The New York Herald Newspaper, October 8, 1854, Page 3

would be the and the fiat character of the ground, wh facilities te the Russian cavalry, supposing that they of allies. third difficulty ‘that the army wou!d quit its close communica- and be ss for supplies on what it could we and obtain by the way. ‘the third route to Sebastopol! is that v4 the coast In the moeq recent maps a road is traced from Eupatoria to Sebasto- pol—but it is, dendtiess, a Crimean road. The country is open ate; nearly the whole of the route, but it is versed by three rivers; it promises both forage and meat, and is protected on the right flank by the sea. The very breed of abeon whose wool adorns the peliases of our Hussers abounds in these plains, and would afford alike cew trimming and fresh mutton to the astonished light horsemen of Lord Ca: ’s brigade. Any defenses crested along the coast would be takea in fank and rear, march; and by cccupying the coast, the siege guna need not be landed until the army had se- eured the mouth of the Katcha or Belbek for that pur- pose According tothe most recent statements respecting the disposition of the Russian forces in the Crimes, Bagtche-serai would seem to be their obvious point of concentration. Troops posted at Karasu-Bazar, or Sim- i 4 [ Ei , could easily effec she serai, ‘and the ground iv sdapied for a battl . The an- cient capital of Crim Tartary lies out of the allies’ line of mareh, supposing the: ie the coast route, but di- eet ir wa: if they proceed by the Interior. the Ri 8 will foroe the allies, or the allies force the Russians, to a battle—or whether the Russians is the allies, exclusive of the reserve left at Varna and ae penne Taeete teak oe coast route, only ms defen for one mo- j ment are the small rivers which will interseet the ad- vanee of our troops, until reach the right bank of the Belbek, where the spurs of the mountains run down towards the sea. Conjecture, however, is useless on advantage of local inf: tion, such Je neving the of amas auch as that the Senstals, it is, of course, impossible for us to say it course the allies or their opponents are likely to Arrived on the left bank of the Belbek, the first obsta. » chee to be encountered would be the outworks recent by the Kussians on that side of Sebastopol, this point; we must wait for events. | | a) and a tolerably but old snd weakly made, star fort. Baving obstacles, the allies would find themselves in of the high ground command- the rear of the cetences on the northern shore of the inlet; and no authority that we bave seen considers that they can makes long resistance@o a attack. Once in Fert Constantine and a huge bat- enem: —— every possible defence, much achikoff is the supreme commander in the Crimea, and we trust letter-writers from Odessa, he promises ‘te defend Sebastopol to the last, and to fire the powder magozines in the event of defea! As Englishmen, we can have no fears for the result of this cnparalieled en! ‘One of our contemporaries Juebly remarka ‘that he safe transport and landing of enormous army, in every way completely pre for their work, is an earnest of , and @ success as } great asa battle. For our part we have never doubtea : | ef the military wisdom with which the whole campaign ef 1864 bas been conducted by our war authorities; and ‘we are content to wait the rerult ef this expedition for proofa that will silence, if not convince, the party anta- genists of our government, and the detractors of our naval and military men. THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA | Ie united on the north to the mainland by the Isth- Re maus of , five miles in width, and on ite \ east the Siv. @, or Putrid Sea, the Sea of Azoff, and the Straits of Yenicalé, by which it is se; arated ~~ from the Isle of Taman, setae everywhere gur- rounded by the Black Sea. It is estimated to con- tain about 15,000 square miles. Population un- known. The Crimea is divided into two distinct parts, one lying north and the other south of the Fiver Salghir, which flows from west to east, and is the only stream of any importance in the peninsula. ‘The former consists almost entirely of vaat Mal or steppes, destitute of trees, but covered with lnx- uriant pasture, except where they are interspe:sed with heate, salt lakes, and marshes The climate of sbis region is far from good, being cold and damp in winter, and opp-essively hot and very unhealthy i» eummer, partlonlariy along the Putrid Sea. The and climate of the other, or south portion & succession of lofty mountains, picturesque ravines, chasms, and the most beantifal slopes and valleys, The mountains, formed of strata of calcareous rock, stretch along the south coast from Caffa on the east to Balaclava on the west. The Tc! 1 OF Tent mountain, the highest in the ci , rises to the at of about 5.110 feet above the level of the sea, and several of the other summits attain to a considerable elevation. The climate of the valle and of the slopes between the mountains and the sea is said to be the most delicious that can be ‘imagined, and besides the common products, such- as corn, iia a= and mien pao piieee Ae ‘trees, mulberry-trees, pomegranates, oranger, &c. fourich in the greatest profusion, ‘Pallas, Dr. Clarke and others have given the most glowing Gescriptions of this interesting region. According to Dr. Ciarke, ‘‘If there exist a terreatrial paradise, it ig to be found in the district intervening between Kotchukoy and Sudak, on the south coast of the Crimea. Protected by encircling alps from every cold and blighting wind, and Hy open to those ‘breezes which are watted from south, the in- habitants enjoy every advantage of climate and of Bot if this rien ge be faithful as it is eloquent, Mt will not certainly a) ply te any other portion of the Crimea, not even to the famous Valley of Bai- \' dar, At certain eeagons of the year the finest parts of the peninsula are mfesten with swarms of locusts, which frequently commit the most dreadful devas- tations, nothing escaping them, from the leaves of the forest to the herbs of the plain. Tarantulas, ee Led coke and other venomous insects, are met with in most parts; and even to the south of the mountains the air in autumn is not everywhere salubrious, and malignant fevers are not encommon. Owing to the thinness of the population, and their want of industry, the Crimea, which in anti- ‘ity was the granary ¢f Athens, and whose natural fersvity ia in nowise ished, does not produce a < tenth pert of what it might do, The steppe, or north Cee pn eageg bed — tillage, an pasta immense num! ’ of sheep, ttle. Sor ? > #8 250 priests (mm ) » qreage their numbers and im sheir habits, by iprove sheir iter. TERMINATION OF THE BALTIC CAMPAIGN, [From the Lovdon Times, Sept. 21.] _ If, as there is great reason to apprehend, the re- <trn of a pertion of the fo ces from the Baltic and tbe tenor of Sir Charles Napier's last deepatchea ; aucicste the termination of the present Laya) cag ofthe peninsula, are entirely different. It presenta , t | THE AUSTRIAN | son. At Sel ‘by them ct with a view to the more efficient conduct of for cam , even more than for the purpose of una- vi Pe recrimination, it is desirable that the causes of this disappointment should be fully considered and understood. Mistakes have, of course, been committed, some from want of kowledge, some from want of judgment, and some from want of resolution; but, on the other hand, an amount of