The New York Herald Newspaper, January 28, 1856, Page 2

2 NEW YORK HERALD, MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1856. ave reormed. 4 degenee®’ 6 srteresracy fled ths places ef the conquerors, @P dded edfemamecy and indolense to the ormmet of cruelty, and oppression. Ww such a 69%, ef things mo progress on tie part of the people ast puseibie, mad the little they made was accom- plished in spite of the obstseles throws in their way by die some order of things. But this little was nct sufi- sient % ennble the peapie to understand the essential and eon+ti uent elements of liberty. ‘True republican insti- tutions aie the highest devel: pement of human wisdet Vbeir existence presupposes uct cnly a general diffusiom of Imnowledge, but high degree of aptitude in the mass of tthe peop'e; their permanence depends en general in- telligenee and morality. It is evident that the Spanish. American colonies were unable to arrive at Sra = state of yerection. could not keep pace ima- reveny nts Nee gradually introduced 2 Burope, amd which even Spain could no longer resist. These eulenies had Seem, from the beginning, ust only under ‘the sway of an irresponsible amd locally imperial gov- erament, without the mame of the latter, but had Deen sino under the ioflvence of a decavet and expiring dor inion op [be lhe con).oea*, wa ca squeeued the life ‘tivod from their veins, tm order to prolong ite own lan- wuiching existenco—a new evil, which they felt without towing how to avoid it. Their ideas of remedy were, Rewever, vague and inceGmite. They were rather guided by the instinct of their own preservation and by the thirst ef venzeance, than by the inspirations of reason amd ex- perience, In due ccurce of events, and by s series of regular de- ‘Welopements, approached our revolu:ion—a straggie for Searly defined and well underswod interests. It was fa- worec by that great moral asd om) convalsion which tere asunder the fetters in which the masses of Europe had been bound by cheic kings ama by the ohureh fora peried of & theucand years—ihe Freneh revclution. It ‘was impessible to conces) this great eveat from the world, The knowlecge of it spread everywhere, despi'e ef vieeroys, ecicts, and the mcs* arbitrary measures sgainat toe press, Toe indiam of the distant valleys of the Anges, or «f the deep mimes of Paseo, in Pera; the ex ole of the narrow slopes of Chili, of the high plateaa ef Mexico, or ot the voleanle regicss and vast lakes of ‘Gent: a) America—all heard the roar of the revolutionary eernen; ibeir Dearts beat, their eyes sparkled and thet; Meabs tremaled with eestasy. The fermentation spread to tee Spanih coloniee. They thought of the past and *@welt bope‘ully on the fatare—a futare, unforiunately, Wat ico frequently darivened by hatred and jealousy, Mingied with the pirit of vengeanse, Spain prowptly fei the shook cf the French revo- fe fon; grown old in abuses and ovcured dy cor- reptios, glorious only in her sovenirs, she bas mever ince deen able to re-establish the shattered febric of her barbarian grandecr. Her mission of omquest and propageadism is closed, and all she tel:, feels, or will ever fee!, de her past greateess, Bat in her fa‘, ber colovies #'il remained Gependent apom her, like tbe ivy wrich clings to un old turret overthrown by sn The power of the viceroys was ¢srong and whilst that of the bing was feeble. They con- tieved their aliiance with the throne of ferdinand and Teabelia, though profaned by » Bonaparte and eupported by foreign bayoncts. Spain presenzed to the world the shgaisr spectacle of a government strong ia its extremi- ties and deadatthe heart. Where was something sdmi- sable ip the devotion with woich the colonies adhered to ‘@heir tradi ione. The colonists themselves forgot for a moment thei grieis and injuries, remembering only Mhtir past glory and grandeur, and the tact of the e@ourtry of their ancestors and the monarchy of Carles V. being pristrated at the feet of Fiance. Although Spain was tyrarzical ard opprersive, she was stil their wother geuntsy, and it patriotism consists in the simple love of the native soil, the Spaniards and their deseendante must akveys be regarded as the.greatest patriots. The youny wecle, although certuries have since passed sway, still preserves with pride the sweet accent of her Andalusian ancestors; or, indigusrt at @ preporition which is nat te be accepted, replies by auittimg her fair brows and pout- img Vike a queea, Soi una, Jatalina! Wih the restoration in Spsin cessed this patriotic seniment and sympathy in the Spanish colonies, whied were raade aware by the invariably absolute syeiem ot the vieeroys, that the reforms introduced by that resto~ gation in Europe were act intended for them. On the ether band, the viceroys, the colonial aristeccacy, ani dhe clergy itself, who constiated on unlimite: power azd s termidable ecclesiastical obgarchy, saw with uneasiness the progress of the spicit of reformation The representative priaciple had een imtroduced in Spain; the power of the mo march, til} then abselnte bad bees limited. the acistocra- ey reformed, the privileges of the ciminished, th jew of pramogeniture » boushed. aed the areat principl of equsdi'y before toe law prosiaimed. They feaced th iffusion ¢f ibe spirit of sinecatism waoieh had produce e-eh marvelleus chan,es in the ,Peniasula. Theic fear« wee not vofounded. Noiwithstanding the die-anve that @tvided tsem, and the lung pericda of oppression, igno vance, and al Dut scrolate superstition, which had reigned io the Svanish colonies, ray of a new ign poured mp upon America, and pecple began to speak mith- (ent cinguise ot the rights of bomasity, and bastened to re eognize them. The voice of i-erty, charming she radet ears, found thourands of hsteners, it caused amcnge? vee oppressed populations the rame excitement, tue sune Bisrant emotorr thar masic coe amengs: the savages. jague hopes of an unknown fu.ure dawned trom am ngst the clouds which covered them. The mos’ ia- telligest ano most enthusiastic thought ¢f theories im- ole to ve realized; the Crroies, of an order of things & ‘whieo they coula ple themselves in the same rank ‘with tbe most clevated, toe lodisn revarned deck, in his non, to tbone gicrivas days wem the demo:racy of 1 , ike that of Sparta, exercised their simole Dat severe law:, wisely adapted to nis necessities acd eouéitiop, acd woen cis accestrs did not pow under a foreign yoke. But fow or none had a clear idea of what oor stitutes true repadlicanism, or knew the means of arriving atand preserving it. The best. not to say the wisest, tike tae See nivertion eps | fell iato the error Of KuppO-ng thats pecple weary of ty:anny and huriastio'o, literiy, were capable of understanding it ape realising all the cenistions of its enjoyment. He- pudlics are the «f-pring cf time; they are, tos cer- tain print, the emul: cf these high develogementa of bom-ni'y wich they at the same time in their tara hep to improve. Thus, whites the most abstret treth- of republicaziem were proclaimed wib and eloqueves, ihe per ye lost the means of attaining to rs- thoma! and fully ree guized libersy. The separation fom Spain wan the fret great step they bad io view; this wee accomy isbed, they thought nothing farther was wanted. ‘The facility with which the Spanish mosarchy was dis- wembered, sod he independence of the American eolo ter ertad ikbed, is inderd remartadle. It ws, a9 doubt, tm grea: part aitributabie to che fesbleness of the mother evantry. Boto ber causes, to which we wil) oriefly al- Inde, costribured ts favor it. The anet <r part of the Spanish-American popu- laden, by wai ncera%cod as weil thos who occa- pled sli the ‘mportact pots, and who were wore inti- wstely ccipretd with the govertment, a» rae¢n whose principles were menarchiea and of am oxclurive charse- fer, emdsacing the whole weet body of the rich cergy. boobed nev only with ezror on the pr vioa ot Liberal rineipies io the Fenineula, bat were also afraid that they waigh? ¢xrene to their coun'ry anc invade chair own ince- seats. They treab eo for their immunities and p:ivileqer; bat eonrdent oi tne wiluence whisn torir education aad the vieber Of the colovies gave thera, and of the power Whey bad bern ents us'ed with, how es with \638 concen fee veveic pemen’ and proclamstion of liberal idess in ‘has, when ‘ne ory vf reparation fom Spain wer raises, they joined ix it and wade common cause with ‘by peopir. A’) bebelo im thix reparation aot oaly thetr prevent reeurty, but alvo the eomtionativa of tivic the ished prove sge- axa antooriy The Viceroy hoped 1 the 8 with hich bs wae va: ed, % to enjoy an indepeodent \astead ; the aristoeracy, to shane off their hia) 6: