The New York Herald Newspaper, July 11, 1853, Page 6

(Ghe deserved immortality for inventing the first stocking | were the people of England indebted forthe first attempt, the prinetpe! towns, From Bowring’s Wanchine, @ 1660. nglected and forgotten, died of s Tekan heart. The greatest benefits of this «xhibition ere the extension of the application of mechanical =e | eciense to facilitate production, which head the reoult 0° crestly reducing tne prices of those erticles im common demand. History records the exhibi- ‘tion, upen thin occasion, of the stocking frame of Aubert, ‘the silk spipming machine of Vaucauson, and many other meted solentific discoveries. During this exhibition was @stablished the Sociai d’ Encouragement, which, in its Premetion of mapufsctury, and in developing the ia” ventive talent of France has oeen admirably successful. ‘There was s lapse of four yoars after tho elosing of the Bat exhibition before the next display was made of ths Wreducts of the French. im the year 1303 = spacious Yalliding was erected on the explanade of the Hospital Jes Invalides for the fourth rational exhibition. The im- Srvening time, however between this fair and the pre- Daing ome bad not been idly spent, but was @ period of Feet improvements and diseoveries in science and art. At this exhibition the printed cojtons of tke csleorated Manufacturers Mulhsusen & Logeibach first made their Sppearance Cotton lace, blonde, silk thread, cloth, imita- ‘Mons of cashmere rbswis,and varivus mixed textile faorios also ilurtrated the rapid mavufacturiog progress of France, in the industria! exhibition of 1806, In the mana. facture of irom aud porcelain nrogre-s was decidedly showa ‘Those cheering results may be attriouted to the patriotic and vigorous efforts of Nay Jeon Aad in this, the las! ex. ‘hibition under the Empire, there were lasting proofs that he had not labored ursucessafully io duildiag up & manu- facturing preepaity and reputation for his ovuntry After the close of the exbibition «f 1806, 4 long inter- ‘val succeeded before France agnin assembled her artizans and her manufacturers, to contend in the peaceful bat- Hes of production and trade, Duridg ‘this time France ‘was cageged tm all thore great events which have faraiih- 4.0 prominent page in the history of the world. The sword had taken the place of the pruning hook, aad the Boise of the anvil und the hum of the «pindle were hush- @4 by the roli ef the drum sod the thanders of caunoa. The Evropesn struggie for the su.remacy of legitimacy, the rise of the * Little Corporal,’ the Havdred Days, the falling of threnes, Boredivo en Waterloo, the wighty ‘warrior on St. Helena, and the restoration, ail compose fhe bieody narrative. After the Corsican Lieutenant had Teached bis ocean home, sad his bristling ranks had been @ispersed, the sails of the merchanotmsa again fluttered 4m the breesa, and tie emblems of peace emerged from the dun canepy of war. ‘The fifth exhibition was held in 1819, im which France maintained ber hen>rable reputation for ber adraocemeat in the arts, This display was held in the court yard of the Louvre, and war one of reat magnificeace. ‘Tho sixth exposition was held in 1825, and was opened fer a period of fifty days. This was great proof of th» Demedit and popularity of the-e fairs, thet each was open- 0d fer a leager period than the precediug one. Thais exhi- bition, particularly, showed great progress in the applica- ‘tion of the lmproved maaufecture of iron te machinery, and the consequent developemen: of civil engineering as S@profession. One of the most remarkable novelties ex. Aibited wase model of the first suspension bridge, de. signed to creas the Rhone . between Tain and Seurnon. ‘The seventh exhibition was beld in 1827, aod history records it as more magnificent than any of the fairs ‘which had gene before it. The number of exhibitors at fihis amounted to 1,796 At this way shows the remarka Die progress made in rational msaufactures and produc dioms from ‘he use of steam. Toe wan !sc'ureof merino Beods, umknowa in the begianing « » sentary, in France, cow yielded an annual incoins of Afton million, | Of francs. Méxture and wool frst sppeared at | ‘this exhibiticn. After the close of t sevent) fair, political events fgaim retarded, for » while, these peaceful demonstra tions. Whea, bowevsr, the Orivaua family wore seated ‘upon the threme, ani quiet once more reigued through- Out the mation, »n appeal was made to the manufacturers of France te again jvin ina nstioaal exhibitiva, which call was respomded to by near three thousand exhibitors. ‘This, the eighth erhivition was overed in 1834, ander ‘the petronage of Louis Philipye aad th? wises; men of France. For the purposes of this exhibition, four great | galleries were erected up on the Place de la Concorde and ‘its inauguration was attended with regal syleador. | ‘The ninth exhibition in 1839, showed great prozress in | pe manufactures and productions of Fraace, siace the Yet fair of 1834. The increased demand for space had Reersttated the construction of sn immense pbuilding | pon the great square of Marigny, ip the Champs Elyse hee superficial space covered by the building was 16,500 otres, and even this was found to bs insufficient to ac- | @ommodate the con'ributors. It cost nearly £14,560, md every branch of Freoch indusiry was represented within its walle, by three thousand two hundred and eighty-ene exbibicers. It was at this fair indicated that ‘the rewards and honors bestowed upon Jacquard, Audvert and others, the learnved ersays of De Noufchateau, Chap- tel and Dupin, aod the genera! kno wledye difued through every portion of the nation by these new exhibitions, ‘were begtaniog to return their provadieed fruits. Im the year 1844, the artisans and manufacturers of France were again called ‘ogether to joia ia tne teath @splay of the national gsnius. This exposition was founded upen the prosperity of a long continued Peace, acd may be regarded s» one of the moat splendid museums of a nation’s industry ever oullecied together. Theday had now come when the digaity of labor war reoogn rod, and the most hamble oy birth Yeeetved the decoration of the Legiva of Honor as tue re- ward of his genius, and was the peer of him in whose ‘veins flowed the blood of royalty. The fineit work of the sculptor, the master piece of tae painter, the grandest Yesults of manu‘actury, and the most wooterful dis- coveries in solemce, combined to make up this great col- lection. ‘The leet exhitition of national industry took plico 2 1849, the year after Louis Philippe hud been dethroned, and for surpassed any exbivition which bad gone before Tte site was the same ar the magnificent ove of 1844, in ‘the Champa Ely-ées, bot the buiidiog was far more ca. Pacious covering s surface of about ave acres, The structure cost £18,000, and was coustructed with side gallericn, and to it was added au enormous shed for agri- | @ulturel implements, produce and live stock, this beiag | ‘the first eceamion upom which they were admitted | to complete for prizes. The public were sdamitted Bratultourky tothe exhibition on Ave days of the week. The pumber of exhibitors was uear five thou send, and the shill displaved in ths articles exrbited, pean eviderce of the great extent to wiica tus educa pe of the Freneh workmen had been carried. Besides the feirato which we have referred, founded pd sustained by the government the French have held ay grend exhibitions estadlivned by private inf venos. fmong them may bo specified the eelenrated (airs of 38. Ymein’s, Lyons, Rowims, Chartres, Rouen, Bordesux wsdyes, and Bayenne. Many of tuese fairs were periodi eal, but are mow not #0 im ortant a4 im days gone by ‘The groacest of those periodical displays iv tha