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is “es WHOLE NY. YORK HERALD. MORNING EDITION—SATURDAY, JULY 9, 1859. IMPORTANT FROM EUROPE: Arrival of the HMuugarian at Farther Point. THE GREAT BATTLE OF SOLFERINO. Highly Interesting Particulars of the Conflict. General Niel Made a Marshal on the Field. Six Thousand Austrian Prisoners Taken. IMMENSE LOSS OF LIFE. Tbe Two Emperors and Victor Emanuel in the Battle, Departure of Francis Joseph for ‘Vienna. ATTITUDSH OF PRUSSIA. GERMAN TROOPS ON THE RHINE, ee ke, de. The steamship Hungarian, from Liverpoo) on Wednesday, the 29th ult., pa:sed Fart‘er Point at 11.30 A. M. yesterday, en route to Quebec, where she was due at a la‘e hour last evening. The details of the battle had not been re- eeived,and no estimates of the losses had been made. The Austrians and Sardinians, however, admit their losses to have been extraordinarily heavy. The Emperor Napoleon telegraphs that the army took 6,000 prisoners, three flags, ani th'rty cannon. The Austrians had recrossed the Mincio. Gen. Hess had been appointed Commander-in- Chief of the Austrian army. The latest despatches state that the French had crossed the Mincio. ‘There had been no important movement of troops since the battle of the 24th. The Liverpool cotton market was dull and prices generally unchanged. Sales of the three cays 18,000 bales. The Liverpool breadstuffs market hal a down- ward tendency. ‘The Liverpool provision market was dull. Consols closed on Tuesday at 92) a 92} for ac- count, ex dividend. The mail steamship America, from Boston via Halifax, arrived at Liverpool at 6 A. M. on the 26th ult. The screw steamship Hammonia, from New York, arrived at Southampton on the morning o the 27th. The screw steamship Indian, from Quebec 18th ult., arrived at Liverpool at 9:30 A. M. on the 29th. ‘The screw steamship Weser, from Bremenfor New York, had been detained at Southampton till the 30th, in consequence of damage to her propeller. ‘The steamship City of Baltimore was to have sailed on the 28th, but owing to her large draft of water could not get out of the dock, and only sail- ed two or three hours in advance o° the Hunga- rian. The steamship Arago was to leave Southampton on the 30th for New York. THE BATTLE OF SOLFERINO, Twelve Hours Fighting—Tremendsus Losses on Both Sides—The French on the East Bank of the Minclo—Departure of the Em- peror Francis Joseph for Vienna—Prepara- tions for Another Battle, d&c. The following despatches contain all that is known in regard to the great battie on the 24th of June:— NAPOLEON TO THE EMPRESS. Cavrrana, June 25—1:30 P.M. It is impossible as yet to obtain the details of the battle of yesterday. The enemy withdrew last night. I have passed the night in the room oc- cupied in the morning by the Emperor of Aus fria. General Neil has been appointed Marshal of France. NAPOLEON TO THE EMPRESS. Cavrtana, Juné 26—11:30 A. M. ‘The Austrians who had crossed the Mincio for the purpose of attacking us with their whole body have been obliged to abandon their positions and with- draw to the left bank of the river. They have blown up the bridge of Goito. The loss of the ene- my is very considerable, but ours is much less. We have taken thirty cannon, more than 7,000 prison- ers and three flags. Gen. Niel and his corps d’ar- smée have covered themselves with glory as well as the whole army. The Sardinian army inflicted great loss on the enemy, after having contended with great fary against superior forces. The Paris Presse says that private messages from Berne are spoken of, which put down the Austrian loss at the enormous number of 35,000 hors de combat and 15,000 taken prisoners, toge- ther with sixteen flags and seventy-five pieces of cannon. This, however, lacks confirmation. The following is the order of the day published by the Emperor Napoleon after the battle of Solfe rino:— NAPOLEON TO THE ARMY. Cavniana, June 25, 1859, So.prers—The enemy, who believed themselve able to repulse us from the Chiese, have recrossed the Mincio. You have worthily defended the honor of France. Solferino surpassed the recollection of Lonato and Castiglione. In twelve hours you have repulsed the efforts of one hundred and fifty thou- sand men. Your enthusiasm did not rest there; the numerous artillery of the enemy occupied for- midable positions for over three leagues, which you have carried. Your country thanks you for your courage and perseverance, and laments the fallen. We have taken three flags, thirty cannons and €,000 prisoners, The Sardinian army fought with the same yalor against superior forces, and worthy is that army to march beside you. Blood has not been shed i vein for the glony of France and the happiness of the, people. No circumstantial account of the battle had reached Paris. It was inferred from the telegraphs that the French army suffered so severely that two days after the battle it was still unable to resume the offensive. There were vague ramors of 10,000 to 12,000 French troops having been killed and wounded. AUSTRIAN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE. The following is the Austrian official account of the battle: — Verona, June 25, 1859. The day before yesterday our right wing oc- eupied Pozzolenga, Solferino and Cavriana, and the left wing pressed forward as far as Guidizzolo and Cas-Cioffredo, but were driven back by the enemy. A collision took place between the two entire armies at ten A.M. yesterday. Our left, under General Wimpfen, advanced as far as Chiese. In the afternoon there was a concentrated assault