pendem ea dy trm ay bodependens arise tLe asotutines, ube intolaran o a avd ecrvuptiosg of Spain, the of ergy aud tyraony, towk ote Jant efforts again-t Lhe pro Th's hetersgeavons anion of “he coches conatry, Mex'es Ovlombis aad f rrupath apring of the ree, end weds there ene of Mberal rentipents. y the tee tue of inceyendene eed the bert result. Fxeept seme fortified portarf Searh Amertes tne declarati inieypdence did not lead te sy serion® oonflics. Beatin relied er nicevt y that ber col wial off ists would watnieio be invegrity «f ber pssew tons, and wea those foiled Ler «he wee aware tbat Ler weakness would rot allow her to enbark in s stevggle which perctivo fe ovr own revolution ins Civtent oa sare muoneee where war icceperdence cated wita more ananiait ond feci'y than in Central Amuries to whica conatry tee jo}low ing veges are @-pevivly devo'ad. No soover bad the act of seperation wken place, a2 wuts! c ngra vlations opon the expulsim of taecem aon enemy bees exchanged, toan the psop'e, wih» yrica 0 funder, called for aosciute ind-pendescs, om th ‘ of the constitution of te grest reou vlc of the they were abe to und % the sheek ard steuggl ineiples slinded > proasntes wef] eriatocracy anda zealous cle-gy > denefies), tho other by tae peopie, seo their abstract righys bat rich only ta ‘heir de vot a, en husiastically at ached to sha" they onder st o¢ of Mderty and sepublicani-‘m; ino word, det won thore who iu Mexico und Central America wore called serviies and idera’s, comer which we ahall athere tots there pages, hecaure of their easier distinction. [ris ery to uncers and how this struggle for ruprenacy ebsnged gradua ly into one of ex ermination. ier thee orks bear Compr mixe or eoneiia"s m betwen prin ivloa *o implacebly ‘ile ae those which have divided the penned colonies, Bence resnites in a great measure that ferocious intolerance I tare deplored in the commeace mnt of this chapter; bence that eres of revolations aod cougter revi lu iops whicn to this bour distract the Span- deb- American States, and in whic” pt goers mans of oat geople behold noting bat the strife of petty chiefs and ‘the stroggios of parties fr power. Our own revolniion was nothing but a amall oontro- d be ed dowly and by degrors. beginoieg with pod carried at Rupoymede, when be 6.00) Sethe seeptre of absolute royalty, and whea the pubile wes! wi deter smote wih word the selves. The those singm they actions disgraceful to their own cause, and have been the first to deplore. But itis mot to them Leiogy Sao inary odium ct this «1 ‘The serviles have marked their whole career by most atrocious 3 never did they show the tolerance, gemerusity or clemency; on the contraiy, Blways Lrenwen brevali:y ‘and darbarwm in all siruggies m which ine, uncer fturbnde, with whove fall empir jer Eturdide, 008 ver the monarebical syetem on the North Americaa con- tinent. CHAPTER I. TBE REVOMUTION. IN CENTRAL AMERACA—STRUGGLE EETWEEN THE R&PUBLICANS AND MONARGHISTS— TRIUMPE OF THE REPUBLIC—1E21 FO 1823. Nowhere in Spanish America were the abuses of the tyrannical colonial system of Spain more evident than in Central America, during the epoch of the capitania geveral or vice reyalty of Guatemala. Its jewous policy excluded the peopie of thet vast region from any oom- munication whatever with the rest of the world. Foreigners were rigorously kept away from its ovaste, and no immigratioa permitted, not even from Spain, ex- cept uncer the veverest restrictions, The power of the mother coumtry was systemstically augmented, and the dependence or impotence of the eclomies maintained by all means possible. The crown officers enjoyed the most extended prerogatives, and were entrusted with untimit- ¢d powers, of which they generally made use only for the promotion of their individual dmterests and personal aggrancisement. With the people they had ro sympa tbies at ali; abeic league wae with the rich and power- ful clergy, in whose bands lay that terriole instrumen: Of oppression—inquisition. — United, they were abso- Tote and irrenistizle. The conquered abo had be- come the passive slaves of thei will, cultivating their lands witbout avy remuneration, and peying imp:sta for what they were excluced from. Taese unhappy men were not even allowed to mount thei: own horses; they were even whipped for remaining before taeir oppressors. T have already indicated some of the causes which ied to the overthrow of this order of things. Im toe year 3815 the first outbreak of On, Doe piace in Leon, in Nicaragua. To this city belongs toe gry of ing given the first uppulse to the biberal sentaments in Central America. Although this movement was seppreesed, nevertheless it has ex- cited the pubis spirit, and directed it into the revolu- tiouary channel, convincing, at the same time, the government officers that separation f-om Spain was im- minent ard unavoidable. Ihave already indicated the politicsl line they adopted. Follo their own in- terests, they thought to convert the popular elementa to their own pui , and made Lo opposition whatevar to the first arangements in regard to dence. These were offected on the 13th September, 1821, when the peo- ple of the city of Guatemala, aad the representatives of ube repubiic generalty, assembled im the hall of audience, and proclaimed the independence cf the country. The change was not ranguinary, although decisive. Those who either by sympathy or position were the most identi- fied with Spain did not adhere to the republican senti- meot, nor to the plans of those who looked to indepen- dence as 2 means of seizing w) power themselves. ‘They quietly left the country, ana went either to Cuba or Spain, without being molested. There wore left ovly the serviles amd liberals. From that epoch dates the dissen- sions and the stroggles between the two antagonistic reg of which ‘eve two parties were the represen- Liven. ‘There in no dondt but that the servile party of Cen- tra] America thought seriously of establishing a royalty cr indspendént monarchy, comprising the provinces which had belopged to the late vice-kingdom of Guate- mala, But the provincial Junta, immediately assembled after it» separation, was for the greatest part composed of iiberais, woo, in epite of the efforts of the o which were surprised and half paralyzed, took the oath of absolute incezendence, and convoked a constituent national assembly, in order to organize the country avon the basie of republican institutions. This discou end put down the serviles, and dixpelled the illusions of their dreams, They were left in an impotent minority, aud the people whom thry had despised and hoped easily to control had already recovered their rights. They bebeld ia the ansembled national congress, and in the prociama‘ien of the republic, not only the ruin of their hopes and of their new privileges and powers, but of whatever hey bad previously been in ion of. Un- der sach circumstances they saw with the greatest satis- faccion the re-establishment of the empire in Mexico ; and not counting on their own strength to combat the public opimon, they were determined to give up part of their objects to preserve the other. From that time they conceived the idea of teal Central America with the Mexican empire, and they asked for the support of the «erviles who were triumphant in that country, in order to attain that end. The proposition flattered the vanity of Iturtite; titles and decorations were even de- wanded ana promised be orehand. Sure of this r»pport, they were inspired with fresh ardor, and tried with des- perate effor's to produce a revolution in the public mind. In the mesntime the Natioual Assembly, convoked by the Provincial Junta, met in Guatemala, the richest and most populous city of the country; but to her disgrace, the omy one which, as the residence of the vice-royal court, was devoted to the interests of the serviles. city was and si ill ia the centre of serviliam, where al) its plaps are concocted, ard from whence a!) its operations sre cirec ed, The Assembly, in spite of al the efforts of the conspirators, who by pompous promises of i riches and bsp, iness under the empire, had with eartial svecese endewvored to seduce the ignorant part of the people to support their plans, was composed of a great majority of liberals. Their attempts to corrupt the ma- jorny having failed, they airected their first attack against the popalar perty—the beginning of that series of misfor upes which have befallen the country and Dronght it to ite ruin. Assembly room was sur- rounded py armed bande, aod their deliberations were violently interrupted. Some cf its xaost distinguished liberai members were assassinated, and serviliam ob- tained ite first triumph