The New York Herald Newspaper, June 26, 1859, Page 2

2 ‘ bate’? Tdo not wish to say anything to the contrary. { Con we, in this etate of affairs remain indifferent Ent, is ft love to oppressed Maly which bas excited ais war, or #8 uf @ providential war which, sooner or late , moi ¢ take place, and whoxe voot t3 1n the treaties of 1818? Fi this last point of view, without taking the plas of ope, 88 @ Spaviard of this century, of this epoo sider the question, I take the porat of view in wor has been placed by the government aud the eo v0 and I look at that whic! we have to preserve ® system, the only ow bring happiness to ‘be vation It 18 necevsary—(already Austria hus reason to be pa triovic, already Pwcmoul, now it may be possible toe Itatian Union, now again the Federatior)~ths: we sho: bo Spaniards above ali tuings. We wee net gAo love of other causes, to compromise the good WRCd We have at home. fha' poutraiicy, ot wien coald not always be her iadepoudence, tt guarantees independence; i guarante interior Order. [am, then, agreeavle to che poiic she bas prociaimea; but here must my observations enter, I, who believe that it 18 peceasary to be armed in order in sustain Cur neutrality, also believe that toe resources aad the armament which the government has ask>!, are in sufflewnt, The Presivent ef the Council, well informed in military matiers, bas believed that wita an increase of 16,600 men he would bave enough to respond to even | tuaiiicr, J hear it gaia shee thts limitation is for the pre- sent, I thatl presently roow toat that which is not done now, when it is sougdt to ¢o 90, will be too late. Seuor Rivero bas said what nie war may have two periods. This opinion arphed before the jast acts of the belligerent | Powers, Negoviavions might bave been made in a manner that the struggle should be confined to Italy. Aller wards it did not ermiuste 60; but to day the war, accoréipg to al) the preparations mace, aud accord ing to the lightness of the pretexts iavokea for | making it, is @ war which has to become general, | as fur as ican be generalized in Burope. Thus is it un \ | tory. cannot be improvised, hence the necessity for the project, | derstood by all the nanons, and fur this reason they arm Io | & war imited to Laty, Senor Kivero has good reason to say that there would be 20 necessity for these 16,000 mien ‘That which it is ueceséary to arm for is a genoral war, | and it is in copsequence of wis great war that I believe the demancs of the government to be insufficient. For {is reason, if the committee will say that it would in- crease the figure of these armaments, we would haye no hesitation in votuug the increase. If the alliance be- tween the Kurtiau end the French Eawpire be true; if it Dé certain that above it there are two agreements, accord- ing to the last o( which Russia might be found ia line of Dattie; if Engiand takes a part jn the sirugle, many months Will not pase over without seeing us compelled to defend our ueutraliy by iore efficacious imeans than | these 100,000 ren. TL have heard ic ssid: We, want have we tofear? What, thes? If Rursia and Eogiand were to take # piace im the war would mt England, bound as she & by a treaty of allsance with Por- tugal, pres forward w lant her (oops in the neighboring kurydom? Aud what would tne other beighooriug bation do if Spain anoulé not tke means to make her territory respected? Then tre day on which an Englishman puts ais fout om the Iberion peninula, wil not the French wish © occupy ihe line of te Ero? to wast purpose is neutrality except W save Spain trom becoming tha theatre of war? Io 1816 thic couutry was counted as uothing; why has it | to be counted for abytaiuc to day! Iv is nok & featiag of | opposition, it is 4 fecius of patriouem whica leads me to | Say that when you arm you ought to ara extenzivel | Brabo and Olozaga. ag to Cause the Sacred soi! Of this masion to pe respected. ‘The governmen) knows whet are its necessities in case tt | shouid bave to seod an arwy ty the Pyrenees, another to | Whe line Of Gibraiwar, sae snother to tag froutier of Porta- Bal, to protect th. Baleares aud the Mauliomes. { for all | Ubese services it is LEUUS BUppliCd | I will vo say anciner word. N | not only a land armament j ask something more, vt confidence, inasmuch as T Deieve that w deing dove on the euoject to which Tam about w ref It ts necessary to prot: ourselves by tea. It 18 true U some twenty -wevev are being coasceucted, | 88 Well 48 some Fteam eine, Dut this furce yet Buavosts, wor object the parsuit of coutravaud ve beeb usee In the defence [yw kuown that our fortitications require rep acd all the world kuows to what extent tudera invectious concerning float ing batteries have arrived. Not Said in the project, and [ datiece [ wil be pe dicate the necessity of tnis menus of ing abown what wre ihe exigencis: ought to have, 20 as to raise t) of neutralicy, I wit that have been opportune moment rd mitied wo ia | has 00 ar: fo tae ov- servation I have alreasy replied. 82 been objected tuat the i$ not ia @ position to spend the large sum ney Wojod are necessary Yor these armaments , indeed, that if tnera be no necessity for arming, © eu 16,000 men would not be @conven-ent figure; wud if Woere be & necessity for estao- Nabing armaments for the maintenance of our neutrality im such & Cave, & DAtION that kuows how to maintain it Would be wating in resources. acd, gentlemen, if we do not arm to sustain our neutrality, 1¢ will be neceasary to arm mn the sight of tt eos that are ool take part wn the atroggie. words in cosch those who bel but Ido not believe io the exclusiv absolute power of material force. ve th the and {fto material force te no; added that moral force which draws tne wind, we will never advance. I Go not ask anything whatever for the men in whose name [am spenking. Sut in order to enter upon the path which I nave poivced out, it 18 necessary thst the riddie of this position should bo deciphered — that it should be known that it marshes towards an object, frankly confessed and know: ioe result of the policy of the government ought to de in af- fairs of the wwterjor the seme as in fore gn aifairs. I feel no Waat of confidence in the government, although I be- tieve that it hag erred on many occasions. I believe that the government is forcibly doing what it does, because men are commanded by circumstances. Bat] wish to kpow, and it is mecessary that its political eod sboald be known. Ihave heard of much distrust of the patriotic spirit of the Spanish nation in this century; | nave heard it said that from the momept in whica the denetit of pud- Kc discussion is extended, that faith will begin to be weakened—that confideace in ite own power, which were characteristic signs of the Spanish nation. I believe to the contrary. I see in thoee nations in which the liberty of thought is moat extended—in England, the country of free diecussion—in Germany, that voleano of philosoptical opinions—in France, where tbe ficlis are gardens, aad the cities armies of palaces—I see patriotic virwues in tneir higheet order; und wherefore should we not posses them? I believe tbat if the decisire moment should arrive we would go forth in defence of the independence of the coun- try; but we would go mucn better if an army folowed upon our footsteps. When I hear it said taat we have de- generated itappears to me that be wao says so 18 like the son who belevea in tne infamy and progtitutioa of hig mother. Senor O1ozAGA—TI am not going to make a epacch. going to perform wout we feel bere—un act of pal T am ‘about w manifest to tue Congress the reasous for which we have unanimousiv ed to vote the propo. sition of the goveram: d the pricy Of the government on q ; . bave opposed the last c We, who combatte ment on this occ: and will author necestary; anc, at the 8 fice 1n not entering fi Pre engages the m nos of all What interest, or witn what 7 bave taken piace. On the of the Crown I called afterwards, on xnot imminent, and grave que { have aot'o rep al, the o:eurren sion here of the spesed nto that nation on, hat war was c 1c from on were our 8ympatbies. If Ita!y had not lost a ty ia 1822 we would not have ingcourg in 1825. If tne Coo stitutional system had not been maintained mn Piedm oni in 1849, it is possibie tat we might nut nav: t togetuer here'to-day. This proves that the Iwerty of Italy . mately connected with that of Spat. But [ caa- Not suffer myself here 10 make & display ot oar sym. pathies, because a gerious canger is gathering in tho horizon. Who kuows whetuer tne question of uly will be purety Italian? Who is authorized to give tne lie to the words of the Emperor of the Freach, who says, I do not wish Italy to chauge maators: I do n sire anyibiag but her indepen tence; [ respect the rignts of ali nations?’ ‘The progressive mamority, then, respecting ai! gpiaiona, believes that it is not lawtu! to examine what Spain would do in cage the question should cease to be Italian and come to be European. It is prudent, necessary aad patriotic to give the government what it asks: it is ‘not oar province Wo inquire whether it is little or much. I beheve 1% asks, besides the increase of tue army to 100,000 mea, tue & alry and artillery which might be necessary to ma upon a war footing ali the 1 { weih Spaia can dispose. If this be eo, Council to contin my clear up another donb. fi credit for this. Hag it be to caiculate what it would cavalry on a war footing correpondiag with m of the Spanish infantry? It would seem to be on this ground, although it would do very little credit to military calculations; but we would wisn to obtain some explana. tone on this matter, su that we might vote with eatira Satisluction, ak we have ayeady made the sxcrifice, which honorable gentlemen wiil uaderstand, in keeping silent On & queetion of #0 mach pleasure to us. I will conclude by offering a few remarks which [hops that the ment will take in good part lt remains 2 lished that the policy which the government proclaims is tbat of neutrality for the present. [1 might have been other- wise if our principles could opporn 4 veiled; considers tbe er asks of of suflicient, following this poi y, aad that i & disposed to ‘russe the ‘Sparich forex’ to the tutmost extent necessary sustain our independence anil the integrity of our islands. The ony taiag which Temting then to be deaired 18, thet the goveranout sould conduct negotiation, in #0 grave a crisis wooo necessities of thie people, which baie despo: tamily pacts and other things of the game kiv 2 Voived us in unnece’ wars, causiag 8 to love ¢ glorious sqaudrons aud disarming our soldiers, while fortitications have beeu oceupiva by foreigners. eay thin because I fear for indepeudence, i do not for it, nor do I vote tor this army tor that reason, government ougat to be very vi; nt, und it will permit me to excite it ag far as possible; because not long azo a foreign Minister thought ct posscesing himself of oar Baleares (islands), and, a'though tha’ time is passed, a similar idea may be renrwed, and boca.” some impyrtant Power outside of Murope might take part in that [Ursen These facts being diaciosed, there oaly ren ¢t ms ous eesential tning—that waich reveals our real foriings. This is, that Spain may be involved by intrigues aud scheme ‘which have been already seen on other occasions, s0 & ‘apadvisedly to change a ministry that inapiree with confidence concerning the question of*national in: dence, for another that does not think on thia suo. Foot, in thesame manner. [1 would be bold tuus to punish abe nation in such act; but it ie better that that auda. city does not exist, 20 ato prevent the evils tuat would our T da pot fear fall on those who provoked the nation to punish tae. | But I will refrain from ising any furth and, concluding, will ask the Prea\ent of Mnksters for the explanations I hive asked. Bis Exceueycy tap PResipext or tua Covn MinisteKs—Gentiemen, the Congross will compres eetimate the prudent rererve which the yo: in entering into thie question, inaymuch a " foreign relations. Spain i* now mi peace and in good har moby with all the nations ot Europe; there is nothiog to fear for the moment ia which these may be browen; var Avery grave event hae inet nennerad in Biren. aed all tie badvis Laye uasemed to prepare, if not for fs sioggle, for the svovtualies of the future, Teflactioaa, ‘he Council of | DEATH OF A pd yd pare ves; whatever might be . vise Pen tho government, . it ia neutra , to be ready in adyace for the oocur re, iat wm case"Ws #” uld be involved, to the dark at the 4+) ach of the strife’ wna happily the Cori so ve already voted pres ob OF 2,000,000,000, 80) 0 ;C00 of which are ? ie provement of our war crial, Now those to tois will see » © how much reason ed these su) , foreseoing aa it did ‘hare now taki: ace. Bat now, gea- vat us tho govern 1 v! asked of the Cortes? sod Den Le fuads necessa y «support 16,000, which y waut, and to procure ne v Lo/ses for the cavalry and ory, placing the Spans. in'sntry oa its maximum Juphng, because Thee ate arms 6 At canDOt be Overlooked. has been opposed by Meesrs. Rivero aud Gonzalez Sabo. If we had been ia tie position which Senor Gon- alez Biabo bas supposed, he would haye great reason for saying that this force woula be small; but as the Ea. | | pevor of the French has sent a circular to all tue govern- | ments, rotting forth that he entertains no idea of ecuquest, and the question remaing reduced to a wor of Italy, it results thst these forces are suili- cient for the complications of the future, because tho army will be complete on the calling out of the 10,000 men of iho reserve, with whicn there could be immediate. ty placed upon a war feoting a force of 136,000 men, and iu case of necessity, asking ® new Conscription, of 50,000, 4 force of 180,000 men, which would be quite sullicieas to mamtaip our indepeadence aad the integrity of the terri- But as this army required speciat arms, and these with which the government would be able to make the assurance that it wil! increase the army with all the rapi- duty that the circumstances might demand. the war of Lodependence would have the hardibood w come to attack our nationality on the Peninsula; but there might be those who may think to profit. by the occasion to pos- sess themselves of our islands of America. But it epares for all, and will continue doing 80 in unison with Parlia- ment, which will be called together whenever it may be necessary to afk for resources of one kind or another, Having said this, gentlemen, will proceed in cooclusion to reply to the jast words of Messrs. Goazalez Senor Gonzalez Brabo satd that omatérial force alone was not necessary, but moral force also. The ‘government which—although Senor Rivero has not believed so—has been constitution. ally formed, counts on the contideace of her Majesty and the majority of both bodies of its co jegisiators, and it is in duty to believe that it deserves the contilence of the country, and consequently it has the moral force which it wants. If it were not for this—if the ministers did uot deserve the confidence of the country or of the crown— they would tnatantly return to their homes, Senor Oio- a bad spoken, sithougn obscurely, of machinations ant intrigues, and I do not uuderstand to’ whom he could have alluded; but I will say to the honorable geatleman that | am pet afraid of any kind of machinations, because the August perzooagé who occupies the thrope is more inte rested than any ove elee in the aggrandizement of our nation, and that there is not in Spain a neart that 1s more Spanisn than thacof our august Queea. | have flaisned, apd I hope that the Congress will unanimously voce the project of the law. Senor Rivgro--Gentlemen, I did not say that the present Caviuet had not been formed constitutionally, but puriamentarily, and between one thing and the otuer Were is a very great difference. In regard to Senor Gonzalez and mysel¢ We Dave almost the same opinions Op this question, except that we appreciate it in a aistinct manner, the honorable gentleman believing that the war is 4 general Kuropean one, while Ido no; believe that it will be more than an Italian war. Sevor Gonzatez Brano—I am giad to hear what has been said by the President of the Couscil of Miuisters, and more especially that he shoald have sbown tbat we will not only be neutral now, but also in the future. As regards moral force, I did not speak of | that which the cor fidence of the Crown and of Parliament | gives, Dut of another, which it spouid be its duty to seek, | | according to my manner of thinking. Senor 0102.GA—I have not had toe good fortune to ex- Plain myeelt well, and the President of the Council of Ministers bag not understood me. In speaking of machi- nations, I cid not intend to doubt the Spanish sentiment (espanotismo) of @ high pergonage whom I ought not to name; | wished 10 say that, as on other occasions, there have been ministers wno, through