apernane has been gained in this peculiar warfare which ought to render the recurrence of such blunders impossible another arg More, we think, might have been ef- fected, but until the operations in the Black Sea have accomplished the grand object of the destrac- tion of Sebastopol, the cam in the Baltic was & matter of secondary interest, and it is to be re- gretted that by farthe more powerful of our two fleets, especially in steam line-of-battle ships, has been ween ‘throughout the summer where there was least work tw be performed. The allied powers two objects to accomplish in the Baltic. The first was to shut up the whole naval power of Ruasia,to prevent every vessel of war from leaving her ports, or to give battle to the Russian fleet with success, if her 18 line of bat- tleehips ventured beyond the shelter of her land batteries. The second was to blockade and threat- en her coaste, and to ettack and destroy her for. tifications wherever they were thought to be as sailable by naval artillery. The first of these objects has been completely, and the second par- tiaily, effected; but the question is, whether the Admiralty exercised a sound judgment in the means they employed. For the sole purpose of ob- taining the ora of the Baltic, and of fighting the Russian fleet it came out, the armament ap- pears to have been considerably greater than was pr agen and while it contained several first-class ships, such as the Duke of Wellington, the St. Jean d’Acre, and the Neptune, which could scarcely be brought through the Belt from their draft of water, and were il] adapted to such a navigation, there was a strange and lamentable deficiency in steamers of light draft, such as these which have been constract- within the last few weeks, when it is too late to use them. The naval department of the Admiralty peckeaies its duty to perfection in to sea e vessels which were ordered for co ; but we cannot say as much for the political and strategi- cal ability shown in the direction and use of these gigantic weapons. It is due to Sir Charles Napier to add, that ‘before the commencement of the and before his own appointment te the ©01 of the fleet, had strongly epee mn the Admiralty the necessity of pro- jin, poe boats in large numbers ; and that upon taking ¢ command he also desired that a division of troops should embark wita the stpedk tion. Yet the gunboats were not prepared, and the French division of had to be sent out in sup- erg oe in the month of August. The re- galt has shown that Bomarsund as well have been taken by 4,000 men and the marines and sea- wen of the fleet as by the 12,000 who were after- wards sent there ; ard this was known to be the opinicn of the most competent persons before the expedition started. A more serious charge ‘inst the Ministers of the Crown who are responsible for the direction of the war is that they appear to have sent the fleet to sea without any deliberate plan of campaign. They armed a very powerful squadron, they placed in command of it an officer who had a frit neputation for skill and daring, and they left to make the best use he could of his forces. Had = James Camere tore Gerry considered what proposedto do, instead of making a popsteriog | have adap’ war, ch at the Reform Club, he woul bis means more judiciously to the end he had in We But these remarks are not confined to the naval administration at home, and, until the attack on Bomareund was resdlved upon and gallantly execu- ted, Sir Charles Napier seems to have had as little notion of systematic operations as the first Lord of the Admiralty. In particular, no serious attempt was wade to bring the Ruesian fortresses in the Baltic to the test of a severe paval cannonade. The first attacks on Bomarsund and om Hango Udde or Gus- tefevarn in the month of June were bombardments by the steamers throwing hollow shot at a if which could produce no effect on the s ran, | ‘Wwalley'In attackin places fortified with stone facings, the fire which is less at 1,000 yards becomes destructivefat 500, and would be irresistible at 150. If there be water to float a ship within a very short range of the enemy’s batteries, it is probable that the nearer she approached the less she would suffer, and the shorter would be the contes&® At Swea- borg, we believe, the batteries are principally hewn in the s lid rock, and are therefore unassatiable in front; but at Cronstadt or Hango the experiment should have been tried. The Russians themselves have shown their own opinion by blowing up Gas- tafevarn as soon as the fall of Bomarsund was known. .A combined attack on a fortress of the first class, such as Cronstadt ppegentedly is, demands extensive preparations and great forethought in the government at home, to be guided in the hour of action by corres Sokomom attack on Copenha- gen succeeded because Nelson refused to see the signal of his superior officer ordering him to re- treat, and it is in thas dauntless spirit that the tro- phies of the Britiah navy have been won. The grew difficulty our fleet has had to encoun- ter ing this summer is that of the i of the Baltic, and it is impossible to too highly of the manner in whicl been. surmounted. The lighthouses were extin- ished, the buoys and landmarks removed, the charts are imperfect, and the channels and currents pearonly known. In case of’rough weather, the large ships have Bo next to run to for shelter, and no sea room to enable them to weather the gale. Yet up to the present time no serious accident has occurred. We have no doubt that we shall be told thst if the fleet has not done all that was expected of it, it was held back by no spirehenslons of the Russian forte, and still lees of the Russian ships, but by the difficulty of finding proper soundings for the sarge ships, where they might have been most usefn). In former expeditions to the Baltic all the ships selected for that service were of the rank of our old seventy-fours, not equal to a first class frigate of the present aay, and we have no doubt that, when the results of this year’s experi- ence are collected, it will be found thit the second and third rate ships are petter adapted for these operations than the first rates. In any case we trust that, from the present time, the naval depart- ments of Eng and and -Fran:e will proceed unremit- tingly to consider and prepsre for more regular operations in the Baltic # those of the sear we destroy the influence of Russia over the East; but, un! that blow should reduce the Emperor Nicholas to ask for terms, it is only by ig the road to St. Peters- burg we can on dictating a secure and honorable peace. Cronstadt once taken and de- strgyed, the capital of the northern empire is for the future without defence against the ime powers, avdthe fear of such s catastrophe is more likely than any oth: r meaps to secure our triumph. OCCUPATION OF THE PRINCIPALITIES. [Frem the London Globe, Sept 22 } that the view 3 we put forth ') Rot with- Out sufficient facts to reat it upom, has received distinct confirmation from two quarters not uninteresting. and from one where it might least be expected. It is stated that the 1 sentatives of the Allied Powers in Tarkey, as well as the Ottoman government itself, have receiv: from the Austrian government a new and formal de oF arte Pane atheraptiog “sence of the allied forces by Poser Myers ve measures Of abe, and the commu: mn iotimated that Austris sustain that prevention by force of