The New York Herald Newspaper, November 11, 1855, Page 2

2 NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 1], 1855. Bell, and_ in their modi Menny, Atkins and Mazleré. ‘The principle of the saw wajch cuts the grain in nearly the same. primeapal wheel is drawn along the groand by the horses, and communicates ity motion to two sets of wheels in such @ manuer that, by a re tiom of the prineipa! wheel, the saw makes from sixteon w twenty turns. According’ to the pace of the horses, which we can suppose from seventy to a hundred yards a the saw wonk! give from tive to six huniced The entting of tne graia witl nis upon the forta of the The saw can be low as to cut neare: anny’s machine, er groove ed or ralsed to or farther from the driver, on his seat, groont, Tn When Leercounters avy obstruction, can instantly give wmovemest (0 the lever which raises the saw about a foot the ground. In the machine of Cournier, the placed oy kuives, feet of which wonld e to ttalks Jess in cutting. The emall will, whose function is to incline the stals$ towards the cutter, has nevally ouly four wings. M. Crandvotanet blames nim Rr "having” exchanged in’ his mil the wooden wings for liven stretched upon rods of iron. “This constructor,” says he, ‘hus not understood the of the mal, which should imitate a hand pushing o%ks towards the cutter with a gentle motion, He is mill move too rapisly, which shakes the grain from th ne © In the best plans, the supports of the wings can be lengthened or shortened, to strike the stalks at the required height, In McCormick’s milt, the wings in being flat, as in the other, have an ingenious curve, resembling the form of a hand, and by which it ean be introduced into the grain, first’on the right and then on the left, thus £ have at the grain in a satisfactory wauner, which might lead the superficial observer to suppose this piece unnecessary. But the service of the will is replaced in the» maehénes by a man with a rake, who is obliged to overlook the spreading of the cut stalks. This man inelives the stalks towards the cutter with his rake, and after they are cut spreads them upon the ground. If the men who work these machines are skilful, they can succeed, while on the contrary, if they are negligent, the work will be spoiled. The mill clways performs in the same manner; it isa rkman, who is never diverted or fatigued. In the ma- chines where the cutter is at the side, the cut stalks tall on 4 platform or apron bebind the saw, and are there ga- thered by the rake and spread on the ground by a utan walks by the side, or sometimes sits on a part of the achive behind the principal wheel. They are placed in a Jong line of bundles to the right of the saw, on the path which the horses bave traversed. Im Dray’s machine the sta ks fll on amoving platform, which turns when the stalks have acquired acertain weight. The man in attend- ance ay bis left foot placed in stirrup in front of tits lutform, and the bundle being cut, he has only to raise Bis foot to throw it om the ground’ behind, where it Is picked vp by one or two followers. This principle is good, and in this case the man with the rake can take the plaee of the mill, but the bundles should be immediately gathered, that the horses may have an open path for the next tur. In the propelling wachine, where tue saw is m front of the moving wheel, the cut stalks fall upona platform placed behind it, on an irclined phune. The platform has a movement from left to right, and avit re- geiven tbe stalks places them itelf in a line ‘on the left of pa In the machine of Atkins the working of the platform is further seeured by the following ingenious mechanism. A large rake, articulated like mau’s arm, and moving at eeguiar inter vals, gathers the stalks from the plattorm and presses them’ in buudles against another fixed rake. the teeth of which catch in those of the first, the large rake then retires and leaves the bundles on the ground. One man only is required to work this machine and to guide the two horses which are attached behind. fhe American who invented it has gaiued the admiration of the whole public of Trappes, by the ease of its motions. The machine cut well, but at times became clogged. I. ieurent guided his own machine, and three men behind the horses directed it by means of a large fixed bac adap’ed to the end of the tiller. It took him a long time to traverse a small extent of Jand; his machine stopped before a small obstruction. Mr. Croskill withdrew his machine from trial after having procecded a few feet. Mr. Muddy, of Canada, did the same. Without the machine of Atkin»? the system of propulsion by barne-sing behind, would have been decidedly compro- mised in the eyes of the French public; 2t mowed two-fifths of an acre, the assigned task in twenty- five minutes, The French machine of Cournier, with'a horse, a driver, and a man to attend the platform, be- eame clogged, and stopped several times, but it was no- ticed for not leaving teoind any uncut stalks, which eanrot be said of all the others. “The faults of its mil an be casily corrected. The French shine of Mazier’, with a horse. a driver and an attendant, stopped several timey; M. Grandvoinnet declared he had seen it work very weil the year before at Grignan.’ ‘The Dray machine, with two horses, a driver and an attendant, is very inal, not complicated, and easily overcomes obstruc- tioes; it cuts weil, and has, it is said, worked mu ter under other circumstan The Manny im: with two horses, a driver and an attendant, appear: move easily; its mill moves rather too rapidly, bat i fault easily corrected. It the appointed vask quickly, and without ste wenty-two min- utes. MeCormick’s » most applause, The American has beaten the English, quires two horses, & driver and an attendant placed astride on # narrow seat behind the principal wheel; it proceeded without accident, andaccomplished the twr-lilths ofan acre in 17 n this velocity, which would give nea and twenty-five minutes, cannot fact. We must take into consi ef the driver and the temporary An acre an hour under ordinary circumstances, gi great results, With the machine we can ace aeres in ten working hours. The expense of two b and the Criver, eight frenes; the attendant with five francs; four women to pick up the bande france—in all twenty-one francs. « done by the scythe now costs in the envir f ninety-five france. Adding wha! we please for repa’ wear and tear, the interest of the capital fer a maci whieh the tructor can sell for seven hundred . xt fifty francs, and harvesting by its aid, would still be a un the exhilaration nen. of che her very good operation. At the second trial at Trappes MoCormick’s machine maintained it The ines of Cournier, Manny ed ver, After havi them with clover; the machine adapted to this purpose; that of my was pre it in one minute; MeCormick’s ina quarter of Wright required twenty tive minutes. The catting af three-tenths fan acre was to these machi: tritl are ouclitded to try f Cournier wae not rations. Agrieuiture In England. France, Belgium aud america. « The following interesting article was supplied by the Paris correspondent of the Manchester Guard- man, on Oct. 10:— Apropos to the useful portion of the exhibition, a vast effect has been made here, by an article written by M. de Lavergne,and published a week ago by the ue des Deux Mondes (in its last number). In this littie essay, he examines everything which has any connection with agriculture, whether in Eng- land, France, Belgium, or America, and gives the clearest possible notion of the position France really holds, agriculturally speaking, when compared to the rest of the world. In speaking of the first pein- eiple of all, for instance, he says that French culti- vators are far too inattentive to the quality of the grain they sow, and he gives a lamentable pictare of “the halt rotten grain, mixed up with seeds of straggling sorts,” which