fair held st Beeuoalre ia Jnly. at tbia exhioition, im 1533, it is said there were from 70,000 to 80.000 persons preseat, and that the business done exceeded 160,000 040 franca, OF £4,100,000 This brief account of the faire of France shows that the attention bestowed by the government upon the grea’ | fatorests of manufactury, within the last fifty years at Mancheeter and Leeds, to eotablish temporary exhibi- tions of specimens of improved manufactures. In 1828 an attempt was made to establish an exhibition of the indus trial products of Eny!and, and rooms for this purpose were furnished by George IV. in Trafalgar Square. This iastitu- tion was termed ‘The Nations! Repositor:,”’ and although its rooms were well stocked, and it was patronized by the King, bis ministere, and the most iufuential of the nobi- lity, yet history rays » menagerie in the same building ‘was far more attractive aud much better supported than “ the National Repository ;” The Dublin Boys! Sosiety in 1829 established an exhibition, held trieunially, of the works of art, science and manufactures, but uatil the year 1850 Irish productious only were admitted within it. Tae Cornwall Polytechnic Society was the Grat insti tution which gave periodical displays of the industry of the kingdom. Its records show thai it has given eighteen exhibitions, the last of which was in 1850, Through the exertion and aid of the Mechanics’ Iastitute, fairs of a loca] and temporary influence have at various times beeu held in some of the principal cities of Englaed. Among them ¥e may mention the exhibitions of Manchester, Leeda, Newcastle upou-Tyne, Birmingham, Liverpool, aad other manufacturing places All of these exhibitions, althongh of an umprstending charscter, yet served ths ends for which they were founded by stimulating to some degree the inventive talent of a people wholly neglected by the government until the year 1851, when was established with princely magnificence THE LONDON CRYSTAL PALACE. We vow come to treat of that exhibvition, which has eclipsed every undertaking ever conceived defore its tims, for collecting together the works of man. Englaud, miad- ful of the inattention bestowed upon the industrial por. tion of ber people, sought to make stonemeat by establisbing an exhibition worthy ef her wealth and power. The Society of Arts had basen strug- gling for years for @ national exhibition, and im 1851 was established in London that palace of glass which excited the ucmiration of the world. Is is unnecessary wo enter intoa minute history of this wonderful exkibi- tion, since it has already been the theme of eulogy and sovg throughout the earth The building erested tor this porpore was located in Hyde Park, London, and covered eleven acies of ground. The materials of which it was wade were, wrought iron, 550 tons; east iron, 3,500 tons; glass, 896 000 superficial feet, weighing 400 tons; wood, including that used tor flooring, 600,000 cubic fect. The palace was two stories high, the first story being support- by bellow cast iron cotumns cight inches in diameter and eighteen feet five and « half inches high, and the second by columns sixteeu feet six and quarter inches high. The columns were hollow, and the thickness of their metal varied from three eighths of am inoh to one and one eighth inch, according to the weight each column supported. Upon the Ist of May, 1851, this grand dis play of the products of the world was opened for public examisation, The Queen herself prsided at the inaugu ration of the palace, attended by Prince Albert and the royal family. A company of twenty-five thousand souls had assembled to witness this imposing csremoay. Tae mighty organ and the tuneful choir gave the nations) enthem as the Queen entered the palace, and after her majesty had taken the chair of state, Prince Albert read to her the report of the Exhibition proceedings, to which the Queem graciously replied. A royal procession was then formed. which made & circuit of the building, and on the Queen’s return to the royal platform, she declared “tbe Exhibition opened,’ which announcement was received with « flourish of trumpets an¢ fring of cannon. The public were admitted to this exbibition uot Saturday, October llth, 1851. Oa Monday and Tuesday tollowing, only the jurors, the exhi- bitors aod their friends were admitted. On Wednesday October 15th, the final closing took place ia the presence of twenty-five thousand human beings, The mumber of exhibitors at this fair was 17,000, The number of prue medals awaried ss 2918; the mumowr of couacii medals, 170 Over six milhons of souls entered the Palace at Hyde Dark, and tts reecipts were £50,517 54. 74. The entire liabilities incurred by the association were £170 743, of which £119 800 were fur the construction of the building. This exbidition may be regarded as one of the greatest events of the present aye. It way established with no defloed limits, but within its wells it received che industry of the world Side by side were the products of antijodean nations and the Crimean scymatar and the Awerican tomahawk lay eutwined together. It was a denign; for, ‘to seize the livimy seroll of ha progrese, inscribed with every succe-sive comquest of man’s intellect, filled witn each discovery ia the eon structive erts, embellished with each plastic grace of figured eurface or of moulced form, aud uarull this before the eyes of men. the whole stream of bistocy furnishing its contingent, placing Archimedes Arkwright, Davy, | Jacquard, Watts aod Stephenson side by ride—ieaving the instructive lesson to be Jearsed that always lies is the knowlecge and example of great things doae—this is indeed, no mean desiga, no infelisitous conception. FAIR OF IRELAND. The Emerald Isle, so renuwoed for her political suffer ings avd tbe music of ber bards, bas proven by ber in- dustrial exbidiions that, ia spite of hec misfortunes, che can still boast of the genius, evergy and industry of ney | sons. To the Royal Dublin Suciery, established so far | back as 1723, is indisputably due the honor of hsving first gathered togetber under one roo! the excelleoces of Irish industry. Before the London Society of Acts ould make a decent show of the works of tho Eoglish, e- collec” tion of manufactures was made in Dublin o' the most in” terestivg aud useful charscter. Since tue time of its or ganization, the Roval Society of Dublin oas givea-triea pial exhibitions, in the face of those disastrous events which would have paralyz:d the energies of a le-n ontha. siastic and industrious peovle. Up to 1850 the sou:ribu- tions to the Duslia Fair were exclusively feist; bat dar- ing thiv year a cali was made upon foreigners to cowps'e with themrelves, aod t) Irishmen, therefore, sad: oot ty Foglishmen, belongs the credit of having first opened their bovors and prizes for competition to the manu‘ss turers of ail countries, and iavited the world to meet their own countrymen tp hoverable rivalry, upoa their | own soil. The Irish exhibited great progress in machine” ry, mechanics contrivances, aod ag iculture, auc iu tho macufacturing of damasks and cambrics they wore for 8 ong time able to com pete with France, Gar many aad many of theses otber nations of Kurope, even in the howe mart ets of these latter. At the preseat time therois opsa in Dublin an exhibition second only to the great fair ia Hyde Park, On the 12th of May last, ia the prosence of ten thousand spectators, the ceremonies of its iosugurs tion were performed by the Lord Liatenant ef Irvlaad; ard what is particalarly honorable to the Irish 1a cxa- ection with this eaterprise is, that it owes ins success entirely to indivicusl infivence, not haviog reovived one sbilicg of pecuiary aid from the government, and woat ie more honorable still, not