arms. This statement is said to have been made just at the time of the de; re of the English and ch troops. Ibus, although Austria at present absteins from war against Rus- sie, virtually, by an occupation of the ground left behind, she contributes to strengthen the forces which the Al lied Powers are erabled to throw upon the Crimea. We need not i out how perfectly consistent this is with the posi that Austria bas maintained through. out towards Kussia, as well as towards the Al- z the it that she would not seek hontifities, limit herseif to attack. We have not ourselves eny official version of statement which we here repeet on the authority of the correspondent of the Mc Chronicle in Paris—a writer who is frequent- ly well informed. Our own statement y was made upon our own knowledge of the and we then showed that our feeling of confidence had been confirm. ed by the public conduct of Austria. It isnot uninter cating, however, to note the usstudied corroboration our statement receives from the French capital. If there were sufficient ‘iecessity we to accounts even in Ruesin and Prussia ribing the irritation of the Czar, and proving the Imperial impa- tience at the crostes which he encounters among those who have been his sllies; Prussia, of cou excepted. But indeed one of the most interesting eorroborations of our view is put forward in the very quarter of the North of Ergland where there has been a strong sympathy with M. Kossuth. 1t would not be in human nature if M. Kos suth should not retain considerable soreness. It mus: in- crease that soreness when he reviews the past of his career toremember occasions on which, perhaps, he might have choren a course to exercise his influence more benefi- cially for his country. +e hes in this free land found peeeee reaen inte! ee, but of corresponding patience, to sympatbive with him in hie irritation at recent ne which placed former ¢ustcian e field. ‘The sy pathy, which M Kos- question out of suth has more recently discovered in the North, was the remains of a mistrust of Austria, upoo grounda that can only belong to the past, and of & mistrust also of our own government, ari from the presumption that would be done =‘ Silistri these political disdelievers; ‘‘Bomarsund was only a show, and sts distance from the real scene of the con- test; Crimetadt is koh hid w& tacked, and depend upon it there will te no Sebastopol expedition.”’ rince the se- Dartopo) expedition was definitively announced, we are erabled to rlate that thia tee lirg of prejudice ip the North recgiyed & decided imprepriod, Audit wae pdmiited that that altered the esse very considerably. Kosruth wes ip course of attending a series of meet of which New- castle was the hist, and of which wae to be the next. Ee bas now, 00 his owa part, suggested tha’ the Sheffield mee‘ ing should b» “to a moment of more favo itieal op; 2? In other words, ‘the Briti*h public at the present mement is not inclined to presume that its goverrment is insincere, or that ite armies are to be sacrificed to political ae ‘M. Kossuth has eojoyed a degree of free: im this country of which the citizens of foreign lands could oy not have dreamed without actual experieuce. hat the freedom allowed to him has been injurious to cur ell do not believe. The same latitude which Las been given to Englishmen for the utteran:e of their sen- timente on all subjects of diseussion brings forth that energy which has supplied our goverument wich the moral coptidence and the material instruments for the present intervention in Kurope. But if great States must accommo?ate their poliry to the irresistible coarse of events, individuals, however endowed with natural abili- ties. must do the same. ‘The incident in the North is chiefly interesting asa sign how generally Englishmen sre coming to ene common opinion upoa the subject of our con¢ uct in the Best. 5 VISIT TO SEBASTOPOL. {From Mr. Scott’s New Book on the Grimes, &= } The port of Sebastopol consists of a bay rumuing in a southeasterly direction about four miles long, and a mile wide at the entrance, diminishing to yards st the end, where the “‘Tchernaia Ret:hka,” or Black River, empties itself. The average depth is about eigbt fathoms, the bottom being composed of mud in the centre and gravel at the sides. On the southern coast af this bay are tae commercial, mili and careening larbors, the quarantine har- bor being outside the entrance. All these taking a southerly direction and having deep water. The manne herbor is the being about a mile-and-a half long, by 400 yards wide, and is com- petal, escaaee on every side. Here itis that the Black Sea fleet is moored in the winter; the largest ships being able to’ lie with all their stores on board close to the quays. The small harbor, which contains the naval arsenal and docks, is on bak eastern side of the military harbor, near the entrance. The port is defended to the south by six principal batteries and fortresses, each mounting from 50 to 190 guna; and the north By four, haying from 18 to 120 pieces each; and besides these there are many ler batteries. The fortresses are built on the casemate principle, three of them having three tiers of guns, anda fourth two tiers. Fort St. Nicholas is the largest, them, we mado 186. By great interest we brain em, We made 186, rest we Ol mission to enter this fortress, Tt is built of white stone: a fine sound stone, which becomes hard and is very endurable, the same material being used for ail the other forts, Between every two casemates are furnaces for heating shot red hot: we measured the calibre of the guns, and found it to be eight inches, capable of throwing shells or 68 pound solid Whether all the guns in the fortress were of the same size, it is impossible to say, but my belief is that most of the fortifications of Sebastopol are heavily armed. We entered Fort St. Nicholas through the elegantly farnished apartments of the ay commandant, situated at its eouthwestern end. At the period of our visit there were certainly not more than 850 pieces of artillery defending oe pare towards the sea, and of these about 350 could be concentrated on a ship entering the bay.* Other batteries, however, are said to have m since built. We took some trouble to ascertain these facts by counting the guns of the various forta, not always ap easy matter, where any suspicion of our object might have subjected us to grave inconve- niences. Sebastopol is admirably ansyeed by na ture for a strong position towards the sea, and it will be seen from what we stated above that this hag been fully taken advantage of to render it one of the moat formidably fortified places in that direc tion which could be imagined. We are well aware that the casemated fortresses are very badly constructed, and though having an imposing exterior, that the walls are filled in with rubble. The work was carried on under Rassian engineers, whose ol was to make as much money jo roses out of it. They were, moreover, found to be fective in ventilation, to remedy which some altera- tions were subsequently made; but admitting all their defects, they are still strong enough to inflict some amount of injury on an attacking fleet before their guns could be silenced. And when that is ac- complished, supposing there are now 950 pieces, there would still remain ot ue of large calibre, in strovg open batteries, half of them throwing shells and red hot shot, independent of mortars. This is a force of