on the heroically defended town of Solferino. Our right wing repulsed the Piedmontese, but, on the other hand, the order of our centre could not be restored, and our losses are extraordinarily heavy. The developement of powerful masses of the enemy against our left wing and the advance of his main body against Volta caused our retreat, which began late in the evening. ; ‘Vienna, June 25, 1859. Austrian correspondence contains the following :— The day before yesterday the Austrian army crossed the Mincio at four points, and yesterday came upon the superior force of the enemy in the Chiese. After an obstinale combat of twelve hours our army withdrew across the Mincto. Our headquarters are now at Villa Franca. The London Times says that the Austrians have most candidly admitted their defeat, and that his- tory scarcely records a bulletin in which sucha disaster is moré explicit'y avowed. A message from Cavriana announces that the Em- peror Napoleon on the day of the battle was con- stantly in the hottest of the fire. General Larry: who accompanied him, had his horse killed under him. The Moniteur says that the battle will take the name of the battle of Solferino. Official Austrian correspondence of the 27th of June contains the following:—The Emperor of Austria will soon return to Vienna on account of important business. The command in chief of the army which is preparing for batile is given to Gen. Hess. The Paris correspondent of the London Times says it was expected that another battle would be fought before the siege operations would come on+ Forty thousand men were embark'ng in Algeria for the Adriatic, and at Pa:is news was expected of the occupation of Venice by the French. A despatch from Berne sa; that 3 000 Piedmon- tese with 700 volunteers ad arrived at Tirano, and advanced towards Bormio, at the foot of the Stelvio Pass. Patriotic demonstrations by the working classes in Paris were universal. Large reinforcements for the French army were constantly quitting France for Italy. A despatch fiom Vienna says that the attack of the French on Venice and Tagliamento, about forty- five miles northeast of Venice, was expected to take place on the 28th of June. The Austrian reserves, numbering 175,000 men, were on their way to Italy. They are considered the flower of the Austrian army. Not a man o them has served less than eight years. The Austrians have sunk five small vessels, a large frigate, and three steamers, in the port of Malamocco, to prevent the passage of the French squadron. Prince Napoleon arrived at Parma on the 25th and was received with enthusiasm. Prince Eugene, of Savoy, had issued a decree ex- tending the forced curiency of the National Bank. THE VERY LATEST. Panis, June 28, 1859. Generals Anger, Forey, Dieu, and L’Admirault, were wounded slightly at Solferino. There will be a Ze Deum next Sunday in all the churches of France, in celebration of the victory. The Empress and all the great bodies of state at- tend at Notre Dame. Panis, June 29,1859. The Moniteur of this morning contains the fol- lowing:— Tort, June 28, 1859. An official bulletin to-day contains some details of the battle of the 24th. The Piedmontese, who were principally engaged at San Martino, perform- ed prodigies of valor, and took formidable positions, but could not hold them, owing toe fearful tem- pest. The Piedmontese drove the Austrians from San Martino, retaining five of their cannon. Serious loss is admitted. An English fleet of twenty sail is said to be cruis- ing off Venice. The Gazette de France says that preparations are making to get together within two months a force of 450,000 men, The Sardinian Ambassador at Paris is reported to have complained of the English government against the Secretary of the British Embassy at Paris for anti-Sardinian manifestations, Great naval preparations are said to be going on at Cherbourg. . CavriANa, June 28, 1859. The French troops have passed the Mincio without hesitation, the enemy having withdrawn therefrom. THE ATTITUDE OF PRUSSIA. The advices from Frankfort-on-the-Maine state that on the 25th of June Prussia made a proposal to the Federal Diet to place a corps of observation on the Rhine, to be composed of the seventh and eighth federal corps d’armée, under the supertor orders of Bavaria. The proposal was referred to the Military Committee. The Paris Siécle and Journal des Debals ridicule the idea of German mediation on the basis which rumor has placed in circulation. It was rumored that the Emperor of Austria would soon have an interview with the Prince Re- gent of Prussia. FRANCE. THE EFFECT OF THE VICTORY IN PARIS. ‘The news of the victory on the 25th imparted much buoyancy to the Paris Bourse, and the rentes advanced nearly one per cent. On the 27th there was a relapse, three-fourths of the advance being | lost. On the 28th the market opened with a stil farther decline, but rallied, closing steady at 62.30, Trade in Paris was tolerably brisk. The corn market was dull on account of favorable harvest prospects, PAPAL STATES. A despatch from Rome announces that Ferrara, Ravena, Forli, Ancona and other towns have been replaced under the authority of the Pope by inter- vention of the Pontifical troops. The officer who commanded the Swiss troops in the affair at Perugia is said to have been promoted. AUSTRIA, THE FALLING TO PIKCES OF THE EMPIRE. The Vienna correspondent of the London Zimes asserts that for the Inst ten years matters have been So terribly mismanaged in Austria that it will be almost miraculous if the empire escapes