having asked it. The building of the Dublin Fair is of the Oriental style, aud is com- posed of w veries of parnilel balls, with semi cirouine roof, ‘and oval in form, the ceuteal or largest hall beiag 425 fest long, 100 wide, and 105 feet bigh The cost ef the Dulltieg is estimated ot £80,000, and within ite walla are displayed the contrinu-ions from all ths privcival nations | of the earth. Dublia a) preent swarms with vist ters, and the proceeds for the wale of season tickets, 06 fore the opening of the Exbioitiva, amounted co £10 000, A great yeward is due tothe List poopie for the iate,est has resvited im great honor to hermif and incsiculable benefit to the world By these extiditions she nayele | swated the socis! and intellectua! coudition of ber work men, ané ths apirit which conceived ant estabiished the | first exhibition in 1797, aud whieh was limited to atew | was fouxd im 1849 to be incorporated into ths very | eevence and mature of her poopie. [i is sourculy neces gary to prove the excellence of cho institution of such & systematic stimuinat wo pudiic emulation, since its wup port by such men ay Francois de Noufcusteau Chaptal, Nepolesa, Bertholet, Dupia, Lauis Philippe, would | eonvines the most scaptic that France, at least, aokao# Wodged the great benefit of such compstivons | TAIRS O¥ ENGLAND. Raagland, unlike Fffe, uot ancti tas your 1861 aster Mashed om a nations! scsle an exbivitiva for the proius. Mens of ber citizsas. Up to this period all such exnibi | Mons in England were originsted by private citizens or | | they mavifest ia industelal exninitio. s, aud fom the pre- sent collection withia the city of Dudlin, may they be encouraged to work out by self retiance, tae problem of their owu welfare, which has 60 loog beea the cause 0 ¢ivcore and faction. GERMAN PAIRS. Germany has long aad justly dewa calebrated for the character and oumoee of her fairs Tas grestess mad mort important are those aeld at Leipsic caewe times @ year—in January, Easter, Mictselnas At the Has ter fair the atteu \4 woas aumerous, as wary ax twenty thousand persoas having bewn kaowm to as semble at Leipsic ducing it» progiess Wast tais fair ts particularly remarkable for i+ tts timnease bovk trade, and the large member of vublisbers who do bu inees at it. Besides the dook-ellers frou Germany, by whom it i« atiended, there are many foom France, England, aod utber counts Tue catalogae of works vilered for sale and pocioties, without the pm sixtsnve or patronage of tae | here has contained as macy aa four thousaad oew pad Strange that Kogland, the Queee of Crm merce aud Mistress of the Seas, the land of Bacon New ten and Watts, the boasted seat of tie most a leancedt manufacturing processes, the land of untold worth, aad Wehome of scieneo- strange thet such ® country hed | Diearber seen the advantages to be pained by that Palry in the peaceful aris, ia wbich other mations nad ya long time before sognged their people Befuse the grest Fxbipition in Loudon. of 1861, societies £tindividual influence had done something toward: on. Wregivg vational industry. in the year 1754 tho Svciety Of Arts, of Londos, offered prizes for successtal courpeti en in manufactured articles. About tre same sime (ae Bagel Acadonay bad organized its exhidivions of painting, poutpture and engravings. But private societies like these could not be expecved to wield the mighty foftue: qhieh te always the attendant upon governmental astion $a 1828 was founded the Mechanics’ Mastitu'e, and to it Hostions of different kings ight days is we cine | appointed for its coatinusnoe, ous it gauerally Inve | three weeks, and during that petod ao days of grace are | allowed by the holder of @ nil The fairs of Frankfort oa the Oder are also held three | times » yeor—in Febrnary, July, aod iv Novenoor, Tas 40008 nold at there ‘airs consist of wool!sny, linens, earth | emware, silks, and a large quantity of the prodacts of | French, British, Swiss, and other foreiga caaufacturers. | The greater part ef th=ariicles disposed of as those fairs | is purchased for exportation to Poland, Galli¢is, Bohemia, Russia, aod ovber countries Fravkfort on the- Maine has two fairs every year, whieh, before the occupation of the cvanty by Napoleon, at tracted to that city the morehants of every part of Murope. Since them, however the baviness transacted at them has been greatly diminisbed. Tha is partly at | tributable, also, to the greater Gifvsicn of shops in all | celebrated for the large and mamerous fairs belt ia va | great central point of attraction for the wealthiest mor ‘Repert om the German Custems’ Union,” it appears that at one of the law fairs s large portion of the atalls for the accommodation of merchants was unoccupied. Notwithstending these vpfaverabls indications, a large amount of business is stil transacted at there fairs. There are a large pumber of other fairs beld in differen* parts of Germany, but they are only of local importance. PAIRS OF ITALY. ‘The principal Italian fair is that held in the Papal Do minions, at the town of Sinigaglia, in Jaly and August. Among the merchants dealers who seek here a market for their gocds, are the English, Frenca, Austrians, Swiss, and evem «ur own countrymes. Cotton and woollen goods, lace iron, steel, jewsiry, brandy and liquors, raw and refined suger, dried fie coovs, colfse, apicas wrought silks, oil, fruits, cheese, alam, soda sumso, sulphur, &6., form the prioci pal articles of exchaaze and barter, The value of the imports at the fair ef 1832 #mounted to ten millions of dollars. The fair generally lasts about three weeks. FAIRS OF SPAIN. At one period Sprim cocupied a high position in Europe ae manvfacturing country. Who has not heard of her | Toledo biases, rivalliog even thove of Damaxous ia ton per end quality, and the great Bilbea carpet manufactory of Madria? It is true that the products of her manufac tories have greatly deteriorated, but this is mot atiribu- table to the decline of skill or geaiusin the Spamish workmen, We must look for thy cause of it in the | duties on raw material, which oppress Spani-h wanu- | facturers to such an extent that they are frequently ue able to realize ® remunerative profit o# their articles, Within the last few years, however, great efforts have | been made to revive the declining manufactures of the country, and Inrge factories sre erecting with this view | in different piaces. In 1527 a great national exhibition was beld, et which there were as maay as two hundred and pinety-sexem exhibitors. The following year another took place, at which the number ef exhibitors was in- creaced to three hundred aud twenty. At the third, neld im 1831, there were two hundred and twen'y-eight; at he fourth, im 1841, two bandred aod fourteen; and, at the fifth, in 1845, three hundred amd twenty-five. Oa ac- count of the miserable condition of the roads, it was found impossible to obtain contributions f:em a!] the provinces, but few of which only were represented. At the last fair the greatest portion of the space was mono- polized by Madrid and Barcelona. As one of the bene- ficial results of thew exniditions, we may state that « school of desiga has been established ia Barcelona, at which fifteen hundred pupils are educated at the expease of the State Among the numerous articles on exhibiti ra, there were silks, linen and woollen goods, for the manu- facture of which Spaim was at one period famous. THE FAIRS OF BELGIUM. Belgium, one of the few countres in Europe which en- joys a liberal constitution, bas always maintsiaed a high position in manufactures and arts. Her fae manufac turing towns, (crowded with her enterprising, skilful, end industrious population, attest the tru’h of this as- sertion. The products of Belgian