in Guatemala by tresson, vio~ lence and bloodshed. The people ot Central America being spread over a vast country, could not immediately come to the defence of their representatives. Some weeks after this event, amidst the anxiety of the promulgation of a republican carter, the simpie populatioa were surprised by a pro- c'amation from the serviies annexing the country to the Mexican empire. Many were paralyzed by terror. Not enly bad the principal liberala succumbed, but they were cast into che prisons of Guatemala; and to filbthe mea- ture of their diegrace, treason was introduced into their own ranks. Gainza, » weak but popular citizen, who had presided ove: the Provincial Junta, seduced by the promises of the serviles, and allured by the advantages he hoped to ob'ain from the enpire as @ recompense for his treasom, joined the triamphaat faction, Confased masees of people, stimulated by gold, ran throngh the streete of Guatemala and the neighboring towns, crying seeth against the caiefs ot the liberal party, aad as mending the proscrip‘iom of all their adherents. They invaded the hous+s of the republicans, and added marder to violence and pillage. In order to give some semblance of ormality to this premeditated irjury, a spurious writ of convocation. at tie head of which the traitor Gainzs with ridiculous irony was placed, was issued. This letter of cenvoeation mentionec with intentional affectation culy the incorporation of the municipalities and of the army, without speaking of ihe geopls. Tne term fixed for the resolution was so limired that there was just time er cugh to give notice to the immediate dependencies of Goaremala. The army, reorganized by the usurpe-s and constituted as their instrament, waa ready to support beiz wishes. A at the risk of their five:, had the courage to oppose proceeding: but as tr waa to be expected from the votes of « mercenary army, lot since prepared, and ‘rom ‘h sect the istimidated rw nicipati‘ies who bad been ga'ned over py fraud, the question was cecided in favor of annexation to Mexic: and st the same time the The armea foree which. by icivacion, hed heen solicit- ed from Mexico, at ‘his time already on ite way, ynder the command of Ceceral Filisols, in order to carry oot. by means of foreign bey mets, the treason which had been inaugurated witb Puch suscess. These movements cf tne servile, a9 1 mentioned before, semxined long unknown tw the populations distant from | Guatemals, and were, cooseqnently, only supyorted by there of the neighborhood. But no sooner had the peopie ecovered from their astonish vent, than thay opposed \agoxourly this work of usurcation. San Salysdor, tae br xt proviney to Guatemala, and tne entre of liberaliem, was *Le ret to hear of *he events jast marrated, end also | tee first to adopt mensures ot resistance. The ouzarchi- ce! party, well aware of ity insecurity, hastened to sead en arre tf0 ce to tile these popular demonstrations in San ~slva Diicace cf thot small province promptly aough the servile army was supe- For the first time, aad ne representatives of the spoken of made open me the sott of Central 1 with dicod, n Salvador were supported hy the in Nicaragua and of Sau José tn Coan Leon, the capite! of Nicacsgna proper, was the eof a bloody struggle, The hishop of the province frem the beginning. opoosed popular movement, apd toon part open'y with the servies, The power of the church was #*li preserved and supported, aot only by the aristocratic tactvon, bat also by those who were gbliged to follow the clergy. Thie struggle suhsequently produced such terrible scones that the whole eiy was near y destroyed, and dy ita fall the servile fection in Nicayagos was forever ancihilated. The triumph of the ifberela of San Salvados way fatal to the rerviles, and woull, perlaor, have secured their flu al overthrow bnt for the arrival of the forces of Iturbide ta Guatercals simultaneously with the announcemen’ of their rout. The serviles collected with renowed cond- dewce the remainder of their army, and in univon with the imperial troops, marebed avainst the victorious lio- ral, ‘The troopa of San Salvador, after s long and nerole compaign, were vanquished. With th's campairn begsp the atrocities which gaye | the Central American ware a character of barbarian al- | most without example in history. The mercenaries of | Mexion, net knowing any discipline, despised the tropa tior in num . unfortunately 20! for the L two antegonist prinap rs it r war op «ach orner. America bas been a> ev The patriove ct = @eray about repub\yan forme, /te eqsentle) odvan‘ages ; wiih whom thoy were aavcc atari, end eprie| terror every. respondent deerve issnet. | where, amongst frends as well a5 49 sersaries, The vilest outrages, robberies and usraee setions were dally ccmmiited. Drupken soldiers filled t’ 44 streets and Me ¢ toe city, and the ne} ne 00 i stacked, at heen Sosatel fc assem ~ Siriesale slaughter and pl, of “Vive et ca aap Tee vs et omp*ts ‘malateia fervign ext” eases pecple, no lomger coloring 7 ‘Un the Sth of Jawuary, ‘the 't of Mexieo ‘Was preciaimed im Guasemale, male wells the enn evonte just men- tioned were taking place, N vember 4, of the same ot Ciudad Real; wala; and S For all three the functionaries were nomi- nated from amongst members of the servile fastivn. Nevertboss, practically they were unable to exercise any autherity, Sam Salvador, although vanquished in ‘the field, was not conquered. Ite provincial Congress, thouge wandering from place to place, defied the invad- ers, and — elves intact. Under bie cumetances, @s a means of preserving its yorty this Congrers teok itself to "decroe its annexation to the United State, and by a rolemn resolution of the 2d Decew der, 1822, proslaimed its incorporation with the republic whore example had supported them during their adveraty. It ty not known whether the American goverrment made any reply to this proposition. Happily tke triumph of servilism wes of short duration, and there was uo necessity for its execution, for ia the midst of these tuccesses the empire ot Iturbide fell by the ener- etic und well directed opposition of the Mexican liberals. e troops of Filisola were dispersed,and the serviles were left with their owm forces. Witbout foreign support they were incapable of maintaining ‘a moment, and they left the field 10 the repuolicans, who on all sides reasrumed the direction ablic affairs. Chia. as, pirtly by inclination and partly y the force of cixcumstaness, revolved to follow ox- ample of Mexico; but the other States, of Nicara- , San Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica, sent toeir delegates to a constituent aysembly, in oder to a ae the country on @ repubdican basis. The per- viles made no opposition, but confined themselves to an effort to direct the parliamentary operations; for this purpose they em ployed ail their rhiil and energy. They wished to establisn a dictatorsbip as the first step to- warde attaining (heir monarchical aims. By the deliberations of the assembly the adoption of the constitution of 1824 was pronounced. It was oppos- ed chapter for chapter, and rection for section, bat was vigorosly and triumphantly supported by the liberals. ‘The rerviles gave @ tacit consent to it, because they feared the opposition, individual guarantees, the repre- rentative principle, the Aabeas corpus and the liberty of the press, but they were the first to infrizge it and to tread under foot those rights when they attained after- wards some strength. The plan of corfederation com- prised ip the new ccnstituticn met with the most de- termined hostility on their part. With the view of central- izing the powers of the government, they stubbornly op- pored the extension of Joeal powers and the sovereignty cf the several States, Therein they were supported by various liberals, for although it was not yet determined, they accepted it by compliance with the necessities of the country. The % acts of this astembly, besides the passage of the constituticn, were of the most live- ral and enlightened character. The reforms in- troduced remind us of the dings of the repubsicans of the Freneh Convention. All titles of nobility, includ- ing that of Don, were abolished, the sate of Papal bulls probibited, all obstacles to immigration removed, the most liberal guarantees accorded to foreigners, and finally the “The Republic of Central America,” with a national banner, the device of which was five volcanos, with the motto, “Dios, Union. Libertad!”