The New York Herald Newspaper, August 21, 1857, Page 3

a fe proporitoa to the Sen ase 5 were vee MAQHLY MAGNIFIED NCFUSORIA TAKEN FROM THE ‘These ergravings represent the ipfusoria magnified ree hundred times their natural s{zo,and are so intinites- wimal be the mereet mites on the surface of a micre- seagie ie Notwithetanding they are so perfect in form, ry (nconatruction, and eo mix ute in size, the bed @f the plateau is so quios and undisturbed from the action ofthe ocean that scarcely any of them, comparatively ig, pet or broken by abrasion or attrition. will, ipdeed, form a sort of bed of down for the ca- ble to rest upon, Incredible as this may appoar, it is ne- ‘Vertheless true in every pariicular. OTHER SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS, ‘To our countryman, Prof. 8. F. B. Morse, belongs the ‘Gredit of having been the first, not only to prove the prac Goability of transmitting messages between distant points mu land by means cf electricity, but of using the same wubtle agent in sending communications below the rurface tthe water. As carly as the 10th of August, 1843, we find bim addressing a letter to the Secretary of the Treasu- ry of the United States, in which he makes use of the fol- towing langaege, speaking of an experiment which he had mado the year previous to tost the practicability of t-ans- ‘miltting the electric cui rent through a conductor submerged ‘im water:-- The inference from this law 5 maunica ion S.7%, plan ae pal Pian cba pe archewry as ‘acroas the A! is seem, Mime will come when this project aill na Im the Haratn of October 18, 1842, the following notice ‘appeared in regard to the first exporiment made in aub- ‘aqueous telegraphing :— MORSB’S PLECTRO MAGNETIO TELEGRAPH. ‘This es invention is to be exbibited in operation at Castle den between the hours of 12 and 1 o’clock to. . Ono telegraph will be erected on r’e Ieland ome at the Uastle, and messages will be {1 ‘and orders transmitted during the day. Many have bem Amoredulous as to the powers of this wonderful triump) of Selence and art. All such may now bave aa opportunity eas re ts destined to work a complete revolu- in the mc gmt igence jughout aS mel ‘unsmiliing intelligence thro the About 8 o’clock om the evening of the same day Profewsor Morse, with one assistant, commenced laying tho iret submarine telegraph ever constructed. The cable, ‘Mf we may be allowed the expression, was not more than the twelfth of an inch in diameter, as may be seen from the anroxed engraving of the lateral and end sections :— 0 SS ‘The copper wire which is reprosezted by the while @pace in the end section was insulated by moans of a Rempen strand which was protected from tho action of the ‘water by coating of tar, pitch and india rubber. About two miles of this wound on a reel was placed in a smal! Pow best, aod with one man at the oars and Professor Morse at the stern the work of paying out the cable was @ommenced. It wasa beautiful moonlight night, and thoro who hai prolonged their evening rambles on the Battery ‘wondered as they gazed af the proceedings in the boat ‘what kind of fishing the twe mes could be engaged in that vequired so long a line. In somewhat icas than two hours en that eventful evoning of the 18th of October, 1842, “the adie” was laid. Professer Morso returned to his homo and waited with sme anxicty the time when be should be able to test tho experiment fully and fairly, The Pollowing morning at daybreak he was on the Battery, and had just cetabdlished ite eucoces by the (rantmission of three of four characters between the termin! of the line, ‘when the commantoation was suddenly interrupted, and it ‘waa found impossible to send any monsage through the @onductor, The cause of this was explained by his ob serving no joss than sovon voare|s lying along the line of the submerged oable, one of which, in getting under way, hhad raired it on her anchor. The enilors unable to divine Ma meaning, bauled im about two hundred feet of it on deck, and finding no end, cut off that portion, and carried Meawny with them. Tras ended the first attempt at sub- marine clegrapbing. Then « small boat was employed in the operation, but anch has been the progress in (ifeen years that (be prodiction of Profeeror Morse ts on the eve @f being fulfiled. Now wo bohold four magnitcent naval vearels employe! in the groat work of uniting two worlds Dy & telegraph lino stretched across the bed of the Atian- tie ocean, and connecting polata which aro between si teen and seventeen hundred miles distant from om ether In 1844 he wrote another letter to the Scoretary of the ‘Treasury io which ho refors to his experiment at Canic @arden, and rperks of a new mode of telegraphing acroes Fivers or other boties of water without wires. fhe fol Jowing extract from his letter is peculiar ¥ interesting at ils time: — In the sutumn of 1842, nt the request of the American