armament against which no fleets have been tried, not only with regard to the number of guns and weight of metal, but the nature of the projectiles; any sivgle shell fired point blank, and 3 in; pene wind and water, being sufficient to sink a ship. If Sebastopol can be so ey taken by the allied fleets alone, and without Jan3 forces, as some people appear to imagine, it would be very satisfactory to know what amount of resistance it’ is expected that Portsmouth could offer to an enemy, with her sevent; or eighty guns, not above five-and twenty of waic! are heavier than 32 pounders? We do not mean to assert that it is impossible to destioy Sebastopol from the sea alone, but we be- lieve that it could only be accomplished by an un- necessary sacrifice of life and ships with our present means, and that it would be nothing short of mad- ness to attempt it, unless we had a reserve fleet on the spot, sufficiently strong to insure the command of the Black Sea im care ure.t In 5] —— the means of defence at Sebasto- fel, we have left the Russian fleet out cf the ques ion. This, however, is not to be treated either with indifference or contempt; for, while we are ready to admit that neither in the strength of the ships, in the quality of the sailors, nor in any other respect, can it be compared for an instant to those of Eng- Jand and France; yet there can be no doubt of the Rugsian seamen ‘bein well trained in gunnery, nor of their being endowed with a kiad of ive cour: age, which would lead them to stick to their work, when not called upon to exercise their seamacship, in which they are very deficient. There were in the military harbor of Sebsstopol twelve line-of-batile ships, eight frigates, and seven corvettes; compricing the Black Sea fleet, indepen- deni of steamers. e visited, amongst others, the Twelve Apostles, of 120 guns, and the first lieute- nant accompanied us over ber. She wasa remarka- bly fine Icoking ship, in exce'lent order, and very neat in, her fittings. : ‘ * The town of Sebastopol is situate on the point of land between the commercial and military. gerbe which rises graduslly from the water's edge to an elevation of two hurdred feet. It is more than a tile in length, and its greatest width is about three a amile, the streets entering the open ppe on the south. It was ly defended on the west, towards the land, by a joled wall, which had been pronounced by one of first engineers sci nate eer "hate oe ly 3 ce ction were said Re hare bos wat ; but whether the work has since been carried out we know not, though we have a deep conviction that strong defences will be found to exist there by the time e festeging army ar- tives. These, however, being hurriedly raised, can neither be of svfficient magnitude nor strength to offer a serious resistance to a long continued fire of heavy aitillery, and unless these fortifica- tions are on a most extensive scale, and embrace a very wide circuit, they may be commanded frome, maby pointe, that, attacked with heavy guny or or, range, their speedy eduction be~.meR t Ree ri certainty, 4 Nose it the cen hatterion or forts are of the slight est Ecrvicé for defence on the landside, Indeed, the fort, “St. Nicholas,” has note gun pointed In ‘at direction, and such an arttAment would be ps Sailecnaslon irit existed, ae that part of the hil on which the town stands rises behind it to a height o! two hundred feet. Jm fact, all the fortresses and bat- teries, both to the rorth and sonth of the great bay, are commanded Sy higher ground in the rear. Supposing the whole of the batteries defeniing safety ual all the poslons, oz the heighte woes safety unt! ie on eights whic eras snd overhang it had been carrieg, The coast between Balaclava and Cx.pe Ohersone- tus being abrupt and precipitous, furniehes no enita- ble Jocalties for the required Prepose, but some of the bays on the northern boundary of the Chereone ean peninsula may possibly oe found available. Were the allied armies ta of the Cher- fonesus, a ‘would find p'enty of water, for there are two good sources towards dependent of it. would still remain, and the great fitting basin con- tains an immemee quantity. Besides which there aré wells and some small st the head of the military barbor, whence Maeda formerly drew ite only, gh not very supply. other plan for éacking Sebastopol might be adopted by Janding to the north of the bay of Inker- man, destroying or taking Fort Constentine, and the other batteries from the rear, and thence bom- barding the naval arsenal, the town, and ships ; and, inceed, this is the only alternative, if a f rf cannot be effected in the Chersonesus. Be 1 is not the port of construction for ships of war ; they are all buiit at Nicholievy on the river Bug, as Petersburg is the bullding-place for Cron- stadt. But here all repairs are done, and stores ané pms og of war in great quantity kept in the naval arsenal. The works that have been accomplished in the little port_approy riated to this t are im- menee. The qnaya ae well and strongly built of limestone with granite copings, under the superin- tencence of an English mazter mason. Along the eastern are ten se stone buildings, for store © boueer, then e : , then in couree of construction, five of which were already finished. The streete of Sebentopo), ae may te expected, teem with soldiers and vailore; indeed, Ho one une copnegted with the eeryi-es jveg phere; and a be BERSE Eg Hint a be ae By ag ri 3 é 8 if * Mr. Olipbant says. ‘Nothing ean be more formid- able than Sebastopel from the seoward Upen a future occasion we visited it in a steamer, and found that at one point we were commanded by twelve hundred pisces of artillery.” Now, if by thie paeeage it is to be under- stood that 1,700 guns mounted on the fortresses and bat- teries of that piece, and commanding the tea, can be coxcentrated on any one spot, it is manifestly « mistake. That point where the greatest number of pieces of ar- iillery cea be concentrated is probably about the centre of a line drawn from Cape Constantine to the éastero promontory of the tine Harbor, on which part of the guns of Fort Constantine, the Quarantine Battery, Fort Alexander, aud Fort Bt. Niebolas, with some from other batteries, may be brought to bear; but these can- not at the utmost amount to more than 350 pieces, even allowing thst spot to be commanded by # bundred guns of Fort St. Nicholas, + These remarks were written before a lind attack on Sebastopol was contemplated. STATE OF FEELING IN THE INTERIOR OF JSSLA, RU a Berlin Sm. 18) Correspondent of London Times } the nce of any news of stirring interest, I cannot do better than send you & portion of a letter that has come into my hands from the interior of Russia. -It is written by a man whose position en- ables bim to inform himself well, and is addressed to one whom he has every interes in not deceiving; it may, therefore, be taken ag a fair expression o! Russian feeling in the upper claases there at the present moment:— ‘The anniversary of the coronat’on of the Emperor yesterday (September 3) was a day of deep-felt and lying celebration ; the divine service in the church closed with the prayer, “ God Preserve our august monarch and his august bonse.” In the evening I was at a party at Baron ——’s, who has an estate @ league acd ahalf from here; the conversation turned on the war, and I will endeavor to report to you the ideas which served as its groundwork. It was maintained!Rursia