* Amongst the acts of this assembly there was one which ig entitled to more than a passing mention. By a decree of the 17th of April, 1823, slavery was absolately abolisbed,‘and fts re-estabHabment at any time cr place whatever, in the republic prohibited. Trafficking in slayes was d piracy, and the severest penalties were im- pored on those who were directly or ‘eeily engaged init. Therelore, to Central America belongs the glory of having been the first ia the world which abol ished negro slavery; it has faithfully adhered to the vo- Hey adopted by its first constituent assembly. The adoption of this measure was also the pretext of the first €ispute with Great Britain, which by poeritically invokes philanthropy only when philanthropy is profitable to it. is not the assertion proved by the demands of repara- tion whieh it made, supported by a brig of war, on Cen- tral America, for the fact of rome slaves of Bellze avail- ing themse.ves ot the constitution of that country to take refuge there? There never was a more iniamous pro- ceeding. ‘lthengh the constitution was passed on the 27th of December, 1823, it was only published on the 22d of De- cember, 1824. With its adoption the serviles seemed to abandon thcir anti-patriotic and insane plans. The on- thusiasm of the people had arrived at its height, and opposition to Ht would have been folly. In spite of its great cefects and the formidable attacks itsuftered, rt exercised the most penefl :ial influence on the people. If the latter had possessed intelligence like ours when they pr claimed their independence, and, kno their necessities, bad kept afar from the instigations an sophiems of demagogues, there is no doubt this consti- tution would have been reformed stendily and by de- grees. bestowing peace, happiness and progress on the courtry. ‘ Kven such as it wes,” observes a Central American, “ard in spite of its defects, everybody per- Ceives the progress it aiced the people to make in its manners and custems, and the complete chance it ope- rated in the spirit of Central America generally duriog the ten years that it secured the hberty of the press.” CHAPTER IIL. THE REPUBLIC IN ACTIVITY—THE LIBERALS FIRMLY ADHERING TO 1T--COMBINATIONS OF THEIR ENE- MIES—CIVIL WAR--1823—1828. A short time betore the adoption of the national cons'‘i- tution, the people of San Salvador assembled and pro- claimed the constitution of the State. This took place on the 12th June, 1824, and in conformity with ita local government was orgunized. San Salvador, the firat in the liberal usovemen:, was followed by Costa Rica on the 24 Janusry, by Guatemala on the 11th Oetober, by Hon- duras on the 11th December, 1825, and by Nicaragua on the 8th April, 1826. On the 16th February, 18265, the fe- deral representatives met in the city of Gnatemala. There were thirty-four altogether, in the following proportion: — Eighteen from Guatemala, nine from San Salvador, six from Honduras, six from Nicaragua and two from Costa Rica. General Arce, more from his hostility to the 8 anish system than from his personal capacity and qus- lificationa, was elected President, and organized the gov- erpment op the following 29th April. In the same month. a Senate like ours, assembled in Guatemala, composed of two members for each State and Mariano, Beltracera, ae Vice President of the republic, became the President of it. The republic entered into activity; its affairs progressed with liberty, and the country, enjoying perfect tranqnil- lity, made rapid progress. it although the serviles deen routed, they stil! existed, and sowed everywhere the seeds of ¢ireontent, hoping for an opportunity to excite the prejudices and jealousy of the people. In the city of Leon, as we have seen, the bishop, supported by the clergy and the aristocratic faction, had vigorously oppored all republican movements. His principal forces were concentrated in the city, and although not ins nu- merical mejority, bis partisans were the ruling class. This rendered Leon odious in the eyes of the Hveral cities of the State, and provoked amongst them a jealousy which has not ss yetclaappeared. Every movement in this city was regarded with suspicion. After a few months of tran- quility, and wi 1c tration was f hands of the atovisionsl tea government, the populace, excited by the bishop and his frierés, insisted pint dismissat of the commandant in chief, Basilio Carillo—a proceeding which caused a great commotion in the whole S:ate. The anti- literals, inflated by this success, continned ir violence and wade other demands of the same charaster. Hence- forth a reaction bjt sig and by @ counter-movement in the same yy civil war broke out with all ite old hor- je rors. The conflict was carried on energetically and with- out quarter from either party. One part of the town rore inst the other—street sgainst street, neighbor ogainst neighbor, brother against oruther, father agaia.c scn. The movement was communicate: to the nvigh »r- ing tcwns; the adherents of both parties took up ar | und repaired te the capital in order to snpp ct thetc There the struggle was prolonged with various ees for@ hundred ana fourteen days, Durwg this pe & erat part of the city, inclacing its finest and hest bu idix ge. was destroyed, thousands of habite- ne being burnt in one day, Leon was isid avd nevertheless tbe strngg)ing parties conti cupy their posts with unrxarmpled obstinacy. It ia im- possible to :e') how long this corflict would have lasted but for the ariivalof General Arce with » division of feceral troops irom San Salvador. His intervention re- established peace; the serviles remained subject to the yepublican authority, and affwire prevented on the sur- face the appearance of tranquillity. The liberal chiefs—generally speaking men of god ecucs'ion snd jauiotic eptiments, whore enlef error Jay im their teomocerate confidence ia their popular in- fluence (not to sey in their own jud, rmen')—in examining the stroggle which had just taken ploce, mast nesessarily have been aware of the fact that ignorance aud the deryy were the great obstacles to the pro: perity of the country, their chief enemies and the promovers of disorder, Tho church bad opesly taken side with ihe monerohical faa tion ond became identified with thors who nad declared tneir determination to ruin her unless she sided with them, But although she Lad no influence wits the liberals, who sincerely cespi-ed her, she exercised creat power over the ignorant masses. Therefore the policy of the iberals declared against her open war. Beiog well aware that the general edu -stion of the masses is incompauble with popular superstition and its most effec, ire opponent, they direoted all their efforts to the diffarion ot know. ledge. Ihe educational system of Lancaster had boon recently intredused into Europe and the United States, They hes'ened to form schools upon this aystem; but the exicrnelesof the country preven'ed tide boing usefule The people were enthusiastic on the subject, and asked for means of educa ion, but did not meet with teachers. In order to remedy this want, the government officials, true to thelr princirles, o:eeated to. become, wahoo. masters curing the leisure time left them by their oc- evpstins, All barracks had their schoolrooma, and tke Indian soldier was Inetructe! by his own chief in the e'ementa of education. Never before nor since bas there been shown, in any part of the world. such a de- sire for instruction, or & public spivit nal to that which the liberals exhibited durivg the period of their away, until the hydra of serviliem raised again its erushee but umited heads. In the meantime San Salvador, whose population was the best educsted and mort radi, eal of Central America. could no longer bear patiently the machinations of their own charch. Indignant at certain uaurpations of power on the part of Arch- bir who resided in Guateraln, and was the moat jcuons partienn of the revo ionary faction, they the principle that the people bad the right of con) sdop mablic was proclaimed under the name of electiog thete rel gious as well as political functionaries, and they eketes as Maing st San Satvacer Dr. Degade, @ liderul cmangymn. 