Institate, | undertork to give to tho ;eoploin Now York a demonstration of the practicability of my telegraph jand wih Castle Garden, « this purpose I laid my wiros pro. inwelated beneath the water. I hal scarcely bogan nocd bad recelverd bat two or three characters intentions were frustrated by the acci-lents! de of a partof my conductors by a yorsel which m 49 o2 her anchor and cut them off In the mo. mortifioation | immediately devised a plan for such an accident in futore by #0 arranging my the banee of the river aa to cause tho water condnct the electricity acrors. Tac experiment, , wan deferred till { arrived (m Washington, ani December 16, 1842, I tested my arrangement acrows the i wih svocees, Thesimple fact was ascertained ric'ty conid be male to cross a river without Ey i i BE that I had the leisure to make a series to secertain the law of its passage. ng diagram will serve to explain the ox- a HE » | the inten ery patos throug @ river through the plate ¢, and ihence #roand tho ooll of the aagnet river again to plate 9, and the battery N. the mambers along the bank measured by The canal in clgbty feot. Om Avgust 94 the following were the rosulls of the expo- No. hf | Degree of | Sise of the pk Y) Bien \coper Plate @ fohe 82 & at 6 by 9% ft 1854 A 4jg p18 by 18 in i&i Oby bin Maid | bby aK h M&M | bby 2K N 0 a1 & 15 6 hy 2h6 fe showing that cloot-ioity orarron tho river and {n quant! ra ¢ the plates in tyo water on We tame sido of the river from cach other ale affects the retult Having a: the genors\ effect, i was destrona of Stee At which to place myo we myself, { requested (Co expetimesta tre made, and w distance of the plates, a y friend i'vo b (ho most satis uotors than the walor iterif, but it was mot till | 7 Castle about attain - § + i sees itll: fate i | i 33 i trated through ihe irg abandoned as eon ates ‘8 new materia! covered, which was found to stswer everything ele had failed. Fortunately, at this i Hi HY Hay d5es Case, When 1 was mate pease, the Solent Ratees gotta perc its entire po8e were made known. It was tested with the po prin euocers—found not only toresiat the aclion of the water, ‘Dut that it was a perfect son conductor. This important fact ence established, the attem % toconstructasub marine ‘Detween France sud Ragland waa made, and with the most ‘img result. A factory for ths manu. pr A a ior ey MeO and Nata was erected in io ry Tniles of it were made aad ready to be laid down from Calais to Dov ‘The cable consisted simply of the copper wire, which was abou} the thickness of an ordinery knittirg needle, and was encased with guita percha. Ateither end, where it lay in ahaliow water ‘Bear the shore, it was by being enclosed within a tube made of lead. The engraving which wo give in Ric orcupeen pewsents the heteral ae an sections at this of that year, twenty-four WITHOUT THE PROTECTOR. In the following engraving it will be observed that the inner core, or conductor, with the gutta percha ippula‘or, ‘s preserved from the of the water by a leaden tubo in which it was encased in the following manner:— WITH THE FROTBITOR. This cable was laid in tho latter part of August, 1860, between Dover and Calais. Two small steamers were em- ployed in laying \t, and the work was acoomp!ishod in from. six to seven hours. For the purpose of bering | the cable, chunks or weights of from fourteen to twenty four pounds each, were fastened to it at distances of tre sixteenth of a mile apart. This was an casy matter, the groatost dopth pot exceeding two hundred feet along the course of the Kime. In the whole lepgih not moro than twenty-four miles ef cable were paid out, which was only three more than the aciual distance bot ween tho two points. Is was found, however, a short time after it was laid, that @ portion of it bad given way, and the communication was interrupted. Under these clroumstances it was deemed advirable to manvfactare a cable which would be abio to resist all the straining it might be subjected to, and in a comparatively brief Nod tre required article was produced and suc- consfcby Iald down between the points already named. This cable was composed of four copper wires or conduc- tors, each insulated with gutta percha, and afterwarda bound together with hemp Heoped in a solution of tar and tallow. In this condition it the appearance of a rope about an inch in diameter, Outside of the hemp was the iron wire protector, which ir creased the diameter to nearly an inch anda half, Nino miles of this cable were manu- factured every day. In the latter part of May, 1852, Great Britain and Ire. land were brought into instant communication through the same wonderful agent, the submarine telegraph. The distance between the points of connection—H>lyhead and Howth—le sixty five miles, and the hendred and feur feet. There was on’ cable, with the indispensable costing of gutia perchs, which was protected and strengthened