dissolu- tion. In an autograph letter the Emperor Francis Jo- seph has caused ordinances relative to Protestants in Austria to be issued without waiting for the re- vision of the Council of State. NAPLES. By a decree just issued (June 26) one hundred and thirty-seven refugees are permitted to return, and all other Sicilians holding permission and pro” mising obedience to the laws. GREAT BRITAIN. ‘The political news is unimportant. It is stated that in consequenee of but few rein forcements having been sent to India for sever! months, the authorities had determine | on sen ling out nearly 5,000 cavalry and infantry troops. The Prince of Wales had returned to England. The Submarine Telegraph Company have suc cessfully laid a new cable containing six conducting wires between Folkestone and Boulogne. It is the largest and strongest cable ever made, its weight being ten tons per mile. The Atlantic Telegraph Company had issued their prospectus, inviting subscriptions to the new capital of £600,000 on the terms already made public. The directors pledge themselves to enter into no contract without seeking the advice of the highest scientific and practical authorities in England and America. The first operations are to endeavor to raise the old cable. A deputy from Canada had waited upon Queen Victoria to invite her to be present at the opening of the Great Victoria Bridge next year. The elections for members of Parliament to fill the seats vacated by those who have accepted office in the new Ministry were generally resulting in the return of the government candidates, Mr. Glad- stone, however, was being close pressed for Oxford University by the Marquis of Chandos. The London Advertiser asserts that Louis Napo" leon has made up his mind, at the first favorable opportunity, to make a descent on the shores of Ireland. The Earls of Derby and Harrowby were on the 28th invested with the O:der of the Garter. It is stated that Mr. Lever is at Vienna trying to negotiate with Austria for the sale of the eight steamers lately belonging to the European and American Steam Company. Unsuccess‘ul over- tures have been made to France. FINANCIAL NEWS. LONDON MONEY MARKET. The money market was slightly more stringent and active. Consols closed on the 28th at 923 a 923¢ for the Rocount, ex-dividend, AMERICAN SECURITIES, American securities were unchange!. Is/nols Central shares wore quoted at 40 a 38 discount. [From the London papers, June 29.) The London Daily News city article says that the funds ‘Were weaker on the 28th, owing to the renewed fall in the French rentes, which are prejudiced by rumors in relation o the cost 0: the late victory, as well as by the creation of stock arising from the new loan. Console closed %¢ « 3¢ Jower than on the preceding day. The active demand for money usually experienced at the close of the quarter continues, and few bills are taken below 23¢ per cent. The London Times city article says, in the absence of detailed accounts of the battle of Solferino, to enable the Public to judge of its probable effect in prediposing Aus, tria to terms of submission, the fands exhibited heaviness on the 28th. In the Stosk Exchange two to twoandahalf per cent ‘was paid for short loans on government securitics, and at the bank there was # little increase in the demand. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. LIVERPOOL COTTON MARKET. The cotton market opened dull. The sales of the three daye add up 18,000 bales, of which 8,000 wero taken on speculation and for export. The market closed with freer offers to gell on the part of the holders, but without any Pressing on the part of buyers, and previous quotations were maintained with difilcuity. STATE OF TRADE IN MANCHESTER. ‘The advices from Manchestor continued favorable, and the market was quiet but firm, LIVERPOOL BREADSTUFFS MARKET. Meters. Richardson, Spence & Co. quote breadstaffs as tending downward. Flour was offered at higher prices, but the sales were quite unimportant. The quctations are 1€s. 6d. & 135. Gde The prices of wheat were easior, but without any decided change; Western red was quoted at 8s. a 98. 10d., white 9s. 6d. a 10s. 6d., Southern white 10s, 912s, All qualities of corn had declined alightly ; mixed Es. 10d, a 68, 11d., yellow 58. 11a. a 68., white 8s.» 88, 6d. LIVERPOOL PROVISION MARKET, Messrs. Bigland, Athya & Co., James McHenry & Co., and others, quote beef, pork and bacon dull. Lard heavy and declined slightly. ‘tallow firm, LIVERPOOL PRODUCE MARKET. Rosin firm at 3s. 10d. a 4s. forcommon, Spitits turpen- tine steady at 308.0 40s. Sugar quiet. Coffee dull. Rice steady. Ashes dull: pots 268. for old and 27s. for new; pearls 80s. LONDON MARKETS, ‘Wheat was active and in some cases had advanced 1s, Sugar was firm for the best qualities; the inferior graios had declined 6d. Ooffee was buoyant for the good quali- ties, but heavy for the inferior ones. Rice firm. Toa Steady. Tallow firm at 658. 