manufactures attracted particular notice at the 1a:e industrial exhibition in Lom dos, and at the expositions of Fraace, and ob'ained a lange number of prizes. Four national fairs were held in different placo-—tue first at Cheat, in 1820; the second at Tourpai, in 1824; the third at Harlem, in 1826; and the fuurth at Brusels, in 1830. The greatest number of exbibitors assembled at one fair was 1,020. In 1841 ano- ther exhibition was held, at which the display was finer than at any previous ope. It was attended by an ariay ot foreig: ers, aud the prizes wera distributed in the pre sence of the King aud Queen. There was oue incideat at the close of the exhibition which is deserving of notice. Asoung girl, the inmate of ome of the poor houses at Bruges, on receiving # guld medal as the revard of ber rkill, was cheered with the greatest enthusiasm. Who wili not ray that thia isa favorable omen for the poor, aud that industrial exhibitions sre not some of ths great agencies at present workisg for the emancipation of labor from the poverty whieh has 60 long shackled its energies asd blasted its hopes? at this fur 41 gold me als, 119 ailver medais, 282 bronze medals, 76 recalls of former medals, and 148 mentions honorable were awarded to exhisitors. THE FAIRS OF HUNGARY. Reversl fairs are held during the yoar im some of the priccipal cities in Humgary, but those ef Pesth are the most tmportavt. Four take place bere every year, and they are attended by an immense coasourse of strangers, oe Dy as 20 600 baving beem known to as-ombie at ons, The business traneacted at them is very extensive, and articles are brought for exhibition from the most remote parts of the country ‘Ihe fairs which are held in Debreczin once every three movths, though pot so importans as those of Pesth, stil! treveact & great deal ef busivess. The city ia the great mart for the produce of the perthern and eastern parts of Hungary The population is compored wainly of Magyars, whe precerve bere in grester perfection than im aay other part of the country the peculiarities of their race. During ‘thw fair outside the city walla, the ground is covered t> an extent to which the eye can scarcely reach, with flocks end eagens, bales aod eases, tents aod huts, around which thousands of people are constantly gathe: ed, FAIRS ON BAVARIA. The little kingdom 0° Bavaria, recently so renowned for the follies of its king and the intrigues of his mistress, Lela Montes, ig celebrated for the number of fairs which are held there every year. Of there, the fair of Munich is the most deserving of notice, on account of its exteat and the number of persony who frequent it. It was es iablicbed under the title of Volks/ext and ia helé every year, in the early pert of Uctober. It was iatmtad for the eacouragement of agriculture and is attended by formas sad peasants, between whom there ir great com pe itiom in the preduction of the fiuest kinds of eastle, for which prizes are awazded. THE ¥AIR OP NOVOGOROD—RUROPEAN RUSSIA. Rusria, whose political movements are at present wa ched with the most feveriwh anxiety by all Eicope, is riwus parts of her extended dominions. Tas two prinei- pal fuire axe those of Kischta aud Nishovi Nevogorod end of these the latter ia the most important. 1) lasts about too menths, and is well knows all over the east of Enrope. The city whieb it in held is situated at the confluence of the Oka with the Voiga is regarded a4 the great emporium of the internal trade of Russia, ani evm- municates with the Blank sea, the Baltic snd the Cas. During the twelfth, thirteenth aad fourteenth eveaturies, says MeCullock, it formed the grand oxtropst between the countries east of Polend and the Hanseatic cities; and its wealth and power seemed so great aod well established, and the city itself so improguable, as to give rise to the proverb:— ‘Quis contra Deos ot magnan Wevogorliamf? “Who cam resist the Gods apd great Novogorod! By eome it is considered secoud to none in Europe; and the bazaars erected for the accommotation of thove wh) attend it, torm aecordiug to Dr. Lyall, the foest estab. lisbweuts of the bind im thy world Some idea may b fermeé of ite importance when we state, that duriog the two months in which it is held its stattousry popula tion of 16000 is increased w shout )20 000. Itiumth shaute and traders of the East and che vast crowi taat flock to it is made up of nearly every @ation im Asta and Europe The flat faced Casaose, with their slike aud teas, the handsome but effeminss® Persisas, with thair to bacco, lamb skins, oapths, drags, brocades aad rich shawls; the shrewd and fodustrious Armavina, with every variety of merchandise; the mojestic Turks, with their sativs, silks, camlets, famous Damascus sword biades, ‘and gold and silver lace; these, and rayrosentatives frown | a hundred different mations and provincas, mingle ia this immense gathering of peop's. The vaius of ail the goods disposed of at this fair is estimated a) 125 208 009 rubl-s ($96,096,000), Tae fair of Sovogorod ta held once ® year, and is always atuended oy shows of wilt bourts, theatrical oxhibidons, sod other amusing enter lainments. ASIATIC FAIRS. THE CARAVANS OF TH FASTERNS. To Asia, the great birth place of wankiod, we must look for the origin of fairs. Here ovuisation frat com nsnosd, avd commerce its banéionid, pad its origin The cities of ‘wonton, celebrated for their grest woulsb wad che commercial enterprise of their people garnered withia their walla the pro¢nets of every climes, and exchaoged in return those of their ewm maoufs tures. Siuca the limited means which the Eastern nations possess, and the vast deserts which travellers are compelled to rons, the time will mot appear eo loag. At present, as im ancient times, the commercial intercourse of Asia is carried cm by caravans, which coasist of organ, ized companion of merchauts, or pilgrims, or boh, who associate together, that they may travel with greater securtty through the deserts aud other places infested with robbers, or where the road is naturally deugereus, ‘The word caravan is derived trom the Persisa, kervan, or carvan, a trader or desler. The beasts of burthaa em plesed are camels, which are better Gtted for long jour neys than almost any otber auimal, on account of their power of enduring great fatigue, and of living for three or four days without water [heir number generally ex coeds that of the mea, sa they are required principally for the transportation of articles of merchandise. Their points of destination are the large cities Mesca, Damas cus, &c, in wbich great fairs are held at staced periods. We bave endeavored, im the following brief survey, to give an account of the principal Eastera fairs :— THE FAIR OF HURDWAR. The Feir of Hurdwar, in Hindostan, like th@s of Mecsa, is attended by pilgrims and mercbants, doth of which are not uvfrequently represented tp thy one person. It le ove of the principal places of pligrimaye, and the mes* extensive fair iu lodia, Situated wear the sources of the Ganges, the great idol of Aiodoe worship, it attracts an immense concourse of people. It is estimsted that from two to three hundred thousand persons viet it, the great mase of whom are Indisos, mingled with natives of Ne. paul, the Pavjab and Peshwaur, with Affghaws, U-beck ‘Tartarr, and other mations adjacent to Hivdostan. Ac cording to the worship of te Hindoos, every tpelfth year is rechoued holy, aud the number of persons visiting the fair at this period is computed at between one and two millions The principal part of these are attracted by religious real and w desire to bathe them-elves in the seared waters of the Garges. Indeed to such extremes does their religions enthusianm carry them that—ia their precipitate haste to throw thewxelves into