the sower, in France fline into ill-tilled ground, and expects to see rendered up to him in the shape of fine, full-eared, heaithy corn. He instances, as a proof of what good grain is, the example of M. Vandercolme, near Dunkirk, who from some Australian corn reaped the value of 66 hectolitres per hectare, or ten times the multiplica- tion of each grain, whilst ordinarily the yield in France is only six or seven hectolitres per hectare, or three times the value of the grain. He mentions a kind of oats exposed by an knglish grower, which gives 80 hectolitres per hectar:. M. de Lavergne is jond in his praise of our rye-grass, which, in Franc is looked upon as a sort of ornamental, rather than useful, production, and he exclaims: “Nothing | bay, my readers will perhaps remark—nothing but hay and forage! Even so! but let us think what is the meaning of it. All this hay, in its transforma- tion, signifies meat, wool, milk, manure, corn, conse- quently populousness and power.” From our plain humble hay and corn he turns to the French agricultural produce, and finds, ina conscience, ieonina A enough. Wools, silks, grain oils, wines, vegetables, fruit, plants, tinctorial, textile or sacch+rine—everything the imagination can dream of; and he adds: “ Untortunately all these apparent riches often hide, in fact, great poverty,” and he proves them to be but exceptions. In the Basses Alpes, he shows us the produce of thg mode! farm of Paillerols:—-By the side of wheat called touzelle blanche, giving the very {inest flour yet known, there are oils, wines, silkworms, &c., all of exceeding beauty; yet the department whence comes these wonders is the and most miserable perhaps in France—perhaps, indeed, oue of the poorest countries in all Ew Except this model farm, there is nothing. Half the soil is uncultivated, and the cul- tivated part can barely feed a scanty population, which diminishes every day. Nevertheless, M. de Lavergne recognizes that generally there is a great improvement in the agricultural produce of France, ‘but he says it is very fur from what it should be. All his system (and I believe he is right as far as this country is concerned) reposes upon the necessity of making forage and corn the two a bases of all cultare, and reducing what he styles the “ indas- trial cultures,” as silks, sugar, dyes, Sc., to the con. dition of mere exceptions. He says, with perfect trath, “ The one real object of all agriculture, and its indestructible basis is, the production of meat and bread. Of course, the article I allade to, of thirty-two pages of close print, is far too long for me ‘to at tempt to analyse it; but it contains many things fas too curious for me not to allude to. after placing England at the head of all countries, as far as enlti- vation goes (the usefal species of culture,) we are shown the various countries which approach the nearest to us. Belgiam, Holland, Switzerland, 5 veNohemia, all go before Erance, any, Lombardy, Bohemia. a fie.g00 of hectares Pe ‘A pores n voit paar ievel as to production. The aver age of the population is about 100 souls to 100 heo- , whereas that of France is only 68. “France,” png M. Lavergne. “holds only the third rank, and after all these.” “in all Europe there are about 100,000,000 hee- tares of land actually producing what they ought to produce, in the present advanced state of agricul turat science. Of these, France and Italy together (with the exception of Lombardy,) furnixh about 40,000,000 of hectares. Speaking of Austria, which possesses frow Hungary to N Italy, every varie- ty of climate and soil,M.de Lavergne says that, property cultivated, she could teed 100,000,000 in- abitants. He estimates that, with ordinary-offorts, Europe may nourish tive or six times more in popu- jation than now exist. France, he says, may double her population, when she shall have learned how to cultivate her soil; Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Poland, nay triple theirs, and Turkey and) Russia increase theirs tenfold; and then he enters minutely into the details of the manifold errors which, in agriculture, ida the soil from rendering aii the riches man as bus to demand from it. Out of Europe, M. de Lavergne pine the highest praise to America, and occupies himself naturally enough with the present state of Algeria. Last year, above and beyond her own consumption, Alge- Tia exported 1,000,000 hevtolitres of wheat, 500,000 heetohitres of barley, 2,000,000 kilogrammes of flour, and 3 000,000 kilogrammes of bread and biscuit rea- dy made. “In itself,” says the writer, “ this may be little; but we must remember that, a few years ago, Algeria imported all her food.” Another ad- vantage, too, is that the Algerian harvests take place early in June, thus coming beforehand with the mother country, should she need supplies. Cot- ton and silk, too, come remarkably fine from this part of Atrica, but there seem to ‘be doubts as to cither of these products being made available in an; important quantities for trade. Here, owing to cli- mate and old-established customs, the laborer fails ; and this colony, so easily rich in what touches pasto- ral or agricultural wealth, will find, probably, great difficulty in bringing to any degree of developement what requires any manual labor. Corn, wood, oi), and cattle, these are what M. de Lavergne looks npon us the grand staple commodities of Algeria ; and he says, when the Arab shall have learned what the culture of grass means, and what the value of hay is, the Algerian markets may furnish half Hu- rope with butcher's meat. i ‘he last ten pages of the article I allude to are cansecrated to the examination of machines for wee ae ee mowing, threshing, ploughing, &cc.; and distinctly point out the inapplicability of certain superexcellent processes adopted by our icultur- ists,to the culture of land eo subdivided that often a full-sized patent ploughshare would be hardly able to turn round in whole extent of a man’s corn- field. The benefits of irrigation and draining are counteracted in the same way, and rendered equally inapplicable in many instances. Besides this, the tate of the soil itself requires immense improve- ment before these are to be thought of ; “ with land ill tilled and ill manured, as is land in France, at least for a good artess,” says our author, “we should, from even the best draining system, get but comparatively insignificant results.’ The aim of M. de Lavergne is twoiol First, to infuse into his countrymen the desire of throwin; their capital plentifully into the soil itself, and wit! the conviction that agriculture is the genuine, the indestructible wealth and power of & country; and next, to persuade agri sulturists that two things alone are important—bread and meat, cornand hay. Corn in all its varieties, and forage, are, as he repeats over and over again, the marrow and sinews of a Pe le; they represent bread, meat, population, ealth, strength—and, compared to them, what he calls the industrial cultures, are supertiuities, ubjets de fantasie. Alluding to the present alimeatary crisis, he ends his article thas:—“ Out of evil comes good. Thope, for the future, the folly will be felt of taking capital away from agriculture. Heaven send that the intensity of the evil bring a reaction. A vast place is open to Aerioiiearet enterprise: on one hand, corn and meat beyond all price, on the other hand, dirt cheap, and new processes of culture of a hundred, sorts all found good in practice. If one day capital returns to the soil, and its application be guided by the new discoveries of science, we shall then see this land, 80 stingy now, yield up treasores unsuspected; and, defying the variability of seasons even, we shall assuredly repeat, which recalling the distress which provoked so late a return to the bene- fits of agriculture, out of evil comes good. Prospects of n Maine Law in England. {rom the London News, Uct. 6.] Ave we to