by the tron wire covering the outside. It was laid ai the rate of four miles per hour, and fell so evenly that only three miles more than the actual dirtance traversed was required. Scotland and Ireland were connected by a cable of six wires {pn May, 1858. The distance is about thirty miles, and was traverred by the steamer in not more than tea hours. The Collowing Jane a cable was laid from Orford. nets, in England, to the Ilague, in Holland, a distuce of one bundred and fifteen miles. This task wat accom. plished in thirty-four hours, and only four and a half mi'es of cable were required in ‘he paying out over the Actual lergth from point io point, making hardly oue hua- dred snd twenty miles altegetber Another cable con. neota Dover with Ostend, making the third betwoen Eag. and and the continent. In the summer of 1854 a J union was effosted between Corsica and Sard‘nia, in lialy, the Sardinian gov- erpment having granted three vessels of war to assist in the undertaking This work was attended with much dif- ficully, in consequence of the breaking of part of the wire. The submerg'ng of # cable-between Corsica aad the island of Sardinia was successfully accomplished shorily after; but the attempt which was rubscqueat'y made to connect the island of Sardinia and Algeria, and thus osab- lish !mmediate communication between the continents of Europe and Africa, was unsuccessful. and has not since doen attempted, That it will be effected, and at no distant @ay, there is no reason to doubt, as the obstacies are not of an insurmountable character. The New York, Newfoundland and London Te! Company made an attem tin August of 1865 to unite the islands of Ne «foundiand and Caps Breton, but the vesecls employed io the work were caught in a gale, thecable was obliged to be cut, and the undertaking abandoned for that time. Thecadle, as may be seen from the accompenying engravings, which show the exact size, hat three conduc- tors, ard was tn the same manner, by iron wire, as thore alzeady descrived :-— THE PIBST GULF CABLE. object of this arrangement, instead of a single wire of the same thickners, ts pd ney J against the possibility of any break of continalt; ‘ing place in the motal The strand ‘Will streteh tw = Cent of ite own length, and is covered with three layers of the purest gutta porohs, soparately applied. In the subjoined engra:ing our read- ers have a correct representation of this cable and of its exact size. bie weighs somewhat lors than a ton to the mile, the and is one of the lighcst and strongest of ite thickness yet ufactur mant . THE SEOOND GULF CABLE. laid, and been regarded ten or twelve years ago as an utter Impose) dility. fu) ing, Rowever, as this and all ‘pr @ noticed may appear, they dwindle into in tignificance wiih jand and London Telegraph Company are now cagaged. SUMMARY OF SUBMARINE CABLES. ‘The following ia ® correct tarie of the number and leng’h of the submarine cables Iaid down in the different parts of the world: — - Miles. Wiris, Date, “ 6 6 6 1 (1888 116 81868 13 «61863 13 6 (1868 65 6 (18b4 10 6 (1864 16 3 (18b4 5 8 1884 “ Pn Goved... 12 81865 Acrors the Frith of Forth ( nd). 4 @ 16% Varna and Balaklava (acrors the Aiaok Balaklava and Kupatoria. 1 1865 Aerens the Danube ‘at Shumia,, bg Ld 1886 es the river, be to Reggio’, 6 1 1886 Acrows the Guifof 8 Lawre: “™ 1 186 Acrows the Swratte of Northam: Prince Edward's Island 10% 1 1865 Across the Bosphorne at Ks: 1 1 (188 ‘Acroas the Gut of Kanso, Nowa - & 106 Six cablow noreet the mouths of the Da- tube at tke Tele of Serpents, oach one mile long and baying ono conduct or. 6 187 Acroes the Misaies(ppt at Paduoah 1 185t From Pctorebarg to crorrtadt 1 18% Across the Bi. Lawrence at Quebod i 1865 Across the Solard, isle of Wight (Mag 4 ‘1855, Smal tiver Crossingt..........65 - a ‘Teta! Sength of mubmarinos cadiee.....060 mites, total Jength of eubmy 04 tite length of the conducting wiros In yee Should the attempt to lay (he great Al % marine cable be su%0eefu', tho longth of cables Inid do: and the length of bonductich wires to 4,076 miles. NEW YORK HERALD, “FRIDAY, AUGUST 21. 1857. MORE SUBMARINE CABLES PROPOSED. An assoctation was quite recently organized in England under the title of the European and American Telegraph Company, which proposes to establish a direct independent lime of telograph between Europe and America. fh & their intention, if practicable, to lay down a cable from the south of England, and another from or near the port of Bordeaux, im the south of France, t» Cape Fiaisterre, on the coast of Spain. Thence the cable will extend to 020r to, or some moro convenient spot on the Portuguese const, ‘whence it will be laid to Flores, of the Azores, and from that point it will proceed direct to Cape Cod, or if possibie, ‘still nearer to Boston. We have uot beard anything, how- ever, of the discovery of = plateau along this route: but the bed of the