9 Archbishop dencaseed the act, and the Pope himeeif, r of fia. Bracagativen, ‘not only dered Ww be revoked, under} the whole population of the Stal werer, his adi wes receivea with cold ivdifferemes, and a litle af er Costa Rica followed the example of San Sa.vador, im apite of the successor of St. Perer, [his proceeding, to nay the least of it, was impelitic, and hastened the coa' tion which destroyea establiched educational system avd pr the clergy from the fate to whica thay were condemned by the slow but sure reforms which tre system itrelt must have operated. We now arrive at create BUDE DaD > wintaliobeeiee ‘3 ge Bis 4 Five years bad the first ery was raised for independence. attempts to establish a new y or an aristocratic oligarchy bad failed, and a iberal ard ey ee ern which was exclusive'y devoted tion of the country, ned been With exception of the Soke Ja as dimg it as a usucpe loa e308 ft, butor- exeoin auni sting unde but the opi i” combinations. The ardent aspirations for were born amidet the deep pre-oocupations of the people, who assured their devel it toa more or kas ex- tended degree in the moment of attaining the desis otject, but their enthusiasm bad grown old. This ‘must ever be the result when men are more incited by ren\iment than by reason and reflection. The chiefs of the reaction, profitt by these circumstances, ha-tenvd to cow disaffecticn amid che peopie whom they pushed to the last extremes. The serviles wore composed of hetercgencous classos without having apy’ in common bat hatred of the Hiberais. The nucleus of this organization was the svt disant nobility—the hope of the viceroyn ty—whose ten. dencies went with these of the bereficed to op- ose the ecucation of the masees, and to centralize power B the ban¢s of a few—in a word, to establish an order of things which would vssure their complete dominion ‘The aristocrats called this cembination sangre azul (blue blood), viz Position, riches, and influence. ‘The elergy was not only rish—a sufficient means for operating with essinexs—but they counted more parti- zane amongst the people whom they conspired, because of the traditional respect paid to the church, and of their ignorance, which made them a blind instrument and victim of their plans. With such elements, with an ignorant people who did not know their dutira, ‘and who were je 10 understand where they were led to, and with a powerful faction hostile to repudlioss forms in general, it was absolutely impossible for the repndlie w remain in peace. Invain the most enligh'ened onivfs of the liberal party endeavored to prese:ve order. Their inveterate enemies were indefatigabie in spreading dis- st they brought the federal government in cor fi 6 State of Guatemala. ‘These inconvenier.ces were consicerab'y augmented by some ersential defects in the constitation itseif, which, like ours, bad not with precision defined the respective powers ofthe general government and of thore of the several States. The liberals themeelves were diwided on this particular point; one part favored the centralization of power in the federal ment, apd auother thought the legitimate object confederation was to effsct what the States individually were unable to acsomplish These differences contributed to weaken the liberal party and to hasten the ruin of the repubiic. ‘Aiter this neceseary and preliminary exposition, we ¢sn now trace the course of events, From the the cause of the liberals was exposed to treason. As the terviles were tn possession of an influential social pesi- tion, they had the mtans of winning over those who were auscep:ible of it: they were not wanting in the tact necestary to flatter the vanity of others. Taeir unifoim ‘policy, when they could not openly attacs, was intinvating, and even fawning. General Arce, Pretident of the repubho, was first vistim of their wiles, Under the pretext that a sec-et ecmmunication bad been made of the fact of the authori- the Rabral goverpucenls toey_provatied on him to arrent the federal government. on arres! the chief ofthe Stato, Don Jusa Barruncis, one of the most capable and active Unerals, whilst he was exercising tions fn the Government Palace, waereupon be proceeded to disarm the civic militia. ‘This eutrage to the sovereignty of the State, committed without an; Position, took place en the 6th September, 18 epcch at which began those terrible commotions which have agitated and mili trouble the country. Th's arbi- trary act. this shameful violation of the constitution, has dcomed its perpetrators to eternal in‘amy. ‘The ser’ ptly obtained other successes. The citizen Cirilo Ficres, a highly esteemed man, and Vice President of the State, was, at the ime of this event, in the district of Quezaltenango exerci+ing his duties, The inbabitants of this cistrict are all ignorant Indians, and worked under the immediate direction of the clergy. When the news of the Governor’s p-oceedings arrived, ® friar mounted the pulpit in one of the principa churches, and excited the fury of the populace against Flores, who was forced to take refage ia a churen, and there at the feot of the altar he was assassinated, aud his body tern into pieces amids’ eries of “Vira Guate- mala! muera la reputlica!?? The ostensible mution of this brutal vengeance on the part of the friars was that in the impositicn of the general ar agit their properties were not exempted. In this way the clergy supported as allies the movement of the aris.ocrats. The violences exercired against the first functionaries of Guatemala were followed by thore against the subor- inate members of the government, some of wom were asrassivated, rome imprisoned, and some succeeded in saving themselves by flight. The liberals, unexyestedly attacked, were uratle to oppose any resis‘ance. Huwever, a eral cumber of them assembied, and under the com- mand of Colonel Pierson, an Inaian creole 0: the Wes, subdued the astaseins of Flores in Quezaitenango, but before they were able to combine and unite their torcer, in order to march on Guatemala, they were at- tacked and dispersed by # ordered and com- manced by the traitor Arce. Under such auspices a mew government, exclusively composed of serviies, was organized. Den Mariano Aicinens, who, under the Spe- nish system, was born with the title ot Marquis, was no- mirally the chief. but really the dictator, of the State. With his adrinistration began that detestable systen of espionage and provcription which in the course of the re- vcluticn led to such sanguine and barbarous proceeding:. A terrible inquisition against whoever hel: or was ens- pected to ho'd opinions contrary to the usurpers was «- Wbiisbec. Its sessions were secret, snd its decrees issucd with estonithing 1apidity. Many persons were condemn- ed without having been heard. To hold Hueral opinio... and to possess ened plac capacity were sufficient reasons for bein; lemned to deportation or death. All the liberal chiefs were proscribed, and Colonel Pier son, one of the most capable of the party, and who had come back to Guatemala uncer guaran:ce, was treacher- ously shot against the walls of a cemetery. Terrerism and serviliem extended over the whole country. ‘Arce followed up his treason to the republic by c'- voking, of bis own authority, a general co: gress; bi. this decree caused such an exi ent that {t could not be executed. The known object of this convocation wis to annul the coxzstitution, and to organize a central: - dictatorial h stated This has been always thefavorite +) 4 of the servile party, who, the mocesses .! their friencs in Guatemals, fomented diisensions in Nisa- ragua and Honéuras by involving them ina civil war. San Salvadcr, always republican, made a firm opposition to the measure, repuleed the suthority of Arce, and in a wcment of excitement sent a corps of troops against the usurpers of Guatemala, These were attacxed by those of President Arce and of the serviles, and forved to retire. At the same time San Salvador was invaced, butit dreve back the enemy in a decisive manner. Amidst these suecesses Arce thought it proper to follow in Hondures the rame policy as in Guateanaio, of destroying the gov- ernment. But he was completely routed; and tbe servile insurrection baving been in his own Stave partly sup- preesed, the latter joined its forces to those ot San Fe va- cor. Nicaragua did the same. interior mrog- ge in the States proved of no advange to the serviles, ey only ledto slaughter and cruelties like those wich have characterized civil wars im general. In the month of September, 1828, the nominal chief of the republic was exercising his governmen al functioos, being only supported by # portion of the federal svidiers and the cerviles of Guatemala, who amidst all this ter rorism, were the directors of , Arce being their instrument. Ai the aid he and they received from the other States consisted only in local inaurrec i ns against the legitimate authorities, which being without any eon- , produced no favorable reeul:. On the otker hand, Honduras and Nicaragua, with s great ma- jority, openly opposed the traitors of the republic, who pretended to be its representatives. Costa Rica, sepa- rated by high mountains, was s quiet and spec- tator of there events and took no part in the quarre Between these two divisions or parties arove @ straggle which in reality was but the prolongation of that «hick broke out after the ceclaration of