have a Maine Liquor law in England / We ask the question-tor the simple reason that the advocates of such a law are taking a position which will force the Legislature to enter, at least, into an examination of their claims. It ey be very possi- ble that there are in England qbstacles inherent, in, our social condition, which will interfere with irre sistible power to prevent the enactment of such a law as that established in Maine, but it is no less true that the advocates of such anenacment are prepar- ing, with noslight degree of determination, to make light of such obstacles. Sir Walter Trevelyan, who presided on pees overa meeting at Manches- ter of the council of “the Unided Kingdom Alliance for the total and immediate legislative suppression of the liquor traffic,” told his numerous auditors that the movement bad made cunsiderable progress dwing the past yei and that he congratu- jatcd the council on the attacks made on them “which had proved useful to th The report of the council spoke largely and fcontidently yor the adhesion of persons of note to their cause, and of general persuasion amongst judicial quthorities th. legislative interference would be nee the tearful consumption of spirits w frequent commission of awful crime. Mr. Laurence Heyworth, the chairman of a subsequent meeting at the theatre in the evening, felt sure that the men of Manchester would soor call apon the Legislature to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks. Several perons sent apologies for absence; amongst whom wes Mr. W. J. Fox, of Oldham, who said that, “if proposed in Parliament, he should cheerfully sup- port a fair and full inquiry inte the nera- tion of the Maine law in’ Aimerica of restri legislation in this count evern) other instances of the ject is assuming in public es! ing Wo confess that there are < row into strong light the ad- vantages which would result from the total absti nence from intoxicating liquors. There is more mo. ney paid for diink than is paid in taxes. If a wretch is brought up for half murdering bis wife, you may be certain he is adronkard. Drankeoness pauper: ises a large portion of our population, prevents the suceess of the efforts of our philan ae our schools, aud fills our prisons, If were a synonym for a successful mode of drunkenness, we might, although having much e ald gi tances which t eu then to urge aguinst its enactment, recoucile our selves to see it become the law of the country. The suce of the law would. perhaps, counterbalance some defects in it which seem to us to rin against the first principles of moral independence. But would it succeed? No argument can be drawn from the small experience which we have had of its effects in the governm of Maine. No statistics can be ed on which do uot carry us through a period of some years. If we were to con fine our attention to the time of Father Mathew's ions in Ireland, in endeavoring to make up minds as to the efficacy of the temperance ent, we might be inclined to ascribe to that movement an efficacy which subsequent experience has in no degree confirmed. It will be much more to the purpose if we examine what has been the effect of antecedent mea which have had the same tendency as prohibitive laws, and inquire how far they have been successfal. Per- haps no example of this natare can be more reguant than thet of the operation of the rish distillery laws, as they existed some years beck. These laws were not enacted, indeed, for the purpose of checking drunkenness. They were in- tended solely for the protection of the revenue. But their effect wes to make the price of good spirits dearer, and their acquisition more difficult. The government, in order to facilitate the collection of the revenue, multiphed means for throwing tne trade into tue hands of the great capitalists. Por the same [hats various statutory regalations were made, interfering with the free action of the manu- tacturer. All this tended to increase the price of spirits, and consequently encouraged the use of illicit processes. The result was that * Parliament whiskey” stunk in the nostrils of the Irish population. Here surely was an end which tectotalism will never attain. If the teetotalists could create in the minds of drank- ards a disgust forthe it see to them for sale by the only persons legally authorized to sell, surely they might obtain their ends as effectually as by le- fi lative interference. If al] the gin in all the public ouses in England were to-morrow raised in price 4 deteriorated in quality, would not this be almost flectoal as a legislative enactment against the selling of gin? We cannot help thinking that it would. But the thing has happened in Ireland; and what was the eflect? The drink was bad, but the drankards were notegone; and as long as they remained there was a market fora good cheap article. And where there is a demand there are sure to be producers to supply the demand. And, as these producers could not carry out their operations in public, they were obliged to do so in private. »As they could not brew their whiskey in the city, they went to the hill side. They honeycombed the hills with private stills. The trenches at Sebastopol were as nothing in extent to the openings made and carefally covered in the hills of Ireland for the purpose of illicit distillation. Pro- prictors gave evidence before the House of Conmons, in 1816, that stills were erected in the townlands of their own residences, without any danger of discovery. Sportemen, when out shooting, used to tread upon the top of stills, before they found out their exist enee. Under the sod of the downs and hills of Tre- land @ manufacture was being carried on which ad- ministered to those cravings of the people which the Jegislatorial enactments tended to discourage. Ex- cise officers accordingly were multiplied. ‘The aid of the police and the soldiery was demanded in de- fence of the law. The peor fought for their illicit whiskey as for a cherished possession. The minds of the population were inflamed against the govern- ment,and the whiskey question did ax much as the tithe question to divide Neb and people. Crimes against the pervong increased; collisions be- tygen the authorities and the populace increased; onness was certainly not diminished. All this is matter of history. The greater the difficulty thrown in the way of the iri-h peasant to obtain good whiskey, the greater was the tflurt made by himrelf and the smoggiers to overcome it. And is there be reason to mops that a similar result will not happen in England? Is it reasovable to suppore that the knowledge that there is a large class of men-mad after liquor, will not give a tremendous impulse to.an trade, if the legal trade is once abolished? And have the advocates of the Maine law caleulated the effect of this? Instead of having respectable men selling articles, which, however de- \eterious in their effects when taken in excess, are honestly concocted, we should have a set of outlaws bianufacturis g poisonous spirits, and palming them offata Mas = Price on men who would hate the Le- givlature for puttiug them to extra expense, for giving them extra trouble, and for forcing them to consume a dixagreeable beverage in the place of one more pleasant to their tastes. A new antagonism would thos be created between a large class of our population and the conservators of the ce, and the Legisluture might discover that it had turned drunkards into rebels, and created a class of smug- glers to take the place of peaceable publicans, The Ivish in the Unitea States'Their Pcow pects and Discouragements, [From the London News, Oct. 4.] When we look at the condition of the Irish in the United States,.as very recently revealed, we canuot Lut regret that Australia and the North American, aud all our other colonies, had not offered the same facilities for the acquisition of land .as those which have drawn our emigrants to d place