ocean near the Azores is known to be of 3 volcanic nature, and has, we believe, some great and sud- den deolivitis which mighi materially interlere with tie laying of @ cable. Tke following are the approximate distances between the several points proposed to be counected :— WIN sso <chabansabonscapeansssi eastecanek coon When the cable from the Island of Sardinia to Algori shall bavo been successfully laid, » land line will be run to the Isthmus of Suez, from which point |} will be extended im as dizect a course as possible over the intervening por- tion of Asia to the most southern extremity of the British Fast India possessions. From this point it will be carried across the Islands of tho Eastern Archipclago to Australis bringing this—one of the moet distant British oolovles— into almest iramediate communication with the roat o government at London. The greatest extent of water ‘which will have to be crossed be'weon the islands in this ocean will not exceed four hunired miles It may be heey pe fifty years, before this can be accom d, but who, looking back at the progress which been made in ecience during the last balf century, will way that the project is a visionary one, or that the kg globe may not eventually be girdied by an electric ‘leng which thought will fy with the speed of lightning, or, indeed, with the bin ow a thought itself? {ne Spanish gorornment bave chartered company to Jav asabmarine cable between Cuba and Florida, which ‘will probably be acoomplished in a year or 80, STATISTICS OF THE VARIOUS LINES THROUGHOUT THR QOUNTRY CONNECTING WITH TEE ATLANTIC WIRE —DESORIPTION OF THE VARIOUS INSTRUMANTS NOW IN USB, WITH EXPLANATORY ILLUSTRATIONS, BTC., ETO. Wo present below @ resumé of the telegraphic busiucas of the United States and the British Provinces im North ABerica, as it stands to day, with statistics of the number of messages sent over the lines, the number of miles of wire, the principal stations connected an¢ other interesting matter collected from the mest reliable scurces. The rise and progress of telegraphic business in this country is one of the most wonderfal evidences of ita growth. Hardly eleven ycars since the first line (from Baltimore to Wash ington) was erected, and now we have our twenty-five thou sand miles of telegraph, connecting every #amiet in tho Union, and soon to be united by means of the submarine telegraph with every important point upon the continent of Europe. THE MORSE SYSTEM. THE FIRST ELECTRO MAGNSTIO RECORDING INSTRU- MENT. The Morse system is based upon the important Glecovery made by Professor Oorsted, of Copenba- gen, in the winter of 1819, which Iaid the foundation of the ecience of electro-magnetism. Hoe ascertained that when a wire conducting cleo!rioity is placed parallel toa magnetic needle properly tuspended, the needle will deviaie from its natural position and place Itself to right ‘angles of the conducting wire. Other now and important facts were soon afvor discox ered. The following illustration and dessription of the model of the Oret electro magnetic recording machine, invented by Profeazor Morse, poseesscs much interest ia this conneo- on. — ey t BOVid NGI BdsL easL ona (Mig. 1.) A tes jocture frame, nailed upon a common table to serve for ihe buikting ep of the machinery, B is @ sort of trough, simply for sustaining tho three drams, C Band F. © ta the paper drom on which the paper is rolled. Els moved by a cord passing over the little poiloy whoo! on the oub ide of the axle of the second wheel of the clock train of F, and is moved by the train when in motion. F is a clock train of wheels moved by the woight G, ana reguinted by a dy. G ta the woight passing over a pulley elevated for the Purpose of @ longer run. HH (Age. Land 2) ism pendulom lever, baying the ful crum at A, and a limited movement of about a quarter of an inoh at (he other extremity, which carries a penoil uyoma emall braok and on the other side |s the fixtare fora epritg and regu- lating eerow, to retain the lever or wishdraw !\, when the magnet i# not !n motion. Tien frantic bi Of copper and zinc, from one pote of which one end of the gonjunctive wire, which is continacus around the electro magnet forming ite hellons, fa attacned, From the other pole the conjuntive wire tothe mercury oup (fig. 3) nm, at one extremity of port rale J, while the other end of the conjynitive wire from the electre magnet goes to the ciher mercury nea warns oe only broken part of the circuit of battery T between the two cups n and o J ia the port role (figure 3) which carrics the tyoe role ‘The port rule is composed of & contact lever M, whore falcrom is supported from the aiies of the frames, ant bas upon one ent of the lever a forked wire for bridging the broken apace between the mercury cops N and ¢ “a apn the other on! a woirht aut beacath it a cog At cach end of the port iole frame «a drum (K apd |.) Figare 4 is a