the policy of Russia, it remains to be | fret shall have’ po objection toatler “I acta toy tae, gousidered whether Burope can or will permit the realise tame ‘of Candia; that inland might suit you, eed f As carly a8 1788 Oliver Goliamith endeavored to aia. | Sopoekpow why It should wot become an Knglish pos ee MCOLAR DOMNR'Y GIVE CP CONPLANTIVOR: A. fay <1 cannot avoid peholding the Reneian empire se the na, But when it came to the real bone of dissension, Con tural enemy More western parte of Europe; as | stantinople tteeif,the Emperor ssid, “Now I desire cn coung Pemeeed of event, vena see, Bee Ua epeak to you lial aie ineds © hans pature of the government, a be fa yoo PE. ng of the po aS tomen tame ty - oo aller ip = Old World, was, about two centuries ago, divi ted into se- pape Sag dg bed A Titel 4 parate bi ‘And dukedoma, ané from wuch a dtvision patoly. W Ragiand thnks of herself one of coneeg! ‘weak. Hince the time, however, of Johas Constantinople, 1 wil: aliow it. I do Rasilaes it has increased in strength and extent, ead | not attr tBeve intentions to you, bat It is better on thee untrodden forests, those innumerable savage eal | there corasiogs to . 1 will not tolerate the mals, which formerly covered the face of the fi by the said thie I will are now removed, and colonies of maokind planted tbat it never ehall be beld by the English, French et 4 thelr reom Sheen Oe oer, ae ae nation.” ly, reseed of an uvbouoded extent of dominions, eat fo Jearning Ube roilitary art at the expense of others abruad, must every Gay grow more powerful; and it ie we shall bear Roseia, tn future times, ae , Called the Upicina Gentine fa Ty bey Sybigt preg lt to deve @ foot tome of the weetern parts of % many of bis scremes and treative were directed to ene; but, happily for Rurope, be failed in them ail. A fort ip by power of the people wou'd be lige the poms mien of a fhedgate. and whenever ambition or Seorentey - Fk ‘be able to the «bole Western So ee ts capnot sufficiently con tema the pitictans of Europe, make this powerful people arbitrators im their quarrel. The Rowians Gre bow at that period between re- foement sud barberity which seems most to military achievement; and if ones oy to get footing in the western oa j= not the feeble efforts of the sons of disnension that can serve to remove them. The valley and #ft climate will be ever sufficient Inqucemente to draw whole myriads from their deserts, the tecklers wilde of seowy mountaing » @xpert- Poe, Feasow, nature, expand the book of wisdom before tbe eyes of mankind, but they will not read.” After great oppoeition on the part of Fox and bis party, Pitt and Mr Jenkinson (afterwards Lord Liverpool) | eplendidly demonstrated that “the prinetple by which the | foreign policy of thie country (England) should be di- ted was the fundamental prioctsle of preserving the of power in Porope: ane that the trae doctrine lance of pore rod that the Russian empire sed to ineremme, nor \ich Cabinet paively insinuated :-—“The po- Emperor of Ruswia a® depositary, but not Conatantinaple, would be exprmed by nam. aris both from the long cherished ambition balance of the princtote of ven of Rurope, A great et 6 te Serene to ce the atfaire of Rurope seome natarally to «The tw nev ot . ' x » of Conetanthople, bolting the ‘9 ond the Rack stom 1 power ine could England Be suspected Dy Nicholas. It cannot be Gould shut his eyes to @ho book of pature. Soe Soula ruin bis owmMbeapare and iuvolee all Europe = LOUIS NAPOLBON ON TURKEY. im the United States Army. Indeed, we have antecedent proofs of the Emperor Louis Congress has recently added, by the appointment Napoleon’s ideas on the subject, and the line of policy | Signal officer, charged with velegraphic duty, to our Which bis government followed aince. __ Wary means for ofleuce oF defence on land the use of An article of the very groatest importance appoared in | communication. The step is worthy of note and the Paris Pays ofthe 4th of May, 1853, which, after cri- | &# Oret thus formally taken by us in precedence of teising with some severity the conduct of M Taiers in Powers of Europe. There are points of interest, 1840, proceeded thus:—“Our national pride ia much flat- | the general reader. It is in view that not the tered, no doubt, at hearing it constantly sid that the | ermy only, but the State forces of the diferent Mediterranean is a French lake. Unfortunately, tho troa- | *ball by and by bave their drilled and practiced tes of 1815 have changed into a dream that exprousion of | officers; and there is not now an able bodied arm @great man. In consequence of these treaties the Modi- | citizen ip the repablic whose life may not, in cage ef terrancan is not, and cannot henceforth be, other than an | ome day bang upon the transmission