could, as things stood now, only be saved by the two German Powers. It is well known the Western Powers will not commence their attack on Russia, as was expected, through Moldavia and Wallachia. On the contrary, these Principalities are to be left tothe Austrians, that these latter may be composed to anes and their power thus absorb- ed. The attack take place from the Asiatic side, for which pu: the troops of the Western Powers bave already been embarked. In order to cover their left flank, the attempt will be made to the Black Sea, for get sion of the coast of whi eration Odessa, Sebastopol, &c., are to serv ses. It is true, it is no easy matter to roams of these towns; the enei of Rus- sia know that very well, and this is the reason of their slow and cautious approach to this coast; but -_ hope, by a careful organization of their at- tack, unfailingly to attain their aim. At all events, the struggle there will be a bloody one. Russia, with a presentiment that that is the quarter from which the danger would come, has already sta- tioned two ay mée corps there under Generals Rebut- offand Andronikoff. A third armée corps is alread: on the march thither from the interior, and will ferve asteserve. The town of een ig being for- i and in ita vicinity » body of 20,000 picked Russian troops is lying. The entire force of the troops collected there (apparently meaning in the Crimea and the coasts of the neigh- Lom § continent,) amount to about 100,000 men. ‘The shock will thus be s fearful one, should the Russians be beaten, as is to be feared that the coh et) is 90 great on the side of the enemy, and the Ruseian army, though it has very brave, has at the same time but few intelligent gen- erals,) the hostile forces would stream over the most beautiful and most fertile portions of the Russian empire. A numerous hostile army can support itself there perfectly comfortably for years and years, more particularly if, as in this case, ample reinforcements are forwarded. The point which the Western Powers have selected for their attack is, therefore, well and wisely chosen—that is toe most vuinerable pint of the empire. If the German Powers continue to observe the same inaction—if they let the attack of the English and French be quietly organizea—if they wait for the collision then ‘actually to take place—there can be very little doubt as to the future of Russia. It is true Ruseis has a great army on foot, but she is, nevertheless, not able to cencentrate more than fiom 200,000 to 300,000 men on one point. Its geo- graphical position, the nature of the locality, the administration of the Commissariat, the present Politics} relation ' in general, involve this deplorable State of things. If a hostile invasion of the southern provine # of Russia finally is prevented, the in- terior Of this empire is a8 good as deprived of its vital artery, a7eia must surrender at diecretion to her ene ee aeed , I trast, for- ward to Berlin this matter for reflection, so that help may be sent us from Prussia rapidly t@ pos- sible. Conferences snd protocolé, paciic proposals and diplomatic concoctions ere no good bere; the: oply procure the enemy time to make his attac! good. There ia only one help porsible--one rescue pce a and that is that Prussia jiately despatch Pod further op towart lision. (seeing d prevent she co)- Two months Jater and it will be too late. Affairs In Spam. (From the London News, sept ‘The news from Spain continues to be satisfactory. ‘The revolutionary lesson, that 1f monarchs will not do their duty, the business will be done without them, is in course of full illustration in Madrid. Ti peo ba how far the Czar bas stimalated the of the Court, and the intolerable tyranny aud i which have thrown Spain into her presen’ peri condition, It ie wel! understcod that his agents were busy in Portuga), snggesting plots which would place Spain and Portugal at variance, by a proposa) to unite them under one crown. It is well known that bis agents were also at Madrid during the late scandalous period of misrule, shen the governing clique were avowedly Russian in their sympathies. ‘They bave to thank him fcr some of the bitter en: mity under which they are now suffering in their de- porition and banishment. We, apd all friends of free Political institutions, shall have cause to thank bim Mthe great experiment of this revolution abould prove that the Spaniards are adequate w the eelf- government which they have been rudely driven to claim; but we must expect to see the immediate victime of the change acting as his tools for s long time to come——for as long as he and they shall live. Queen Christini wil not-take up her sbode in St. Petersburg, nor will Sartorius join the Russian armies; but both will work jn his interests, and the mcet rs bine friends of the ise cause must prepare themselves for continual mis:hief apd yer- renewed sedition, creeping from over the frontier, and spreading though the towns where popular ig- Rorance is in collision with the improvements of the age. Wherever there are ill-employed operstives looking jeslously on the use of machinery, there may Cbristina and her clique be whiepering ingur- rection. Wherever the peassirg are ungry, aad whenever on epidemic {preags among the j-d0r, in- stigation may 0, pe wanting that evil counsellors ped wk, and poiscning the people. No one ce%. Wish that the Dowager Queen had fallen futo the hands of the populace, or bad been brought to a@ criminal trial upier tse au- thority of her own daughter; bot i: is a rave misiortane that a worsan who pnie into car Frade & resurrection of the darkest spirit of the dark sgee—o cleatpre like a ghoul, feeding on tue life biecd of a natior—shbould be at large, with a great power of mitchief in the ekapo of ber rem, wealth, ond of that interest which alwaye bangs sbout the persore) miglortnnes of p: A As for the reet, the Spaniarde bave now the firest rpc of showing bow far their friends have been justided in their ie on their bebaif. There is ne goubt sbout the xebie spirit in wiich the peo- Je throvghout the country can act, when they see fear way, and fee) cause. The doubt is of their stability, and of their power of conce:t—shat is, of their patience and modesty, in combination with spirit and resolntion. We are disposed to believe 1 case is not so bad in regard to their reli- jon as is commonly supposed. It is true toe Holy e regards ag aathe pet child of the church, and xo doubt there is superstition as gross in 8p: {m spy corner of Christendom. But there is, also, we have resson to believe, much more enlightement pervading the middle classes than sttapgera can possibly be aware of—because heresy bapyens to be a thing which, on a Jarge acale, must be not expressed but undersood. The whole people have now had a Jong and hard Jeeson on the evile of irresponsible government, in the hands of a ro fomi)y like theirs. Such an experience does of iteelf constitute political wisdom ; but it msy well teach the many to be patient, vigilant, orderly, and generously disposed, while the few wiser whom they may chocee are striving to estabiish institutions which may put their welfere into their own bands. Daring the insular war the constant grief was that, with ail their persona! valor and individual poblenese, the Spaniards were too often an injury to their own cause by the self-will of cliques and the wranglings of jnntas. The world will be on the watch now to see whether