sido view of the rate ia ‘were set up, having pins Jere band; there were many of these made to follow other by simply placing a seound behind the first until the whole message i sent. PIOURE 5. Specimen of the Type Used, FIGURE 6, ‘The charac ere in the alphabet would mark pytine type ip the above nine - “A THE ACTION OF THE MACHDVERY. ‘Tho clockwork being set in motion by releasing the fy wheel of the clock train, the paper begins slowly to be unrolled from the drum C, over tho drum D, and to be rolled upon E, after pamsing under the pencil which ig at the endof the lever H. The lover H has a motion of about one fourth of an inch at the pencil end; the pencil it held by the spring (#60 Fig, 2) on one aide (the left) of the paper strip, and While thus held makes a continuous line on that side. Now, the crank handle, K, of the port rule (rig. 3) e turned, and the endless band brings the tyre ruie, with tw type, under the crg uzon the lover M © fret ty pe lifts the cog and lever, and piunges the fork at the other end into the two cups, Nand 0, closing the cironit of the battery 1, and cbargipg the magnet, e, which, atiracting the koep- er, d, upon the lever H, draws the pencil to the other right) side of the paper, taking ® mark acrons; aad now @ first type havirg passed tho cog of the lever M, the weight causes ibe lever to fall, aud withdraws the form from the mercury cups, breaking tho circuit and dia- charging the magnet, leaving the »; again to act aud restere the levor, HT, with its pencil, to ite position on the left side of tho pape: in its retreat made another mark across tho paper and completed he firet charecter, which it im the form ofa V. Thus, by the con- tingous movemert of the pert rule, with its tyro, the forms of the type. whether dots or Ines, are similariy marked upon bpd. A (AM example of the characters thus marked ts seen in dg. 6) This plan and history of the recording telegraph of Prof. Morse is from the evidence tn the Courts af the United States, proved by several witnesses to have been in operation in 1835. If may well be asked, then, why in every bistory of tho telegraph pudlihed tn Eagland or elsewhere, this date of 18365 rhould be ignored, and the in- jostice towards Prof. Morse Mal eg by Constantly giving tho date of bis invention 1 ‘He planned it in 1882, and executed it {n 1835. The date of tho caveat or tent 14 not the date of the Invertion, for it will scaroaly tained that the invention was not made if he had nat taken his patent. Prof, Morse, tn 1836, conceived the idea of mating an electro magnet record words by having » steel point fixed to end of a lever, upen which was at tached an armature—the armature, in being astract- ed by the electro megnet, to indent paper, which should be drawn forward at an noiform rate of speed Prof. Morse found himself unabie to mako uso of his in stroment for great distances, from the resistance to and disstpation of the electrical current along the conductors. To overcome this difficulty he adopted im the spring of 1837 a receiving magnet, and a relay or repeating ctrcutt, Prof, Morse made application fora patent in April, 1838, and in December, 1842, Congress appropriated $30 000 for the purpose of teeting its practical applica‘ion. In tho month of June, 1814, the instrument was working {nan eminently succersfol manner for a disiance of forty miles, between the cities of Baliimore and Washington. Prof. Moree bas cbtained for bis instrument patenta—the firet was dated June 20,1810, This was ro isrued January 15, 1846. A second patent was taken oat oa the ith of April, 1846 Those wore both reissued on the 13th of June. 1848; and another patent, containing tm- ments, was taken ont on the Ist of May, 1349. The folowing is the latest machine made by V’rof. Morse, and which is now in general use:— The elements of this machine are:— 1. Biectro ae (M)—Round pars of soft iron on- cloned in wire helices. ‘one Armature (A)—Of soft iron, suspended above elec. magne's. 3. Pen lever (L)—Moving on !@ falerum., carrying arm aivre (4) 8) ope end and steei oy point (P) at the other 4 Atrain of wheels driven by weight or spring—Tho train is controlied by a fly wheel and drives two rotlors, which carry forw: jon. A broke (B) electrical carrent passing throagh them; attract the armature (A) irives the pen point aga’ nat the paoor (F), prodacing « mark upon the reverse tide, which is elthor a dot or & line, according aa the clectri sal eff sot ts instant or con- ‘The instru ment represen'ed in the engraving is more elaborate in constraction than thore in common use. Tho working parte are enclosed ina plate glare cue. The winding up aparatus is entirely outside this case. Ao endless chain (¢ cba w tro magnet: placed the arm atores, which in tte motion cicves short local cireoit around @ tecond magpat with suflicicat strength to indent the paper. Covsiderable experience to THE HOUSE