94. Linseed oli 208, The French Emperor and the Euro- | pean Revolutionists. | Our London Correspondence. | Loxpon, June 24, 1859, The New Hungarian Revolutionary Movement—France Indirectly Promoting but Keeping Aloof from It—Louis | Napoleon's Plans in Connection With It—The Hungarian | Organization at Genoa—Iis Chances of Success—Austria’s | Odstinacy—Hungary’s Opportunity—Submission by Fran- cis Joseph Fatal to Magyar Independence, ce., dc. The friends of Hungary are in a state of tho greatest excitement and hopefulness just now from the indirect encouragement given by France and Sardinia to another revolutionary movement in that country. In their eager- ness to bring about the separation of Hungary from Austria they overlook the obstacles that oppose them- elves to it and place an exaggerated value upon the Promises held out to them. Before I analyze the grounds on which their hopes are based, lot me jast inform 3ou of what has been done towards the preliminary organi zation of the movement. You bave heard of course through the English jourrals of Kossuth’s passage through Franco and of his reception at Marseilles. It has been sought to identify the French government with his movements; but beyond the permission implied by the visé on bis passport, thore ig no evidence that the objects of his journey received any direct sanction from the Ewperor, Iseo that there ie s story current in regard to an interview which is eaid to have taken place in March last: between Kossuth and Klapka, in presenco of Louis Napoleon, in which the Hungarian leadors recon- fled their ancient differences and agreed upon a com bined plan of action. Thero is an important error in this statement, It was not in the presence of the Emperor, Dut in that of Prince Napoleon, that the mecting took place. The Emperor is too prudent a man to compromise himself by so direct @ recognition of the revolutionary chiefs, and he therefore left his cousin, whose antece dente are compatible with such circumstances, froo to take the responsibility of encouraging their plans, The regult of this laisser aller aystem on the part of the Emperor has been tho formation at Genoa of a Hungarian revolutionary committee, entitled in the Megyar tongue Megyar Nemzetti Bizetbmany, or National Hurgarian | Committee. It consists of oxly threo porsons, namely; | Ludwig Korsuth, late Governor of Hungary; Ladislaus Count Telek!, lato Hurgartan Ambassador at Paris, and Heorge Klapka, Hungarian General, In London ft is re presented by Francis Pulgkt, tate Minietorial Secretary; at Yaris by M. Szemere, late Minister of the Ioterior and of Public Instruction, and at New York by Colonel Asboth Klapka bas the directorship of all military affairs, wit | lation is now only 12,000, j ‘ian independence, intervention Colonels Thaiz and Srabe as bis aids. Count Teleli is the chief of the financial Measures of impor- tance must be decided in full seasion and by-a majority of the committes, All the Hungarian and Croat deserters, on their arrival im Genoa, are invited to enter the first Hongerian corps @armée, as it is called, Hungarian war prisoners oan aleo enter this corps,and but few of them, as may be sup- Posed, accept the alternative of being sent to Mar- seilles. A fort—the Fortezza di Oastelluccio~in the immediate neighborhood of Genoa has been placed at the disposal of General Klapka by the a dipien roment, The number of volunteers ie, however “iacreasing fo raptdiy that the barracks ‘abd Osiiling ground at Castelluccio bave become iusutll- cient for these objects, and the Governor of Genoa, at the request of General Kiapke, bas given additional accom- modation at Acqui for the drilting of the numerous Han ine im the battles of Magents and ‘aieetro. La repttrthr Potente 2 ks Hd "gates travelled bh France with an ‘ish passport, wi was vue by tbe Freueh Ambassador” in, Leda, eid tbe police at Havre and Paris. His ion, M. A ‘misy, Dad a Sardinian passport, in which be was ed as Kossuth’s adjutant Mule gentioman, in the trem Hungary ho made he way to Landon, and I m Buo, 8 to » rover) careon terms of intimate feiendehip with suth, was three times sent on secret missions to Hupgery, and each time succeeded in escaping the sharp surveiilance of the Hungarian potice. all thie yeu will perceive thet there is no reoognition by Iau! the Han- arian Committee or this im no way identifies yvement. It may be objected, ax proof of his complicity, that Count Bhi abd Goan Ka, two distinguished Husgarian g) a large arm: '» for whether asa felnt or not, it would require but litle aia from France and Sardinia to realize it. E F i E fi Fe 5 ie evil i i fl - Hl waitin, Hungary. They are there b; mission of the Turkisi authorities, who bi otmalene that they are further- fog the views of ‘by sanctioning their pre- mence. It remains to be seen whether this movement im favor Our Rome Correspondence. Roms, Jane 18, 1869, Gradual Destitution of the Pope by the French Com- mander in Rome—The Authority of His Holiness Merel; an Empty Name—The Revolutionary Movements in th: Legations—Plans of Napoleon in Regard to the Roman States—The Emperor Denvunced as One of the Greatest Enemies of the Church, dc. ‘The Holy Father is in the beginuing of new difficulties, ‘Those of 1848 were nothing in comparizon. For the lsa few months the French in command here have gone on step by step, and test by tcat, depriving the Pepe of bis autho. rity. They have now come to the point that the Pope is only a name in Romo. Last Sunday a telegraphic deapatch announced the depar. tare of the Austrisns from Bolo: iad the other legations. ‘This was {mmediately followed by another stating that Bo- logna was in arms against the Pope, and that a Provisional Pees Dad been proclaimed there, asin Fiorence. ‘then Perugia and alithe Romagna have rebelled. The Pope’s troops that were reat ott pp down the insur- rection haye in great part dese: ani gone over to Piedmont. Several congregations of Cardinais have been held to deliberate as to whether the French are to be called in to put down the insurrection in OF not. It is hard to know the plan of Napohoarwta » or ac. Rome. Ithik he will etther