indeperfence, and to which the serviles succeeded in sading some elements ia their favor. On the 28th September, the federal army routed the combined fovces of Honduras and Sap Salva- dor at the point of Sabana Grande in the department of Tegucigalpa, in Hon uras. But this triumph was epbeme. ral. A few cays later it was attac ed by the army of San Salvadot and Nica:agua, ard comp etely, destroyed. This battle was of the hivhes: io portance io many re- spects; not so much becan-e of the immediate vicrory of the liberals, an because it brought into notice a men who was cestined to be the ch‘ef ot the libers! party, and the most prominent statesman of the country. This was Francisco Morazan, to whore energy and tal ent, although in the position of ax inferior ofieer, victory was due. His appearance in public lift chasged the face of things, re-estaolished the repaplic aud im- parted now life to liberal institutions CHAPTER IV. FRANCISCO MORAZAN, TUE BULWARK OF THE RE- PUBLIC—LIBERAL RFFORMS—REDUCTION OF THE CLERICAL POWER—ELEMENTS OF WEAKNE*S— TRIUMPH OF THE FEDERALISTE—1828 To 1830. Franciteo Morazan, who is destined to figare ia hia tory as the beatand most remarkable man cf Centra! America, was born in Honduras, in 1799, His fataer was a creole of one of the French Islands in the West In. dies, and his mother a lady of the city of Teguoigaloa. His education was the one usually given in the schools, and no more than sufBcient for a man who wishes to ifve independent, but he soon revealed a superiority of intel- lect which was advantageously devoted to the interests of his countrymen. He was also roted for the quickness of his mind, joined to great energy’and decision of cha- racter; his manners were polished and prepossesning to sn unusual Gegree, and few persona wore ever brough: into contact with him without being immodiately pro- dispored in his favor. In 1824 he was Secretary General of Honduras, and subsequently Chief or Governor of the State. Being by nature inclined to military purauita, he not satisfied with a position exoius ot @ civil acter, and soon began to turn bis attention with auc itary matters. He was at the nead of the troops of Nicaragua in a battle of which we have aiready ‘and in whiob he estob.ished hie fame 9s a com- wander while be settled the destinies of his country and placed them on @ favorable basin, The battle of Sabana Grande was followed by a reries of bloody encounters, with yeried success, the advantage, a however, detog «m the iPoeval side. On the 17th of De- ‘he most serious of these eacounters tuo in San Sal-ador; the rewult of vais ge mutually agreed upon, by virtue of patties “consented woretbe from .hé city 2 euti-Nbers! ebisf, with that xan’ of good bith »bcb lerized hi» party, awaited the +xeru- tion of the testy om \be part of the liberals, aud then took port of "be ey bie piece of dese: was ‘viewrd by thea to the light uf a trumph. ‘The rervites (or apti ep diicams) augmen'ed the uamwber of thaic f r2ee Sulvader with a view of reduciog jection. Aree gave up the command, which was n¢minaily 1 his hinds, to Vice President Bat- tyaxepas, 97d took serviee in the ranks of the invading colvm:. Their ecversaries came to meet thom a: & place near Sap Salvador, and there the lideral troops, atter a prolonged contest, were Cefeated. Toey were under he command of Col Merino, and very much ioferior ia num- ters. The vietors gave no querter—not even to the wounred. This sctlun may be called an indiscriminate slavghter, for it war livtle cise. and, ae is ever -he case. was follcweo by similar proceecings on the other sida; and thus it is that the servile party first stamped upoa tbe Cemtral American was that character for barbarity and cruelty which has +iace distinguished them and hor rifled the civihzea world, ‘The victoricus troops 1mmediately laid riege to the city, but were repuised. Ther Seer however, were continued; ex y atier city fell ito their hance and in the month of June it seemed as though all the sia’e sere redverd to subjection. A capitulation was then signed by the government of the Sta’e, allowing the ia- vaoing forces peoeenipg: the city of San Saivador, and Arce t> cal tcger. @ e@ong.ess at Sante Anni. Tris was, ot course, to bein no respect a constitutional congress, nor an ind-pencent body, but @ blind invtra- mente’ Arce bimeif and of the sarviles of Guatemala. The intelligence of this capitula:ion or submission, bo bomibati eople, mas tre cause of general in- svrree ion; the ‘eceral gairison were attacked and made prisopers new provisions! eurborities constitu ed, and the war carried on with jury. This popu'ar mévement ‘was eveoursged and supporied by General Morazan, who, wih the !idera) army ef Honcuras, that had just put dew the State troops, marched 10 meet the enemy. In bis first enceunter with the invading army he was victo- rious, and so successtal did he continue to be in his ope: rations, that :» lesa than two months they were comp eta- Jy routed. Arse returned to Gustensia; but notwitu- stencia g all the efferts which he made to resume the nomi. ne) sutho ity whicu he had given up, the Vice Presi tent re- fured to return it, Public o iam again+t the two and ageinst the whole servile party hud meanwhile taxeo such propor inns, tbat he did not consider himeelt safe in Guatemala and was ovliged to fly to Mexico, whence, wt will bereafter sppesr, he attempted to invade the country whose first magi trate he had been. Having reorganised be legt'tma.e authoritins of Sal vador, Morszan marehed ag: t the serviles of Guatens la. The srmy rf the latter being destroyed, their re- sources exhausted, and themselves incapable of offeriog oy farther reristanee. they sdopted s temporizing policy. ‘They iret propored an amnesty aod afverwacds opene: negotiati ns having bani im view; but during this time the pecpe «f Cueralterango refuced to recognize th-ir autloriry, ard ihe cepar'ment became involved in & war ot the mest Diccdy character, Antigaa also took up 82K ane pronourced sgainst the goveromeat. To fll up the measure of their misfortune, Morazan, with two thevsand troeps from Honduras aud Salvader, nad aleady entered their territury. After a few unimportant eng gemente, lo which be wae inverlably sucessful ho pierented bimelf before the city of Guatemala on the lito and marcbea v: the State to ot Merch, 1829, and demasded its surrender. The reduced almost vo despair, and convinced e alne eculd rave them, thougnt of but oceley, They therefore ohne a treaty which wou'd call back ali the exiled li erals and ako to divide the g vernment with them acd restore things to their original state. Morazan being convinced of the want of slocerity whfeh gave birth to these propo- siticas, put sm end to ai] negotiation by an attack upoo the eity, which promptly fel] under yonet In houor of him be it s+id, however, that although the blood which the serviles hed shed was notyet dry, and alt;acugh tre ated were stil) fread in tha extenced every guarantee carrages that they had per, memory of al, he neverth to the venquisbed. ‘The author#y ct the servi es being at an end, the libe- ralgxeturned to the cecupation of the posts, whence they had becn driven by the servile insarreciivn, The Federal Coxgiera, whica had alxo been dissolved in 1826, ‘was provisionally reo ganized by Nicholas Kspinoza, Presicing Senator. The first mesaure taken dy this body was to ceasee extraordinary honors to Murazan: it wap ordered that bis portrait be placed in the hails of Corgrers, avo 8 gold medal was awarded him in cum. weworation of the re-estattishment of the sepublic. ‘The cor grees that followed next elected him Presi jent in the place ree. It then abrogated all the luwe i mvlgated by Arce’s an hority from the 6th a April, 1826, to the 12thof April, 1829, and declared the gvernnen wherce they irrned illezal ond usurped; anc afte: this it uncert.ob the set lexent of publi: affairs geceraily which bad tcen thrown into the greatest contusion by thiee yesrs’ snarehy. ‘Th.va new lite was given to tha republic. Sho received a second daptisa al blvod, aud unfcrtuns ely not the last. ‘The di-persed tinerals returre: to their firesides. Many. during the period of their exile, Lad visited the Unitet State dkurope. They therefore returned with clearer i to the system of government, and with much pisctical inter mation, woien coula not bu: benefit cheir Rafat and the cause for which they had uadergone so much. It would not be saperfiuous to recur for one momen to rhe a pect of effaire in Guatemala daring the peri d of rerviism. While the men of that faction remained in power they cid no: « irest their efforts exclusively to ‘he Prover:yion of the patriots or *beex’ension