The New York Herald Newspaper, March 6, 1856, Page 2

2 RUSSIAN VIEWS OF THE PEACE QUESTION. Vindieation of the Motives of the Emperor Nicholas in Entering on the Present War. Vindication of the Motives of bis Saceessor in | Concluding Peace. | THE SCLAVONIC COMPARED WITH OTHER RACES, | &., &e., &o. THE DECISION TAKEN BY RUSSIA. THE CHARACTER, TENDENCIES AND INTSRESTS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE [rrcm the Russian organ Le Nord, of Brassels, Feb, 2.] Since the reply of the Russian government to the pro- positions transmitted to it by the Austrian Cabinet have been made known, the whole of the European pres: has been enabled to pronounce its opinions upon the act, the importance and necessity of which we were the first wo acknowledge. But before examining this matter more particularly, we were desirous of forming an opinion of the impression which it was likely to produce in Europe as well asin Rosia For this purpose we have carefully eoleeted all the opinions which have deen published re, garding it. ‘The general impression created by the Russiam accept ance is profound, and is highly favorable to the character of the young sovereign who, appreciating the evils which the war has brought upon his country and mankind, bas had the noble coursge to yield to the feeling of the whole of Europe, which was impelled by fatal complications to tall bir, and to prove to bin, that it was from him alone ‘that it expected peace. In this manver the answer of the Emperor Alexander HL. was viewed by Austria, Prussia, Germany and Fracee, fm & word by all countries where public spirit knows how to elevate itvelf high enongh to understand and honor wach reaclutious, England, if we @e to take her press as her exponent, has alone expressed @ different opinion, Dut as all Furope has promptly gave thie opinion, we Baye not to occepy ourselves with it, We reserve to ourselves, however, the privilege of ex amining, ot another time, the causes acd motives which, for forty years, urged on Great Britain to a selfish policy, diametri sed to the interests of the world. To- concessions of the ly, the impor ant rom ao exclusives from an exelusiv day we merely purpose to examine 2 Cabdicet of Influences © ly Furopean, b Ruruian point of view. Amongst all the Jaiferent impresssons which prevail in Burope relative to Russia, that which represaats entirely Gestitute of pudlic cpimon is not the least er- ropeous, This asertion was, perhaps, to a certaia ds- gree true rome forty years ago. But since the war ot 1813, azd above all, dusiog the reign of the Emperor § @las, public opinion bax made in Russia immense pro gress, and those who are enabled to follow tts develope- went must certainly recognise that Russia is to-cay one of the countries in Europe where this public spirit is the more in:ense the loss it finds an easy medium of expree- moa, ‘Therefore it 1s not astonishing that the Russian government (a preceeding which, in former times, nas been atizibuted to it asa merit) haa never lost sight of publi: cpinion, end even wok wore account of it its sbeolute forms would have led others to suppose. In fict, in the consideration which it ac- cords to public’ opinion, from tme to time, lies the secret ot that force amd independence of action of whish that government has never given a greater proof to Evrope twan at present. It was enableionly | Ww give this procf an¢ to yield wo public opinion in Ea- rope, because it had yielled, im the beginning of the war, $o that ot its owa countiy. # legitimate. natural, but perhaps tardy conce: to the natural sentument of Russia, her governme: dered ibe actual war possisle; by ® not less legitt and necestazy concession tw tho public senuaent Burope it renders it heuceforward impossible. gust is inevitable. Tbe great art of the nation like Russia consisis m knowing how to satisty, by | turns and in me, the exigencies of its own cout and those of other nations. Avandoned to taem-elves exgercies st last encounter and oppose each otter, Coniinually compressed, they sooner or later violently | her as break forth or Gisappear, leaving the pation they have just animatea without foree and without fu- ture. But, cirecied by s wie and ealigh’ened govrn- ment, they lore by the mere sstistaction whict is given them whatever (bey might have of exclusiventss, sna eontownd themseives in tne mage of c:mmon and great imtereste. Far from having instinc # contrary to the repose of Europe, Ruesia—ihat Ruesia which 1s but litte kavwo and not that other Russia which is assumed to be Kaowa contains in herself more than one pledge of nec fatere wholesore influence on the cxvidzed world. By prrticu- larly happy circumstances, only due to her geographi cai position and her national elements, her real iate- reews, material as well as intelleztnal end soc’al, ave no- | where in direct opporition to those of the othar nations | of tbe comtinen:. Tpis true to the degree that it would be aifficult to indicate apy poin:, pisee or occasion here a really Russian interest would be opposed to thove of Europe. The nalurs! consequence fe that the political affairs of | the continent, even when the Russian nation, by forwer engagementa of her government, and by her ebaracter av cne ot the great Powers, has been induced to take an active part im them, have never exercised such an influence oo her as to become 10 her national ques tions, Such is not the case in the Easte-n policy. Huw- ever, even bere the conflict a8 to Russia does not originate mm her merely material and perronal interests, but ia ner national sentiment. This seatiment, which we purpose to analyze, because it is useful to do eo, may have ica good and its evil side; but suiil, itis nevertheless that of @ com: nation of fitty millions of individuals. Cer- tainly it is in no case, as it has been pretended, a senti- ment of fanaticism, for it springs from eminently «-ner- ous and cisinteresied sourcer, to which we coul: even give the name of cosmopolitism, common io all nations Of Sclavonic origin, and which tends to an aim of great- news and fatarity t of the poiicical regeneration and oe liberty of Saat. Russian—that 1# t> say the man of the people, who in to-day the beneficent and sila:ary source to whiea tne eons ot the richest boyars look for inspiration, at the mournfal appeal of his coreligionist, whom he ea!ly hi- Drother, because this opprestion reminds him of his owa Jot under the Tartars—ieaves his fields and home, and sa- erifices even his fortune to hasten to deliver him, and he unquestionably would act in the same way tow any Christion, whether he might be « German, a Pra man or even an Foglisbroau. This service once rendered, he wonld return to his field, without asking for the least pecuniary or territorial retiibution, and without think- img cf taking any aivantage of him whom he has succored. | ‘This generous and disinterested sentiment which in (ier. | many, France avd Ergland, has beea ackvowledged by all thore who bave written on the sclavonic races, is attribn- ted, in Russia, to the religious conv: ‘ Th cannot be a-serted that this idea is groundless, for if you question the Russian peasant @s to the reason which determines him to defend so waimly the cause or those who, being not Russians, profess the same religion he wid apswer you “that tne duty of Caristians 1s to heip each other mutually.” But more than this, we take leave to observe that this precept is the same with ail Christendom, and af it has more eway over the Russian nstion, it i) because t mation possesses cualities and elements which give vo cavilizing germ a greater developemen: than it has ¢ where done. It would be easy for us to write a volame on this question, ant in particular, to prove thus this 1s not only ‘be consequence of the cherscter ot the Sclav yale people, but also that of the absence of feudal pe 4, in their past bistozy—principles emineatly rietian, and of the absence of tne inquici religious persecution, and of all the evils of the middie ages, the result of wich was to absorp the purely Cariv- » element im the political element. In taie magner we shall prove that the real vital sentiment by which the whole Rus+ian nation is, to the same ‘agree, animated, fs rather that of « kind of social fr , based upon the most religicus princtplesand tendsncM™, which, io Russi, by a particularly happy cofac 4 we bave demon- sirated in our reseat en the social ead e:onomicsl institutions of the Russian people, vlend wi.h the princi and sovereignty. Tris sentiment, we repeat, may als> have its evil side; but history, the phtiosopby ct which it is sometimes nve- fal to recell, venc! ubat in this respect the dete of neticns ‘ofren serve them as a mesos by w they are enabled to perform the part Providence hhas sscigned to them. [4 is not by her unper fections, that is to say, by her