where, it now seems, they are not welcome nor happy. ‘The ex- isting position of the Irish in the United States is one which we ought not to disregard merely because they have ceased to be our tellow-subjects; and the rather Lecaure no inconsiderable number are coming buck again. Jt certainly does appear asif it was impossible to satisfy certain classes of Irishmen with the conditidns of human existence anywhe und it is possible that proclamations and thre ts, and schemes of insurrection, might have appeared in the newspapers of their locality, wherever they had settled. It might have been go; but we had rather, in any case, that our brethren should play the fool in the family house than in @ cousin’s. ‘The rant which is now disfiguring the American jour- nals, and making even Yankee sympathisers stare, would hardly have been so ludicrous and disgrace- ful in Australian or Canadian newspapers ax it appeans in those of the United States. [wenty years ago the Irish were finding their way to the American ports pretty readily; and, though their ragged appearance and destitute condition somewhat dismayed the well-to-do Americans, they were, on the whole, exceedingly welcome. They dug the canals and made the railways, and supplie:! the deticiency of domestic service, so that they could ill have been dispensed with; and if the men killed themselves with drink, or were carried off by the agues and fevers caused by their living in shanties iu the mud and swamp, the children, early Jaid hold of by the national school system, became respectable citizens in the next generation. But the influx, al- ready too great before the famine of 1°55, has since swelled into a deluge; and it appears now that all parties would have been better contented if the rish emigration had spread itself widely over the range or our own colonies. Roads and canals are quite as much wanted in Australia as they ever weie in America; and we should have been glad of all the wool, flax and corn our fellow subjects could have sent us; and there can be no rational doubt that the emigrants themselves would have been more wel come to the authorities of their new country, and would have been less likely to expose themselves tu the world’s ridicule, than on their present homes. For come time past occasional estimates have been presented of the number of returned emigrants, which seems to be rapidly en the increase; and there are niaty districts in [reland where rumors are spreading of troubles to be encountered in Ame- ‘ar greater than any now to be struggled with in “the old country.” For some time these rumors were suspected to have originated with the priests, whore calling and maintenance largely depended on the emigration being stopped; but the facts of the difficulties of the Irish in America are Low becoming too evident and too widely known to permit any doubt of their reality. Not very long ago there was a native American party formed to con- trol the immigrant element in society; and now there me the Know Nothings, organising a systematic discountenance (not to say persecution) of the Romish religion, and those who profess it. There ave been riots aud house and chapel burnings in some of the large cities of the interiur, while the ports are crowded with irish who are eager to sail away—any where, to got away from the low wages hight prices, and social troubles which they find ti the land they were so eager to reach. Much allow- anee may pethaps be necessary for the repiesen! tious of a Ronish priest—a'“ pastor of Easter: Pennsylvaria,” in the present circumstances, and in the neighborhood of a great Know Nothing organi vation ; but thee is ercugh contirmation oi the Rev Thos. Reardon's report of the condition of his cour trymen to render it warthy of some attention. T yioring brother priest ii Cashel to dissuade ive rish peasantry froin emigratin, ‘Inhey are rusting on the almost certain ruin of the: souls,” while their temporal condition is at best but lit improved. A full fifth of the number leaving Irelan’ Leia in strange giaves on the ¢ they quit their putive shores, and ti othert are soon broken broken down 0) to which they must apply themselves, and the X which rapidly Urings on premotare old arf hurries the yoo: victim into an early grave. hh uc they land to the bour they ilfe they ase de-p spit upom. and ts thourands ot oe witho st least ves of vhe church, ations whi) a> heme would smooth the ni peepary pte bad mi all ou Ve for the suiermm moment of departure. [nav h experience of the mode of Ite inro which near, y are drawn, and I solemnly betieve that | sels which bing 1 and carr: b atter they have thely convinced ing a i Jeaving it, it sh rite this line would ¢ r ul from hei, Meantime, the state of things at home is that which everybody seems to be aware of bat the eii granis who move the pity of Father Reardon. Ty 8 ure filling, and the workhouses and jail emptying. Labor eve last week standing oa tor thiee shillings a dey (with food) for hurves wages, instead ot ha!ta-crown. A muititade of th young men who would but lately have emigrate: have cutisted,and are ggwe to the Kast; and thei tomilies are Well shelter d, und clothed by the jakor of those who stay behind. Mr. Dufly fiads everybody +o practically immovable in the pre state of ivieh afairs, that he declines further ag tion, and is going away; and nowhere in the f Isles has the rejoicings for the fall of Sebastopo! ces nmore fervent add universal than in the Gre o sland. Just at this juncture appears a manifesto from the further shore of the Atlantic, which proves that the irish there have not improved im intelligence, any more than in health, peace, and prosperity, at all ia proportion to those they lett behind. We need only reter to the circular which all the world jas been laughing at or wondering over—the address from the Ivisti leaders in Anevica to their party, proposing to instigate immediately that insurrection against the British government which they suppose to have been only deferred to a fitting opportunity. T. at opportunity they profess to discern in the signs i the present time. Where they find them there is no saying: for it is clear that ay do not read the ord: ne1y newspapers. Somebody has told them that the allies are defeated and distressed on all hands; anv that the Egglish are poor and wretched and helpless: and they, therefore, call on the Irish to rise-gfoy what purpose they do not specify, The absur oO this—just when Young Ireland itself declares tie people to be immovably satisfied; when the Bric »h people are thrusting their money apon the govecu- ment, and cheering their sovereign on to the con, In- sion of her enterprise; when Sebastopol has fallen and the Russians have been beaten in every field — the absurdity of all this is so extreme that people cast about for an explanation. It seems highly pro- bable, considering how Russian agents swarm jn the United States, that some of them have taken advan- tage of the weaknesses of our Paddies: and th is what some Americans believe to be the cave; while others suggest that the movement is a mere mask of an organization directed against the Know Nothing party. There would be something droll in such spec ulations on the last great Irish bull, if there were not something for their countrymen to be grieved at and ashamed of. If the Colonial Office aud the suif- governing colonies would but set about facilitatay at once the acquisition of that commodity which Paddy loves above everything—land—there would be an end of grievances, and, we must hope, of turbu lence. Im the colonies, where no landiordiem im pends, the Irish make as good cultivutors as any: pody. We heartily wish that a million of them were there, safe under British law and order, instead of leing the cause of rows in America, and making themselves ridiculous by proposing to kick up a row at home, where the rage tor faction fighting is so completely over