of their power in ober States. They followed, in other paracu- lave, vheir ipetinets apd theic antecedents, As so :n uF she srtocracy bud become elvatad wnew, the church required that the conoitions which hac besa stipulsted for in its tebaif should de compiied with. But the arist- eracy. elated witn success and actuated by its accustomed bac faith benayed its ansocivtes and «nly restored + rion of 1De privileges which had been done away with y the Kbavals, Tne San Salvador question and issues raised wiih ocher States had rise to » teeting oF dixcoptent fer from iafineace which the elergy exercised cver the generality of the pation. The latter. however, though displeased sud Citappeinted, deemed it more pradent to avancon a part of what itexpected and had @ right to expect, ra'ner than to quarrel with its treacheron» aliies, It bad wii dcm exough to know how to suffer and to yieldto es vrecf events which it could not control. Trere- zeit wae that when the servile armies were dest: ard the leadersof the aristocracy bad lost the elements of their power, ard were seeking tor some means ot prop- it fe? up. the clergy entered into s new ard ill-defined silence to sustain te failing aristocracy. Then the ao- cular sym, no Jopger restramed by apy con ijera*ion cf Principle ‘conceded all that was asked of it, and marked the Jest hours of its existence by compiete destru :tion of afl the messures of equality and improvement which bad been previourly acopted. With the characier- istic madners of lepitimist ies, it abolished every- thing which tt thevgh: itself wasble to control or man- age for any length of time. Not only did it annul the mesrures of the ilbersis, but it even premu’ga ed the most strin; ‘meatures in reference t) religious mat ters; it cecreed he burning of all bo ks vosuthorized by the cbureb, and took direct steps towards the re-w- tablirhment of the inqui ition, Ir direct violation of the cc patitu'ion and lows of count: y, it bad aiready re- turned he Belize slaves, and by this and ovher acte of treason had sustaized the Kuglish authorities of the Every character of public mecving ibied, a rigid cepsorsnio ot tbe established, and a body of salaried ed; in a word, a military despotism Al. there were annulled by the triumph e-en'abdlishment of the servile power brought teem back in‘o existence, they stil) Hve; ard there they stand, monuments of an age of barbanty and py which in that unhappy country dirgrace tb 6 of a repub tc. ACentr] American writer bus skerched with considera- Die truth anc eloquence the advent of Mo:asan and the Te-establier ment of the repubiic. GAt ‘kat time? be says, “appeared ® man who seemed fers by Provicence te save his country. His swore evt the bone ber Hherty, and re weed her mmeat the head ef the civiy council: e ware juege of huwan pature, of the peopie, of the revolution. He was inspired ky love ef glory aod attach went to bie cennty. ali opsosition oisappesred before him. He warebed trem viorory to victory, unti he bad re- rtover toe cenrtitution end re-established he sarhorities. He pever a) ed one drop of bio od rave om the fiela ot bat- te. Servilirm fied from the stage of public government. The liberty of she press waa re-establi bed. In a word, with kim ve-appearee ecpmitaien, order and republic.” The :atviotirm. e ursge and intelligence of one single man sufficed 10 work this change, and chat men was M razaa, vbr, Goring that seomy pe io ard the period of ence that tel owd his triumph offered the be-t move! of t rm. dotorly oid he vee talish republican iuati tuth pe, tot bie policy was of the mr st en.ig’ tened char. setex. ond all hin eff rte tended to the »ovenrement of his country’s interest that the, ese icra olanping against bim, velyivg vpen bis own eonericore, he never ostabirhed ory syerem ef vepionege. The mort extent ed liberty cf oyipion exinted. Reng ouw diberty waa pr - clomed ord provee ed. AM adults, with ut distinetina +f earn or color, er joved the pri ilegerf the Saliny box, ecu ity wee jear urly of hatear ony ur and ivil by ju tive rfevery civre © Wav rreant gad movlded wo rult te ecurtry and the »ge. Pulvic eduos- tion received all the atten top #h eb itcere ver and v ays ie irstrueti nwarintreauced which produced ¢fi'e then thet cf spy other peroo No menna of meteriel proprers were wegiec ed. New reads and vosks of puvde wrility were ommerced; a survey wae Wode tor the Bicaegra cynal, end @ very acvantegeous centract rigneo win be Kirg of he Count Bot alhovgh the governmen! trem devoid itl? to the adyencenent of rhe counpy. vbe Fer eral ngress covle net turn a deaf ear te the public volo, whica cat ed Wudly forthe pusisbment of those who had dieturoed aud over’brewn the republic, A decrge wan passed in seeordarce wih the pubdl'c rentiment, on the 22d of Avgost, 182, bexishing the refugee Arce and all the lenders that hed folicved dim; this provir exvended to the Dictator of Guatema: id teen asrociated wi h hem in the adm: ‘fon, theo «xcered that v ey return the aums woich they eceived trom the publle ty way of ea ary, and +'ro Lat one-third ef ther ‘operty he forfeited to repair the injury xhich they bad caused, and to vay the ex- yenrer of the war, Alhorgh thie measure was atric ly just there can be no doubt of its being impolitie and mexyedient, it havi. g given rise t a sysrem of confieea- tien which b sides more oF lese extersively. Legsl against the murderers ef Flores at Quezaltenango, but they were #0 numerous that it becuine impussidle wo ponich them, ‘Apart from this racrifice to public rentiment, tha live- rales adopted and observed the mort coneiliatay course with their adverraries, Soch of rhem as were of soffi- cient enypaci'y and patriotiem were called t» offices of emolement and reeponelvility, No hindravea or onsta. ere was pot in the wey of these who wirhed to follow the repuolicam = rtanderd. That this excoreive liberality was & mistshe carnot be doubted, ano wil very soon be shown. The serviles, incapable of appreciating the genercel y wi h which they were tren‘ed, accepted the positions which were offered them, but without shandoning their designs, prees Wan epien 03 ‘war 01 nie “WE to carry om Bew conspiri agalust the sepa’ & clergy very oon dis>,ver that in propa neva) princigi@s ako ld bs more widely spread, At the ssme periud a blow was dealt the clerica fom whien it pes never recoveced. The peop piready lovt much of i xesteem for it, and the party which it nad been idectified peing cestroyed, it unj ep influence must ciminich, and that the consoadas phd — oe would be iw rum. Bat their int to Morazan. Being inv with foil au'hority to take all such measures as were! cesrary to the preservation of order, and besog fully suaded tha there was ne reconciliation possible betw| the cl-1gy ad the recudlic, be preferred a decided sure; ane during the night of the 11th of June he the +rrest of he Arc>bishop and all aio shapely ef the order of Santo Domingo, San and of and ent them with a powerful escort to the por: of bel, where tbey were wipes on board a vessel. {fare that wese lett recerved orders to leave the conn} This decisive step was foilowes by the suppress oopventa grt nae ry the State of Guat ta; their pro was cevo'ed to tre furtherance of education and puviie charity, The Sanvo conven: was into a penitentiary, after the model of those need in United Btw'en; ano her became a ys school, and ‘8 bespttal ond so with the rest. nts were rel tom cheir cloisters and allowed to remde wheze ‘wehnetion cictated. ‘y were prohibite: thom tenirg the veil in‘uture. On the 7th of Set ‘o lowing, not only were these measures approved, ‘aw wax pasred abolisring 2!) religious orders throug! he republic. Chis decree was sauciioned throughou the States. The Archnishop was pronounced a tre fevienced to perpe ual exh i cated. Other measures of advpred at the same peri d In 1832 that a) religious denominations should practice 1! our, bel istur ed, which decree wis r with eutbus'asm by the g: vernments cf the States. Detural copsequence, the serviles endeavored to clog em arase UY ese mevswes, though dearing the evident progress anc eplighteament, and they lost catia to atwin their end. ‘Tbe State of Corta Hica, separated from the rest cf’ country 1y g-opraphicel position, took a leading pupic sffa rs, Om the Ist of April the confederat acticaly diranlved. Costa Rica declared that Bestred 10 break off from every engsgement; that woud therefore peacefully separate from the rest, that she interded to piese: the strictest neu ‘The tecit, th vgh unsyuidsble, adherence that was to the secession of this State was to exercise] ipca'culab!