versatile genius, by her fondcess of novelty and change, that the F-enca wation became the moving force of Europe, and perf ed, in our times, at her own expense an Hant, but terrible shocks, the part w! wae played by Greece? And dows not Eogland fi cisely, in her grea'est national defect—egotism itty which enables her to contripute fa turn her are to the work of civilization and material progress ? Does not also German phlegm nnd pride of xaowletge effectually aid the progress of 6 and bumaa intells gence? And does not the ardor, the eothnaiaem, the poetical and artistical passion of |taly, in the eres. feat ly ef nations, crown this distribution of ¢ isferent charac ters and parts, which eerve like so mony conductiog wires cy which Providence leads the world to the og and inscrutable ends which He bh Russian pation has also reset tion, and we bave just bad # pi egotism and individualiem, xo contrary to her spirit of asociation, cannag be fairly reckoned amongss ner de fects. Isis, t fe neither by force nor by conqusst —tor th 4 bave never been snima'ed vy the thirvt of c t—that sne will accomplish t f xentiment. The sudden i in the eave of Ruseia ome thato? the inagina- tion, with Eng’ ners, with Germa that’ of metaphysical absiraction; but we bulieve, Ii wie 1 find her destiny in Oaght he va that, in ber turo, she © ota, and evenin ber sacrifices ulate herself on just accomphabed in favor of the ex) f Europe? We repiy that, from our point of has, and will hav od reasons to dos we | na rencies and the 1 fat an to ansert that this nacrifice—so, a! last, ted, fortuitous act, but the | a, m clove relation | of those who bad arrived from Constan faople, relaave N | ot hatved and discontent? deing a conquering snd military nation. So farts she from porreswu g tuis character, tha’ ber peopie will never understand the necessity of a political war. To kil! for the pleasure of killing has never been the Selavonic taste. The Russien w0l always fight bravely, for the Russian ia pstorally brave, but bis courage abnegstion will reach the height of heroism oxly in a war where his na- ticpal septimente are engaged, be it direc st the ed age | eremies cf bis faith or against the inva-ion of his coun- | uy. Therefore be will never, in bis quality, comba: so weil as o dri'led solcier, as & partisan and’a voluateer. He requires freedom of movement, in order to give vent to his individuality and his emineatly ingenious spirtt. We may also remark that im time of war the Russisa | generals slways set their soldiers tree from that con- | sttere ot formality which neu- straint and from all thor tralize the {parviduality of man, to the protit of aiset- pline and mase him kind of ambulatory machine. In & word, the Russian wants to have on his banner au biem, a device, which indicates to him an idea or a sé timent, for which be can tight. But the spirit of conquest bas never inspired him st any period of his national It is, peverthe’ess, easy to conceive how the sentiment of social and retigicus confracernity, which we have above reccgnized in the vation, accords with the dreams of ambition and conquest her government may Dave pursued st certain epochs of the past. We are in clmed to deiieve, for example, that the eminently sus- ceptible mind of the bmprers Catherine allowed itself to be influenced by fictitious advantages and shat she conceived, for ® moment, projects which carried in their immensity their own condemnation: but we sre hkewise convinced that the Emperor Nicholas vever gave himself up to sucn dreams. First, he was too practical s man not to recog- nize vbeir material impossibility; ani then hia greatest enemies cannot but agree with us on this poin’: he aever knew how to compound with bis word. Now, as regards Turkey, he bad loyally exgaged his word towards England ty the memorandum of 1844. We wili go further ard assert—for we would be able to prove it by facts—that the loyaity of this sovereiga pu, perbsps, even bis extreme deterence for Fogland were such, that to them must be attnbuted the liberty with which the English government was allowea to par- sue her intrigues at Constentinop’e until they brougot ‘about the state of things emring in 1853. Still the eame quasitier, ofven changed into defects by ha- man vicissituces, urged on the Emptror Nicho'as to occupy himrelf with the affairs ot Western ne, He bey conridered by the European governments themseives tue dulwark of order and conservative principles, agaiost re- volu'ion, ¢ia not retreat before the daoger of sssuming, in the face cf public opiuiow, the responsibility of the acts aod often even of the faults of those governments. Their unpopularity became bis, and, in consequence, tat of tke whole nation which he governed. This jrdg- ment will, pexhaps, appear extreme to certain individuals, but we are convinced that history wil! confirm it. Tois post of tbe advancei sentinel of urder and tranquil unpesed on the Emperor Nicholas we du y to metatain, even in time of peace, an iomense army on & war fvoting. Public opizion in Europe, litte taniated im the tn- timate relations of the cabinets, beneld in this array rees but a threat of anzdi‘ion and ¢ And, as it believed the national sentiment of Ru be disposed to serve a¢ an insteume at bition of every hind, the scene and aiai the East, it is easy to understand why bated the fact of the Czar’s keeping «4 army to a design of seiz'ng Consten*) In their declama ions against Russ'., appeas to forget one fact, which Woilst esch of the Baro; re amidst the commotion i senth centuries, Russia—thia ought act to looke¢—fough: for her independence aad her fsith against the domination vf the Tartare, This hss always arrived, like a tardy conscript, as ic were, in the enlistment cf national individuahtios. No! therefore, to be astonished a1 finding humanitarian a rations and religious tendencies in her, ata tine when only political ideas and egotis ical calculations are uuder- ae cand admitted, always attri ot 0 large an we have only to lock to the jong list “Pilgrimage to the Holy Pe ersourg. Moscow and 1853 in order to e0 whish the yeuti- er of which we pablished in during the years previ wes of the p: ment of religious fraternity, the ol have odove anslyzed, bad obtained st “bis peciod in dussia, ‘Tke pilgrimages to Jerusalem ha-i never been as ent. Not only did wealtty tourists and zeyentant ladies of the nobility proceed there at consicerable expense, but thou- sards ¢f wen and women of the lower classes, from all corners of the empire, left their homes to make this long and painful journey. Even pessanis of Archangel di not recoil before the tnmense distence whica separates the White Sea trom the borders cfFourdian. Tasreis, par- pape, in the reappearance in the boso = of tue Greek cay ch ad cn the frentie.s which sepacate Europe and Asia, of a religious movement in which, soma seven centarivs ago, Catholic France found for herself the baptism of chivairy apd for her king the crown of Saint; there is, | repeat. in the reappearance of this Christian wadeney an idea which the philosopher ought to take mn-o cvnsid tion. As to us, we can only state the facta, without wish- ing to draw other inferences fram them than to express the effects they necessurily must have produced ou the nd, of course, cn the Russian government. in fect, all the pamphlets we bave just spoken of, and eportsct sil thore retarzed troin the boly places, whi b cbtain general circulation, describe 1m ‘pathetic and oitcn passionste language the cruelties and im pleties 10 which the Christians cf the East were exposed on the part of the Moskme. Under toe presore of the publi: opinion of bis eoumry «ol ct bis own sentiments, excited by the reports to the intrigues of France and England, tue Esoperoz Ni cholas found himeelf obiiges to take against Tarksy step: which it always painful to him to cecide upoa, the mission of Prince Menschikoff nezessarily failed. as it was underteken too late. The demands of England apd France, and the ulturatum cf twenty four hours of Pricce seiningen, had teen succeerful. Piinge Menszhi- kof found in Constantia ple the ground alceay ocea- pied, and Russian inflveace entirely undermined. His reclamation had besi¢es ihe immense Cisadvantage of pot being supported either by cannons cr bayoneis. ‘This deing the case, the Russian government ougat, perhaps, to have kept out of the s-rape. But was it possible to do so? The public sentiment of his country as weil thst of the Emperor Nicholas himself did noi parmit it. Moreover, reither the pndiis cor the Euperor in the least suspected tbat a coslitiva was forming against Ros sis. The Emperor believed iu it only the day when, »! ter basing wirely declared that be would remain oa the defensive, be learnt by the insinuations which reachsd him from Londcn and Paris that it was intended to drive hiro from his