ambitious views, have counselled the monarch in matters opposed to our nation- aiity, there might be those who might make it appear very convenient for Spain to do the same thing to-day. Doubtiees the honorable gentleman has forgotien to reply to my question concerning the figure, and [ must ask him to do so, for then I will vote for the project witn more pleasure, The Prespest or THe Covncit or Mixisrers—I did net believe that Senor Olozaga doubted the Spanish sentiment of our Sovereign; but as his words were } able to give piace to interpretations, I believed it to be my duty to say what [ have said. As regards the figure, it will approach sixveen millions for the support of the 16,000 men for the whole year, and of #:x anda balf to ten millions for new horses [cannot give the exact figure, because the price of horses may be changed. Seaur O1ozaGa—I give a thousand thanks to the Presi- dent of the Council, and let not the nonorabie gentleman think that this answer is useless. As it is, 1 vove with greater pleagure, and even were it more we would yote am the same way. The proposition was then put to the vote, and was ap- Foret by 233 votes against one, which was Senor vero, Ata subsequent session of the Cortes, Senor Balmes made a lengthy speech on the position of England and France in respect to Spain, which we reproduce below in an abbreviated form:— Senor BaLmes argued against an alliance of Spain with England. With the exception of aamall number of per- tons, who, by their principies, designs, antecedents or Private inclinations, have sown themselves the sup- porters of English influence, the whole of Spain, without ty exceptions, Was Opposed to any alliance with Eng- Taot And piainly had no desire to have any furiher con- nection with ner beyond the indispensable relations of good feeling. Toe respective positions of the two nations showed that there was no chain to bind them together in lasting harmony. The solidity and stability of ulliauces do not depend on the will of the governments allied, but on the feeling of the reapective peoples. This principle would be found wanting if applied to Eoglana and Spain. In the frat place tae two aations not ouly speak very different lsngvages, but there is no regular com- munication between them in a way that tho two lan- guages might become respectively known. This is no slight obstacle to the friendship of nation and pation—an obetacie which does not exist in ra- spect to France, in consequence of the promulga- tion of the French language and literature siace the time of the descendants of Louie XIV. Then again, the religion of the Spaniards is different from that whic rules in England; and the reign of Phillip II., the Warm defender of Catholicism in Spain pad the reat of Ea- rope, a8 well as that of Elizabeth, the determined perse cutor of the Catholic religion and the friend of Proteetant- ism, cannot be forgotten. There are no points of resem- blauce in the manners of the two nations. But there are yet stronger reasons, Under presevt circumstances aa alliance between the two nations of Spaia and England could be nothing less than the submission of the Cabinet Of adrid to that of St. James—tue sacrifice of Spanish to Eogish interests. Engiand, in a political and commercial AS yect, WAS Opposed to Spaip; the increase and develop ment of tbe true intereats of tne ove could only tend to che injury of toe other, Was it possible that Great Bri- tain would desire to see Spain ristag from her ashes, tO assume & position among the nations like that which she occupied betore? Before any one could give a probable inthe allirmative, it would be necessary first to Diet out Gibraltar, that most 1eportant position, from the map of Europe, @ position in watch tne British flag now floats, It would also be necessary to wine out from the game map the neighboring kinggom ia Europe, now acarcely anything more than a colony of the British em pire, The position held by Engiand us a Power holding co.onies all over the world, would ever render her jealous of the advance of Spain in national greatuess, for sne Well knows tuat from the moment in which Spain returns to her ancient splendor and power, the lion of Castile would be ready to measure tte strength with the British leopard; then rivairy would commence, foliowed by hos- Unty, and enging in tke reconquest by Spain of those positions which nature points out as belonging to her. Tue wteresta of England and Spain, therefore, possess no points of brotherhood, but rather in every way traits of decided opposition. It is simply absurd to think that she can sincerely desire Spa nish prosperity. Io all the alliances between ‘the two countries, Spain has shared the worst fate~her strength bas profited by our weakness, her activity by our negligence; and ste would endeavor to iavolve us more aud more in the net in which we would be surely destroyed. When we reflect upon the injuries brought upon Us by the alliances with Eogland, aad the dangers into which we baye been hurried by her too intimate friendship, itis not Our purpose w counsel that Spain should place hereeif at enmity with that nation, provoking ber ant:patby and hatred. On the contrary, such conduct would be imprudent ta the extreme; and one of the great- eet faults of tne moderate party in Spain is their not ob serving a more prudent and precautionary conduct in re gard to England. In snort, if the frtsnoship of that great nation is not profitable for us, neither is her eamity to be desired; and thus it would be very imprudent ia those who direct the atfaire of the couatry to give her cause of complaint or discontent, wounding her susoeptibility by showing favor to another nation which ese has Qiways regarded, and still regards, if not as an enemy, st least os a rival. An idea ot the im- miense power of Great Britain will be sutllcieat to convince us how imprudent it would be either openly to provoke her anger by bold manifestations, or to irri- tate her pride by granting lo any other Power whatever, not a decisive preponderance, but even a predilection too plainly marked. Hagland nas at baaa many mi Juring us. From the moment that ihe cabinet becomes convinced that the cabinet of the Tu in that of Madrid, and that the policy of Louis XV. is re- established, from that moment she will not be ouly our but our desperate, irrecouciieabie enemy. e she would use every imaginanle means to disturb Our internal tranquillity camse ow to destroy cur indusiry and commer: fo resources which are already thurked out in ministersal Plans. | Sevator Balmes concluded oy arguing as strongly against aby alliance with France, Tore were taacy Teusons Which should induce Spain to live in uo greater ia- timacy with France than with Eagland. Sach a policy (a union with Frace), instead of being venetl vial, would de productive of serious injuries to Spain, tending only to im- youve her ina series of Cwlamivous conmejusaye2, * anpaaling, paraapt, SARDINIAN VOLUN- na UN [Turin (June 4) correspondence of London News.) When after the splendid charge of our cavalry at Mon- tebello, Colonel Morelli, of the Cavalleggier! ¢) Monfeera- to, tell seriously wounded, the Marquis Medic! Mareyurao, @ volunteer of the same regiinent, came back to aesist him. The young marquis having found tae coloani among the wounved, pi bin on aud rode towards our advanciog lines. y tor poor Morelli, they passed near a Tyrolean sharpsnooter, ¥ho was lying eeverely wounded oa tue ground. A3 the horses were procesding slowly, tne T. i Wrath rushed a¥ storelii with’ bit ba: the desperate wound in the bac Colonel Morelli was on Piedmoutese army, aod th following bia tase, Tia Kuvou Ube. wut AUFIOg WOH ecuuu, been already decorates with the at! aud le Ons er modal of mii ‘The govern. | mentknows weil that nobody with the remembrance of | | | which weut to et, that the army should B+ 10 reused to 100,000 men, | | fore Gen, Forey he was recogvized by some of the | pavioval debt had been reduced to £771,% | triaw | balf of the empire, ts greatly tower, imough maiesialry NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY, ‘The L is a descendant r marquis a family of this name, a branch of near Milan, and settied there Middle Ages. Another Pied ent, Count Montiglio, had tHe valor. ot ihe great during the civil mtrifes of the montege officer of the same fell. with him, but hia horse killed by a rifle bu! unhurt. Getting hold of a lance of an Austrian Unian, it through the body a