that even Donnybrook fair is abolish- cd, at Trish snggestion, and by subscription from irish purses. ‘The proposal comes the day after the fair, whether the biendering «pirit be the Czars or that of lawlessness in any other form. The Crimea FACTS AND INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH ITS CAP- ‘TURE AND OCOUPATION HY THE RUSSIANS. (From the London Chronicle, sept. 29 As the question of jurther operations at Unis sea son of the year in the Crimea natarally arises, it is worthy of note that many of the Rassiin successes in thet quarter last century were obtained in the wintry searon, {t is recorded in “Nash's Historical Researches,” that. as late as December, 1708, Mar- thal Locy, an Trish + xile in the Roseian service, was detached with 16,000 men tothe Ukraine; in De- | comber, 1769, the Roesians fought and gained a ! gicat victory on the Don; in January following the battle of Bender, where another of the Toor Faas served with éciat. In 1787, Potemkin led army against the Turks.and Tartars in the Crimea so late as Noyember, and gained several victories up to as late as the 3d of December. Marshal Francis Lacy, of Austria, also led the Austrian armies to several victories on the Danube and its tributaries. So late as the 17th of December, Oczakoff was stormed by General Manrice de Lacy, another Irish warrior. In the campaign of 1790, the several forts of Kenia, Tulsea, Isaachia and Ischatel,on the Danube aud black Sea, were stormed and taken between Octo- Ler and the Isth of November, The at Ismail, “ the impregnable,” was invested on Ist of De. cember, the batteries opened on the 20th, and the fortress stormed on the , by General Maurice Lacy,ewho headed the first attacking party, and took it after four hours’ carnage. During these operations the Turks were masters of the Black Sea, Sea of Azoff and the Crimea. The nephew of that Cornet Pierse, also served iu the war of The ‘Memoirs of Marshal de Lacy,” by his grand- niece, Mrs. Nash, afford several proofs of the ing which attended the operations of that period, as well as of the absence of scientific appliances. At Lacy’s s1ege of Azoff, in 1736, the Russians had no scaling ludders, and had to attack a high breast work; they did so by fixing pikes to the chevaun-de- Jrieze; aud at a review after the capture, the Tark- ish Aga, who wasa prisoner, remarked, ‘I don’t see their wings, without which I do not see how they cou!d mount so steep a rampart.” In the Lext season, says the Prince de Ligne, 1787, it was felt at the Rossian court that the oai- aign must be opened with éclat, and Lacy was se- jected to take the command, ‘‘an axpedition tu the Crimea being quite the fashion at Court.” Austria united with Russia against Turkey; Munich took Oczakoff, in Bessarabia, but the Turks re-besieged it. “The campaign in the Crimea began by Marsha! Peter Lacy’s intrepid march,” says De Ligne, “and his passage across the arm of the Sea of Azoff to near Arabat, partly on casks and partly by fording and swimming—feats well knownand ever recoliect- ed, as also his two brilliant actions near Karabazan, and the passports he was elite to give his generals who had represented to him the dangers of the en- terprise. Lacy, who had thus passed over an arm of the sea into the Crimea, ravaged the couusry, drove the Tartars before him, repulsed the Turkish fleet in the Black Sea, which made an attack upon him and the Russiun flotilla.” Lacy, at the end of this year’s campaign, “without knowing,” says De Ligne, “why he had been sent into this country, quitted it with great glory to himeel!, very little sickness to his army, but, it murt be added, with ai little profit to the Empress.” He evacuated it by Tchergoun, and did not ge to Perekop at all, for he had entered by Genitsch, cut through the Tongue of Arabat, and made a bridge over é In 1738 Marshal Munich commanded in Bessa rabia, and Marshal Lacy had the command in thc Cnmea. “To speak,” says Prince de Ligne, ‘o the address and activity of Lacy during the cam poign of this year, in contrast to the conduct oi Munich, the tormer was charged with the opera tions in the Crimea. He penetrated it without losing a man, and it ought to be recollected how He had remarked that the excessive heats dry up a part of the Sea of Azoff, and that a wind at that season from the west drives the waters so eftec: tually back, that if advantage be taken of the in stant, a passage may be effected almost dryfooted at one particular place. The marshal availed him self of this to pass to the south of the lines of Pere kop, instead of attacking them on the north (01 Russian) side.” On the 26th of June, 0. S., he turned Perekop in reverse, blew up the fortifica- tions, and levelled “those famous lines whi were five miles long, defended by 40,000 Turk- and Tartars, under the Sultan Galza in person. — 11 two days he made himself master of that fortress the gairison surrendered prisoners of war; eighty brass cannon, and other munitions of war were wken. by this exploit, he laid open the Crimea tw new invation. He marched towards Kats (on the southcast coaft), then the only pay? of strength left in that Scr He was, however, met by 30,00 Spahis, who attacked the Ukrain Cossacks jorming part of Lacy’s vanguard, with such fu that tuey gave way, although supported by ar ment of dragoons. Other regiinents came up, and ultimately the Turks were defeated after an | nate resistance, and were pursued tor filteen werste. They had 3,000 killed, besides one of the Prinves 0 Krim. ‘The Russians Jess than 400. Marshal De Lacy was, however, frustrated in hi: maich to Backsi Seraiand Kafts, owing to the de not the Russian flotilla, with provisions, is the black Sea, He retired towards Russia, blew uj; the fortifications of Or, demolished the lines of Pe rekop, and evacuated the country, “which he hau ged and scourged, taking 1,000 head of cat le and other plunde 2e hetook himeelf to winte. quaitess in the Ukrein, it was then the custom to do,’ In} Berrarabi Diary,) most point.” was entrusted with 30 Munich “He was to try and pass the Ducieter, whieh last y Lacy was ‘to make a an army iv (says Litcy' r was h tion into the Crimea, to ende which wor i ima firm feoting in the He was t self in a permanent position, utivated hi was to be sup lied He was to iortify Perekop aud iacksi Serai, the two principal places in the oper distr lhe was to interrupt the communications tors with Constantinople, but was hardly able to do so while the Lurks remained masters of the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff: On Lacy’s advance. the Khan of Crim laid the country waste for four nd Perekop, which added much t i the A) ns were defeated, and the Turks were successful in Besswrabia against Mu h. Austria became disheartered, and pursued remarkable policy. It entered privately and alone into a treaty of peace with Turkey before Belgrad in September, 1739, and this devection compelled Russia, who had passed the Prath, to make peace 1 reverses on the si i Hungary overbalanced the success of Lacy against the Crim Tartars. Russia was to retain 4 , but its fortifications an district were to be a desert. Russia was to have no vessels in the Black or Azoff seas. A medal wa strnck recording these exploits Pace premota, Tartaris victis, Tanai librate 173 ended the first great war. {From the Lendon Chronicle, We have already recorded th paigns of Marshal Lacy in 1736, 17 a i a of Azoff i the se of Which he crosed the ini manner before unexampled in the annals of war, an repeatedly conquered the Crinea. The traits of hi cohquest Were as orlen irastrated by the vacillatin, ct of the Austrian generals, till a treaty « as concluded in 1759, which left Russia in jon of the fortress of Azoff, on the sea name, asa starting point for further aggre ious. We now resume the narrative of these inte- resting transactions:— The treaty of 1740 secured to Ri and Azof (demolished). The