the river— im the year 1819—no less than tour huadred aod thi ty persons were drowned, The articles soli consist chiefly of dried fruits, shawls, drugs, cotton goods, indi- G9, sugar, spices, borses, cattle, and camels. THE FAIR OF MROCA. Mecca, the birth place of Mahowet, and the great ob. ject of the vemeration of all true sad faithful believers in the Koren, is alvo celebrated for the large fair which is held in it once every year. Pilgrims visiting the snrine of he prophet, from every part of the Mshemedan world bring with them articles of manufacture to trade with their brother pilgrims from different places. From this it would appear that the pilgrims are actuated by a desire for gain, as well as by their devotional teclings, ia visiting the Holy City of their faith, but we doubt if, in this re. spect, they are ahead of many christiaas among us, who make their religion subservient to their pecuniary inte- re‘ts. Thousands of caravens arrive ia the city during ‘the month of Dhslhsjja, which is about the latrer part of June and the beginning of July, not only with devotees, bot with opulent mecchaats, attended by loog tratas of camels. ‘The fair busts for twelve days, which is the time to which the stey of the pilgrims ia the city is limited While it laste Mecca is so crowded that thousands are compelled to encamp without ity walls, where a part of the fair isalso held, The great Ksstern traveller, Burck- bardt, thus describes the tair uf Mecci “Few pilkr ms, except the mendicants, arrive without bringing rome productions of th-ir respective countries for asle; apd this remark ix applicable ag well to the mor” cbant, with whom commercial pursuits are the main ob- ject, as te those who are actuated by religious zeal; for to the latter, the profits derived ‘rom selling a few articles ‘at Mecen diminish in some degrwe the heavy expenses of the jourvey. The Mogerebyras (pilgrims from Moroceo avd the north eva} ef Afrion) bring their red bornets and woollen cloaks: the European Purks shoes und slippers, hardware, embroidered aiuils, aweet- meats, sinber vinkete of European manufasture, kait sik purses, &e ; the Turk of Areatolia bring carpecs, silts, apd ungora shawls; the Persians, cavhamere shawls, avd large silk haodkerchiefs, &c. The pilgrims, bowever.”’ he adds. ‘ wre ofven disap pointed in their ex. pectations of gain; wartuf money makes thea hastily wil their litle adventures wt the public wactions, aod often obliges them te accept vary low prisea’” TBE FAIR OF KIACHTA. ‘The great fair at Riacits, which nods the second rank, tales place in Deve uber, The town in whied it ts hold is situated in Mongolia, 09 thé\Chinese'froutier, sod its poow lation doen pot exceed 5000. Unsimportsat as it appears from its nizo, it iv meveribeiess the great centre of the political intercourse hetweeu the Chinew aud Russisn empires, and the largest part o' their commerce is trans acted at its fairs, tue Chigese exchange their toa, raw sod mapuiscturerd silks, ankeons, porcelain, suger candy, rhubarb tobace», musk &e., for the furs, skins clothes, and cattle of the Russiany. Of tea sions, the quantity wold at thi. fair ise-timated at about 4 200,000 pounds, besides whica ‘here « & large smeant of @ coarser quality, eallea Tartar 'es, waicd torus one of the principal articles of 104 of thy weuderivg \ertars aad Slberiens The to’a) value or all goods wa. siscite during the fair, scoordiog to the official aocou ey Russian custom house, amounted ia 1331 to Ll,d-- -~ rubles, or $6,916,497 32 The Russian morcitet.s +t small in numbers comparsd with the Chineye: bi ere a grest deal richer, and the trade of eash is, course, more extensi easy Important Decistoa—Peremptory Mandamus agelnst whe City 1. casurer. BUPRBMS UOURT. JuLy 9—The Pevple, on the relation of Robert H. Moris aganst Francis W. Lamonds, Chamberlain of the cay of New York, and Treasurer of the city ind ccunty of New Yuk—J. B. Stroug—This case was argued at a@ special term, which [ was required to hold iv the city of New York, by an order of the Cite Judge of the Court of Appeals. The duty, thus devolved upen me is ove of considerable delicacy, from the circum- stances that the relator is himself a justice of this court, and that the statute under which he prefers his claims, also makes a similar provision for his as- sociates residiug in this district, aud authorizes the payment of the expeuses of their bretaren from other parts of the State while discharging tho duiies of their office in this county. But the coarse adopted by the reiator, in this instauce, is neither unprecedent- ed, nor, if he proceeds ut all before a legal tribuual, unnecessary. Lord Ellenborough prosecuted bis Li- beller betore Judge Grove, while both sat in tae Court of King’s Bench. Chief Justice Speucer brought reverul suits for libel.ia this cours, wile sitting here, (Spencer vs. Gould, 2d Caine’s R., 109; Speacer v3. Southwick, 10th Jobnson's R., 259; Speacer vs. Tabele, th Johnson's R., 314;) and Judge William W. Van Ness resorted to his owa court for redress for & grievance, which drove that most amiable man fiom the bench, and probably shorteved bis existence. (iyth Jolnson’s R., 349.) in tose cases there were other tribunals to which the plaiotif raight have ap- plied for redress; butiu the present imstauce, if the relator is entitled to the relief? which ne claims, be can obtain it only in the court of which he is one of the judges. A judge is precluded trom acting ia his official capacity “Su avy cause to which he is a party or in which Le is aiterested,” (2d B.S 275, 5. 2); but the prohibition does not extend to cases where the interest is simply iu some question of law involv. ed in the controversy. The statuse very properly stops short of that, as judges urd often, aud neces- sarily, consider aud decide questions which may be applicable to their own rights, orto their pi should they be fortunate enough to pos ‘Thus, the Judges residing in tus district hava an extensive interest in the pecuniary affairs of the city, yet they frequently decide cases of considerable magnitude in which the cor poration isa party. in a case now pending, relative toa projected railroad in Broadway, one of those learned Judges,who was a large proprietor of lots and buildings yeti that street, read au able opiaion, in which his associates coucurred, asserting his right to hear and decide the cause. He declined acting iu that case, simply because there were other judxes present vot at all interested in the questionsinvolved, or the event of the suit, who could perform the duty. But in a eube relative tw suotver railroad in the city , the ran Ving then ao iaterest only im the questions, very properly took part in the decision, Jn the case of the Mayor, &o., of the City of Albany vs Coulip, before the Cowt of Appeals, ck, 165,) where a iderable amount bad been awarded against that city in tae Supreme Court, Judge Bronson, who was thea a corporator, gave an opinion acd voted in favor of a reversal of the jodgm in Stuart va. the Mechanica’ and Farmere’ Bark (19th Johnson, 601,) the Chancellor, who war a stockuolder io the bank, afier advising with Chief Justice Spencer, concladed to devide the cause, The reteen assigned by those learned judges was that the Chancellor bad the exclusive jurisdic- tion of the cac. Upon the same principle Chan- thele fall, aed the decline of the great empires o! the Fast, commerce bas besm more exteasively carried on by the means of cara Toe or. ticles for sale are conveyed im this way, rometicnos, a journey of two hundred and fifty dave, during ¢hich time they traverse nearly the whele extent of Asia be fore they reach their dostination. To ws who are provided with the steamboat, the railroad the canal, and otae facilition