take ‘away the legetions impose a constitution on the Pope which can never be cepted. Napoleon will not appear in all this. Cavour is pow the Tribune of all Italy. All obey his orders. Pal- merston’e old project will now be realizet—to have the Auririans driven out of Italy, and to give a conetitution to all tho I'shan States, The Nespolitans are only waiting for orders from Cavour to rebel. Such is the presen! siate of Italy. The movement is directed sgainst religion, and, after all bis promises, Napoleon is the greatest ene- wy of the church. If the Pope be deprived of his States the French Emperor will be the cause. THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN THE STATES OF THE CHURCH. AUSTRIA’S EVACUATION OF HER STRONGHOLDS IN THE PAPAL DOMINIONS—THE REVOLUTION IN RAVENNA, RIMINI, BOLOGNA AND PERUGIA AGAINST THE POPE—SRETCHES OF RAVENNA, PERUGIA, AN- CONA, RIMINI, BOLOGNA AND FEBRARA—THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS OF 1848 aND 1849 IN THOSE CITIES. By the telegraphic intelligence from Europe by tho | Asia and the Vigo, published in this journal on Thurs- day, the 7th irst., and yesterday, it appears that a battle took piace at Perugia, between the people of that city and the Swiss regiments sent by the Pope from Rome to attack them. The revolutionary movement, we fur- ther learn, had extended to Rome itseif, but was sup- pressed by the French general, while at Ancons the Pope’s Legate shut himself up with his troops in the fortress. By the intelligence brought by the Bavaria, and published im the Henatp of Sunday, 3d inat., it was stated that “Ravenna had pronounced for tho national cause, and & manifesto had been published declaring the adhetion of that town toa central government established at Bologna, which is to be placed under the dictatorship ef the King of Sardinia.’ And the manifesto further ex- presses the unanimous wish to be enabled some day to form part of amonarchy worthy of the gratitude of the Italians. Rimini had aleo pronounced for the national cause. By previous intelligence published in the Heratp the reader kad seen that ‘‘after the retreat of the Austrians from Bologna the Cardinal Legate deparied, and the municipality proclaimed Victor Emanuel dictator.’ This is following exaotly the rdle of Tuscany, tho other pation of central Italy, By the news already published we learned that the Austrians had evacuated every incho’ the States of the Church, including Ancona and even Ferra ra, which latter they held in virtue of the treaty of Viouna, now waste paper. Bologna had already declared for Victor Emanuel, and its spirit in this is worthy o the character it won in 1848 and 1849. This evacuation andthe revolutions which followed it are ominous, and recall 1848 and 1849, especially whon we learn that revo jution at Rome itself is only repressed by the presence of the French troops thore, and the prospect of ulti- wate freedom. Under such circumstances some ac- count of thege citles will possess, at the present time, more than ordinary interest, RAVE: Tho legation of Ravenna, on the Adriatic, is an entire plain, The coasts are low and mareby, but towards Tas- capy the ground is slightly elevated, The chief town is Ravenna, one of the most famous cities in Italy. Its popu- Ite population was once very numerous. Tt was the residence of several of the Western emperors, and alter the fall of the drst Western Empire it became the residence of the Gothic kings, and after | Fastern or Greek emperors to rule the ex-archate, that ‘s, the territory along the coast of the Adriatic and stretching internally to the Apennines. This territory, after being conquered by the Lombards, was won from them by the arms of King Pepin of France, who gave it to the Pope, and this is the foundation of his temporal sovereigaty. At is eminently, therefore, an historical city. Three of the emperors are buried at Ravenna, and near them rest ‘the ashes of the great poet Dante, The city ramparte still retain the breaches of the barbarians, and the deserted streets are filled with Christian antiquities, which have known no change since the time of Justinian. ‘‘ Ravenna,” anys Cardinal Wiseman, ‘‘has only one antiquity, and that is Christian.” The history of Ravenna embraces a considerable portion of the history, not only of Italy during the Middle Ages, but also of the Eastern and Western Em- pires. The ancient city was built in the midst of a vast lagune, and so intersected with marshes that communica- tion was kept up by numerous bridges, not only through out the adjacent country, but even in the city itself, Tae marshes have been partly drained. The harbor, which ‘was formerly near the town, has been nearly filled up by the alluvium deposited by the Adriatic, and Ravenna is how three miles distant from the sea. Ravenna became early » Roman colony, ani was a most important naval station in the time of Pompey the Great—the most important in the Adriatic. Along the coast in its vicinity extends for twenty-five miles a fire forest, which supplied timber for shipbuilding. After the transfer to Rome of the Ex archate, tha for. tunes of Ravenna, its capital, began rapidly to decline. Ite archbiahops frequently seized the government, and it ‘was tbe scene of repeated commotions among its own citizens. In the contests of the Guelphsand Ghibelines it took an achye part." ‘Near the town, on the banks of the Ronzo, is the famous column which commemorates the victory of Louis XII. ‘and the Duke of Ferrara over the troops of Pope Julias I. and the King of Spain. In the moment of vietory fell the celebrated French General Gaston de Foix, whose fate is commemorated by Lord Byron. 