Russ: no vervels in the Black Sea or Az Turkish vessels tor their commerce, in order tha they might not smuggle munitions of war. Ovza kot and other conquests were restored to Turkey ‘The Pimpess Anna died in 1740. Munich and Lacy took part in_ effecting the revolution in 1741, a Lacy carried on the war with Sweden with a Hotilla on the waters so familiar to English ears in Iss “The seating a king on the throme of Poland wi De Lacy’s next teac;’ A the second great war in the Crimea began in 1 under Catherine TH. It appears from Prince de Ligne’s Memoirs, an’ from Marshal De Lacy’s Autobiography, quoted in Nash's * Crimea,” that * Prince Gallitzen met, with yasied success im Bessarab: The campaign of 1770 found the Rossians with one army on the Vol- ga, another on the Don, to keep up communication with the Black Sea “until masters of Turkey,” another to Pender, and another in Moldavia. The Tinssians conquered the Morea, defeated the Turkish fect at Tchesme, and actually obtained permission from the English government for its sailors to enter the Russian service. A fifth army under Tottlebein marched into Circassia and Asia. They were victo- rious in several encounters in this Rl bo bat “the great prize of the Crimea still remained in the hands of the Tartars, subject to the suzerainty of Turkey,” as recorded oy General Maurice Lacy, who went out to his uncle Marshal oe i In the next campaign, 1771, Catherine despatched agents to the Ciimea, and announced her intention to punish its Khan for his “impertinence in in- te viering in her disputes with Turkey and the other Jartars.” Next she despatched an aruy under Piince Dolgourouski to the Crimea. He took Kafla, defeating 27,000 Turks and Tartars. The Turks had abandoned the “key of the Sea of Azoit, Yenikale and Kertsch, so that the Russians had nothing to do but to take Balaklava to be masters of all the Crimea.” The Empress ‘secretly endea- yored to win the Khan over to her side, and per- cuade him to declare himself independent of tic Porte, and subject to the suzerainty of the Eiua- * Another campaign in 1774 led to the press. e teaty of Kart y which Russia retained Azoff, Trganreg, Yenikale, Kertech, Kinburn, and Little Tartary, the free navigation of Turkish waters by Russian mer subject to the right of search ” for g jut a clause was add- ed, declaring “ the Crimea independent of the Porte, a fice bation,” with elective Khavs, without inter- ference by Russia or Turkey. This of detaching the Crimea from the Porte rendered it on “ easier prey to Russia.” The peopling of the new district north of Perekop proceeded; a revolt in the Crimea against the Khan led ¢ atherine to march an ermy to “ support law and ore Turkey objected; a rew Khan was seated, supported by Russia, and Catherine declared that he “ had placed himself un- der ber protection, and sooner than abandon him she would declare war.” Jn 1779 the new Khan was acknowledged, and the Fussiaus evacuated the Cri- ea. The new Khan, however, tnd to fly soon after to Taganrog, ard Prince Potemkin marched an army to his assistance. Under lis protection an assemblage of nobles was held at the capital, and Khan Gahim again proclaimed. Meantime, the Porte (for its own eT ched an envoy to require the Turki: officer to withdraw. The hoping, no doubt, for the reconquest of the Crimea, refased, and had the envoy publicly executed, “We must revenge the death of this innocent man,” said Catherine; and this led to the third war of 1743-4, which lasted but one campaign and led to the “annexation of the Crimea,’ pro forma. Jn June, 1783, Prince Potemkin (the nominal chief, with General Lacy led an army of 70,000 anen to the frontiers of Crim; Kepnin followed with 40,000; a third army, under Romanoff, lay at Kioft. The Black Sea fleet was grown up, and pre- pared for action. The Baltic fleet only awaited the signal to pass into the Mediterranean’aud couguer Greece, &c. On the 20th July, Potemkin issued an address stating that he was appointed General-in- Chiet in the Crimea, with full powers; and four days after he made the treaty with the ‘Tartar’ Khan who “ceded all his dominions to the Empress.” On the 29th Potemkin made formal proclamation in he Empress’s name of her acquisition The Tartar chiefs submitted, and Potemkin became formal gov- vernor of the Crimea. On the Ist of August, 1783, the Empress issued a “manifesto,” in which she ssid, “our last war igainst the Ottoman empire having been blessed with entire success, we had the right to retain the Crimea after tenon conquered it; we did not hesi- tate to sacrifice this and other conquests to our ardent desire te secure the pnblic franquillity, to establish friendly feeling with Turkey.” This was the motive which induced us to stipulate for the independence and liberty of the Tartars, whom our arms had vanquished.” ‘It states that troubles continued; her hopes of improvement were at an end, and she had “resolved to take sion of the Crimea, Cuban, and Taman. Animated by a sincere desize to confirm and maintain the peace concluded by treaty with the Porte, we believe that we are justified in putting a termination to the troubles in the Crimea. We do, therefore, annex to our empire the peninsula of the Crimea, the Isle of Taman, and the whole of Cuban, which is but a just indemnity for the losses that we have sustained und trouble we have been put to in our endeavor to muintain peace and happiness.” She solemnly pro- mires freedom of religion, to protect and defend their ancient usages, and to “ make no difference between them and her other Russian subjects.” Perekop was given up to the Russians—the govern- ment of the Caucasus taken by it—Turkey still manifested a hostile feeling at the encroachments— “the English Ambassador urged the Porte to war, but in vain;” but the Porte issued a manifesto, in which it complained of these proceedings of Russia, protested aguinst them, stated that the mediation of ‘rance was offered, and fiuslly declared that it “could not consent to the occupation of the Crimea, which is the barrier of Turkey’ against Russia. War seemed inevitable, for the tieets of both countries sailed. Austria joined Russia by virtue of their old treaty “ to support one another;” the English ad- vised the Porie to war, but refused to send a fleet to her protection. Spain did “send 4 fleet to prevent the Russian fleet entering the Mediterranean;” .the Fiench despatched a “neutral” fleet to the Mediter- ranean, ‘ to protect trade and not to permit a vessel of war to enter.” Rut Russia ‘‘secured her object without actual hostilities, obtaining a seaboard, in- laud seas, aud a million and e hal’ of subjecis, with southern outlets to her people,” through the skill of Potemkin and Lacy. The natives of Cuban contested the right of do- minion, and denied the power of Turkey to concede “territory not its own.”, In 175 hostilities com- menced on the frontier, and the Tarturs invaded Georgia. Russia, therefore, declared “Crim a province of the empire,” and thus brought it under the existing Russian laws. In January, 1787, Cathe- rine made. hier famous tour to the Crimea, escorted by the King of Poland, the Emperor of Austria, and Marshal P. Lacy, of Auetria, aud Gen. M. Lacy, of Groguo, who had made those conquests. At Kher- son, she recorded the imperishable phrase, “ the yead to Byzantium.” Docks and ships of war were erecting there, and the Turks began to fear that she meant to make Kherson the “ seat of a new Empire ot the East.” Remonstrances passed, and war threatened. The old Khan of Crim, Ganim, saw (when too qete) “the ervor he had cominit Prince Hera- cleus ot Georgia now sought to throw off the Rus- sian vassalage. Turkey was then at war with her vaseal of Egypt. The impress Catherine demanded of the Porte the cession of “Bessarabia as a country formerly Lelouging to Crim Tuartary.” She also yored the settlement of Russiuus, wandering reeks, and Christians