defensive position. He felt also thet the Turks would only show themselves conciliatory on the day when they should rece've a proper lesson. The effaiz of sicope happened certainly very unex: pectedly, but, however, just m time to serve asa motive for, and to jastaly, toa certain degree, the entrance of the wllied fleets into the Blsck "ea. From tbat day, pease became, on either side, imporsible. Ua the one side, berause @ great Power, like Rustia, can retreat iess be- fore # threat than betore an attack; and, as to the al- Nea, they had advanced too fur to be enabled to retreat before obtaining a decided sucrers, The same reason, we believe, prevented them from giving peace to Enrope at he Conferences cf Viean Jt was also necessary for Rusia to obtain a vistory jike that of Kars, for netions as well as individu- ale have their self love avd points of hovor. It may even de rnid that Rusesa waited only for the legitimate satis- faction in orde: to accord Europe concessions which, 2 lea#t im prisciple, never met on the part of the Russian government with any serious obsta this government as well esxential and important psi every other consideration was but object for which they Ped taken that the ifberty f the Christians might become acd #n accomp) fact. Wheiher this liberty and this protection were guaranteed by Russia alone, or by all the Yowers united, was a point to whica, aa we have fern, the disinterested charscter ot the patioa, her in- stincts and traditions, allowed the Russian government, to remain indvflevent. Tne essential pont was the at tainment of this odject. Now, if peace had been concluded the day after the de cluation ot war, the Russians would not have shed theic blood for the celivery of their co-religionists, who then perhaps, would have considered that they ‘owed their liberty cnly to the interfence of the allier, As to he Rustien governmen’, purpose to consent to an international the nation, the thet of the nentraliza'y n of the Biach Sea, bu principle of limiting its sovereignty. On the other burd, by the ratification of her frontiers ik a in Bessarabia, nnibilates forever the prejurice which prevailed against her in kurope as regards her sup- posed creams of conquest and age ent; and as thore projects do not agree eithe: of her government, or, as we hav monstrated, wih her real interests, ‘his consessiou to the public opinion of Earope cannot but improve her inflnence and consideration. We may add vaat 1t sufliced that kogland—whicn, cartainly, of ali the allied Powers, is the most interested in tho weakeni.g of Kussia—should wish for the prolonga‘ton of war, in order tnat Russia should desire pease. Besides, pence is as indi pense’ to Ruvsia es to Furope; she wants it for tre developement of her industry and her commerce, aad for the comple- tion of her interna) reforme. We were, therefore, right in acserting. in the begin- ving, that, from ea exclusively Rursian polot of view, the resolution o! the Cabinet of St. Petersburg is wise; and, advantageous aa it {a, from aa exclusively European point of view, an eminen'ly politiculsct. It is our pro- found convietion that the fu:ure will jastify this view of the case. THE NECESSITY OF PEACE AND ITS BENEFITS. frrom La Nerv, Feb. 5.) The preliminaries of paace were signed in Vienna, on the Ist of February. Accounts of pacitic efforts will. tuerefore, soon be substitated in our coluans for those of bavties. The work of peace !# about to succeed that of war, the work of reconstruction and harmony that of destruction and hatred; the work of the pen that of the sword: the work of reseoa that of the passions. After mourning, joy; after tears, fire: thanks to God and then to the monareh whose disinterestedness and wisdom bave brovght about that fortunate ¢ ange. The nome of Alexander is now weicomed in Earope wits the same feelings of thankfulness aud eympathy as focty years ago. In tact, that reign whica is iaaugurated by & lee of which the first effect is to calm the fears and to tore serenity to the hear's of men, must be « glorious When we remember with whet adden and anent- mous joy the news of the acceptance by Raseia of the Fropesuls of peace were received everywhere; when we think \bat it ts prix es, in workshops mities ‘cf war are refrain {ror ack reign, whose fi tions ef ail, Heav feli m. wledging ti 2 step has been saluted by the tenedi mot fail to be crowned Ly the olessings of en. In the face of the argnish just calmed by this ed, and the wishes contented oy it, where ie the rasn @ i: the na'ion that wil! continue to express feuiiogs In renderin 10 Exzope, when tt wes easy or him to prel ng ledetinitely the 7 calarnities of war, the © peror Alexander baa shown in a brilliant manner n y hie pacific sentiments, but ho bos also et thy same time agein upraised the fmporiac be welght 1 8 resolutions bava upon or Nicholas ob either want But _— wlaias woy she | On the part of | NEW YORK HERALD, THURSDAY, MARCH 6, 1856. : i eae eS nnn sttIIIIEtIENInnISSNSnnEIEET SanEEEE EERE oe ERR | eessions. The Firperor Alexander II, has, then, in re- membering his august father, but been able to tid the ‘woral approval cf ao act of which the epirit is as con genial to the high charscter of the seveceigns of Russie ae to the disinterested imatinets and feelings of the Nos cian pation. Disinterestedpess and coneiliation com>‘ne well # strecgth; and indee?, the strength of Russia haa newer been m¢re yeverally and more universully ascertained than ia the pre-ent war. The number of its enemies, their import ence, the immense resources whieh they have displayo! the kind of war which they Bave caretally ayvided mak- ing—what is more, the wer which they have acwually made, and the relatively smsil results which they have obiemed in two years, all attest that strength acd power. We bave only to look at the map to jndge of the resourcas which @ eeunmtry rust have to be able to deteud itself, and even # attack its euemies with success at certain pointe, oo ® line extevdirg from Kamschatka to Hr7%- roum, irom Erverour to the Danube, and trom the Da nude to Archange’ ‘And yet the active action of the combined Powers upoa | aif thore points hae deem less sensidle to Russia taan the | meterially passive but morally pressing wction of ai! Hu- | eps, and expecially of Austria, Prussia, Germany and Sweden, for, in forcing Russia to hola herself in readisess for the fight on every point of ite western bour the attitude «f these Powers pentratized m great part of ber forces, prevented ber from finding an issue, and forced ber to keep to & defensive system, the worst o all, Ana Russia bas. notwithstandicg. reeist- ed bereically the formidable attacks of Ber eneaics, and bas not sieked to their pasttic protesta.ious, as long ws their sincerity has not hao fer her other pr ofs thym 2e acts of incerdiazism caused by their fleet’, and n> other echo than that of their guns, But she hastece! to ac with ccneiliation avd with disinterestednoss when, the attacks on ber sesporta having ceaved, the whole of Hu- rope sent her rerms which, although pressing, were also friendly, ond teniified mere coneilistory dispositi.as 00 the part of her enemies, and tha: at the very momen: shen the efforts of the allies ia the Crimes hed just been rencered power'ess—wken she displayed new forces and bed obtained a brillant victory in Asa. However, in order not to departs from oar babdits of impartiality and justice, let us hasten to say ths! Rus. sis had to avail herself of that fortamate stats of things to conclude pence. It will be rememvered that v4 have not waited the opinions of other journals to exprees our sentiments on this sutject. rom the first we dec’aced, and bave not discontinaed to repeat, that the continua tion of the war could never offer to Rusia those benetits which 61 ould derive from the conclusion of pease. Attacked from two rides by fone Powers, on an element which is not ner own, nd confined, where her etreng:n lies in a circle becoming daily more restricted by the ection of the other Powers, Rustia would bave found her- velf at last like @ giant immured in a cell, ths walls of | which gradusily contrast around bis huge body. Kuasia | evidenily would not have veen exususted, and might have continved to resist and defend Lerself yet for s long period, but in each a positon ont brilliant victor’, obtained at the cost of her best bled, would have be eu but negative 8, for they wouldenly have tae effect of forcing her eceaies to do the loset mi t On the other band, if in certaia resp arier rE cto ticn of the war #ai to prove caisson to the » | latter then to her, consider: culty of keep ing vp at sveh sn enermo 0 nue: ou fleets and armies, in other respscte it became tar more unfavorabie for her, for ehe weuld thereby postpous, fr en indetinite time, the prospect which a general peace, ch a