Hungarian officer who was riding down upon him. Tho Huagarian fell to the ground, and young Montiglio, leaping on the saddle, rode wwards our lines and joined his comrades, amidst the applause of the fegiment.” In the same battle the Zouaves had taken her aM Ausirian oillcor who had spent last winter in Paris. When he was brought be en oftcers of the divisional stall, You may imagine, he was kindly received, and hastened to admit that he could Dot suppose there were soldiers who could fight as the French had done. Financial Condition of the Chief European Powers, [Translated for the Nxw York Hgratp from tho Augsbourg Ausland, April 30, J Notwithstanding her enormous and unparalicled debt, the financial burden of Great Britain is actually the casiest to bear of any of the great European Powers, In 1816 tho national debt amounted to £816,830,000 ('64,081,050,000), the interest and expenses on which amounted to the appual sum of £30,462,023 ($12,310,115), In 1830 the 000, By the year 1857 it was further reduced to £760,250,000 ; but by the Sist of March of the succeeding financial year it had been increased to £779.250,000, in consequence of the Crimean ‘dwhich involved an annual expense of £27,496,853. Commerce, agriculture and industrial pur- euits have been #0 prospered and developed since 1816, that no one will doubt tbat Great Britain could in the present year, 1869, raise ® revenue of 60,000,000 without burdening the nation more than it was bur- dened in 1816 to raise a revenuo of half that sum. But with her growing prospority ‘be vatiopal debt, instead of being permitted a propor- Nonate increase, bas been lessened by ag much as ten per cent. In 1816 the population of Great Britain Was reckoned at 19,500,000: in 1858 it was 282¢ millions. In 181§ the payment of the interest on the national debt ue- cessit & tax averaging one anda half pounds sterling for each person of the population. In 1808 the tax for this purpose averaged less than one pound per head. Taking into consideration the present great prosperity of the British empire, it is uot woo much to say, therefore, that sipce 1816 the burden of the British national debt has been in reality legsened by one baif. In France, the first Napoleon left the State the burden of & debt represented by the annual sum, in rento or inter- eat, of 63,610,000 francs ($12,722,000). Tne double iava- sion of the allies, the war, levies following upon the peace of Paris, the vast sums paid the returned emigrés, all resulting from the fall of Napoleon, at once raised the rente to 195,000,000 of francs, Counting this as tbe figancial condition of France at the restoration of the Bourbons, it appears that they bettered it during twenty: five years at the rate of a million france rento a year, !0ver- ing the rente from 195,060,000 to 170,000,000 In 1330 the French national debt was pomivally 3,949 ,000,000 francs. Louis Philippe was less fortunate than bis predecessors. Ta his reign the national debt was increased to 5,200,(00,000 francs, and tbe expenrce On this averaged during nis reign 2,500,CC0 higher than during bis preaecessors. In 1816 the population of France was stated at 30,090,000; in 1848 it War 36,600,000. In 1816 the expenses of the national debt represented ap average tax per capita of six aud a half francs. In 1848 this per capita was a trifle ov ix france, The burden was therefore lighter, even Ww: out reckoning on the greater developement of industrial pursuits and increase in national prosperity. Since tue beginning of the pew empire this ig the condition of the French paticnal debt:— 346,637,000 franca, 5,516,195 COO 5,577,505 C00 or $1,684,415,400 al debt amount ed tothe sum of 308,600,000 francs, inst the sum of 215,000,000 franca in 1848; and as France has at present & population of 36,400,000, it follows that the expenses of the pational debt represent an annual tax of nearly 834 france per head. With this it muat be borne in mind that the other taxes have been materially raised during the last ten years, especially in the larger cities of France, wo pay for the numerous interna! improvements inatitutea by the Emperor. Evgiand bad Jast year 268,995 creditors, of whom only 89,205 represented an interest of less than £10 per annum, and 43,287 an interest of between £10 and £20. It follows that of every 100 creditors of the Britisn govern- ment over 90 possessed a rental in it of over £20. Tho British national debt, equally divided among all its bolders, would average to each pergon the sum of £2,900. In France the number of State creditors, before the Crimean war, was 725,190. Since then, however, the national debt bas been ‘“ popularized,” aud at the be- ginning of this year it was divided among 1,008,682 hold- ers,and averaged to each 8,360 francs, or £334, but @ little over one-ninth of the British average. Supposing, for the moment, that but one person inany one fam‘ly was a holder of the national stock—as France may be reckoned to contain nine million families—it wouid foi- pit that every niath {amily draws interest on the national debt. But badly as the figures ahow for France, it must be owned that Avatria’s financial condition is far worse. The different stocks stood thug on January 1 of the present ear :— British 8 per cent consols. .96, or French rentes. Austrian 5 per cent n: joan... .80, or 61¢ « The Austrian credit is, therefore, twice as weak as the Britieh, aod the credit of France is nearly one-half strong- er than that of Austria. That this is a natural result, ap- ¢ara from this statement of the annua! interest ana ex. 336 per cent, 4270 6 43,369,812 £.49'797,940 49,612,662 60,481,032 762,608,375 $19,173 —At 4834 centa to the florin, $41,695 '835. Between 1845 and 1856 the Austriam national debt has been increared 1,571 million guiden; and in nine years since 1848 there has been an increase of 1,500 miliion gul- cen There bas been, therefore, an average yearly deiicit in the State revenues of 166 million guiden, and this though tbe revennes bave been ratsed since 1847 from 16}; to 26844 millions. (The guiden is valued at 3934 cente,) Smce 3856 various loans have 60 increased the State “debt, that at the beginning of tne present yenr the interest and expenses were calculated at the sum of ninetyaix million guiden per aunum, It iw easy to say, “tbat is about 2% floring or 644 francs yo each person, and thus tbe French are still two francs worse off than us But the difference in national pros ferity and cevelopement makes such a compariaon faize, The Britieh, who in 1816, paid 14 pounds aterling or 2734 frarcs per head tex on their national debt, were yet far les# burthened than the Frenob, who paid but 6}; franca then, The average weaith aad prosperity of upper Italy and the Austrian crown !auds may rival that of France; but the condition of Galicia, Hungary, Siebenburgen, aus: Servis, Croatia, and otner provinces, forming ai least improved since 1849 Nevertheless we are of opinion ,hat the present war may possibly better the finances of Austria, whish could not much Jqnger move downward on the present inclined plane, Thé gross revenues of the State summed Up in 1866 268 2 Sth million florins. [suppose that for the year 1858 ibey were increased to 280 mil ious gross, or 250 millions net,and we raay reckon that tho interest ana expenses on the national debt amounted to eighty seven millions of thissum. Toe army, on the otner band, cost as fo.lows in ten yeare:— Ordinary Outlay, Socalied Extrag’y Qudlay. florins, 62,963,0% 72,290,459 265,081,884 236 15,179,000 5025156 71338,098 91,294,668 LOLM72U117 14)188,027 J and extrauraiaary ex Penees 15 £0 weak a device of the government, and forms to poor a blind to the fimancial public, that it ie to be hoped, for the credit of the aamt of Fivance, it will be discontinued. Through this system partion we are prevented, however, fom knowing more than that the ordinary expenes tor the army nave swollen from 522; 8 in 1846, to 10424 millions to 1856, Whstan Austrian peace budget may be itis ta Lcrimean { War. | Powwible to tel); bat we will take as a sample the fuvor- l able year 1852, when the ware cost a total of onty 115 45 miliion florizg, Counting the revenue (net) at 250 mu! lion florins, and deducting for army expenses acd tntere: ‘on the national debt the total of 202 4.5 millions, there re mains for other departments of expense $7 16 miilioas. ‘The Interior admit tuding only the pol crown lands expenses, have risen trom 12% miili 1882, to & millions in 1856. There results tis picture When Austria has paid for ber army (to maintain ber national integrity), her,creditors their interest, and her internal police, there remain to her 8,000 000 florins of appual revenue with which to support the eourt ana the expenees of tae foreign bureau (ambaseadors, &s.), to which these 8,000,000 are not adequate, though the im perial court is mavaged with extraordinary frugality. But there remains notning at all w support the moat im. portant department of public ice (estimated at 152.5 millions), commerce and navigation (2235 millions “caltus’’ (5% millions), A clear agnuni det three departments alone of 43,000,000 florins. oan this continue Iv is poesible to make upa deficit either by lessening the expenses or by increasing the revenues. The Inst has been at ished on a vast scale; for we have feon that in nine years the revenues were increased to the amount of 106 millious per annum But taxation bas necessarily ite limits, and it is plainly possible to make up this Austrian deficit only by retrench- ment ip the expenditures, and this retrenchment to any appreciable amount is posaible only in the departments of the army and the police. But to make this possibie it needs @ eucceseful war—a war which shall set Austria firmly upon her feet by establishing in Italy astual peace inetead Of the armed wuce whichwas hitherto prevailed ‘there. If we cannot be accused of presenting Austria’s flaan- | condition coleur de rose; If we have showa on the or Ty toat she has been siace 1848 nasteaing towards an el u entire dest joa of her oredit, we sbali be the better believed when we that, cotwitnstanding her emburrassments, her military power ls by no means armed. Avstria was able, two yeurs after @ terrible bunkruptey, to cestray Napoleon's power, at Leipzig, and sud to pueh vo Paris in 1814 and 1815. A’ a Ve ay ik DOt yet that of 1811, of ape, that ot 1803, The fu riouply injured a the’ Spatees of ws it Muwy tyubd—if Bby Uuing Cad yoy Bolp AUBETIA IL 18 ® ware but it must be a succersla! cue wtabared by ita p are atil) waren JUNE 26, 1859 Affairs in Tarkey. ANXIETY AS REGARDS THE WAR IN ITALY—PRO- GKESS OF TUK INSURRKCTIONARY MOVEMENT— THR SULTANS ARMY AND NAVY—TRIAL OF KIOTERS—FIN ANCES. [Constantinopie (June 2, Sorrenalene of London mes. People here have been so long expecting intelligence of the first great bursting of the storm in ttaly, that tusy turn away with something of disappotutment’ from the bulletins of the local papers which announce vo battle in which thousands have a killed and wounded, The arrivals and cepartures of the rival Sovervigns, tae movements cf the Austrian troops, which, to the unias. tiated at least, appear void of sigpiticance, and even single combats, io which gigautic Austrian captains are sluin by Piedmontese youths, fail to satisty the expectations raised, Somewbat similar will probably be the impression pro- duced by this letter, especially on the minds of those who have been predicting a general rising in the Christian provinces of Turkey. I am, nevertheless, happy to say it is not im my power at the preseut moment to announce the accomplishment of such prophecies, Matters are, however, far from ry. r zegovina is, as I informed you in my last, in open revolt. There and in Montenegro collisions with the Turkish troops are of daily occurrence, while Mostar, in the former, and the fortress of Klobuk, in the TE ROVE, are, I believe, invested. Two bat- talions of wry havo been despatched for Kleck. This place 1 in Dalmatia, and Mostar is of course their deatina- tien, Whether any sanction has been obtained from Aus- ria I am not aware, but the Turkish government would hardly avail themselves of a passage across the dominions of & friendly Power without permission, Austria is a3 much interested in keeping mattors quiet in those quarters as Turkey; still the tact of an Austrian boing fixed upon as the best place for the landing of battalions Proves the urgency of the demand for troops in the Her- <egovina, Servia is in a very unsettled state, great excitement prevails, but pO actual outbreak has occurred. Prince Milosch still provests his loyalty to the Turkish govern- ment, Of Bosnia I have to tell, but the country js in such @ state ag to preclude surprise at any event which may occur. Much discontent prevails in Bulgaria, owing partly to the inconvenience and loss occasioned to he population by the large increase in the number of roopa there. These troops will, I have no doubt, prove an eflective remedy for the disease, some of the symptoms of which they have aggravated. ‘The precise force of the three European Warmée of the Sultan is not easily ascertainable. Without the Rodi (reserve) they probably number 62,000 or 63,000 mon. The number Ne in the Herzegovina at the present moment cannot be less than 10,000. In Bosnia there are about 9,000 men, in Servia'6,000 and in Albania 6,000, Considerable reinforcements are now on their way to Sor- vis and the Herzegovina, Of we navy it is more easy to give an accurste account. ‘The ships actually available to the Turkish government at present are two screw 90 gun ships, each of 660 horse power; two screw frigates of 42 and 30 guns re- spectively, each of 500 horse power; three paddie steam frigates, each carrying 24 guns aud of 450 horse power; one paddle sevm corvette, carrying ix guns,and of 300 horse power; and four screw transports ol large size. Besides the above steamers there are two sailing vea ecls of the line, carrying respectively 80 and 8¢ guns, one sailing Irigate, carrying 62 guns, two cor- vettes, carrying 24 guns each, and sx brigs, carrying 18 guns euch. Whether these brigs are of any real use I leave for others to determine, In addition to the above veseels, the Shadien, screw 84, now in London, will be reaoy for service in August, There are, moreover, ten steam gup-vetseis expected out here shortly, The con- tractors were to deliver them to the Turkish goverament im May. Tbe twelve Ionian prisoners brought down from Sulina in February jast by ber Majeety’s ship Wanderer were on the 28th ultimo tried by the Minister of Police aud the Jucge of her Majesty's Supreme Consular Court They were all convicted of having beeu more or legs active in a riot at Sulina, and were septenced to terms of imprisoa- ment varying from two years to two months. Deli Con- stantinio!, the ringleader, 16 also sentenced to banishment at the expiration of bis two years’ imprisonment. The fray in question appears to bave been a geaeral light between the Greek aud fonian imbabitants of the town. Three Greeks sud two Ionians were killed, and a number of voth fetes wounded, ured, Pi toils aud knives were the weapons as held at the office of the Minister yesterday, for the purpese of con- siderng tbe means of withdrawing the reeidue of the kalmes in circulauon. Fuad Pasha, Minister for Forciga affairs, aud Mehemed Rushdi Vashs, Presicent of une Covncii of the Tanzimat, were present, a8 were also many of the most influeutial of the European merchants and bankers. Atsx on ali the inhabitan:s of the capital ‘was suggested as the best meuns of raising the necessary funds, {he greater number of the gentlemen present seemed to favor the notion of some increased duty or tax upon merchanaise, Fuad Pasba, however, put a stop to the Ojscabeion of that scheme, by intimating that the government was precluded by treaty from increasing the duty on umports, and that they would nos increase the ex- port duty. In this I think the government is right, Tho taxes on exports are far too heavy agit is. It was also Suggesied that the foreign missions might be induced to copsent to @ temporary increase of the import duties; but this, [take it, would be @ point beyond their powers, even were they inclined to concede 1t, which I am confl- dent they are not, Miseellancous Foreign Items. The Manchester Guardian of tne 11th of June remarks:— The motives which have induced the French Emperor to unite with Piedmont in the war with Austria bave been ke re. discuesed and freely questioned. Yet it cannot be id that England has any interest in preventing him and bis army from winning @ series of victories in Northern Italy. No doubt the war was a matter arranged Jong ago, apo it was never intended that.a palaver about a congress should in the slightest degree interfere with the foregone conclusion. Yet the mad conduct of Austria the French and Sardinian armies ail tne justification they needed for