their long course of suf- fering bae qualified them for better concert. In the Peuinsulsr war, , the most satisfactory parties to dea} with were the peasants in the country snd the working class in the towne. In them, patrictiem wae bright and genuine, inspiring fidelity and con- stancy. This is now an im, fact, as indicat ing that the bulk of the people are probably quali- fea for as much political privilege ae they Geaire and cap understand. As for what may come after, the complete fitnesa for political rights comes with their exer ise, and no other le plunge into the element will ve whether the adventarers can swin—of which no one can jadge who bas merely feen them rebenysing in another element. Tre op portunity ‘8 at bamd., Amiést a multitude of per- pleaitign and @flcudien, there iy poe brond founda tion of securit bedone. The citizens have to support the 4 authorities by order and patience till the day comes round for their legal opening for discuesion by the meeting of the Cortes. Their watchfulness id be directed full aoe the disturbers of public order; their magnanimity upon the actual rulera of the State in times of such embarrassment; and their whole mind and conscience upon the election or rep- resentatives worthy to inaugurate a great new pe- riod in the history of Spain. American and English Merchants in China. [From the London News, Sept. 23.) By the last mail we bave a co: mdence be- tween the merchants of Shanghae and cohovn gg Superintendent of Trade, Sir John Bowring. e Matter in dispute between the parties is compre- hended in a nutshell, and is as plain and easy as the Arabic numerals. For a whole year the collection of duties at Shanghae—which, by the conditions of ridiculous treaty which converts Queen Victoria's functionaries into Chinese custom house officera, ought to be collected by the fun tionaries in ques tion—bas been suspended, under the authority of y laid; apd Gain Sa one ae Gate | these functionaries themselves ; the English mer- chants giving, at the same time, bonds for paying them, in case apy party should ever cast up ietuily entitled to receive them. The cause of the suspen- sion is obvious enough. A civil war was raging in the county, and the town and port were in posses- sion of the insurgents, the imperialists holding only some military positions in the suburbs. Sach, too, was the state of things at the moment of the dispute between Sir Jobn and the British merchants. A treaty, as the merchants in their letier to Sir John truly eay, implies mutual obligations—protec- tion on one side and payment for it on the other—and Sir John snd bis imperial allies desire to make the bargain one sided, that is, to tey daties without getting protection in return. No protection is, of course, given; because the party that should grant it is not in a condition to give it. But far worse than this, the party that ought to give the protec- tion assa:] those that ought. to receive it; and the latter, at much expense of time and money, are driven to the necessity of arming themselves to pro- tect themselves against the allies of Sir Jonn Bow- ring. Headed, indeed, by the consul and by the sailors and marines of her Majesty’s squadron, and in copjunction with the merchants and forces of the United States, bape 3 are under the necessity of drab- bing the forces of the Celestial protectionists—a measure which has met the entire approbation of her Majesty’s government. The English merchants petition that the question of the pare for duties be submitied to tae deci- sion of her Mojeaty’s Court of Justice at Hong- Kong, and Sir John Bowriog replies to this, that the matter being one of treaty cannot be submitted to an English court of justice. According to him it must be decided by the Consular Courts, with 2 final one to himself, Sir Jobn. But the Consular Conrta, equally with the Supreme Court, are creatures of acts of Parliament; and how are treatyfobligations to be decided by these uneducated and unprofes, sional tribunals? How are they even to be decided by the high appellate jurisdiction to which Sir John refers? for that, also,’is the creature of parliamentary enactment. But it unfortunately” happens, ‘more- over, that the judge of the Consular Court and the sppellate functionary have both of them, by word and by writing, pre-judged the whole question. A c vil war that promises to end in a revolution which will overthrow the existing government, bas been raging in China for the last two years, and Sir John Bowring, by his decision in the matter of the customs duties, which rest by treaty with the Bri- tish and not the Chinese government, virtually takes one side in the dispute, instead of remaining neutral, as all strangers ought to do ina domestic eee By the payment of money whica he had ie power and the right to withhold, he ranges him- eelf plnmp on the side of the Tartar Banptier preey much in tre manner that a French or Spanis am- baseador might have done trat a money to Charles the First when he was fighting agains: tbe Parliament and the nation. The American commis- siocer acting under the dictates of common sense, saw that facts had abrogated the treaty with Ame- rica, end he went throngh the form of abrogating it. The result is that the Americans now pay no cuties at Shanghae, and that the English do. And Sopeqoenly, that the English trade, burthened with duties payable to parties who have not earned them, has to contend with the American trade which pays none. At the moment that Sir John Bowring is bolstex- ing vp tre Tartar vant he sees it tottering to its fall. The old capital and the strongest port in the empire have been long in the possession of the ineurgents, who bave an army cloge to the seat of government. These insurgents are in possession of the second port of foreign commerce in the empire, and Sir Jobn, who has just returned to Hong Kong, wil] there have the nes that they sre at the gates of Canton; that they have captured @ neighboring town, the key to the whole trade of that town; and that they have cut off the whole supply of tea, silk and precious rhubarb. His decision seems, even on his cwn explavation of it, a very unbuppy and ear prisipgly eccentric one. He addresses the mer- chants through his secretary, who writes with great emposity and indifrent jogic. Why should he ourtecn times over repeat “Excellency,” seeing that Sir Jonn is acting, not as governor, bat as superin- texdent of trade; and that, although a governor ie, @ superintendent is not, Excelient, even by cour'esy? Straws like this show which way the wind blows. The Swiss &/ections. WE Swfhs LAUSANNE POPULAR COMMITTEE. Animated by the cesire of harmonizing diverging epinions into cne and the same thought of opporition to the inces: snt excroschments of the Federa) authority; Persueced that the advances of centralization we- nace the intereste, the liberties, ani the honor of Switze>land; Ccnvinced, finally, that the Federal Council finds itself in the imporsfbility of resisting foreign diplomacy, the undersigned rubmit to the judgment of ¢| fecerater, the following PROGRAMME. Every Swiss citizen proposed for the national repre sentation shall rolemnly take for the Electoral Arsembly, the following engagements :— 1. Not to accept during the ensuing session, any sale- ied Sarction or place, the nomination of which depends the Federal Council. ‘o combat by ail constitutions! means thn tenden- cies of the federal power towards political eentraliza tion, 3. To recall this authority to the letter of the consti- tution, and to bring it back to the principles of an admin istration, faithful and dignified. 