of tenvel. it aopears almost inoredible that a journey aorosa a continent, even of the magnitude of Asia, should take two-thirds of a year; but when we consider cellor Kent beurd and decided a case in which his brother was @ defendant, avd another case in which his brother-in-law was tbe complainant, (Moores vs. White, 6th Johns. Ch. R., 360;) and Ciancellor Wal- worth took cognizance of a cause when a billia Chancery bad been filed against his brother as As sistant ister, but asking relief against him Be sonally. (in the matter of Leeie and wile, 2d Bar- bour’s Ch. RB, 39.) In that case the Chancellor said, “The statue, itis trae, prohibits any Jadge fro sitting when be is related to either of the parties within the ninth degree of affinity or consanguinity; but it has not provided for any ether person or tripu- nal to exercise the which is. to the Chancellor by _ in pt pecs The constitution must therefore control, as that is the paramoun' which official association, or a possible interest in some involved in vhe controversy revented judicial action. If there had been any—indeed, if re hud been a positive statutory prohibition—a “upon whom general and uare- stricted jurisdiction in law and equity has been con- ferred by the constitution, would nevertheless have been bound to hear and decide a cause, when the ony ojections to his acting would, if they could pre- » effectually bar the door of PR eas which should be open to all, against ane of Tl relator on the 9th of last of Supervisors of the county of New York an account for that part of the additional annual compensation to bim as a justice of the Supreme Court, resident in the First district, as allowed by an act of the Legis- lature, passed on the sixteenth day of April, 1352, and the subsequent action of the supervisors under that law, accruing between the first of January and the first of April, 1853. ‘The Board of Supervisors there- upon adopted a resolution in the following words :— “ Resolved, that the nrecening acoount”—which was substantially as I have stated it— of Robert H. Mor- ris, be, and the same is hereby, audited and allowed, and that the Chamberlain of the city of New York, as county treasurer of the city and county of New York, do accordingly pay to the said Rebert H. Morris the amount thereof—that is to say, the sum of three hundred and seventy-five dollars; anda copy of this resolution shall be his sufficient warrant for such payment.” A copy of this resolu- tion was presented to the defendant, and the money demanded; but he refused to pay it, on the ground that he was not authorized to make any payment out of the city treasury, except on a warrant drawn by the Comptroller and countersigned by the Mayorand Clerk of the Common Council, according ‘to the eleventh section of the act to ameud the charter of the city of New York, passed on the second April, 1849, (Kent's City Charter and notes, p. 156,) which bad not been procured in this instance. The relator has applied fora mandamus, requiring the de‘eud- aut, as the county treasurer, to pay the money; I am bound to award the desired process, if I am satistied that the claim is valid, that it bas been made with the requisite formality, and that the relator has no other clear and adequate remedy. I—It bas been supposed that the act of the Legislature, under and pursvant to which the allowance in question was made by the supervisors, was invalid; because, first, it was prohibited by the constitution, and, secondly, it purported to sanction the imposition of a local tax for what should be a State expenditure. The consti- tution of this State provides (article 6, s. 7) that the jucges of the Court of Appeals and justices of the Supreme Court shallseverally receive, at stated times, for. their services, a compensation to be established by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during their continuance in office. By an act passed shors- ly after the adoption of the constitution, the justices of the Supreme Court were allowed an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars each. The act of the sixteenth of April, 1852, to which I have before alluded, provides that it shall be lawful for the Board of Supervisors of the county of New York to raise by tax upon said county, and pay to the justices of the Supreme Court, resident in the first district,such additional annual compensation as they may deem proper. (Laws ot 1852 p. 592, 8. ) The Board of jupervisors of that county, on the 27th of Decem- ber, 1852, resolved that in pursuance of the authority vested in them, there should be allowed to each of the justices of the Supreme Court in the first judi- cial district, a compensation for their services of one thousand and five hundred dollars a year, which should be paid to them quarterly, out of the county treasury, in each year. ‘The relator was elected a jus- tice of this court last November, and his term of office commenced on the first day of January, 1353. The resolution of the Board of Supervisors had been passed previously to his accession to office, and his compensation was not thereby increased during his official term. In this respect his case differs from an which might be pre-ented by either of his brethren, all of whom were elected before the year 1352. The only question under the constitutional provision, so far as it respects the relator, is, whether the addi- tional compensation has been established by law. A general law can be enacted only by the State Le- gislature; a local law, however, may be passed by the Board of Supervisors of a county, where the requisite oWer has been conterred upon it by the sovereign legislative authority— (State Constitution, Art. 5 17.) Inthe case under consideration, the power was expressly conferred. If the resolution of the Board of Supervisors has pot all the attributes of a local law, it may yet be valid as an exercise of the wer conferred by the Legislature. The constitu- ion does not require that the amount of compensa tion ball be specified in any general statute. Itcalls for legislative action. That is the required basis; but the superstructure may be fashioned pursnant to sach provisions as may be established by the Legislature. ‘An act is as essentially accomplished by law when formed pursuant to a statute, as if consummated by the statute itself. The power of determining whether an expenditure shall be met by gene- ral or I taxation, is veeted solely in the State Legislature. It may not be without some restrictions, as I am unwilling to admit that there is any despotic power in any of our political in- stitutions. Itis, I conceive, beyond the power of the Legislature to tax one man, or the inhabitants of one locality, exclusively for the benefit of another; but where an advantage is shared, more or less, by all, it is within the province of the Legislature to determine whether the requisite expense shall be borne by the State at large, or only hy a portion of it which may be peculiarly benefitted. Thus, the expenses of lay- ing out and improving highways, whether in the country or in our cities, although the improvement ix to some extent beneficial to all, are assessed upon small disiricts, because the greater benefits are to thoxe residing in the immediate vicinity. Our court- houses are open te all ss and yet they are constructed by the county. In all such cases the ac- tion of the Legislature is valid, unless the reason on which it is founded is clearly illusory. In the case of The People against the Mayor, &c., of Brooklyn, re- cently decided by our Court of Appeals, Judge Rug- gles, in his elaborate and very able opinion, re- marked, that “it must be conceded that the power of taxation, and of apportioning taxation, or of assigning to each individual