dispersed through Asia and the Danube Prin ipalitie the Crimea and Bessa- rabia. She despatched regiments to Oczakoff (near Odessa); also prescribed “vegulations” to Turkey on the! “reserved question” of “boundaries.” She required the sbandorment of Georgia, the Tartars of Lerghis and Abasis,and other intern: matters, which the Porte disputed, but offered modifications of existing arrangements. Turkey, incited by the Fiench avd English, declared war, hastily, on the Ist ot Angust, and claimed the cession af the Cri- mea, and for it to be independent of both Powers— that the treaty ceding it to Russia was contrary to the Alcoran, Was obteined by frand, and was ad- mitted by the Porte merely pro forma and while un- der duress; but adhered to the treaty of Karnidji, and required other matiers restored to their former looting. ORIGINAL ANNEXATION OF THE CRIMEA TO THE RUS- SIAN EMPIRE The manifesto published by the Empress Cathe- rine upon the occasion of ber troops entering the Crimea, to annex it, in 1783, has more than an his- toric interest at the present moment. The following is a translation:— PeTERSHUR Catherine 1., by the grac areh of all the Russias, &c. t war agaivst the Ottomen Empire having been attended with the most signal siecesses, we had oer tainly ed the right of reuniting to the territories of our the Crimea. of which we were in possession; we, however, hesitated not to saertice thet, with many other conquests, t¢ our ardent desive of re lie tranquillity, and of conirming he good understand. ing and friendship between our empire and the Ottoman Vorte, This motive induced us 10 stjpulate for the free- m end independence of the Tartars, whom we had re- by ovr arms; beping, to remove for ever, by this meane, every cause of distension, and even ot coolness, between Kur a the Ottoman Vorte, exposed too often tw these inconveniences py the forin of government then su ed among the Tartars, Great as Ww -flurts for realizing © hope m. 10 our great regret, con ‘The reatlessness nsinuaiions, the » 2 easily to fallioto bends, which had sowed amongst eturbal contusion to such @ them labor for the weakenin, uin, ef an editice which our ben erected for the haopiness of that nati aring thew liberty and inuepende elected by themse ned according to government, before he saw himself deprived of ali authority, and even obliged to desert his count xive place to wu usurper, who would again su Yariars to tie yoke o° a’ dominion from ¥h! e had releaced them. Th 3 they were ignorant, that ueuryer; the rest, thinking them t, would fofallibly havo yield we rhould bave lost the fruits of our vie- tories, and the princtpal recompense for the snerifices which we willingly made at the last peace, if we had not ng. 1, 1783. Kmpress and We, thi \hem Hai dly was new form of had submitted to selves too weak wo his yoke; instantly taken under our sinmediate protection such of the epored Tartars who, pring the blessings of their new political existence, Jamentes their being forced to submit to the usurper who had expelled their lawful Khan, By thus effectually protecting them, we furnished them wih the power and the means of choctiuga new Khan fm the room of Sahib Gheray, and of ‘etaolsbivg an adminisrration analogous to this state of affairs, 1k was to attain this end that our military torses were put in motion; that a considerable body of our troops were ordered, notwithstanding the severity of the feason, toenter the Crimea, where they were subsisted at our expense, and obliged to exert the ‘power of our arms for the support of the good cause, in order to recall such of the Tartars as were estranged from it by their revolt. ‘The public is not ignorant thata rupture between Rus- sia and the Ottoman Porte had very near ensued upon this occasion; but thanks to the Divine assistance, we disposed matters in such s manner that the Ottoman Porte again acknowledged the independence of the Tar- tars, and the validity of the elect Schaghin-Gheray, their lawful sovereign. Notwithstanding all the incon: dove mentioned, as as we were sustained and animated by the hope of re-establishing the repose to the advantage and preservation of good @ with the Otteman empire, we regarded the ore ing to the tenor and letter of the treati independent country, contiring ourselve olcly to appessing the troubles which prevailed amougs them. From our love of peace we found in this conduc & sufficient recompence for the great expenses incurred by it; but were soon undeceived in this respect by the fiérh revels oceasioned in the Crimea last year, the en- couragement of which always flowed trom the same source. We have been obliged in consequence to have recourre again to considerable armaments, and to cause troops to enter into the Crimea and the Cuban, whose Frevence is become incispensable for maintaining tran- quillity and good order in the acjacent countries. The sad experience of every day demonstrates more clearly that ff the sovereignty ef the Ottoman Porte in the Cri. nea Was a per pera source of discord between our two the independence ot the Tartars ex us to of contention no less numerous and Important, rine the long servitude to which that people have deen acenstomed, has rendered the greater part of the indi viduals ineayable of valuing the advantages of the new Htvation preewed for them by that indepencence of which we sought to give them the enjoyment; and which, lnying us under the necessity of being always armed, cceasions not only great expenses, but also exposes our troops to inevitable and continual fatigues, The efforts they made to extinguish the flame of dis- cord. in succoring the well-intentioned of rhat pation, expored thein to the violences of the seditious and ill- intentioned, whom we were willing to leave unpunished, in order to avoid even the shadow of an act of sovereignty, so lone ag we could cherish the least hope of at length re: storing good order, and preventing, by this neans, the ferent al interests of war empire from being injured, Tut to cur great regret, all there meneures, dictated solely by our love of humanity, tended umy to bringgapan hich we have the more senxib!; at heart, a» they our eubjects. The loss in 4 in not to be appreciated- we will not attempt to es it; that in money, according to the most moderate calsu- Jations, amounts to upwards of twelve millions of roubles. To these particulars is to be added another of the utmost impowance, both in its object and with rd to ite consequences, We have just been informed that the Porte has began to lay claim to the exercise of sovereignty’ in the Tartar domivions, by sending one of its officers at the bead of a detachment of troops, to the island of Taman, who has even proceeded to cause the oftcer to be ey beheaced who was sent to him by the Khan Schag~ in-Gheray with a commission only to inquire of him what his arrival in that island; and what evidently proves the nature of the mission of this commandant of the tre i*, that he made no difficalty tn declaring openly to the inbabrtants of Taman that. he looked upon them as subjects of the Porte. This dec sive, though unexpesied step, convineing us of the in tility of the sacrifices we had made upon the last pee appuls, in consequence, the engegements we had con- tracted, with the sole intention of firmly establishing the freedom and independence of the Tartars, and suill- ciently authorizes us to enter again into the enjoyment of those rights which we had lawtully acquired by conquest; the more so as it is the only means remaining for uy ue» ecure hereafter a xohd ana permanent peace between the two empirer. Animated, therefore, with a sincere desire tcontirming and maintaining the last peave concluded. with the Porte, by preventing the continual disputes which the affairs of the Crimea produced, our duty to ourself and the preserve tion of the security of our empire equally demand our taking the firm resolution to put