80 desperate was the battle that 20,000 lay dead on the field. The victory has been attributed by the Italian poet Ariosto to the ekiil and courage of the Duke of Ferrara. It has been stated that in reply to an observation that part of the French troops were as much exposed to his artillery as the army of the Allies, he said to his gunners in the heat of the conflict, “Fire away! fear no mistake; they are all our enemics!”” The city i eurrounded by a wall about three miles tn circuit, and is entered by five handsome gates. The for- tress of Ravenna, built by the Venetians in 1457, and then esteemed one of the strongest in Italy, furnishes a com- mentary on the fall of the imperial city. Little now re- mains of it but the foundations. BOLOGNA. Bologna, in which a revolution has just taken place, ig the chief town of one of the six Legations of tho Church. It is a famous old city, the second im rank in the Pontifical dominions. The population is about 76,000. ‘The district in which it is so finely situated, at the foot of the lower slopes of the Apennines, belongs geographically, though not potitically, to the plains of Lombardy, the Apennine chain bordering it only on the soath. ‘The Legation of Bologna is the most important of the Holy See, embracing a population of 360,000, and a super- ficial extent of 1,581 square miles. It is ® pictureeque, Yomantic country. The site of the city is in a Deantiful fertie piain, with the Apennines—‘ the infant Alps”’—looking down upon its ancient grandeur. It is surrounded by a high brick wall, without fortifications, from five to six miles in extent, The city, which is of an oval shape, is two miles long and one anda quarter in breadth, and is entered by twelve gates. The river Savena washes its walls, and a canal from the Reno passes through the city. The canal is navigabic, and ex" tends from Casalechio to Passo Segni, a distance of eleven leagues. Bologna is forty-six miles north from Florence, ‘twenty four miles southeast from Modena, and twenty- seven miles northwest of Ferrara, the lowest stronghold of Austria on the banks of the Po. It is the residence of the Governor of the province, and is one of those interest- ing provincial capitais which no country but Italy pos- sesses in such abundance. It would do honor toany country of Europe as its metropolis; and the inhabitants still cherish in their love of freedom the recollections in spired by its ancient motto, “Libertas.” Bologna has always been the most flourishing and the most advanced, in an intellectual point of view, of all the cities of the Papal States; and there can bs no doubt that this prosperity is aatiributable to the long continuance of its privileges, and to the freo- dom of manners and opinions for which its people are remarkable, Its early history carries us back to the tims of the ancient Etruscans, It was the capital of the twelve | Etruscan cities 984 years before Christ. In the middle ages Bologna became independent of the German Em- | perors, during their combate with the Popes, and in 1112 | obtained from Henry V. not only an acknowledgmont of its independence, but a charter granting to its citizens the choice of rulers, judges, and other magistrates. It sub. sequently appeared among the foremost eities of the Guelpbico League, and completely defeated the Uhibelins party in a flerce battle in 1249. It subsequently becane & prey to family conteste, and for upwards of a century it was subject either to the tyranny of the Visconti, the rule of the Popes, or to popular anarchy. The warlike Pope Julius IL, after a long struggle, established by miitary force the absolute supremacy of the Holy See over this and other Italian cities in 1613. | Im 1848 it showed its revolutionary spirit. When the King of Naples united with Austria in crush ing the revo. lutionary movement in Italy, the old Nespolitan General Pepe had troops under him, and received despatches from the King addressed to him at Bologna to the effect that the Neapolitan volunteers under hie orders should be al- lowed to join Durando’s corps in Lombardy, if so inclined; and the Commander-in-chief, if he objected to the back- ‘ward movement, should resign his command into the hands of his Lieutenant General, Statella, in whom royalty bad more confidence. The first act of the new ministry of the King of the Two Sicilies was to recall the troops by land and sea which he had so improvidently sent out to the north, ana which were becoming revolutionized. The King was anything but easy at tho reception his orders would meet with, and he felt tolera- bly certain General Pepe would prove contumacious; and it so turned out. The first impression of Pepe, on re- ceiving the order at Bologna, was immediate compliance. But the show of devotion of the National Guard of Bolog- na infused a new epirit into him, and he signified his in- tention to disregard the King’s orders and to keep the command. Upon this Statella took his departure. Tho Sicilian troops, however, were seduced from Pepe in the end, and all he could bring with him, besides volunteers, was @ rifle battalion, a field battery and a company of wappers, who did good service at Venice during the eighteen months siege of the Lagoons. When Charles Albert had fled from the open field, and the demoralization of the reyolutionary forces became universal in Italy, there was one lumi- nous exception, and that was Bologna. Goneral