what has been dene recently on the banks of the Ticino and the Po. Confined to the soil of Italy this war can have little to disturb our composure. The London Times of the 4th of June says:—The prezent government had subsisted for a year and a quarter tn an admitted and deplorable minority. Formerly such & etale of things woud have been impossible, and now it must be confessed to be neither desirable nor permanent. Stave it off as Lord Derby may, the inevitable day wiil come when the House of Cammone will awake to a con- viction, at which it has bagm unaccountably slow in ar- riving, that it is its right and privilege to limit the government of the country to the hands of those who poreess its confiden¢e, and that the existence of a govern- ment which does not comply with this condition is the heaviest biow which can ce etruck against the constitu. ional powers of the House of Commons itselr. The Paris Siecle of the 10th of June remarks:—One- \ of the population subjected to Austria, or more than the millions of mdividuals whabiting Gallicia, Illyria, tne Tyrol, Da'matia and Croatia, are not above 340 per square isague. It js not in deserts that anything can be learned, ave it js bot popuiations 60 thinly scattered who possess the riches necessary for carrying on a long and expensive war. Seek where you will in that country, which counts emong its population Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Saxons, Croats, Serviaus, Dalmatians, Sclayootens, Wallachians, Morlaques and Slovaques, and ever 80 many other races, foreign and bearing Latred ove to the other, and you will nowhere find ihe eure, knowledge and independence which is to be met with from one end of tue French territory to the otber, as well as in smiling Italy. It is only in great oggiomeralions Of men thut riches, liberty and science, nose wbree great sources of power, are to be found. Comeare Vienna with ite 600,000 inbabitants, and Paris, rich ib a jopulation vearly reaching two millions, Com- pare the great cities of Margei/les, Lyons, Toulouse, Lille, oven and others, with the largest ones of Austria, such 28 Prague, Pesth, Lemberg, Tricate and Gratz, and tne inferiority of Austria will be strikingly apparent. A letter from Naples of the 4th of June in the London dost #ay6:—A modification bas taken piace in the Neapoli- xan Cavinet, but [ am gorry to say uo improvement. A few mere retrograde and somewbaydisreputable mon have been called to tne councils of the young King. The new Minister of Justice is one Gallotti, & creature of the famous Delcuretto. He is nearly $0 years of age, and was always employed in dirty police work. The new Minister of Pox lice 18 Signor Casella, a devoted servant of. the late King’s, Siguor Scorza bas been cailed to ihe Mivistry of Ecclesias- tica) Affaire, and a portfolio is given to Signor Mandarini, & boted reuctionist. M. Bianchini is to be director of the Ministry of the Interior; be is perbaps the best man awobesi them. General Filangieri, Prince Caesero, and Duke Serra Capriola, are named Councillors of State; they are, however, only to be consulted when the King thinke proper to do so. M. Carafa, the Minister of Foreign af. taire, bag Caueed it to be known that tbe government of big Sicuian Majesty will follow out the policy of Ferdinand. IL, et home wna abroad, The Opinione ot turin of the 2d of June gives some account of the Austrian prisoners taken at Patestro who have arrived in the capital They belong to the regi- ments Witpptten, Frederic William’ and Leopold. Many Turinese Dave conversed with them, aud found them com- mmupicative, They state that{Brigadier General Zabo and or oflicers have been killed, and that General tains De Linah and Dawlikowski and the ma- Jor of the 7th battalion of Cbasgeurs are among the prison. ers. They all agree in etating that the arrival of the French had been carefully concealed from them; that af- verwards they were told that the Emperor of the French bad only sent over a few regiments; and that consequent- jy, when they fonnd themselves face to face with a large French force, they were diecouraged. The daring charges of the Zouaves seem to bave lett a strong impression on their minds, The prisoners are chiefly Bohemians, Cro- alians and Tyrolese; but there are also some Italians among them, who, the Opinione states, are delighted at baving failen into the bands of the Piedfmontese. A Florence letter of May 28 ,in the London Herald, says: Hisraly was the masa over when twenty battalions of Freneh troops arrived, having marched from Empoh, about eighteen miies distant. As they entered the towa soldier war presented with a bouquet of rosee, which they #tack on the points of their bayonets. From every. window bung French and Ital.an tricolors, and cries of “Vina Uletia,’ “Ving la Guerra,” and clapping of bands, greeted the new comers, who immediately en- camped on the Caacine (the park) and the Prato (the race urse). The whole population of Florence went down to eee them during the evening; and round each camp fire groups of people wore loitering, watching the proceedings of the etravgers with interest and curiosity, and endea- voripg to Carry 02 a silent conversation by means of signs aod gesticulations. The French !ook good nayured, merry fellows, and ine) of their hot march were putting up the tents, grooming the horses, cleaning their arms, and cooking al fresco with the greatest activity, to the no smell awusement of the Florentines, who tmd never eeen anyibing Oo! the ¥ind before. ‘The London Times of the 6th of June remarks:—The Austrians commenced the campaign of 1859 with a direct infraction of that rule which is of equal authority in the gome of war and the game of chess—“Avoid useless moves.’’ Their military policy was in this neither gene- rous nor chivalrous, nor even expedient. They wasted the open Country where there was no resistance; they avoied the fortresses, they attempted no serious attack, and wey retreated before the first demonstration made byw enemy in force, We saw them swarm over the ‘icine and setete like locuste upom the plains; we heard of tuem eating up all the resources of the townspeople and the peasaptry; we were told that they were putting out foroging parties and exploring parties here ‘and there, and atvanoiwg Wherever there was no resistance. A Loudon paper of tue oti of Juue ptates:—Forgeries oi bits to rather a large amount have jast been brought to Nght. The person implicated is named John Lockhart Morton, was formerly engaged in business as a civil engi- neer in Parliament street, and is now described as mor- chant and bill-broker of Finch Jane, He appears to have bad transactions lately in the timber trade, and also to have made consignments to Australia. His conpexions are highly respectable, and his attainments are described as of a high order, This person was to day carried be- fore the Lora Mayor, and remanded on a charge of forg- ig and uttoring a bill of exchange for £500, purporting 10 be accepied by Messrs. Ps W. Fiower & Co , of Princes street, with intent to deffaud the London Discount Com. 'y, who are the utors. Other bilis, believed to fictitious, are held vy this company, but ‘the amount, ag far as can yet be ascertained, 1s only moderate. The Paris Patrie of the 6th of June says:—In the Adriatic are a peculiar species of vessel called trabacoli, of about 100 tons burden, having two masts, and are simi Jar to the large fishing boats of the Atiantic ports. Tho Venetians in 1848 armed a certain number of trabacoli, ‘and made good use of them agaipat the Austrian army. Austria, in her turn, has found them very usefal in con- veying stores to her troops; but she will heuceforth be deprived of them, The large steamers of Admiral Jurien de la Gravere the trabacoli incessantly, and the latter can neither escape or defend themselves, The Official Venice Gazette states from Fiorence, that nearly all the representatives of foreigu Powers there re- fuse to sign the passports issued by tho provisional government of Tuscany, A correspondent of the London Literarg Gazelte, allud- Jug to the numerous cases of death from accidental poison- ‘pg, advs:—I venture to affirm that there is scarce a cot- tage in this country that aocs not contain an invaluable, certadn, immediate remedy for gueh evente—nothing more ‘ban & dessert spoonful of made mustard, mixed ia a tum- bler of warm water and drank immediately. it acts as an emetic, is always ready, aud may be used in any