an zs once for all, to br troubles in the Crimea; and for purpose we reunite to our empire the la ot the Crimea, the island of Taman satan the firmer « ust indemnification for the losses sustained, and the ex- enses we have been obliged toincur in maintaining the eace and welfare of these territories. In declaring to the inhabitants of those countries by he present manifesto that euch {s our imperial pleasure, we promise them, for us and our successors in the Im- jerial throne of Russia, that they shall be treated upor an equality with our ancient subjects; and that in taking them under our high protection, we will defend agninst all people their persons, their estates, their tem- ples, and the religion they profess; that they shall enjoy the most absolute liberty of conscience, without the least restriction, in the pubiie exercise of their worship and their ceremonies, and that not only the nation in pene L,, but also each indivioual in particular, shall participate in all the advantages enjoyed by our ancient subjects. Bu we also expect, from the gratitude of our new subject that, touched with these favors, they will be sensible ot” the value ot this fortunate revolution which removes them from a conyulsed state of disturban:es and dissen~ sions, to one of entire security and perfect tranquillity, under the protection of the laws; and that, striving to imitate the submission, zeal, und fidelity of those who ¢ long had the happiness of living under our govern- tt, they will render themselves worthy of our imperial were the motives mi fuvor, beneficence, and protec:ion. Given at our Imperial residence of St. Petersburg, the 8th of April, in the year of grace 1783, and in the Twenty ~ first year of our reign, (Signed with ner Imperial Mojesty’s (L. own hand) CATHERINE, The Booty Found in Sebastopol. The mixed commission, which was appointed to mike up an inventory of the stores and spoils found in the town, has nearly concluded its labors. Seve- ral of the items are completed, and the figures have been given. There are~ Round shot, number. « 407,000 Hollow shot... 101,000 24,000 Gunpowder, Ibs... - 625,000 Ball cartridges, ni - 630,000 Wagons. 80 Pulleys. fi 400 Anchors of various kinds . Anchor chains, yards. f old » Ibe. - 100,000 New do... 60,000 Water casks, number. . . 300 Old sheathing copper, Ibs. 105,000 Bar iron and steel. 1,400,000 Iron wire. . iM Sheet iron. Red copper. Tin plates . Small boilers 6,000 Large copper do 100,008 Old copper... 100,000 Copper screws 10,000 Oldiron..... , Bells, (number). 16 Hospital beds: 350 jron forges. 140 Coals (tous) 2,000 Steam engines t ) 3 Tron cranes .......... Ww Ditto twelve hore powe t Diedging machine. . ‘ oetsest 3 The provisions include, as far as the weights have we been made up Biscuit (tons)..... 52) Flour. . * 200 we > 20 ot ste sy 3,500 Wheat (quarters)......... 600 Salt meat (tous)......... oo ‘There are a variety of other articles, such as mar= ble statues, sphynxes, clocks, aud other smailer matters. The above figures will, however, couvey a tolerabie notion of the state of affairs in the town before its final capture. Gdexsn—les Origin and Present Position. A few facts connected with the origin aud present position of Odessa will be read with interest. It is to the ambitious policy of the Empress Catherine that Odessa owes iis existence as a free trading nort. ‘Lhe place of a so.all collection of miserable lartar hovels is now occupied by a fine and spacious city, intersected with broad streets, and ornamented with the magnificent Russian Cathedral, an admi- ralty, a tine exchange, a spacious theatre, and larg= ee gardens. There is also a spacious covercdt mzaar with 550 shops, and in various parts of the town more than 600 maguzines and stores for corn. ‘The town possesses also nuinerous literary and edu- cational establishments. The town has a popula- tion of about 70,000 inhabitants, many of whom are exceedingly wealthy. A Jarge numfer of Russian noblemen wake Odessa their residence, and their elegant carriages and equipsges rolling about the town, and the activity and energy which are every- where visible, afford to the traveller just arrived from Turkey a striking contrast to the lethargy and inaction which Gr where , prevail in the adjoining dor inions of the Sultan, ‘Lhe town is in the form of an oblong parailelo- gram, seated on a declivity sloping towards the sea, and the whole of the country for many miles round is a vast plain, with bat few undulations, and desti- tute of trees or foliage. Between the harbor and the town there is a long line of barracks, formed of 16 detached edifices, capable of pecan sri 2,000 soldiers. In 1817, Odessa was declared a free part for a period of 30 years, and subsequently extended to 1864, and it is now the great Ce for the grain and other produce of Seuthern Russia. ‘Lhe treacherous conduct oi the Russian government. in not keeping open the passage of the Sulina mouths of the Danube is mainly caused by a desire to increase the importance and the trade of Odessa, to the injury of the ports of the Wallachian and Moldavian Principalities. To such an extent, has this policy been carried, that the trade of Odessa has now assumed most important dimensious. Some statistical retarns presented by Russia to the govern- ment of this country, in 1851, showing the trade, industry, revenne and population of the different portions of the Russian empire, contain much in- formation with respect to the trade of Odessa. In the last year to which the returns were made up, the total number of vessels of all nations that emered the port of Odessa was 878; the tonnage, 233,196; the number of crews employed, 11,314, ond the total value of the cargoes, 21,608,272, The amount of the trade carried on with Odessa by dil- ferent countries was as follows:— ENTERED, Smpa. Tonnage. Crews. English,...... 189 2,295 Greek... .... ‘ Sardinian...... Austrian. Tussin... French. Turkieh.. Peete a . 3,505 We have omitted the statistics of other countries trading to a smaller extent. In addition to the foreign trade with Odessa, a -arge proportion of the coasting trade is carried on atihat port. The entire southern coasting trade of Russia, which is carried on in Russian ships alone, was, according to the latest resturns which we poe ess, of an aggrepate value of £2,166.445, the num- ber of voyages made being 10,510. The porta with which the largest amount of coasting trade is carried. on are arranged in the following order:—Rostoff, Cherson, Taganrog, Kertch, Marionpol, Odessa, Berdiausk, Nikolueiff, Theodosia, Sebastopol, and other smaller one. The number of Russian ships which were built at Odessa, iv 1849, was 16; at Ta- gaprog, during the same period, 12 bad been built, at Cherson 2s, and at Nikolaielt 9; the total addition o the Russian mercantile marine has been 128, the remainder of the vessels having been built at Riga und the ports in the Baltic, Russia, Circassia and Schamyl. The London Chronicle of October lth, publishes the following :— Abstract of the heroic and valorons exploits of the Cir- casein cbief, Schamyl, in defence of his country, against the cegradiog tyranny and despotiom of the Russian go- vernment:— Circassia is bounced on one side by the Plack Sea, and en the other by the Caspian, and in length extends from £00 to 600 miles. In I86Y 8 fierce attack was made upon the stronghold of the Cireaseians by Gen. Von Roven, the Ruseian Commander-in-Chief, upon this oorarion, Scha- my] was wounded by two bullets, and having received « heyenet wound in hix body,’ lay apparently dew). amyl recovered, and up to the present time has «nc- ceeded in bafiling the whole forces of Kussia. In 1838, the Russians renewed their attack, and the iollywing year the whole'’of the tribes eabmitted to Sebamyt’s antnort} In 1890, General Grande, after defeating el ed inm in his retreat to his «tre hi be took by storm. Sebamy! banal conigat by the