4 To propose and sustain the non-enforcement of the incomprebensible Inw voted last session on weights and measures, to be replaced by the decimal system in bar: mony with the unity of the federal money. 5. To protest against the augmentation of the cus toms and to!ls, an augmentation whieh not only menaces industry, agriculture, and commerce, but furnishes to the federal power a large budget of which it avails iteelt to ruin, by & disestrous concurrence, the cantonal estab: Hishmente of public instruction; and the consequences of which may bee use, more menacing still to the in- tereste ané oe ie beaghe f 6. To propose, ides, the adoption of all measures lesding to @ more equitable, and an impor'ant dimi- Roce of the tarigg of cust ‘and tolls already este iabed. 7. TS demand energetically the abrogation of the peng! feceral code, 8. To protest strongly aginst sittings with clo-ed dcors, The 8wies people having a right to know its own efidtrr, and never having understcod tha’ it had eban- cored to whomsoever the exercise of its sovereignty. 9. To caure to be respected the right of asylum for all and agains: al’; aright ecandalously ignored for seve- ral years past by the executive Federal Conucil, more ventous to pleaes despotism than to preserve in its pu: as the ancient Helvetic honor. Die programme will be submitted to the approbation of a)] Seise citizens desirous to preserve the cantos: Fiitileces, and to decide upon arresting the federal nt down which it and which will con. tereste, of ber inde Committee. Emigration from Great Britain. OVER SEVEN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS REMITTED TO IRELAND FROM Cid Lag 8 area rao The annua) re; of the ration Commissioners et bern published. From this it appe ra that the tote} emigration of last year was 329,937, being 36,627 Jens than in 1862. There was a diminution of 26,480 to Anstralia, and 18,376 to the United States, the falling off being seconnted forin the case of Australia by the grenter excitement regarding the gold discoveries pre- valent during the summer and sutumn of 1662, and in tbat of the United States by the departare of a smaller number of Irish, the aggregate emigration of the latter pe throughout the year being estimated st 190 392 sgeinet 274,097 in 1862 The remittances from their rela: tives in America were, however, larger than in any previous year, the amount sent through the various banks, apart from private channels, being £1,480,000 With ae t the Australian emigration, the total from the United King- éom to 4}] the colonies was 61,401, or about one fourth of that of the United States. Subjoined are the general figures — Uni Nveveey shvreevediiive oben eee 280,885. Van Diemen’s Land New Zealanc.... Meuritiue. Eong Kony Falalanc Issande Total... According statement it # that the emigration during the firet three monthr of ihe present year bee been 40,756 persone spuint 60,867 in the corresponding perio! of 1863, and 69,623 ip that of 1862 There peen a continued dimination in the departures to che United States; but in thoee to Aue trtlin, although there ise gres* failing off a# compare: with the Gret qcarter of last year, there ie a comadera big werent pe Compared With the ire, quarter: of 1602. 128 Segue et mle Mat ce Pe eortn is much than ip 1662 os The Irish Potato Crop. : ‘The annexed letter from Longford, in ireland, giver a view of the conclusion of the hervest in that country — As the season adi and the people begin to dig im the potatoes, a better estimate can be formed a» to the smncupt of damage done by the disease daring the pre- ent year. It is very satisfactory to find thet the }»ss stained will fall wonderfully short of what was at first icipated. ‘that the growth of the potatoe: has beem comsiderably impeded tuere can be no douvt; but, al- though much smaller in size than usual, the quality is ex- cellent, while the quantity actually [forms bul @ small per centage of the whole, Making every allowance, how , for the losses in this way, and taking into con- sideration the great breadth of ground under potatoes this year, there can be no doubt that the sapply will be quite equal to, if not over, the average of former years. It must be remembered, m.reover, that prior to the first ear of the famine the populetion of Ireland ex :eeded 000,000, while now it is little more than 6,000,000; and that, as this falling off ie chiefly, if not entirely, among the poorer classes, whose staple food is essentisly tne potato, there are proportiouaiely less to be provided jor. The erain erope, too, are abundant, and cow that the farmers are getting them in, the utmost satia action ie expreered by all. The American Board of Missions and Sinvery. TO THR CON@REGATIONAL UNION OF ENGLAND AND WALES. Genriemrx—In my last I promised to relating to the / merican Board of Missio: i will now do £0, The American Board of Missions has for masy years fopported churches among the Cherokees and Choctawr, two Indian nations. These churches have been and now sre open to slaveholders. In 1845 the board reported thirty-five slaveholders im their communion—s moat bu- miliating statement. In 1846, at the annual meeting, the abolitionists, as usual, brought forward the subjeet of slavery ix these churches, and, “as usual,’ it wae referred to a committee. Instéai of recomm ing the beard to proceed to some acton, they reported thet, “they consider the furtier agitation of the subject vere 4s calculsied injuriously to affect the great cause of, sin which the board isengaged,”’ So nothing ¢ in thet year. Im 1847, the udolitioniste ageim m effoyt to bring about direst action, und the epirit of determination then manifested not to be put off ae they bad been, elicited the promise tha! one of the secretaries should visit the missions in queetion that year, and the whole subject woul! come up on bis re- port the following year ome facts slavery. ‘The secretaries offirmed that they had every possible disposition to remove slavery and ever otber evil an as rpeodily @ gave the abol frierds grouné to hope that now something was about to be done. In 1848 the missions hiso been visited. The recretary reported, and to « few facts from that report I azk your attention. ‘The recretary quotes some of the laws of there twa nations on slavery, respectivg which I will only way, that for wickedness and barbarity they are exceeded no nation, nor equalled by any, saving the Uniled Staten: yest prudential committee of the Ameriean Bosrd of. iasionn say of one nstion, “they have a good govern- ment,’ and of the other, “they bs excellent gov- ernment.” It seems fair to pi that the “object”? ofthe board in sending missiensries there war to in- struct them in the principles of the Gospel. But the religion they teach is manifestiy not the retigion of Chriat Their teachings resemble those of our slavehold- ing divines; they are uccommodated to the slave lave. Thetecretary says:—The relation of the Christian mas- ter to his alaves, either as to its lawfulness or its co tinuance, has not been disturbed, and little has bee raid to him calling in question the fandamenta) prin ples of the system.’