case where one is required. But take this simple antidote, and you may be the means of saving many a fellow creature from an untimely ena. The London Advertiser of the 8th of June remarks:— ‘Tbe success of the Franco-Sardiniau arms hitherto over the Austrian forces hardly warrants the exuitation in which the friends of Italian independence have indulged, Some better gusrantee of local liberty for those long op- Pressed States is required than the triumph of the Allies «ver the hosts of the enemy. It ig superfluous for us, as the foes of despotism everywhere, to avow our symps- thy with the true friends of Italy aud our desire that that beautiful but oppressed Siranag # may s0un be delivered from the coubie bondage of a foreign yoke and priestly domination; but the expulsion of Austria, were thal a fact accomplished, which it is not yet, does not carry with it a8 its logical sequence, the freedom of Italy. The Liverpool Courier, of the 8th of June, in speakin; of the battle of Magenta, eays:—This battle is but the be- ginning of the end. Austria is slow in action, but tona- cious in purpose. Over and over again had Austria been beaten by the First Napoleon, and yet roee with the ftrepgth of agian\ from every fall. Disjninted and tocon. gruous as her vast empire is, itis held together by hatred of the Italians and fear of the French. Whatever panic may be felt by the Court, nove is felt by the people, and neither Court nor people despair of their fortuner. The indignation of the Vienvese is shared in by the distant hordes of the Carpathians. Volunteers in great numbors continue to flock to the Emperor’s stanilard. fyrol, the German Tyrol, appeals to the manes of Andreas Hofer, and calls upon the Germans behind toarm. Hungary acd Croatia, when in rebellion against German Austria, betovght permission ten years ago to join in punishing presumptuous Sardinia. Whatever causes of complaint the integral portions of the empire may entertain, they will bot epter ipto the ecale with the interests of the dy- nasty or the integrity of the monarchy. ‘The London Times of the 6th of June, observes:—Franco has got the best pretext, if Austria has the beat cause. We are pot likely to accede to the engegement or “under. standing” between France and Russia, and as little are we desirous of blighting the generous agpirations of strug: gling Italy. One thing only appears certain in the case, and that is, that it need never have been brought to the arbitrament of war. War may show which is we strong- est, France or Austria, but it will do nothing for Ita\y which might not have been done tar more surely aad righteously by the agencies of peace. ‘Tke factory for the manufacture of Sir William George Armetroog’s rifled ordnance, at the Elswick Engine Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Eng., is nearly completed, and wil! shortly be brought into full use It consista of five dis tinot buildings, or “‘shops,”’ aa they are tecunically term- ed, and of these, one, the largest, is already finished, and the others are in an advanced stage of completion. Tne firet shop was commenced in July, last year, and is 312 feet in leg It is entirely devoted to bdiacksmiths’ work, and will be fitted with enormous furnaces snd forge hammers for wolding the coils of which the body of the gun is composed. The magnitude of these is such that one of the anvil blocks recentiy cast for this shop weighed no less than 213, tons. Of the four smaller shops, two of them are for the manufacture of the machinery in connexion with the mechanical part of the gun; one is expressly for making the sbot and abell, and the fourth is “ fitting shop.” In addition to these, several other buildings in connexion with the ordnance works are about to be commenced. The work of casting has already begun, and a 70-pounder gun turned out, and when the whole of the shops now built are completed the factory will turn out guns of various sizes at the rate of four per week. Great strictness is to be exercised as re- gards the men employed at the works. Each is to have aseigned to bim his own position, and beyond it he is not to be allowed to advance, The Wiener Zeitung, of Sunday, June intment of Lieutenant General Prince Alexander of ‘urtemburg, , Count Horvath and Count Thun to be commanders of the four new Austrian corps @armée which are being formed. Licutenant General yon Veigi has the command of the Eleventh corps, which en- tered Lombardy a few days ago. The four new corps aro to consist of sixty-five battaliong of the line, and several Joger battalions. ight and-twenty squadrons of irregular border cavalry, seven of which are Serrasseners (known Wo the readers of history as “‘pandours’’), are also to be raiged. A corps d’armée has just gone direct from Hunga- Ty to the maritime coast. A brigade from Bohemia has paseed through Vienna on its way to Italy. A letter from St. Petersburg states that a equadron of seven vessels of war is about to leave Cronstadt for the Mediterranean, A letter from Hamburg saya:—‘ In congequence of the warlike ardor manifested by certain governments of the petty States of Germany, certain persons propose that the Senate shall be requested to tuke steps for causing Ham- burg to be separated from the Germanic Confdderation, snd to be made neutral under tho guarantee of Europcaa Jaw. Such a result would be an eloquent reply to the ex- Segerations from the north of Germany, pubiished in the Auaburg Guzdtte.” The military defences of Toulon, independently of the men-of- war, aro very formidable. The crests of the bills lend are crowned with cetached forts, to command the 1089 from Italy by which Prince Eugene and the Duke of Savoy, atthe head of the auied forces of Auatria and Piedmont, advanced to besiege the town in 1707, while admiral Sir Cloncesley Sbovel, at the bead of tne Anglo Dutch fleets, blockaded 1% at sea, and assisted In the bombardment, A strong fort—Fort Phsron, built on the breuk of one of the hilisa—commands the road from Olhoules, which, when the British occupied the town in 1793, was jgnorantly left undefended, and aliow- ed the sans culottes from Marseilles and Lyons to penctrate the natural defences of the town, the range of hills, and ipveet it. As far could be counted, there appeared to be @ix of these mountain or detached forts. They did not feem very formidable from tbe seaward, although, no Coubt, they could direct a terrible plunging fire upon the two lines of approaches to the town. From their lofty pesition, perched in the clouds, they are not likely to be taken by nesauit, But they may not be so secure from vertical fire us it Wag imagined they would be when first cesgned, THE MARSHALS OF NAPOLEON I, 5, contains the ap- Napoleon Il. is wisely imitating the policy of Napoleon I., who, after he became Emperor, ere- ated his best generals marshals and dukes and princes for particular acts or battles, and thus in- flamed the ambition of genius and heroism. The number of marshals created by Napoleon I. was twenty-six, of whom he also created a con- siderable number of dukes, generally from the name of some field of battle on which they distinguished themselves—as Lannes, Duke of Montebello, from the first fight after cross- ing the Alps in 1800. Of the twenty-six eighteen were created the very day after Napoleon's s- sion to the imperial title, May 15, 1804. They were Berthier, Murat, Moncey, Jourdan, Massena, Auge- reau, Bernadotte, Soult, Brune, Lannes, Mortier, Ney, Davoust, Bessieres, Kellermann, Lefebvre, Perignon, Serrurier, the last four of whom were then members of the Senate. Victor received his baton on the 13th of July, 1807, in acknowledg- ment of his merit at Friedland; Macdonald, Oudinot and Marmont were appointed on the 12th of July, 1800, a few days after the battle of Wagram. Suchet’s elevation took place on the 8thof July, 1811; and St. Cyr’s on the 27th of August, 1812— the former for services in Catalonia, and the latter on account of achievements in Ras sia. Poniatowski received this honor on the battle field of Leipsic on the 16th of October, 1813. Grouchy was created during “ the hundred days"—the time of Napoleon’s return from Elba. Of these twenty-six: two were killed on the field of battle—Lannes at Ersling and Poniatowski on the retreat from Leipsic. Bessieres, who was created Duke of Istria in 1809, was killed {by a cannon ball from an advanced post on the day before the bate of Lutzen. Of the whole band, who survives? Some of Napoleon’s