war, would necessanly open to her trade, ¢ and her intemal reforme., And who & prospect Would bave soon reappeared und bappy wuspices? The future Lelongs to ws ous, sna it is principally by suck serious events as tho: have berm prought abows for the last fo 8, | God proves that the fature belongs alone to hit. Now, when Providence senés to s nation suca gr real advantyes as these which await | conclusion of the peace. if, by «nex repulees ‘hem, and bids defiance to God and attracts Lie acger instead of his pretection, she comuits sa 265 ot keoness. It was not Russia, who loves to find s preof or that/protection in the title of ‘-boly,”’ hequeathed 1o ber by tracition a8 a 1emembranes ot the sacrifices | which she bas always made for religion's sake—it wax | serteinly not bee wao could 1a such » favoceble opvor: tunity refuse to Europe and to herseif the baneiits of peace, aa wlxo to ber co-religioniats of the East the ad: vantages which wil ve insmed to them by her tresh erfices. Russia has, therefore, aguin shows hereoti true tober past. the displsy ef the greatest qualities of » pation, when evoked by those who rule {t, become a good policy on the part of irs gove:nment, In fact, if we conrider calmly, and as it were tecbuisally, the se: cf the Caniset of St. Petersburg, it 1s one essea- ua iv overthrow, as we Cave stated, the concealed designs wi Isst proposals of peace perheos contain; 1: dest: ever the cistrust ard the prejudice existing against | cia in Europe, and cpecs to ber isterraby as well as | abroad a future of posperivy and grand This is se | ine, that the political situation nas already veccine mos tevoradle to Russia. We shall rot speak of the advantages which thi: ectot Russia cflers to the European pupiic. Tre enor- mous rie which hes jast taken place in all ‘he etocks and upon all the morhets of tae world, speeks for 1tsel’— it is ine best proot of what we advence. bn: we believe to be opr ¢nty to point out choxe offered to the govetu- ments there Wren the aéenly broke the ties which united them tege her, those gevermments tound themselves ip anebuorres porivion. Fach wes torcea to prcvecate a separate policy, 10 luck to the pressing dangers cf 1 moment, and To take encb measures ae would eaabdle to withdiaw, sn épingle Ou jeu, iu the most aavanta- as manner, However people may think itis certsio each ot those great Powerr—Rasiia incmied— fie owo gane in that war, Austria, whos» uired to be guaranteed by one or the other tially political. the first moment, 1 that onc where bostiity seened to de most The iaterns] si'uation of 12 finances requireli sia bad not accepted its propesbions, Austria would bave found berrelt in a most critical positicn—whe.ue: she should bave been obliged to take part in i.e war or bave ave ided it, Prussia, in ber tuip, sithovgh her distance from tbe Fast and the greater homegecenty of ber people bad «l- hiwed her to keep up to ihe piesect tine » more indepen- dent atiitude, would, nevarthe les, have heen criven i a pefitcn ae unfavorab.e to her iniere: is aa contrary t) her wishes. Finally, France would have been compelied t con‘inue to shed ber biced and her treasure tox sn indeterminate onjeci, which would not even have bad tor an excase the hebor of her arms, already gratified; or, whatis more prebabie, she would have been forced to look for a eom- ensation tor her sacrifices in jess disinterested caicu- latione, which would have conducte’ ber into 2 new path, ot which the least demege would have been % question the advantsges alrcacy obtained. Evea bog Jand finds a benefit m those ccncersions, for she 14 un obliged to openiy cisclose bew xnuch her interests ae oppored to those of the entire Continent. It is im those stroggies that the defects and the evil passions of nations and of indiviivals reveal tuemselv: it is in the work of concord and peace that their quali re brought to light. Russia bes just proseated a novle example. May that example te iollowed May every one apply to that work # similar epirit of conciliation ard sizcerity. May Russia not aloue be callea upon give piecges of her celerence to European interests. | Thcre two last words bave often been heard ia Europe f>> the two last years. Tbe Europexn work to whigh all the governments are about to be invited wi'l be the touch. ptore ot the tincerity of each, and will prove in the feo» of the worle it those words are equeliy for ail an i:ey —ft they represent « ¢uty—or if they are merely an emypcy device. AFFAIRS IN RUSSIA. A ROYAL CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE ANGLO-FRENCE ALLIANCE—THE ARMY AND NAVY—HONOES 10 THE SABASTOPOL HEROES—MOURNING FOR PRINCB PASKIEWITSCH——WAR PREPARATIONS —APPROACH- ING CORONATION OF THE &MPEROR. [Correspondence of tae Loudon Times.] Herits, Feb, 6, 1856. The following narrelive ix abcut \v.go the rounds of the prers, showing how the Emperor Alexander triet hard to lure away the Emperor Louis Napoleon from tas English alliance, and now the Emperor Louis Napoleon remained true and firm to his engagements. Friendly courtesies, but cf a strictly private nature, aad been kept up since the commencement of the war between members of the Jerperial family of Russia and the Prin- cess Mathilde, the cousin of the Exaperor of the Frens ® natoral result of her union with Prince Demidoff, in Septen ber last a political turn was given to this chenae), and one of the smaller Germsn States undertook to brirg about a separate peace between France aud Russia. Russia communicated to France the concessions she was wring: to make (and which subsequently were pub lished in the circu ar despatch of ihe 22d of Decer: -2r), and in addition offered to France special advantages ‘or herself. These temptations, however, the Enperor re- sisted, although the alliance offered by Russia openes the widest field to French ambition and love of conquest; considerable territorial acquisitions were to be the price and the result of this union of the two greatest aud most sggressive military Powers; but it involved a breach of the Em peror’s engagement’ with England, which would have thrown bim into the 1% path and career as his unee had unfortunately trodden. The Emperor, on refusing theve cvertures, communicated them to Londow and Vienna. The result in this latter capitel was that Avstria became ruddenly alive to the dager to which she had been exposed, and quickly resolved upm put- ting herself on an unequivocal footing towards all per- ties; the propcsals she drew up for the conclusion of a paace, ater being vired and somewhat #hargened in Tendon and Paris, were forwarded to St. Peters burg, and aceepted there. While these negotiations were going on Russia got wind of thew, and endeavored to anticipate them by authorizing l’rince Gortachakoff to communicate in Vienna the ¢ mcestion that had been al ready mentioned to France, and which formed the con- tents of the despatch of the 224 of December. The Prine accordingly calle upon Cour: Buol, and addressing him with, ‘ Well, my cear Count, l bring you peace,” opened his budget cf communications, but met with the obysc- tion that Russia's offer came too late; Austria had al- reacy drawn up her own propositions, ani snbmitted them to France and Englund. All the rest {4 knowa. Generals Waesiltschitcf end Toddeben have osch of them received ‘he Orver of st. George, the Grand Martyr and Bringer of Vietory, third class. The Sebastoool meda) is 10 be conferred on all perrons, from ihe genecal down to the privste, who took part in ine defence ot se- bastopol. and even all who were in the town on duty durivg the defence; this last regulation inctndes all rhe woren, «f various ranks, who svinced their sourage by pextowing their kind officer and solicitude om the cick and the wounded during the siege. It 1s also expected that ® wedal will be etrack for tbe Transerazasian arany, in commemozavior of the late campaign in Asie. According to the /nralide, the troops tn and aoout St Petersburg smouet now to 03 battalione of infontry, 289 equadrona of cavaliy. with 144g batceries of field nov ineluding (ho Neva batteries and the arma: of ie Peter aad Van! fortress, Up no measure of the roverntwent lad c of the pubiie imylying any reiaxa whenever the end of Janus ometo (ne knowledge poration atop will for war to disband the two levies and 0 s%90 oneow, under « organization of the army 0 e next hone abo) ov to a stale of peace be so rapidly made sensible to the po- puletion vs in Russta. Aovices from Warsaw state that, in consezuence of the deceate of Frince Paskiewitch a pine days’ mourniog has been ordered for the whole country by the Emperor; all places of publics amusemext will remain closed, and the Guaid and the army put on crepe; the regiments that bear the Marshal’s name wiil, however, keep on their mourning for #x weeks, {Correspondence of Paria Presse.) Sr. Perrrsncrs, Jan. 