his share of the bur- then, is vested exclusively in the Legislature, unless this power is limited or restrained by some constitu- tional provision.” Where @ discretionary power is vested in the Legislature it cannot be limited by the action of our courts. It is competent for them to pass upon the existence of the power, but not upoa the propriety or expediency of its exercise. In the present instance, the Legislature has declared that the increased compensation to the Justices of the First district may be paid by the county of New York. The reason undoubtedly is, that their neves- sary expenses exceed those of their brethren in other parts ot the State. ‘There is, too, a greater quantity of litigation in this court in the county of Ne» York than in any other district. But the labor cannot be very different, as the requisite attention to the duties of any one of them, be his residence in city or country, requires all his business time, and often more, to the entire neglect of his private affairs. The yreaterexpense attendant upon a residence in the city, is, of course, from.local causes, and must necessarily be incurred by all who constantly perform judicial ly bor there. Thut calls for additional remuneration, and nt to legalize a local charge. A similar con- no doubt, induced the Legislature of 1518 to pass an act giving to any Justice of the Su Court who might reside in the eity of New addition to his salary, fees for chamber busi for otber servicas (out of court) appertaining to his office. (Laws of that year, pp. 174, 5.6.) Lhave said that the case of Judge Morris differs in an important particular from avy which might be presented by either of his associate, I do not, howevor, wish io be understood as intimating an opinion that the ad- ditional allowance to my other brethren in this dis- trict, proposed by the resolution of the Board of Supervisors, is unconstitutional. There has not, so far as I know, beeu any decision that publi Ors whose compensation for their services, as established by law, caunot be altered, are so tar restricted to that that they cannot receive any addition alallowance for their expenses or apy extraordinary service, when sanctioned by the Legislature. The practice under the United States government and in this State. hae been the other way. The constitution of the United States provides (Article 2,8. 7,) that the President shall at stated times receive for his services a com- pensation, which shall neither be increased or dimia- ished during the period for which be shall have been elected, and he shall uot receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Notwithstanding this provision, the Presi- dent bas uniformly had in addition to his compeusa- tion, the gratuitious use of a dwelling house belong: ing to the general government, and of the furniture which Congress has from time to time provided. it cunnet be supposed that Congress would have tencered to the different Presideuts, or that those eminent men would have accepted those “emo laments,” fif they hed supposed that the practice was prohibited by the constitution whish tiey bad sworn to support. "So, too, our State constitution con- tuins a provision in reference to the compensation to the Governor, precisely similar to that which ia ap- face a to the Justices ot this Court. Bat the Lexis jature almost invariably makes provision for the pay- ment of the rent of the house occupied by the ex ecutive, and in the supply bill of iso% appropriated two thousand do}lurs bik that purpose. There are other similar instances, nnder both the general aud State governmente; but | forbear to quote them, as it is unnecessary that 1 should express my opinion ayon this po'nt, vor do | intend to do so. If-—The objec- tien apon which the counsel for the defendant mainly relied ‘or defence is, that the relator has not procured and presented to him a warrant for the amouat claimed. drawn by the Comptroller and countersigued by the Mayor and Clerk of the Common Council. As the money is clearly due, and confessedly in the treasury, and the objection is one of form rather than of substance, it should not defeat the present appli- cation for relief, unlesa it is strongly sustained. The resolution of the Board of Supervisors declares that a copy of it shall be a sufficient warrant for the payment parties. The resented to the Bourd | of the money. The Revised Statutes chat, the Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen of the-city of New York sball be the of the city and county of New York, and that all the provisions of the article relative to Bourds of Supervisors in each wee ecuatiee of the State shall, he copetraeds to ex- to them respectively, except when special visiens, Peres ers herewith, are, or shall ‘be, made by law in relatien to the city and vounty of New York, (1 K.8. 369, 6. 17.) Another pro- vision in the next following article, relative to county treasures, declares tbe Chamberlain of the city and county of New York shall be considered the County Treasury thereof, and that all the provisions of that article ‘shall be construed tw apply to him, except when ial provisions, in- consistent therewith, are, or be, made by law in relation to the city and connty ot New Yor! ‘ne Board of Supervisors is authorised to examine, set- tle, and allow all accounts chargeable against the county—(1 R. 8. 367, #4, subd. 2,) and itis made the duty of the county Treasurer to pay and apply the moueys received by him in the manner required by law—(1, R. S. 469, 8. 20.) The act of April 16, 1552, (8. 6 und 7,) confers the power to increase the remuneration of the justices of this court, in the fizsé district, upon the Board of Supervisors of the county of New York,and they are directed to pay it by a tox to berai-ed upon the county. The resolution of the Board, relative to such additional remase- ration, provides that it shall be paid out of tue county treasury. The duties for which compemsa- tion is tobe made, have uo peculiar refereuce to the city as @ corperation, but are such as are performed for all the counties of the Stete. All these conside- Tutions are strong to show that the charge in ques tion is upon the county, rather thas upon the city corporation. If so, the resolution of the county Bourd of Supervisors was sufficient warrant for the payment of the money, unless there is some special provision to the contrary iu the laws of the Stute, Telative to the Supervivors or Treasurer of the oity and county of New Yurk. Now, the provision in tae act to amend the city charter, passed on the 2d ef April, 1:49, (§ 11,) to which I have been referred as requiring the Comptroller's warrant, applies in terms to the treusury of the city. Nothing is said of the county treasury. It is uot an enactment relative to the ‘Ireasurer of the city and county, and, so far 18 relates to the county, does not control or im any mwenner affect the powers conferréd or duties devolved upen bim by the Revised Statutes. Ihe Common Council, when it adopted the ordinance organizing the departments of the muuisipal ge ernment of the city, approved on the 17th of May, 860, evidently acted on the snpposition that the provision “in the act of the 3d of Aprit, #49, had reierence only to the city treasury aud to city claims, as it directs (in § 94,) that no warramt sball be drawn (by the Comptroller on the Chamber- Jain) unless the sum serilied therein is embraced in an appropriation previously made for that purpose by the Common Council. This provision is proper, 80 far as it relates to accounts agaiut the city corpe- ration, but is altogether inappropriate to county charges, over which the Common Council can have no legal control. The act of Apmil 16, 1552, dele- gates 00 power whatever to that body