of a signalled: We have never used signals ia our land service, In Buropeap and international It is to maintaia for it that character that ‘not to be either English | wars through which our army has battled, and tm the Serie voa feith. Could we permit England, tr in, | ‘ities of the frontier, we have had no more ready Manan, 10 exsablion herealt ta, tno Balherie Bie t inter- | munication than in the Revolution, We have aot our route to Algeria, which is united vo bie to 4 of order, or of cept by ind! a ‘And could tag a send one wor nes “a any that by making Egypt French we should take from or | }00, unless @ man could carry may have the of ‘which is to her the gate of the ludies? | once or twice the pians used in Barope—the portable oo 6 © The Pdi £3 was won 201 | pbore of the French—a post with arms, like thatem Island, only lighter—or the Eogliah mast, with at } Bgypt ana Turkey. The day Shab the Bastara qnestion yard apd bells, These, or anything fixed in ite place, loses Buropean obaracter the peace world | practically useless to an army in motion. The eed ets See ee Let this be bo wits laid awa " ite po yptnype len vad gre pan Doormat a short poles—not spun ou; at this place from on terfere wi realizes new project. as many believo—bac« of Solierino. They are TC Et A ee aaa iconic, | of née from established positions. It is not of record up to this time that any army ip world bas gone iuto the fir id with an equipment eo us to be readily at hand, and to be put in use at apy time, anywhere, by any practiced officer, for eves: , Austria dimiviahed, and Prussia y, where can aay cante of dis- jution be found in Would gog- however, it did happen—if Great should veoture | purposes of conversation. In our service first have by cominit such imprudence, she 1b Fecei ve: Were eanon. "Gibraltar; Malta, the Toules, ialaota, are a, | d6Vieed and put in practice auch methods of signals! ey for her Koopleg a, Sete ee weak points | as render this feasible. H Merile ogitation in her island, snd be ‘Tee proposed results of thie American armay plan} passive of whut takes place on field signalizing are curious end interesting, A sin{ [Eo wih Ternty va promatiind to edie bar epintan, thane officer and one man are enough for any station. They ~ to the five or six thousand men sbe will send ride up at the 10} come foot at But if such are the projects by which Fran . > pie. 0 lef ies be Breen, b Rin Hee te ak 8. Tun. ‘The officer carries s glass; the man The oo of Turkey an, impoestbility, s slung on his shoulder a slender package about four § s-beaeee 4 long; at bis side bangs a canteen and a canvass poo, The equipment is simple and light enough, cortainly. | carries everything that can be needed for use in i or darkness. If the order is given the apparatas 6 ed and ready for use in the hands of the man in lems ‘three minutes. The officer is down with his glass: Ping the country or fixed on the next signal ‘There is no other delay. There is no point in view ‘ten miles but to which any signal of agreed meaning ‘any message caa goat once. The answer comes back similar signals. It i talking by signal. Bf there aa If Turkey remains in the hands of the Turks there will be no end tothe renewal of difficulties, for there is no doubt “that empire contains many elements of dissolu- tion within itself.” In order, then, to promote the ro- remodeied, go that the Christian population will be on an equality with the Mussulman. The following mode of effecting this has been pondent who has some in Constantinople:— | take, it is noticed. If the message is not understood 1. Byer: must be formed int» an independent Btaic, like the United States of America, with its owa ia Tepeated. It can go from station to station for @fty mi, ternal ‘of a Medjlis, composed | almost as soon as it leaves the first. It cam be back administration, consisting of Christains and Mussulmans, to be elected by the poo- ple, and presided over by a President elected by the members of the Medjlis—the Governor of the province to correction in a couple of seconds after the signals sent it are finished. It fies over mountains and Detween stations not in view of each ether, pr EL eye fmm ong signal is wade at the one not instantly known at pent BY ie Meal othe wp ces, thus TOpre- | cider. ‘There are few chances for error. As night MS pag ay aly _ \ Nehagany Brey, wen Bag on the signals are working far into the dusk until i. joanulman an 4 " PEL new code of laws, Bot based upon the Koran, but | Vil ew; there. is a moment's pansa; a stage Jets | the staff is altered; a couple of lights are placed, and meseages go on taking up where the last signal left off til morning. In the dawn, when the lights are there is another stop; the joint is rea” justed, and ia a pute from the time of the