20, 1856. Prince Gortechikofl, who handed over at Odessa the command of the army of the Souta to his successor, General Loders, arrived here on the 24th of January, with three of Fis nides-de-camp, ‘Tne same day the Prince was adwitted toa private audience at the Winter Palace. The Evperor expressed tohim bis thanks for tha cervicea he had rendered during tae operations in the Crimea, end termaly promised him the command of the ery Nand. ‘The Privee also paid visits to the Grand Dukes, to the Minister cf War, and to some of the high dignitaries, snd his recepticn everywhere was most cordial; that by the population of St. Petersburg was not leas 4, and a (féte bas been given in bi» honor py the inhabitan.s. Great preparalions for war are being made, despite the prospect of peace. It seems as if the arsenals were work- ing twice a8 hard since thy deciston of the Czar. The Grand Duke Gons'artine, Prinse Menschikoff, and some of the superior cfficers of the navy are continually in- specting the dock yards. On the other hand, two or three suczessive revie bave been ded of the garrison of the capital, and every morning the /nvalide husse publishes the names of the officers wpported to vacancies. The divisions in Tauris and in Aria, under General Mouraviell, appear to have lost a great many men, as reinforcements are sent to them from all the divisions in the Caucasus and in South- erp Russia. ‘The Emperor Alexander II. appears, nevertheless, re- solved to xbide by bis pacific intentions, but the news teem the inteclor causes him some annoyance. Moscow anc tue boyards grumble at his decision. {t the hopes of peace are realized, it may be aid that the towns situate? on the sea cosst, especially the maou acturing towns, will evince real ratisfaction, whereas the citics taat have no commerce, and the country places—the dwellings of the prieethood and nobles—will’ show dissatistaction. Count Valentine Esterhazy, whom every man seemed rether imeliced to wvold before the 16th of January, ix now (he hovored guest everywhere; he has become the lion of the capital since the acceptance of the Austrian propositions. It is evid that as econ as pence is signed the Emperor and Emprors of Russia wi'l proceed to Moscow for their coronation. On this occasion an amnesty will be grantet to the Polish political offenders. [Correspondence of the London ‘Times } Berwin, Feb. 6, 1856. The Jnvalide Russe has published ia detail the report @rawn vp by Admiral Glasenapp as to the construction of therow gauboats now buildiog in Rassia, In the course of this description we are made acqasinted witn tbe new weapons which the Russians have made for the purpose cf repelling boarding vttacke, Tuey are repre- fented af consisting of an ea lance, about seven fest Jeng anc a mace of cast tron, the messive head of which resembles @ piveapple, and :ike it is beset with a number cf obtusa but pciuted prejections, Each boat 14 provided with foem ibirty to forsy Isnees and feom fifteen 1% twenty maces, in the management of which the Fins are said 1 posers greet ebill. From this description those maces work! sppeay to resemble the morgenstern, stilt use with the wa:chmen of Sweden. and with one of whi the Marquis of Waterford, rome fifteen yeara bsck, cam~ inconyeniently into close contact. ‘ihe sinister of War, Prises Dolgorouki, aunounced ths same day as Prince Paskivw'tsch died that the Huoer hed ordered the cbsequies of the deceased to he abs vec with appropriate honors. These latter appear to hove been /1 contoxmily with the tateutions of the lace Einps ror, almost the honors due to a member of the Imperi! fawily, #8, for instance, mourwing to be worn for him. vy tha whole army, znd aleo a gene:al mourning throughout Poland. (mn the 4th ime’., the remains of the deceased were conveyed froin the saloon tc tha chapel of the pi- lace, on which cccasicn the clergy, the military, and the civil earploy ees of the Stace were Very numerou! 1m their atterdance. The cofliu i'soif was carrie1 hy the persons of bighest rank then pierent, end the pal! was borne by officers of the Ccaseck regiment that bad formed the Prizce’s vcéy guurd in big hfetime. After toe vady han been placed in the chapel, the archbishop of Wasa, Arsepins performed a service for the dead. Accorcing to the with of the deceased, his mor's! remains will be interred in the fami'y vault in the vilege Iyancuka, which lies in tha immediate ncign berhcod of the fortress of lyspgorcd, and they wil! he escerted thither by the entire Covsack regiment mention €d ubove; vrevicus to which, however, the body will b+ ceporited with all pomp in the church of the Holy Iriaity ov the 8th instant. The procession from the palace to the ebarch will he divided into ten separate divirions and proceed through a double line ot milltary, snd be accom: panied by the booming of ertil ery. On the part of the Prussian army, Colonel von Bosze, Cepta'n ven der Goltz avd Lieuteoant von Barker hat ariived in Wareaw for the puroore of being preseat at the cecemonies; on the part of Austria, Genersi you Par- ret.end a cepuration of oficers. The death cf Prince Packiewitech is stated to romov+ the last obstscle tnat etcod in the way of great changes in the admin stration of the kingdem of Poland; one chief teniure of shia pian, on which the present Kaj ssid to Iey great stress, is that bis favorite be Nicholas, should arrume the post ot Viceroy, from th juties avd reeponsidilities of which, however, the you! Grand Duke is said to draw back with diffidence and up. prehension, NEW PEACE PAMPHLET, OBJECTS OF THE NEGOTIATURS—THE GLORY OF FRANCE. {Irom Galignani’s Messenger, of Paris, Feb. 12.) A »umphlet which has just beem pubsiated tn Vari- une the title of Un Mot sur le Caractére et les Con quences dela Paix future, vy Baron Gustave de Romans, has atiracted some atention. The priacipal odjec: oi wii er ig ty represent the treaty which the peace co: - foxencce at Peris will probably lead to, as the oposite c/ the Viera treaties of 1515; aud it is that circumstance. he obrerves, which constitutes i's great importance. Tue tollowir g is the Janguege of the author on the poiat :— “The new traty will be s treaty ef European equili- brivm oniy ivaswuch as it restores io F.anse the natural part which belongs to her io maintaining tbe political Iwarce of power tm Europe, ard institutes a new public right, from which will proceed pUtical siputatiors abs» lutely contrary to those «f the trea’ies of Vieuna—atipu- lations wh’ h were # subject of trouble and perturbation ip the relations of the states of Europe since 1820, and witbcut which the difficulties ot the cris o 1853 could have been sr:vothed down, snd oonjared awvy otherwise than by means cf hoetilt tes, Tt sss been card, an’ wit’ +x'ent justice, that France had tov long deen wanting to evrupe. France is no lo: ger in that ease at preseat, but Ruesia in her turn would be wauting to Europe if her in- fluence cculd be ciminirhed, as the revolutionary iaterest derires. France an Kngland hereelf should aot forge’ that there exist in kurope barbatians of civilization, wh» are infinitely more fornsdable to the existence of Eur: js tranquillity then those whom the revolntionists a the habit of Cesigna‘ing ix their anger the barbarians of the Nosth |” Tne writer then pcints out how propitious the present momer + ix for making peace, before the war, commenced In the neme of the balance of power, in Kurope should bave assumed the character «f a war of principles, aad have gradually drawn within its vortex wil the armies of Eurcpe, to the icevitable weakening of the resources «f the aifferent Siates— the critical point sv anxiously d+ sized by the revoluiionista, ns the very moment when they could strike in with some chance of success: “The treaty of Paris, rays the pampblet, will spe’ force the revolutionists to other means of astion ia 1 quarrels v sich may surge up from the permanent rivalry of the Englirh iuteresta and thoxe of Xussis; out there the cenger will be less, because it will be « afined withi & narrow ircle, and hecanse peace will permit the gov erpwenrs of Europe to iollow witt. a more vigilant eye thi preceedings of the revoluticnists, Besides, if Eapland an cortain affix ities of interest with the reveiutionary party in Eurcpe in what concerns the weakening of sia, she ix, cn the other hand, profuundly separate! tren that party by superior imiereste, wbich uesriy concern the very existence of har admirable cons.itution. ‘Thus, the preaent war, which has exposed certain aluuses of the civil and milta y sdininisvration of Engiand, menaced to destroy the geceral esonony of the Engiish institutions, y buirying on beyond weasure car-ain indispensable charges, which wili be without peril if they srrtve gia dually and at the propsr moment.”