PRINTING TELEGRAPH. The Houte !’rinting Telegraph is based upon the step by step motion, or that the number of waves sent sball de. termine the letter to be printed. The type wheel is made to revolve by means of @ treadie, but is ehecked at each letter by an escapement, which only allows ii to move forward one letter ata time, This eacspement ie moved by the flow of compressed air upon alternate heads of « planger. The passage of the aire governed by «valve tis ched to the armature of the axial cleciro magnet, eaca wave of the galvanic current cau lag am aotion of the mag net, and consequently of the plunger and esospe, ment, by the air force, The object of using air le to get greater power in the cscapement, ae the cloo trical current would be too weak to move the esoapement whilst enifictent to move the armatures and yalve—the operator sending obecks a ciroult breaker af a cortan number of waves, and this stops the type wheel by means of the ercapement, and as fo0n aa stopped a preen is on. locked which imprints the letter. This unlocking of the press ie vory ingenious, depending in ite action on the mo. tion of the type wheel, which prevents by ite motion the vplocking of (he press, This lostrament te more rapid than Morte although averey ng seven waves to cach loser printed. whilst the Morse is but 3%. ‘The ‘constituents of this tel@graph are the compos Ing machine, a cempynd aaial magnet, a manval power, which sets the two machines in motion, sud a lewer or !} tale wheel, from which meestgos can be read shoali the printing machine get out of orier. Acomposing and printing machine are both reqnived at every station The printing apparatus is entirely distinct from the circu", but ail the comp wing claded in and form part of it. The cireult commence 'n the galvanic batery of one siation, parses along the con Cuctor to another ttation, through the ooil of the arial magnet to a0 lernlaied trom frame of tho mmpring me chive, thence to a cheult wheel revolving tn thir frame Tt then enters & spring that rabs on ths ode of this cireult wheel and har @ connection whh the retern wire, along which the ele tr gcen through another battery haok ty the station from whence {i start the rame courte thy the Comoe Ing_msohin: And all olbers upon the dac, Thugphe oie mach nos are ta to mt Agere axial magnets, conducting | may be feily sodersient, weapperd ihe following Mas No, 1 MOUSE PRINTING TELEGRAPH Macuins. NNN SN NNN AS SER SS Se = Als the cleciro magnet, which movea the valve ; C is The engraving No. 1 represents a view of the whole cf the type-wheel and press; F the atrip of paper to be | the Hughes instru: Lid clock wheels fnted vpag ; Hibeiok band which couveysine formark: | electvo'm fret ater: svoeind pl jagaet, vi brat t whe Cult breaker. to; Wa, A te the slecite ames eh, Ponatined by aatee! natural Bistho vibraung micane of whleb all the instruments are kepe Fanning uniform speed This spring In ite vibra'tons moves @ ing the paper; M, puiley from which the machinery is of bands. driven PY. means as E. House obtained two pa'onts ; the first im Octo- ’ 1848, the second in December, 1852. cnibe samectaht Dis the tree meet olen eens cumecuart a yi THE HUGHES INSTRUMENT. whcela KE, whion abo taras the ees i. ims around the cor- 1 same letter on the typo breaker F, sinking one of the Te ponding to the key, when ‘wheel is opposite the as ‘. ‘The Hughes instrument consiats of atrain of clock work, (E. E ) keys for closing the circuit, an electro magnet, (A.) and a vibrating spring (B) to govern the type whoel, (D.) which revolyos by ‘aid of the train of wheels. The clock work consisis of four cog wheels, turned by a weight, which turns a shaft with « wheel, upon which are engraved the lettera of the alpha- bet, This wheel is inked by a small roller, Below the lype whee! a small press moves the paper to be print- od upon against tho letters. This press moyos only when the armaiure of the magnet acts by a current of electricity being sent along the line, This system is based upon division of time—the House upon the sumber of waves, aud the Morse upon the length of break and closing of circuit—the levers in tho iatter depending on the numper and jength of the ‘waves tent, aud if the magnet at the receiving station misves one wave a different letter is received. In the Hoghew’ system this is impossible, as every wave sent is of the same duration, and every wave records a letter. The parjicular letter depeads apon the timing of the type wheels,whicb are governed in their rev lutions by a vibrat- ing spring (B). fhetype wheels being entirely independent of electrical intiuénce, it follows that if they Keep me toge ther on s short circuit they will ali ona very long cir cult, as time is the same everywhere, and time being divided into twenty-eight parts for the letters of the alpha bet, must ever remain the same, provided that a! the in struments move