most brilliant generals were not created marshals, because they were killed in battle before Bonaparte became Em- peror: for example, the two greatest in one year, Kleber in Egypt, and Desaix at Marengo, of whom Napoleon said that he was the most worthy of all his generals to be his lieutenant. Of Kleber, who was a native of Strasbourg, and who commanded so brilliantly in Egypt, where he was assassinated in 1800, and succeeded by Menou, who was totally unfit for the command, Napoleon, in St. Helena, said:— Kleber was an irreparable loss to France and to me. He was a man of the brightest talents and the greatest bravery. af Kleber had lived, Egypt would } not have been conquered by the English. On another occasion, in exile, he said:— Of all the ,tenerals T ever had under me, Desai. and Kleber p.ssessed the greatest talents—esp cially Desaix, who was wholly wrapped up in wi and glory. He way 4 little black looking man, abot an inch Shorter thy'n I am, always badly drosse sometimes even ragged, and despising comfort an convenience, SOULT. Of all Napoleon's ntwrshalg, Soult, create Duke of Dalmatia in 1808, is regarded, popular opinion, as the greatest general| exceeding others when invested with the chie! command, though many of them, for pa qualities, were equally, if not more valuable, when under Napoleon's own eye and direction; indeed, such was the genius of that wonderful that he turned the very faults of his generfls in good account in his grand and comprehensive plat Soult rose from the ranks. It has been asse! that he was superior to Napoleon; but Napoleoi possessed not only his best,qualities in a higher d gree than himself, but combined in his own perso! the good parts of all his other generals. In fire, rapidity and terrible energy Soult was not equ: to Ney and Murat, while they were very deficien in the qualities in which he shone. He was almos! the only one that could be safely trusted to fight “on his own hook.” At Austerlitz he was wonder. ful; and when Napoleon met him in the evening on| the field of that glorious battle, he said to him, “Marshal, you are the first tactician in Europe." “Sire,” replied Soult, with great felicity of compli-| ment, “I believe it, since it is your Majesty that| has the goodness to tell me so.” Napier, in hig “History of the Peninsular War,” pays him the highest tribute. LANNES. Lannes, who was known as the “Orlando of the army,” entered the service as @ sub-lieutenant, and Napoleon first observed his ability and courage at the village of Dego, during the battle of Millesino, and made hima colonel on the spot, 14th April, 1796. At Lodi, Bassano, Governolo, and, above all, at Arcola, he was “‘a thunderbolt of war.” At Ma- rengo, in 1800, says Napoleon, he covered himself with glory. At Montebello, from which he won hia title, he was covered with blood. In personal prowess and fighting qualities he was worth a dozen | men. Napoleon said “for along time he was a mere fighting man, but he afterwards became an officer of the first talents. 1 found him a dwarf, and Tlost him a, giant.” When he fell mortally wound. ed at the battle of Essling, Napoleon shed tears over him. He had been in fifty-four pitched battles, and three hundred combats of different kinds. Napo- leon considered him as a general “greatly superior to Soult.” At St. Helena Las Casas read for Bona- parte, from his own memoirs, an account which he had written of the passage of the bridge of Lodi, and in which it was stated that Napoleon had passed the bridge first and Lannes after. “No,” said Na- poleon, “before me; Lannes passed first, amd I only followed him. Itis necessary to correct that error upon the spot.” “It was the passage 6f this bridge,” said Napoleon, “that excited in my mind the spark of great ambition;” and it was from Lodi that Na- poleon was called by his troops the “Little Cor- poral.” MASSENA. In the highest sense Massena, who was an Italian born at Néce, was a greater general than Soult—that is asa strategist or in preparing beforehand those arrangements which make a battle decisive, and which compel the enemy to fight under disadvan- tage. In tactics, or on the field itself in leading troops, particularly infantry, Soult excelled all others. Massena contributed largely to the victories of Montenotte, Rivoli, Roveredo, Arcola, Aspern, Wagram and Essling. It was in acknowledgment of these services he was created Duke of Rivoli, and afterwards Prince of Essling. He was a bril- liant leader of cavalry. In the field he acted always with most courage and best judgment when the battle was going most against him. He was wonderfully cool, and was great at retrieving a fight. His campaigns, when leading a whole army, were highly meritorious. He was apt, however, to neglect discipline. In reply to O’Meara, Bonaparte said in St. Helena in 1815, that Massena was at that time “ the first of French generals.” His character was soiled with the vice of avarice, and his hands with peculation. “Massena,” says Bourriennes “loved two things—glory and money; but as to what are termed honors, he valued only those which resulted from the command of an army.” MURAT. Murat was the son of an innkeeper. He early distinguished himself in the wars of Napoleon in Italy. At the passage of the Mincio, in 1796, his cavalry measured its strength with the Austrian cavalry, which it never dared to do before. He conquered, and thenceforward that arm of the ser- vice was cultivated and developed by Napoleon. At Aboukir he was superb. Under Murat the ca- ry wrought wonders. In January, 1800, he mar- ried Caroline, sister of Napoleon. Murat, as a commander of cavalry, was like the thunderbolt—as sudden, as quick and as effective. At Marengo, at Ulm and at Austerlitz he dazzled the army. He was the handsomest of all Napo- leon’s generals. In 1802 he was made governor of the Cisalpine Republic, and in 1804, besides being created a marshal of the empire, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the National Guard of Paris. He was appointed Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg in 1806, and he afterwards became King of Naples. As a statesman he was miserable. Napoleon drew the distinction between him and Lannes thus:— It was difficult, nay, impossible, more courageous than Mur Murat had remained more. to be ‘at and Lannes; but courageous and no- The mind of Lannes, on the contrary, had risen to the level of his courage ; he had become a giant. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, Murat em- barked in a revolutionary movement in favor of Bonaparte, but was defeated by the Austrians, and was obliged to fly from his own kingdom. Napoleon was displeased with this foolish premature move- ment, which did both of them much mischief. In the misfortunes of France he joined her enemies in their declaration of war in 1814, and Napoleon declined his services, which he tendered him before the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon afterwards said :— He might have enabled us to gain the victory. How usetul he would have been at certain periods of the battle. He would have broken three or four English squares; he was precisely the man for it, fle was afterwards captured by the Austrians, tried by court martial, and shot in cold blood. BESSIERES. Bessieres served originally as a private soldier. Take him all in all, there was no man whose good racter stood so high with Napoleon. Such was steem for him, that when the corps of Guides was organized, from which the Imperial Guard af- terwards sprang, Bessieres was appointed its com- mander. Napoleon loved him, and he almost wor- shipped his chief. He was killed May 1, 1813. In comparing him with Murat, Napoleon said :— He and Murat were the best cavalry officers in the army, but possessed very different qualities. Murat was a good vanguard officer, adventurous and impetuous. Bessieres was better qualified for a reserve, being tull of vigor, but prudent and cir- cumspect. At the battle of Wagram a cannon ball tore his breeches open from the top of the thigh to the knee, running along the leg in a zigzag form, like lightning. The same shot carried away his pistol. He was thrown from his horse, and it was sup- posed he was killed, when a cry arose from the whole Guard. He was, however, only stuaaed. He was created Duke of Istria by Napoleon. SUCHET. The most complete military character among the licutcuants of Napoleon was Suchet, who filled for a series of years the most dstinct and even oppo-