? Wecenceivs tne writer ia the sbdove paccage to have taken # completely ezroncons view of the post'ion of Eng Jand with respect to the reforms which the perent, war has proved to be absclutely necessary im the mitttary nization. One of ihe strongest reasons for the dis'u- jon which cortsinly existe amongs: a nuinerous Es id against the sudden discoutlauanes of rebention that when once puace har d the governmert may relax in its efforts to intre- duce a more healthy system, and to place every bran {the militery service in sound condition for act work. In the tolicwing passage, also, we find ourse:ve Giffering altogether trom the views of the writer: — “Fngiand may regret not having been able to turn fo geeater sévantage her cempaigns of 1864 ana 1 in the Paitic for the destruction of the fleet id marety establishmenis of Ruvwia in tha wos; but mo one can fuze to affirm t! the maritime advantages hish England migt tave derived in 1856, froma more snocesstul atiemp then in prereding years, against Cronstadt, Sweaborg, Helsingfois, Riga and Revel, would not have been move than neutralived for her by the cooatsatly increasing weatners of the conservative elements of her internal government; and in consequence, no one can deny toe! peace will not ho in reality a benefit to Ungland as welt ‘as to the rest of Kurepe, even at the price of secrificing a art of the object which she proposed to herself to attain in declaring wer on Russia.” Far from (he internal government of Eegland blog weakened bya serious war, i: {8 notorious that any mo: ment of netonal canger has always been the rigna! in Ergland for an odlivion cf party diflerences and for « puited effort against the enemy. War itvariably streug*h ene the government in Fegiand, when the hostilities en- gaced in have the feeling ot the nation cn thet: si¢e, ns is omtainly the csee in the contest with Rus therefore, acy acvantepes obtained by the i in the Paltic ceuld have the disadvantage sluded te ‘a the pamphlet we are st a loss to discover. Wien, bovever, the writer speaks of the era c! p and grandeur which the re-establishment of throw open to France, we beartiiy agree wit well a fo bie cseertion that the Congress of Paris cided triumph for the Emperor Napoleon Ill. The fo lowing is the Jangnege used by the writer on that pointes dhe Congress of Pais is so much a gre Emperor of the French, that i! coileets round his throne representatives of the same toverevgns of Europe who haa united, in 1814 ana 1318, against the throne of Napolem 7: ano it} the genins, not ies chan the good fortune, of Napoleca LiL, bien hie produced this wonderful test lc a‘ter three years’ reign eroployed in evlablishivg bin as. ope, an the first fous years of hi. govern Vvuicu to the establiahmout of bie antho- din, ae rater success for (he France © are & musober ¢ wt e should f other y Ve pla at a length Int from Australia, OUR POBT PHILIP CORRESPONDENCE. Port Pur Australia, November 8, 1855. ) ON BoaRD SHIP Dasuing WAVE, FOR BATAVIA, =f Reviewof a Thirty Months? Residence in the Southern El Do- rado—Fever of Australian Speculation in 1853-'64—Its Consequences and Reaction—-Government Blundert—The Mining Troubles--Economical Reforms in the Govern- ment of the Colony—The New Constitution—Hts Fffect upon Bristing Parties—Australian Nationality—Inde- pendence Looming in the Distance—A Yankee Tour of Pleasure, dc., &e. Up with the anchor and Icore the canvass, for the ship {s in trim, the pilosis on board, the wind bids fair, the tide is with us, and at last am homeward bound, So, cheerily, my hearties, and we’ll soon be on the road. How pleasant the prospect! how delightful the sound! For three years is along time to be absent from the atir- ring scenes of the great republic, and I assure you I cherish no small desire once more to be in my native land. But before give the last parting look at the coun- try that has treated me so well—before Point Nepean is hid in the distance, and Otway looms up on our star- 1 will once ageiu resume my long neglected Thirty months have elapsed since I paid my subserip- tion to the Heratp—a lifetime almost in this startling age—and said adios to the friends I left behind me, as the Bavaria spread her sails forthe Southern E) Dorado. Can ft be porsibie that { am so old a coloni 1 cannot credit it, yet sueh is the fact, for time flios like a railroad to the resident in a goldcountry. When I left the Fest river the exeltement was at its height, and Australia was the only topic in the street, on ’Change, at the club, or in the counting house. Drays and trucks were, early and late, cariung down the merchandise, and piers and wharves were full of packages, while the columns of the New York papers told the merits of some thirty or forty ships, all for Melbourne, filled with every description of merchandise; and the fever was also raging in al- most every commercial port. Flour from the Cape, flour from the West coast, flour from England, and 100,000 bdla. from America, gave the ships good freights, but caused disaster and loss to the shippers. Our ship alone had some 8,000 bbls. Speculation was wild with the expected profits, and when three months’ gocd sailing brought us to our anchorage in Hobson’s bay, we began to realize how extensive had been the panic and how reckless the shipping world; for even then, May, 1853, the markets for cash were already out of sigh’ for everything but lumber. The bay was fall of shipping, from Williamstown to Landridge, nothing but ene complete forest of masts, But now how different the thrilling changes that had swept over the political hori- zen of Europe! They are no more wonderful than the look of Hebson’s bay now and when I landed. This morn- ing I could not count twenty ships in the rosdstead; then between six and seven hundred were crowding each other for more room, All parts cf the world were represented snd every production in Christendom could be found among the esargoes. None but those who will take the trouble to look over the statistics at the eustoms will understand the extent of Australian speculation in 1853 and 1854, One hundred and fifty milllons of doliars worth of im- ports in two years’ time, for a population of scarcely 400,000 ,oule! “1 was ono of the first Ameri:ans on the nyo” ana living through what the csloaiate sall the good avd bad times, and having bad some forty thousand tons of shippirg to wy own aires, I have been in a good po- sition to see somethir g of the extent to which ovr waats were overestimated, sud the cousequent embarrassment of euch misjudged calculations. We have gone through the commercial revolution wbich every young and old country experiences at some time in its history; and when the accounts ot the three hundred and fifty who bave taben some twenty-five or thirty millions of dollais through the insolvent Court are squared, a few of the austraiian houses will do # large and profitabe burinese. The bird will xise from its ashes, and the country #nd colony will start ahead afresh, stimulated by the new blood which slowly and surely is uprooting the prejudices of tbe old settlers, who locked upon reform or oo as s crime of which cnly Americans were uilty. s When we see the number of individual firms that were swamped when the tables turned, and remember the number cf joint stock cowpanies inst were tast in the mud, we cannot wonder that the government got into the fame mess. The immense suma paid by the miners Ae ai ABUNEA Hoaie’ teen Tovertowsd: the treasury, aud then followed the most reckless expenditure tne world ever saw, and such on imebria‘ei state of accounts no mortel ever balanced. No wonder bir. Latrobe wished to resign the gubernatorial honors; for, poor tan, the at- tacks of the Argus, and the rapid change of the times, al most dicve bim mad; and not being equal to tae cry of refcrm, he tried the Panama route on the Golden Age, in May, 1864, and cut himself adrift from the confusion Into which the gold discoverier, under an irresponsible govern: ment, bed thrown the affairs of the Stqie. The Governor bad hived, moved, and bad his being ‘so long atcong the squatters, as Superittencent cf a sheep country mumber- ing cme 50,000 souls, it wes impcstible for him to ex- large his views of administration so as to comprise the 250,600 immigrants which the diggings hed brought int. the country. The times hud changed; other metal wanted, A good overseer for the old régim:, he waa a head for the rew. The times had changed, but he d not changed with them. Hence the disgus: of the new merchants who were pouring in from every point of the compare, at the apparent imbecility of thé adminis tration, in not furnisbing barbor facilities, wharf acsom- modation, or anything worthy of zuch # country, with such @ revenue. The land question was rotten, and a den orafarm could not had for love or mope jence the inflation in all kinds of real estate, which