through the tame space in the rame time Two clocks, keeping exact time with one anolber,will re present the Hughes instrument—that is, if both clocks start ‘at one o'clock they will both arrive at 12 together. Bup- pose a wire stretched from each clog with a magee! at each end so that it would sound a bell when the circuit was closed: if a person at one end the line closed the cirovit at tbe moment the clock was at 12, it would sound at the other end at 12also. Now, suppose a type wheel took the place of ‘he hands and the magnet prorsed a piece of paper against the letiers, it would prin} the samo Je:ter a8 was (ouched at one end at boih stations; and as these The engraving No 2 shows the manner by which the vibrating spring checks by ite vibrations the escapemoat wheel A is the vibrating sprit fastened by a connect- ing rod to the anchor esoapement 8; this checks the wacel exactly in the esme manner es a common clock 090); ‘ment, with tl dotted lines No. 3. clocks would keep time equally as well 2,000 milos apart | yo" er 4 ny paled off by the: ryt ‘as in the same room—lt follows that the writing from one fag soon? Eu cam, which whee pertaltied to roweive to the other would be correct,no matter what the distance, | by the unlocking of the detent F, the armatere provided the magnet would act as well on @ long circuit as = to a etal ih the fo of mass ) after current of electricit on ® short one. ‘ ‘The magnet of the Haghea tnatrument isa peculiarly |, Supplied with ink by a roller revolving im contact simple and effective arrangement by which electricity 1s | Die Ptr ine rae, upon which ‘ae made to work at ite highest developement itetosd of tts ; when @ current ls sent through the wiree amallest, as iu sil other systoms—the Aughes magnot ee Be ing ly of & gad opane, the do- " " ¥ Press working by the power of tne holding force of e'o:ricliy and paper ‘againet the Jed letter. The of the Morse by its attracuve. An electro or mataral mageet will eustain one huncred times more when placed ia con- tact with the armature to be held than when haviog to at tract the same body, or will sustain the same woight with 100tD part of the battery required to attract it wt the dis tance of one sixteen ih part of an inch; but wheo the arma ture is Jet loose from tho mugnet it would take a very stropg batiery to draw it back «gain, with ou; it was placed there ty some other force. The Hughes magnet uses those principles, and electricity only holds the armature whilst im contact As soon as \t is set free by the distant operator cloticg the ciroull, {t falls against a detest which brings armail cam in play and restores the armature to ita reeting place ja contac: with the clectro magaet. This operation is performed letter that te p intet, the magnet never acting until a lever !s sent, and then only once to each leiter: thue every electrical wave prodace: a leter. The sens ilivences of (xis arrangement |a so remark able that it works perfecily when 1s is Impossible to taste the current, or by any other test to peroeive it; and i has Printed perfectly with a minute Davery contained ia s cherry tone, excited only oy ono drop of water. The principle of making all the inmraments {ime with one another, so that (hey always prosent a cor. tain letter oppos te the proes ai the same jomtant, and also to revolve rapidly, bas been acoomp\isuod by the union of & well-known law im accoustiog to mechanics, Tous a cor. tain number of vi if neoond produces a cor ain muaical tone; if a spring vibraics certain tone, It must laville, Ky., waa petented years of experiments, and it now mand that can be desired of a mept, boing cheap and simple in and reliable in ite execution, and working oa of circuit, evem through the moat severe storms. AMERICAN TELEGRAPHS. We commence with the Eastern lines,as baying direct Connection with the Atlantic cable — NEW YORK, KEWFOUNDLAND AND LONDON TELEGRAPH COMPANY. The New York, Newfourdiand and London Telegraph Comyjany was organized some throe years since, under a special charier from the Logisiature of Newfoundiand. The stockholders are some baifs dozen enterprising citt- zens of New who conceived the project of connect- ing America and Purope with @ sud-marine cable, This enterprice waa undertaken to supply the last Hak of land ines reaching to tho eastern verge of North America, pre- para ory to spanning the cooan wi\h @oable, The offers of this company are: Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Oy rum W. Field, Marshall 0, Roborts and Wilton G, Hunt, Dires- tore; Peter Coover, President; Oy rum W, Field, Vice Preal- dent; Moses Taylor, Treasurer; Prof, 8. F. 8. Morse, Kieo- alwaya vibrate in equal Umos. If this apricg in {is vibra. ‘ tions releases & of an cecapement wheel (C ) and Suaehe bar Age Cereal "hell i Ra that « lter of the type ery vipration, tnis type | Fol" soya seats, to the Gull ofS fawren'm, inecse a