Welden had entered the Legations on the 8d of August, and, emboldened by the ready acquiescence of Ferrara, Modena and Parma, came before the city of Bologna with between 3,000 and 4,000 troops and twelve pieces of ar- tillery. He had been preceded by a brutal proclamation ‘at Bondeno, in whieh he pointed at the smoking ruins of Sermida, whose feeble resistance had been punished by fire and sword, and he set no limits to his boasts and threats. The Austrian General exacted obedience in the Pope’s name, demanded hostages, and laid a heavy fine on the city. It was then only the 7th of August. Passive submission had not yet become a watchword throughout Italy. The Bolognese had reccurse to the weapons of their forefathere—they rang the alarm from all their steeples. The Austrians, driven back from Porta San Felice, where they lost seventy of their number and two pieces of cannon, reappeared at Porta Galliera, took up a commanding position on the Montagnola, and, unable to enter the town, they tried the effect of their cannon and rockets upon the city underneath. After several hours of that unavailing Vandalism, which set houses and palaces on fire, they were compelled to beat a retreat, The Population of Romagna, with regular troops, were now mustering in arms, The Austrians sought shelter in Ferrara. Nor did Austria deem it wise to renew the attack. She even disavowed Welden’s movement. During the followfog year the Austrians wore more successful. Having determined to seize on the capital of Bologna Legation to couaterbalance the occupation of Rome by the French, they attacked the city, posting them selves on the heights above with a foros of 15.000 men, The Italian party within the walls resisted bravely them of the Ex arch, the governors appointed by to ' for ten days, when they were obliged to surrender after PRICE TWO CENTS. ® heroic defence, Since that time Bologna has been oc- cupied by the Austrians—an <ccupaton subsequently legalized by a treaty with the Pontifical government, Bologna ie ono of the few citics of Italy which have been occupied by Brit'sh troops. During the last struggla of Napoleon in Italy, in 1814, the Austrian army was sup- ported in ite operations on the Adige by a body of English troops under General Nugent, who landed at the mouth of the Po, and occupied Bologna in February o° that year. ‘The streets of the old part of Bologna are narrow, trre- gular snd crooked, ag in the old quarters of Paris, bul well paved and clean. They serve only as a contrast to the broad thoroughfares and noble arcades of tho modern city. The houses are well bailt, with rich and varied colonades, being not only beautiful to look upon, but affording shelter from the sun and rain. Among the curioelties of the place are the célebrated meridian line 220 feet long, drawn by Cassini on copper, and placed in the pavement of the church of St. Petronio, and two old towers, that of Asinelli, 807 feet high, the Joftiest in Italy, and built in 1110, and the leaning tower of Garisenda, 144 feet bigh, with an inclination of eight feet two inches from the perpendicular. The tower of Asimell!, whose inclination is 83; fect from the plumb, is so high that from its top 108 cities mey be seen. Bologna itself is only 206 feet above the level of the sea, The university is m beautifal building, eretted by Vignola, and is said to have been founded by Theo- dosivs the ‘Younger, in 425, and consequently is the most ancient in Europe. It is rishly endowed, and ‘was once considered the Mater Studixrum, There aro about seventy professors, and from 500 to 600 students, with a public library of 149,000 volumes, among which are ome very rare manuscripts. Bologna is now one of the great centres of public {ostruction in Italy. The Cathedral is a magnificent edifice of the 17th and 18th centuries, decorated with paintings by Caracci. Bo- logea has 100 churches, all of which are adorned with works ofart. The church of San Stefano is ong of the oldest in Italy, Near the city isthe celebrated church called Madonna di St. Luca, to which leads an arcade three miles in length. Bologna bas an academy of ane arts, with rich galleries of paintings and sculpture; = grand school of music, an obervatory, and a botanic garden—one of the richest in Earope, There are nu- merous fine private palaces, including one built for Ros- sini, in 1825. A number of wealthy nobility reside in Bologna, and the population is learned and intelligent. Altogether it is a flourishing city, rivalling Rome in all except its classic and religious interest, ani in the extent of its museums o’ art. Bologna was the birthplace o° the painters Caracci, Albano, Bolognese, Dominichino, Guido Reni, and of the celebrated naturalists and mathe- maticians, Beccar!, Monti, Galvani and Marsigl!, besides eight popes and thirty cardinals. There are several manofactories in the city of silk, paper, artificial flowers, and musical instruments. ‘The sausages of Bologna are sent all over Europe and America. FERRARA. Ferrara, the chief town of a Legation of the Papal States, has all the appearance of s deserted capital. It was once. the residence of a Court ceicbrated throughout Europe, ‘and it still retains many traces of ita former grandeur. But graes grows on the pavements, and the walls, nearly seven miles in circumference, which once contained nearly 100,0€0 inhabitents, now enclose scarcely one third of that number. Ravens iteelfis hardly more fallen than Ferrara, though it was the great commercial emporium of Italy during the middle ages. Ferrara