hag gradualiy fallen, tiilit rules about ssventy per cent less than its estimated value then. The government said, and with rome degree of reason, everybody wae too much ‘ceeupied with his own affairs to legislate; but the fact is, all new comers were too disgusted to move, for wnat could be dene when the whole colony was in the hands of aclass? You mizht as well have asked a Southern p!ant- er to part with his estate as an Australian squatter at oe time to give up # small portion of his agricultural staticn, Well, matters were in this atate when the homegovern- ment, with their usual penetration, instead of sending out @ sound, practical man of business, like Sir Wilifam iron, picked us out a otto in the nevy, who hed deen ‘knighted for some diplomacy in South America, (which he acknowleoged was successfally managed tbrovgh the assistance of the American officials iu the place,) to lead us ferward among the nations. Diagusted with the past, the new representative was received with an ovation worthy Cesar or a Napo!eon—which cemon- stration from a people who bad prayed so long for a change, did s0 ixfiate his Royal dighness, that he sot abou’ making speeches to the Sigs rs, telling them “ail power proceeded trom the people,” and promising all Kinds of reform. ‘nis was a brilliant debut—but it was too good to lest. Tre promises were not kept—the dig- me enraged at the bruts] manners of the officrals lected Leenes tees; and then came the derisive cry of “10 U!” and the upsetting of the American wegon, in- jurirg poor Ceptain Young, of Newburyport. The rebel stocksde on the Eureka—the reform league—the sur- prite by the treopers—the death of rome forty or fifty on hoth sides—the two months’ trial of the thirty prisoners arrested, without succeeding in convicting a single man— the bue and cry against the government by stamp ora- tors on the public rquare or in front of the Court House —and the consequent resignation of the Colonial Secre- iety, Mx. Foster, who lost his pension by the sudden exit from power—ail of which, together with the continued hammering of the press, made Sir Charles Hotham ap- ear anything but a nosegay in the nostrils of the people. ever Cid wan bave co great o fall in so shoct s time— received, av it were—one month with atriump), the next lett without friend. His Saturday dinners to six- teen, ard his state suppers and Toorak bali, without cheropngne, were not sufficient to regain the popularity which be had lost; hence at the present time there in hardly an mdividual, whether he be an official under go- vernmect, digger on the Balarat, merchant at his office, or squatter on his station, that will nay a kind word for him when his name is mentioned. To give every one his due, there is one thing that must de adnitted, ‘The expense of government bas been mn- 3 to teriaily reduc:d, and ibe finance department look more chewing, and some of the long w' coun's have been overlooked and the Ai the official chambers bave been cleared of their accumu- lated ceniveion. Income and expenditure are now more near y balaneed, and the former increases with the yield of gold. The export duty ot half a crown @n wunce (sixty-two conta) bas deen a godrend, sod works ad- A mibion and a be'f of dollars wil be realized frem this source alone during the present year, Threo- fourths, if not seven-eightbs, of all the gold is pur- chozed by the banks for shipment, who fend some 60,000 cunces by every packet; ani hence the duty is easil collected, and Vigilance prevents emuggling. The tax is equal to abou: four per cent ad valorem on all isn, ia, and ‘alls eqne'iy snd fairly on thove who get the g ‘Thia duty has helped the micisters immensely in paying off their ex:ravegance; and this sum, together with the ‘mport iax (specific) on ugar, acitee, tea, wines, spirits wud tobacco, sud the miners’ license, the sale oi lands ard the tonnage duty of twenty-four centa per ton on al! shipping (« moet outrageous cha), will give the gov. exnment a clear field, and possibly . surplus in the 'rex sury. Butin no plaeo more than ina uew country, and especialiy thie, mace up and comporod as it {4 of cach a mixed and wandering population, are practical men more required at tho head of affairs; ard ali well wishers of the coleny and responsible government are looking ahead with no »mall degree of interest to the ncvion of the new constimniion, which bas just reached us tcom England. che present Legisiative Couse'l hws ie power to uaark oui the electoral districts, and the gieatest netivity bas taken place aniong the squatters to get in thelr frien’s but thus fer without success in the ofty districts Uinichebank, Jaie Chairman of the Cheeber of Com merce, avd prince of the squatters, hoe juss been shock ingly defeated in ene ef the moxt violent contests the place has ever recoreed. ay, ® merchant and anti- +, was the succor fol candidate, De Embling also ed Tennent fromm prevent ap- pearances theit had & lena fue leese of ing that he dv uments 6h f they have gene on for yen withont mo Tne leaves, however, have most all run vernor tA tripped mirably. equate: ao int. They have never yer siations, only # letter, say 10 be fortheomisy; and thny r constitution the having no privilege cf nomizees; ant 1 obliged to select his copinet from the representavives of the people, Tne b © bold will co velo power las been reserved to tse man who moves tn opporition to Most of the new councill 0 4 wil! prove more will be seen everywhere. Government works on a gran) scale will shoot ahead, and money will be raised by de~ dentures on the public lands, so as to let posterity pay” . nate of wee Oe . We nay oe of pros~ perity—young in years, but old eno in my opinion, to Hip the painter, cut adrift from angola Country, which hangs over us like an incubus, and become & nation of ourrelves. But the population’ are slow to move—vitlt that peculiar love of country characteristic of the Eog- lich people, they are aj in raising a flag of their) own. But sooner or ister it must come, and now it terms to me is the time to move. Every mercheat aud every man sheuld strive to build up # nationality, for united action is eseential. The new biood in the Legisla- tive Assembly will gradually werk out our dert#y, for, they, most of the members, although still cherish aleve for Oid England, yet their affection strengthens for young Australia. There are now about buo- dred and fifty thourand souls in all the colonies, amply sufficient to make a commencement ; at loca} Jousies, for a time, prevent untty of purpose; that ‘will econ work away; and once connect them the, tic wire, they will soon ksow each other better. ‘This talking across the mountains and plains by the tele- graph produces the right kind of friendship. Then the railroad, I trust, will follow shortly after, and then « unity of sentiment will be eecure which will bring about the right feeling to build up a nation of our own. Here- tofor e everybody here has been too busy in to ac- cumulate miceay-gos being the pivot on waich the popu- lation turned—but now a new era is oommoncing. Tae panic, the reaction in financial matters, the terrible prceldtion in rents land and ull kinds ‘of property—t essening cost et living, and t! su } Meld of gol ivea people a fancy for contemplation na relleotion, . 4 ‘4 Le pe hundred tons weight per annum is owr avers; ield—40,000 to 50,000 ounces of gold per week; hy what is there to prevent its reaching twice this amount, for the country far and wide is filled with treasure? Al- eacy the press assumes a more national tone. Mer- hants look on with encouragement, and the diggers re ever ready to give their vote and support to achunge otedministration. We must think, and thoe it the other colonies hesitate. Victoria must take the lead, and she is prepared to set the example. More than two- thirds of her population are new chums, of the liberal school, and arrived here to better their pesition since the gold fields opened their glittering dust. Few of them have any particular attachment for Great Britain, and are fully convinced that our prosperity will consist im nationality. Tasmania, New South Wales and South Australia are more loyal; but even they are rolling the ball. The Sydney Morning Herald has had some splendid éditorials potutl ng. that way, and the dobart town journals are full of Sir Henry Young’s coup d'état {n 80 unceremoniously uring his prerogat! the proroguing the Council, because they wished to examine some of the convict papers, over which, the Fxecative ray, that they only have control Dr. Evans, the able editor of the Melbourne Morning Herald—who was for many years conne: ed with tho London press—and Dre. Biair and Lyme, ot the Age, are all ueirg their pen zost vigorously ia shaping the minds of the people, and their articles have been copied all over Austr. I want to see the chunge bronght about b: purely constitutional means, I want no more bloodshed; we have had enovgn, 1do not believe that the musket and the sword need be used again, for I feel coafident Great Britain will grant us all we ask, for che must plainly see toat a dissolution of the bona that unites ua wouid materiaNy increase the commerce of both nations. Lock at the United States and her iocreasing trafic. 