in refereuce-te the addttiopal compensation to the judges of this court, avd surely a corpo ation bas no power upom a new matter, except such as is expressly conferred. The territory aud the iuhabitauts of the city and county are Identical, and that, together with unity of acticn and identity of rights in many important par- ticular, bas led to the supposition that the city, as cially incorporated, is to all intents the couuty. ut that is not so. ‘he same individuals may and often do constitute different corporations or bodies having separate and distinet: powers and capacities, and eubject to differeut rules of action. A city may be territorially a part of a county, or an entire ¢van- ty, or consist of parts cf several counties In al cases a distinct couuty organization exists, unless a city receives a charter constituting it a county as well as a city. New York has never been s iy incorporated as 4 county. Governor Dongan’s char. ter recites that there had been grauts to the citweas apd inhabitants of the city, sometimes by the name of Schout, Burgomasters, and Schepens of the city of New Amsterdam, and sometimes by the name ef the Mayor, Aldermey and Commonalty of the city of New York, and sometimes under other denomina- tions; but in ali the inatances it is specitied asa city; and it declares and grants that the Mayor, Aldermen, and Cowmonalty of the said city, aud their successors, should forever thereafter be and remain oue body corporate aud politic in deed, fact acd name, by the pane of the Mayor, Aldermen and Commovalty of the city of New York. Governor Moutgomerie couirmed the charter to the city under the same corporate de sigpation. ‘ihe statutes amending the charter, pasted on the 7th of April, 1530, and on the 2d of April, 1649, are cach entitled “au Act to amend the cherter of the city of New York.” Neither in the charters nor ameudatory statutes is the corporation ercated a county, vor is there a geveral delegation of the power, rights or responsibilities of a county. Manhattan Island, with the otner adjucent islands, was constituted a county by lew of the first Legisda- ture ever held in the colony of New York, on the 1st of Noven.ber, 1665. It has been destynated as & county in all the subsequent acts dividing this State into counties. It takes its organization as a county under the general laws of the colony and of the State, and not under its charter as a city. The fn abitants in effect constitute two corporations—one 8 a county under the general laws of the State Ciné R. 8. 364, 8. 1)—and the other as a city under their barter. The chamberlain is specially declared vy sta- tute to be an officer of each, and is subject to dif ty rules when acting in bis several capacities. As oi reasurer, be acts under the charter as amended; a: as county treasurer, unJer the jaws of the State re- lative to such officers, except when they conflict wits the charter. The stotiutes which in effect reguee him to pay county charges upon the order of ihe county Supervisors, are not at ull in conflict with the direction in the charter that he shall pay the mouey out of the city treasury on the warrant of the Comp troller, ae by the Mayor and Clerk of the Common Covnel. There would be an incongruity in allowing a mere city officer to have any contra over the payments for county purposes. The Coma- troller is no where deciaredt) be a county officer, nor has Le wider the stutute, any right to interfere witb the fiscal concerns ot the county, or with the conduct of those to whom the manayzement of such concerns is confided by law. Neither is the Clerk of the Commen Council a county officer. Althoa: the Chamberlain hoids the moneys paid to him, ia two dificzent capacities, there t» uot, as he sppre- heuds, avy necessity that he should separate tiem ito two distinct funds, or that he should keep two separate accounts of bis disbursements. The ap priate requisitions upon him may vary, but thet would subject bim to no greater inconveuience thas what is experienced by county treasurers geuerally, in psying the State tax, the school moneys, aud the county charges. Different requisitions upon the treasurers are made in each case, but the whole ty included in the general account. There may be some difficulty in distingui-ling between city and conaty charges, but if so the remedy can be applied oaly the Legislature. The defendant’s counsel relie upon the facts that the moneys raised for both city aud county purposes were included in one tax, that the assessors and collectors were the same, and thet the funds were deposited with the same porson, show that there was but ove treasury, aud that there fore a provision relative to payments from the ety treasury ppl d to the whole. There is the same identity in the tax, iu the officers by whom it is ia posed and collected, aud in the depository, in all the counties in the State, avd in the coonties other than New York, the weasurer has but one oflice; aad yet the moneys we beld by the county treasurers for different purposes—tor the Stase, for our publi nd tor county expenses—and in each oa’ the depository is sulject to diferent rales. A law regulating the payment of the county expenses woutd have no bearing upon his transactions with tye schoo) ¢flicerr aud the State authorities. A foriori, @ law regulating payments out of the city teasuy ia New York, could bave no effect upon disburse nen from the county treaswy. The principle is plain enough—the only diffivulty is in the application, nd that arises from the jact that the same iudivi- ual holds a fund derived from the same souvea, part of it ia one capacity, and the residue in nother. Upon the whole, 1am satisfied that the money demanded in this case is a county char, that the city authorities, as such, and apart from U express delegation of power to some of them as ounty officers, have no right io interfere, eisher im imposing or paying it, avd that the defendaut ix bonnd to pay it upon the order of the Board of Super visors, who bave control of the fiscal affirs of the county. {1L--Itwas not disputed by the counsel for the defendant op the argument, but that a maa- damur would be an appropriate rer ‘Was entitled to the money on his pre of the supervisors. Ibisso, because he has no otier adequate redress. The claim does not create a debt agulust the county whieh could be recovered in aa ordinary action. The decisions of the Saperior Couit in the case of Phoovix against the Mayor, &o., of New York, and of the Court of Appeals, in Brady against the same defendants, as they have beop ex plained to me, are conclusive to that e! The aot of 1852 and the consequent resolution of the Board of Supervisors made it the city of the county nud of its fiscal officer to pay the money, and for the refusal te perform such duty a mandamus lies A pererptry Maodemus Must issue; but us the defendant baw _ d conscientiously, I shull not award costs aguin & im. A Love Arrarr in InprAna.—The Vernon (Ta.) Banner, gives the particulers of some rirauge dooge which Jately took place in that vilisge. A yentlemam from ® seixvboring county went to Vernon. Indiana, te marry a young lady (0 whom be war engaged, “rhe frievde of The Indy chjected, and vent her to ibe countcy, Thin cauved « good deal of excitement in town and n writ © haieas corpus was rued to rescue the girl, She waa at Jeng’ found in ® ohnrch on Sunday last. On comiag out of the church the officer attempted to take poxens- view of her pervon, but was bores by a mebof males nod femalen, who drove biw cf with sticks, atowes, &o che next corning the ciri appeared in court. but no ene ap- pearing to proseoute the writ, hor friends again took porreswion of Fer. Seroral fights occamed and perties were bound over to answer for riot. EEE EE EE