? ‘Agsin he ‘says, “it does aot seem to have been the aint ef the brethren fo exert any direct influence either by their public or tneir private teachings upon the system of slavery.” Hear what the mirsionaries themselves tay: + We can cever make its test of piety, or condition Of admission to the privileges of the church, that a can- Gidate should express a determination not’ to live and die a slaveholder ” I ask that this may be borze in mind. One other fact,—and I must claim forbearance when I say that the American Board of Missions has em- Floyed on those stations men to whom God never gave m commirtion to preach the gospel, who ought never to be tolerated 4 who cever will be in heaven paration of femi ‘on of parents and cb’ we must first remark that it is one of those things sre not forbidden by express injunction of Scriptare. It is impossible m our eircurmstances to make it & generak rule that the reparation of psrente and children by sale or purchase rhall be regarded as a disciplinable offenee.’? This is the language of the missionaries of the Aweriean Board of Missions Not only do they rhow an utter lack of religion, but it would appear that they are sito wamt~ ing in the common feelings of humanity. the expectations that the board lad raised that they were about ro eut loose from slavery, were never rea- Yized. The impression was, that if the Choct:# missions did not renounce slaveholaing the board would renounce them. This opinion becomirg current, aroused the y=0= rlavery spirit, and so the secretazies, instead of repo-te ing that the board was free from connection with slavery in that quarter, or that it soon would be, declsred taut “the committee bave never bad any intention of off the Choctaw mission, but repeat the e their undiminished confidence in the integr: ts of Christ.” Slavery waa victoricus; cof being true, receded and took back seeming antislavery act it hua ever verforme meeting was reported to have been ‘harmonious South and the pro-tlavery jou:nula wers in ece acies, 0b friends of humanity, and the only Ged, rethed to weep and io pray. A Celeg ation to Hindostan declared that it ‘# sierioux meeting ever held” So it was for the of wickedness. It was @, “glotices meetiog plave-Lolder and slave-breeder It ‘was the 1 rions meeting ever held” for the slave-trader. be could continue to buy snd sell and separate fawilies, and stil] bes good Christian. 4nd why not? tind, making those of wrath than they were before. This cannot be denied, for the secretary eaye in bie report that slavery iccreases in proportion as civilization progresses. One preof of this is ceen im the fact that in 1845 there were th'rty-five sizvebolders connected with the mirsion churches, while in 1848, as-- cording to the report, there wer sixty: two. It ie rather & singular fact that in 1845 the total membership waa reported to be eight hundred and forty-three in the churches of the two missions. In 1848 there were ight bundred and seventy two, showing that out of an increage of twenty nine members in three years, t ren'y- seven of them were slayeholders + Are we to infer from this that the preaching of the mistionaries tends directly to build up the system? Let one of their own number this question. Aaigem | in the fall of 1848, he say: fally convinced that this miraion (:he Choctaw) must te supported by thore who are willing and disposed to give their influence im the eupport and in the propagation of slavery in the Christian church For years past, the fospel, as brougnt to bear upon this people, bas had an indirect influence to propagate and bvild up this system of wrong and oppreseion. 1 am sorry, in justice to trath, to say, in rome respests it has & direct tendency to it.’ Here are some of the facts. They are known vy every nd womtn in the United ‘es who have with- frcm the American Board of Mimions; and the that they have withdrawn is, oat they will be 20 party to build up slaveholding churches, nor in any ws: be identified with them. ane The American Board of Missions very well understands the feeling which is fart gaining ground against them, They are suffering in the confidence of the pubic more and more every year. They need not if they woukl do right. Tn 1848, It is preity rally unders:oo’ that they tried a plan which, if it succeeded, would make it en fold more the chil sppear that they had done right—viz: to obtains tranefer of the mission church: laveholders and all, to the Assembly's Board of Mi ; but the missiona- ries would not hear to this; so y had their a] either to retain the missions as they were, or to al slaveholding in them; aad they chore the former. Thid bas only made it worre for them than before; it wes attempted everion—not repenting and putting away le have seen how this unvorthy scheme failed; * now look at another artful expedient, not to ri themselves of the od um of tolerating slavery, but to ttrevgthen the wholething just as it is, in ait iquity. The American Board happens to missions in Turkey. AU Evgland is in sympathy with Tukey. Moreover, the Evglish churches are sl. mort entirely ignorant of the facts here prevented. If they (the board) can succeed in beguiling thee churehiee tnto co operating with them in sugmentiog the mirsions to Turkey, three very iw portant points will be gaiced. First, but least, these missions will be aug- mented, Secondly, ell the Engiish churches will be ia upicn and communion with the bard, and thue it will strength immeasurably grester than it sion of the abolitionists: and bird! chiefly, the whole religious svolition movement cam ‘be essily crusbed; for, if the English charches are con- nested with the Ai ican board, they are, toa'l iatente connected with the other pro slavery q Satan,” for they are oll based upon one princi- pe fellowabip with slavery,”’ and so the whole teces~ ticd mow ment from the churches «nd societies can be nicely put an 8 ene mrvey sata to ve ined by gettin churches ip to svg. Sint the darks missions. It isa prime idea, bat un- lees 1 aw greatly mistaken, it will haves prime conelu- tion. There never was s more subtile scheme conceived, nd o fatal in ite results, if it can only sueceed. But i is not to succeed. These fects are to be chronicied im its 1n- some and souls of men as brethren in Christ.” How sre we about to embrace the American board without embracing: these ‘‘dealers in the bodies and souls of men?” again: the cake a of this board is replenished with the price of blood, ani oppression and wrong, tears and groans: grate. fully received by th jon of merciful me, a1 tent abroad to promote the salvation of the Gentiles.” — Christian Witness. Will the Fngliah churches embrace or unite with these ‘dealers in the bodies and the souls of men” ae their “brethren in Christ??? Will they throw their funds inte 8‘ treasury replenished with the price of blood?” Psp week bs =. ie haiwedaton 4 to nay up? tbie subject. ave or 4 Hoonestrabee yours, JAMES VINCEN Agent of the American Reform Tract and Book See ine Bury New road, Manchester, ook Coroners’ Inqnests. Knurp wy Fasuxa oor or a Wixpow —Soroner Gam. ‘le belé an inquert on Friday at the house 234 Elisabe:ty upon the body of « boy named John Henry Daly, aged six yeare, who was Rilled by. falliog out of the third «tory window to the sieewalk thy, e Gistance of over thirty feet. The accident took plea at Sovclock on Thure¢ay evening, and the unfortnna‘e Little fellow died in afew minutes afterwads. The jay rendered n verdict that tho deceased came te bis des ia hy seckéenteiy failing out of the window of the beCoxre Mentioned Louse.