80 would it be with us the moment we ect on our own ac- count. No longer a penal colony, and England receiving no revenue. while she herself at her own expense pro- vides troops, what possible benefit can it be to her almply to bear the name? By aud by, I think, all we shell have todo is toask and we shall receive. The moment our flog is at the mast head we sbail run the rave ot nations. Immigrants wiil flow in from Europe, from Great Britain and trcm the United States, the moment ouc lands a1 advertised, to occupy them, and dig our mineral treasure, and our prolific soil will then begin to show ite produciog powers. Instead of sixty thousand per year, we may ox pect one hunored and fifty thousand ‘people, and the country will grow in mognitude with a rapidity that will @sonish even an old Cauforvian. We have all the ele- wents of greatness. Our wool interest, already an ex- port of ten millions of dollars @ year, can be increased; and with the encouragement that I trust the wool grow- ers will receive from tue legislators, and a buoyant mur- ket, 1 hope to see it doubled. Toere are large poriona of the country out of the 62,000,000 of acrea in Victoria, which are ouly anitab'e for grazing, after giving the tiller of the land all the soil he may require. South Austra.in has copper in abundanee, and exn grow wheat in uny quantity. ‘New South Wales can supply any amount of coal, while 1’ back Victoria again: the world for gold; Tas- mania is the granary of the whole, and all are wore or Jess tull of metais and minerais to be discovered. Mil- ons of acres of land in the interior of New Holland have never seen the foot prints of the white man. and disco- veries may yet be wade which will throw all others inio the shade. “Commencing in our infancy as shepherds im a pastoral country, we soon branched off into mining; and now we wust try our hand at agriculture and man: facturing. We must grow our bresdstutfs. We ara great eaters, but lazy producers. This yeir we have paid Chili alone over two millions of dollars for sums 6,00 tons of fiour, The tact of our having no great. inland rivera must be no impediment to our progress; the railway whistle will prove as powerful & friend. With such woncertul facilities and boundless wealth, what may we notaccomplish? The Old Word is bursting with wild and fierce revolution, and the dismal howl of war is ringing through the entire range of the Easwrn hemisphere. Crazea with the continual boom of cannom nd flash of murketry, and tick with heariog the dismal hriek of the dying, toousancs will look Jongiugly ver the seas towards this wonderful island, which as been wached for Fo long @ period by the waters of the acificand the Indian oceans. Australia seems to have ¢en created as a resting place for persecuted and tax- ridden man. All we bave w do is to throw wide open the éoor, and admit the poor emigrant who flies fom misery nd Want—from his unhappy country to the laud where 0 old men are ever seen. Ponce de Leon should have teered his bark tuwards this yoint of the compacs to fina bat fabled Fountain of Youth, for which he so long sought. The future 1s big with changes; but oar great- eas will be retarded, if the mother country hesitates to give us @ nationality in the world. A haif & century hence the same ratio of increase as that since gotd was found would give ue half the present population of the United States, The study {s interesurg to the lover of history. Our prox- im1y to the Dutch islands ot the Indian seas, to Beogal, Ching ava Japan will render us ole neighbors, for the Arglo Saxon cbange is on the world. Lock at A traifa now and when Sydney Smith used hie satirical pen half century ago. I fot hold of an old Edinburg erveu of 1803 scme weeks since, where the witty cler- gyman as usual gave» peep at the future. Says he, in alluding to what will be done with the penal oolonies when they come to years of discretion:— Are we to aperd another hundred millions in discoverin thelr sirengih. and to, tumble ourselves again before a fc ot Washingtons and Franklins? The moment have flered such serious mischief from the e ‘Again, he eays, while speaking of the 6,000 colonicta then at Sydney, in @ tone o¢ tenity:— ‘ube time may come when some Botany Bay Tacitus shall re- cord the crimes ot an Emperor lineally descended from @ Lon- don pickpocket, or paint the valor with which he has lea his New Hollanders into the heart of that when the Grand Lamon is sending to sapplicate albance; when the Spice Istands are purchasing peace with nutmeys; when enor- wous tributes of green tex and Nankin are wafied into Port Jackscn atd landed on the quays of sydney. Already # portion of the prophesy is fulfilied. for the commerce ot anucion has long been with us. Vict» reprerents all nations, and her resources are poundless; and if Australia was independent how much sttoager would te our position? Now we are s fair mark for every na icnat war with England; for in case of invasion months would pass tefore the mother country could give ns the sistance, for, as it is, we have no means of pro- tecting ourselves. The little Klectea and the Paantome mount a few gun#—sbout enough for the protection of a 0 like Hui) in Massachuseite—and as for fortifica- Gone noching but talk. Three dezent etzod , with the Lancaster gun and shell, could born every seaptrt on the island, and dictate theit own terms; while, 1! we were by ourseives, our vezy helpless- ners would be sufficient protection. The foregoing will give you an insight into the present position o: the country, and will show the bound!ess nx- ture of our resources. I believe there are some 10 000 Americans in Australia, all of whom are becommg nore or Jess ident fied with the colony. Our markets are capa- ble of bearing up under any reasonable amount of mer- chandise, and most recently cargoes from the United States bave satisfied the shippers. ‘We want a steam mail once in iwo weeks, but nothing but peace will seteéhe matter. Clipper ships do very well, but eighty ge ninety cays ia long to wait for pews in this pint ‘h century, The Black Ball and White Star lines brimg and take the mail to England semi-monthly, but the time is too long. 1 am now bound to Batavia. and after taking a look at the Island cf Jave, shali proceed to Singapore, en route for China and Manila; end I shail try an e you a page or two trom Horg Kong, Canton, Sha ghaty ad, it poeaible, from Japan; after which I shall visit Penang, Madros, Cajontta, and, if’ ime permit, pass through the interior of Bengal to Borbay; then down to Caylon, and on to Aden, up the Red Sea to Suez, over the desert to Cairo and Alexandiis—thence to Constantinople, kebas:opo? 16 Blick Sea poits, returning by the way of the North of Enrope, Fravce England to New York, which, with the ground} have slready been over, ought to meke me something of a travel) Tam taking the tour purely for information. and to get a little practical knowledge of my theoretical rending. Ihave been shut up long while inan Anstralivm counting house, and this pieasure tour is recreation that stregthens the body nnd improves the mind; and if, ia goirg from place to place, over ground not usually troi- den by the American tourist, I can gather anything which will prove of interest to your valuable journal ané my many friends of the North, [will so manage «a tire as to snit the inclination, and jot dowa sue! hhoughts as eroes my experience while takiog & flyi init over ceveral oceans and into any lane. Yo YOUNG aMERI orresponden', Awrun Drat#—MAN ann Woman Kiunep on A Rairnosp.—-The down mail train over hy Chesuare romd, on the 281 inst., while passing throngh the snow eut jast below Aebburnham, ran over and kilied 4 man anil a wo- man, They were walking on the track, on «curve in the road, and #9 deep aud narrow thatit wae impossible for them to escape, No blame 's attached to the engineer, as the instant he discovers’ thom every «fort was made to stop the train; but ic waa too late. The nifortneate persons éircavered their danger and ciorely bugged the bank. bot there was no room for them. he man was bedly ont up and icrtantly killed. "he woman was lees distign Lvnconselowly gseped tor a fow memente, They were frish, aud ably be- tween $0 and 80 years old. When the train left it was not secertaized who they weve cr whe We have these me encholy particulars den, mail agent, ‘1 the ut being Mornin m Woor avern keeper. of We the 2d net. He le din thet