last night signal the station again in working day order, without losing a word. Rot easy to stop these signals if the station cam be atall. They were speeding over New York harbor last summer and fall, through the storms and gales of U season. Mary @ skipper will remember the Tecoustruct- hat recom. and at the Ragsia aad are ever hep ming Be can set in bis eddie and give or receive ang Sat pe eraro on w jon of the ths feasibility of this scheme. Its Pasha is | known as soon as it ie detected. Troms ean eqical to all the requirements of his post, while his re- Sfeannstioes Seana ir sar mesecss o Seat | fs mama" Soenapieneeaenennaie piete, cecns' ‘f Dim Any anxiety as to their & lines dene crary tect fereae ct | vey: nem wih peng prt mee fame manner. 5 . which is distinct from Turkey in ite ts customs | ‘be country, or the individaals whom inolinasion or and ite prejadions, w ght be given wo abd-el Kader, whose | have separated, can, in view of each other, tell wishes or wante with an ease that hes hardly dreamed of. There is no reason why every battery regiment on the longest siege line should not be ta mentary communication with the commander. Bot a city or fort im the United States but to which from which messages could come, though " was by the combined forces of Rurope. Admitting every tible objection and obstacle, the power te even accomplish these resulte is s military advance of terest to the.service and to the nation. ‘The signal package is carried that everything may ‘st hand compact apd perfect for work at the longest tance. 1 is pot the tntention that officers should be ted to ite peculiar uses, They will use signals based every principle of signalising. The range = ‘Tee messages will go, if there te the necessity, tn like thase of the Indians, or with sigus from an ‘Vieed apparatus of a shirt and musket. A walking and a ‘kerchief can do good service; messages have sent six miles by such means; or a man with bis cent makis a good semaphore for reagceabie distances. ‘the night, if there are no signal lights, post fires will ‘swer; or the brands from a camp fre will ast any The Court met yesterday morning, when the (oo wing gentiemen were sworn to constitute the Graud oury :— 3a, M. Crome, Foreman ; Goo. B Miler, cain cance ver ‘m. , ‘im. densest of logn, there are signels by sound. The | poi, homtail _ | = nication can hardly be permaneatly interrupted. Nor Wm. Graydon, Walter oo we Delieve @ meanage carefully sent cas be detested. 3M Beary, Eiger aabiry, Fighteen milea from Napoleon et Waterloo lay Aitred P artotd Sam" T Willams, forces under Grouchy. A signaled order might Marvin 1. Beant, Geo. B. Whit changed the destiny of Burope. It could have gune Joba " Wa. © Charen ‘any time thet day, and the aneworing signals have sone. Sea, Rpowledged ite reception im leas thas ton minstes. ‘The City Judge proceeded to charge the Grand Jury, ‘The English before Bebestopol seat a tbey were peeded. Fort Lee surrendered before the of Washington, standing ready to relieve it, becaase “word could not be borne scress the Haden, it have been sent with a handkerchief. For three long boars the fate of Lueknow trembied the balance while a message was seat with the apparatus three quarters of a mile to an out work. machine was fixed on the ronf, aad was sometimes bled, and the men were killed by the musketry turned upon it. If that message had failed, or if had come on before it was finished, not an Otto Gebbard was tried and convicted of burglary in | would bave lived to tell of that siege. The same ‘the third D Ps Seat hoe wr eget | Sul ere bon ey end wot th a 1h of . He succeeded "y mtealing 1 man, and the whole Seguy army could not stop it, ow of balla, valved at four Do any of our officers remember the long lines at a caught p tbe a Crus, and the time it took to send a soldier or « Mex ihe pricner wine he = yt ‘There waa one hill near the lines {rom which the pa) -y | aged ber tm 8 mad could bave been in conversation. — oha A ‘Let any who served in Mexico tell. Would it.not deen well on the march to Fort Rrows to have i ‘When that glorious campaign was on ted, and the ral-im Chief held the city of Maxton, would there not hoon advantage in placing every section of the city, ey point in view io the vitinity, within Ore ming comtonpication of beadyuartera? Thee are quent) At the gallows he Rev. Mr Manning, the attending minis. | (UF the ware past. We are at warnow. All the yy te request of the prisoner, and in his came, | there poet on apon the frontier & war as ferns, often, at the eal when the ehite and red man feet me co OMG 1 Femting, with oF ones « re ary Of skirmubher, eHy Oo ow walod, here wermbled AEAinEt drinking houses, haw. \ battle We ke pinoee, for to them and the evil 1 be attribete the crime for wtsiety |