+ infinence on the duration ot the un} The 1e-pechive powers of the general government é tre Sta’e were not clearly define’, as we have defore mated. and bis fact could not but be used a4 a pow and indeed decisive argument when this question first bieesbed. eeu . ' At the conclusion of the year everything was fa Die to “he couse of the itl and satusfactory lovers +f repubiican inutitutions, Am unfortunate cumsterce. however soon threw a gloom over ail. Tevenues of Horauras, ia spi of the utmost econ were inrufficient, and # pecuniary strait was immir ibe counuy bad ecnt acted heavy denis im the re- lirbn ent of ibe sepublic, which it was unable to sat Thi. cri-ts fh ouced the state Legislature to decrees, uyon property, avd tafs, although mcdecate, was raly resistec, A similar averpt, attended wath si, resul #, wer made at Guatemala and San Salvi Am. ng the causes which haa been most potent in ercing the people to a declura'ion of independ wos the pri mise of reset from the contributions wi bud perm sc ling waid to the Spanish government, bac peen he practice dormg the early pericas of pudic betere the country nad been rained by the! viles, sna its reruarces squandered and Jost. these men unt sled the standard of disorder, the 34 bud reverues svffi isnt to meet their requirements to Lerwow upon objects of puolic utility; amt of the greatest evis with which the country proach this faction is the lamentable condivion in wi itleft its funos; this is a cancer that is now awuy iis iife. The necernity of the masses could pot unierstand, cov! thurisem lor the repudlia, and thelr friendship bec: if not wvewed enmi'y, at discontens. is, thap the imtrig.es of ber foes, cestroyed the ual Wholiy engrcnsea in attempts to raise money which beojuteiy needed, tne governmeat became nnal ote attention to avy uther object. while the Waut of mens caused a suspension of a)i the useful sures that bed been undertakes, and amongst o allowed .ne ceuse of education to fal: into neglect. the hope of betieriog so embarrassing 2 situation, cow se Was bud to the desperate measure of kan. Money was obtuined in England, at the mod orbitent ra e~«f interest, and with it came the mi-for'wves that could uffest the peace. prosperity integrity of the country. Engi influence pew streng b wod affected the affairs of all the Sta then degan wisumeerstandings, blockades, aggre a} apd a *ystewatic policy of piracy. These various cice sanees Wat not be lost rigat of by those who we fatrly appreciate the events of these » for itis ¢ Dy remeabering them that they can jastly evtimste| corcust of ‘hore who supported liberal principles ‘that of heir antagonists g 2 CHAPTER V, BRITISH INFLUENCE—NEW ELEMENTS OF DISCOR| SEPARATION—DIVISIONS AMONG THE LIBERA: ae rh PRUSP&CTS OF THS REPUBLIC—1830 +36, ‘Tbe year 1820 foand the repudlic in peace and the ral party untied, power‘ul and exercising all ita powd furtherance of ‘he welfare of the country. The fed] government nad entered into a treaty with tho Ur ¢ tates, ant tbe la ter had a Chargé d’Affaire ia the try, Aithough Engand had reeogaieed the indep| ence o Central America and accredited public agents, had sxefured to enter in’o @ treaty of amity and ¢ merce. At this period, however, she proposed to ¢)| into one; aud novwithstanding ibe irritation caused the peremptory and extraordiuary demand made a years defore by the wuthorities of Belize, on the ret of the slaves, the proposilion was favorably recei’ ‘There waa one obstacle, bowerer, in the way of this, its importance was not overrated by Morszan. This the posseerivn of au indefinite tract of the terri‘ory « tiguores to the tract where the Eng¥sh authorivies empowered to cut wood, By the last @eaty with Sp tre subjects of Eng and were allowed the privilege 0: ting within certain limijs, with an express cegnitien on their part of the territoria! rights of Spanish crown, epd with a prohibition agai Matin of any permanent ertadlisament. This terri cour i:uted fart of Guatemala, and whens change ¢t ernment was etleces, rightfully reverted to the repu with wbicl. Engiand was to treat for the prolongstic the privi +ge cocceded her by Spain. The British gove bewover, cd not view it in this light: tak! ge Of cirevmsterces, it proceedea arbitrarily ex (no rhe limite of a quasi coluoy, without the av ho ity of the republic, and in defiance of the ls The Diterals hod vot divregarded so important a pe’ but belive they hud deem anle to fix upom the pr: pohey t be pussuec, their antagonists had succeedet thing their piece.’ These peing inclined to favor kagh=b ipiereste, practically allowed tue usurpat Ai the time that the treaty was proposed, hovever, 6 Verxment was to the hands or Morazaa. The ls copenied tea treaty, upon condition ihat ite rat + cies Wou'd be wiven to Getermining the linnis and t durieg which the Englitb were to have the benefit of spepirh priviege. baving already aetermmed that B bculd vever "e given vp, and imagining that the wi ness of cbe /epub ic would siways allow thea to ancrc upor the coe, the kpgl'sh authorities looked up ‘nt Propositi. ny with unqualified displeasnza; and consi ing that Merazao war the mont tormidadie oppongr, t tir Coriger be Jetter became the object of their tihties by ovens of the sgents residing in the cour arc the snthoities of Boze. These united wich anti- ¢puoicey» to at ack him; they openly distriby arms to the #r ten ed, and when be came to pow teoone tm, he 1cund embersassments in every Tectun, ‘Tbe animosity finally reached euch pont, that, pind to every copsideration of é sid 6f top 7, they openly preached and fostered re Hoa ard tovght wbumenty, It will appear ineredi but it ie revertuelers true, that wi the wife of Fresicent, few ing the roldiery, sought for an asylan the b ure ¢* Ler Majesty's Consul General, tr. Chati wet Chly Wer Fhe Dot received, but was ruceiy repu ard exy creo 10 “he Cangers which abe, a lady, a moth uy Leiplers temas , begged to be proveced againat. Ar sop #s ire slaud taken by the repu she bee’ uewn oy Feliz. the avthoriti-s assumed an offen teve ard mare an 4 corion upon the island of Rasi Shey cr ve bexce the au.norities of Honduras, aad t porteeton of it dhe feceral g vernment’ form On nec te etre fom the English Cabinet, wad {6 retoud Pecer ly, bewever, it has been seized by rere ureerrpul us bends, snd is now held by the feb Gove ne eo!, ae a” it bad vec a! some time lawt entined to it AP the sae time, aad on equaly ¢ elusive prennd:, the'r pretensions were carries ap fa tre cuit. Comet, pretermdions whieh could onl. fecuree cy the pues who gave Belize her name, Lurie » years that fo'lowed the ré-estapl patdote je conaieradle progress was mad epilation, erm eee, Industey and education, Bot Hareng ‘be «Uetaeies whieh were interposed in Why OF Erp ree Of Any Bind. Two new univers weer sn Led, one at Sep Salvador, and one at be eubive t . neal in mala, sad of ib t ce ® cies, tecume inyportons sources of wealth. eOurepen emi given to the p.odaction of many ¢ Je over States~ that of indigo, for insta: whic on alv-acr bad falen as low &# 3,000 cere Mer sore es Pip b ae 7,00, 1 ven abe epenien ont ct to suppose, however, thas! molic Fare quiet and submnitie Fechea oder 1g’ Conspiracies, secret bit act woe even wor Jo Guatemala, where by recon of ther gecerosd y cf the Hoerals who had givon t) ‘ley und vw bre Sneility to carry out their desig Jrvors Une e:veoly granted are always rewarded ¢ tyraninde the cleee of the year i8sl the stand efuesrep wa eperly yhed. Arce, the cxilet Prosid trenera Jes Aitem with a bedy of marsenary troops fi Dexwo; are Caninguer, ao insy gent officer, aided Jeno» Guimen “cok possession of Omos and Troji tLineurer, Arce Sua soon defeated and boming caprered end srot. Guwrman, at Omoa, alone and uns we cefero bi belt raised the banner of Spaia. ‘and asf Cute ior o6rittence, Meanwhile the forirers besiegé< be ‘sorrel to pe was taken, and the Spanish fiag to ati le’s tril ane dragged through the streets of vert. Siesvepre, where the designs of the ropa sere we Thi cwn, wes oleo the wrene of some diate free; Tere, Lewerer, were promptly queiied. , thee speery ereceres 80 Koou obtained, inspired I beonls with ccmiderable contempt for their enem #10 in Order 10 prevent every possibility of dange: ‘helt port, t €y ported the league which thay bad fo « wih these whe appeared favorably inclined tows reyud lon ineritutions, Ayarty in power should never underrate ita of 1b ® garsculmly ata line when the majority itsel roi ves urine in reepest to the general policy t- flowed, Thee ciffe enore, in presence of a coma anper, Lad Leen dharegarded and overlooked for tke p He gid. They degen to become more apparent h ever, and ibeir appearance soon formed two par anorg the literals, which parties became dadly 1,