Myer Fmany han cortain Bamber of times s | bys sub-marino cable across the Galf $5 miles td Ne 7- nents bave cech a vibra pring of the samo tone, | %Bdiand, thence to the sity of St. Joune and Uspe Rive 360 miles, with also @ submarine line connecting Sack- po aad Brunswick, with Charlottetown, Priace &dward’s land. ‘The Hines of this company comnect exclusively with the cable of the Atlsntio Telegraph Compaay at Trinity Bay, N. F., and it is understood that the two companica will Coneolidated as toon ae the connection shal! nave been made with Farope, It is also understood that ali the lines im Nova Scotia will be placed under the control of the above named company, NOVA SCOTIA TELEGRAPH LINES. ‘The first telegraph tine in this Province wae ballt by tho government in 1549, aad extended from Halifax @ Am- herst—10 miles. In 1868 a private charter was granted 10 H Hyée, Eaq., by the torms of which he was empowered to extend lees to all parts of the Province, and also to purchase the government line, Mr, Hyde, ander the ps- tronage of the Hon. 8. Cunard ands few other friends» speed ly built and equipped about 1,200 miles of line, at aa expense of $120,000; end there is now probably no terr!- tory of equal exient on this aide of tho atlantic thal is 0 uments mast alwae revolve in exact ime carry around with them a circuit closer over wenty sighs Pins corresponding to ae lewers ai type whee! any of these pint are touched by oorres ing keys the circuit is closed atibo moment the closer int. The armature immediately fails off, opens the detent which locks tho press to the wheel work; this moves up the press, and wheo the lot. ter i# printed unlocks iteif until again locked by the action of the armatare. it follows that if the right key is touched tho letter intended 5 keys arc the same as im a pianoforte, and Parsee that e ty, the faster he touches the keys the more rapid it will print. Five and six keys oan be touched at the same instant, the Instrumen! prinung otf every letter*correctly, thus allowing operators to send agile ement of the Band, whiletin the m the key bas (0 be moved several mes to 1 wwerage speed of this instrament is about 250 lo'tors | well provided with telegraphic facilities, The lines are y minute, and at this fate both ways atthe camo time, | now owned by the Nova Sooua Electric Telegraph Com Bein an sotual tranemiselow of 560 letters per minute, or | pany, and tranemit equal to about 100,000 mesraqes per five ‘as fant as the Moree. snnum. Preliminary arrangoments have, we coderstaad, Company and the by whi sh the for- tne lines to the iat The fact of the possibility of writing both ways simulta neowly on one wire has been Cally demonatramd, working ry ly both ways as one, an tually om the same wire at the same instant of time This is accompilshed by the arrangoment of the |e #0 that It does Dot affect the mag not at the office rer ding, but the in- stant that a distant office puts on bate: mer will soon surrender the ‘er company. AMERICAN TELBGRAPT COMPANY. cee neers saan, nemaiateanaan, se Paw rom, commerce, Mar” eu Sata mee ‘The American Telegraph Company of Now York wae formed and went In'o operation in the winter of 1866-6, under the laws of the State of New York, with a capital of $2,000,00¢, Hmited ue officers are Peter Cooper, Wileon @. Han!, Cyrus W. Hiram ©. Alden, and Janes Eddy, Directors; bolt te sent ibrough af yermita the instrament to ron; if not, it flange snd locks the wheel. The o what letter a certain instrament will that key; thie allows the instrament municate with to run, and be Cao Fon@ the moesage to that ene without fear of ihe other ¢ Meee suing Mt, ae they all would be locked, and could not bring \Be'r Inetrumenta in Triton with te one commanicatiog. Thos W is absointely seoret in ite a and = Sse, aay ‘sae one cond rene his 0 only necoseary to § - en ; Mt line from Rotiand, Vt, to Boston, wire, eo gala Ss ar are Tho, by ie Nortors elegract ‘bom: The advant’ges Of this system over all others are: — peny. Capt al abon' “ paaiag each 2 of the Maine Tolegraph Company, Boston, via le erent repidity—printing 960 letters way por | | Lace of ihe Meco, Portion’, natn ek or. Machine and Kaxtport to Catal Bangor, Mache cept bel Tees ro there are two Witee, Newboryport sad Portsmouth, and jon. ortionéd at Sooth Rorwick, Meine, les. Line (rom Portiand vis Low Huncor; length 149 wller, ome wira, 2. Bracing acd recetvirg a Ihe sane time over one wire. 3. The extreme delicacy of the magnet, working with less battery than any other rystent 4. Iie only requiring one elect:toal wave to exch letter being the only syetom that ever worke:l with one wave 6. Tis perteat frosdom from atmoypteric dista: bance 6. Its power Of sending with seerees ty any 0 b ne Maino 'O 6 — its wo. k day after cay wit £ grap Compsny’s tine, Sout in ee pobn io boundary of Nove Soom In Orde; that the working of the Hughes iusirumea