was founded in the fifth century. It is aituated in a fertile but unhealthy plain, on one of the mouths of the Po, which here forms the boundary between it and the Lombardo Venetian kingdom. It is only six and a half feet above the sea. During the sixteenth century the Court of Ferrara, which was governed by hereditary princes, was unsur- pasced by any other in Europe for its refinement and in- telligence. Its University was renowned throughout Chuis- tendom, and so many English students were collected witbin its walls az to form, as they did in Bologna, a dis- tinct nationality in that learned body. It was the retreat of the immortal Ariosto and Tazs0; on the walis of Tasso’s prison, among other names, is that of Lord Byron, wg itsen: in pencil. h ‘Tne castle, formerly the ducal palace, surroun. its ample moat, and furnished with towers and bridg carries the imagiaation back to the fortunes of Ferrara during the middle ages—in the heart of the subjagated town, it is like a tyrant in the midst of slaves. It is a huge equare building defended at the angles by four larga towers. By the treaty of Vienna Austria acquired the right of occupying the citadel and the small neighboring fortress of Commachio, since which, til! the present, it has been occupied by an Austrian garrigon. Asearly as July snd August, 1847, Austria, in open violation of the laws of nations and the territory of the Pope, suddenly doxbled the garrison in Ferrara, which she was permitted to bold by the treaty of Vienna, aud ruled over the people which did not belong to her with military law, Austria had then bot 35,000 men in Italy, aud bad Pjus, who was then a reformer, like the fighting Pope of another century, Julius If, headed the Ita- Mang against the stranger and usurper, he would soon have driven him out, Instead of that be protested, tomporizad and diplomatized, but did not fight, and Austria got the upper band at last. Meantime ahe was checked, and with- drew from the occupation of the public square and the gates to her citadel. It shows how much the Pope afier- wards changed, when at that time he positively refused to allow Austria to send ber troops through the Papal do- minions to the aid of the King of Napies, to whom the Pope subsequently fled for refuge from the revolutionists of Rome, who would not have harmed him. ANCONA. This fine seaport of the Adriatic, lately occupied by the Austrians, who fortified it in view of the approaching struggle, is also in the States of tne Church, and is the chief city of a Delegation comprehending 514 square miles and @ population of 167,000. It is ina state of revolution since its evacuation by the Austrians, and the Pope’s troops which succeeded them, have to shut them- selves up in the fortress. The population of the city and {ts suburbs amounts to 36,000. Is lies southeast of Ferrara. It has the best harbor on the Italian ehores of the Adriatic, and is the most important naval station in the States of the Church. The city is beautifully situ- ated on the slopes of # natural amphitheatre. It was a celebrated city in the time of the Romans, aad o:- cupied by Cesar after the passage of the Rubicon, which enters the Adriatic near this city, ‘Thisfamous port was begun by Trajan after thatof Civita Veochia, It was enlarged by Clement, who made it a free port, as an encouragement to its commerce, which had declined considerably after the discovery o! the pas- sage to India by the Cape. It has two motes, one erected by Trajan, the other by Clement XII. Tne Triam hal Arch of Trojan, the finest marble arch ia the world, ‘stands onthe old mole. It was formerly the entrance to the old harbor. This superb monument is conetrusted entirely of white Grecian marble, and is ® magnificent specimen of the Corinthian order. It was orected in honor of Trajan in 112, by his wifs and sister. The new mole is also decorated with a triumphal arch, erected by Clement XI, which, though fine, is far inferior to the other, the remarkable whitencss of whose ma:ble, the elegant proportions of the arch, and its elevated position, combine to make it one of the most imposing monuments of Roman grandeur which Italy now retains, The harbor is defended by sever! forts, At Ancona, Napoleon I, cautiously surrounded tho Pope’s army and took them all prisoners without injuring aman, and then, by a few of his convincing words, sent them through the country as missionaries, proclaiming his clemency and the benevolence of the commander-in- chief of the republican army. He saw Ancona was 50 situmted as to ‘be one of the most important ports of the Adriatic. Its harbor, however, was in such a neglected condition, that not even a frigate could enter. He imme- diately decided what onght to be done to fortify the place and toimprove the port. The great works which he afterwards executed at Ancona will remain perpetual memoria! of his foresight and genius. The largest threo- decker can now ride in its harbor with perfect safety. Napoleon found the Jows at Ancona suffering under the most intolerable oppression, and immediately released them from ali their disabilities, In 1798 it was taken and occupied by tho French, and im 1799 General Meunier sutta'ned in it a memorable siege. It was again taken by the French in 1801, and re~ turned to the Popo in 1802. After this it was tncorporated into the kingdoun of Waly til 18t4, whea it was resiored to the Papal domis A detachment of French troops held its citadel from 1832 to 1838. OF tate it was ocon- pled by Austria, either forcibly or by sesret treaty with