The New York Herald Newspaper, July 12, 1853, Page 1

, WHOLE NO. 1505. ‘THE NEW YORK HERALD. "THE PRESIDENT’S VISIT TO NEW YORK. Preparations for Departure from Washington, BRILLIANT RECEPTION IN BALTINORE, ) HIS SPEECH TO THE PEOPLE. Bemarks of Seeretaries Davis and Guthrie, and Attorney Ceneral Cushing, &., &., ke Our Washington Correspondence, Wasuincton, July 11, 1853. The Sabbath in Washington—President Pierce and Lady at Church—Preparations for Reception Yi Baltimore and Elsewhere—The Weather. Having spent most of the forenoon in exploring and wandering around this “city of magnificent distances,”” and reslizing the worse than vandeliam of its builders, in cutting down the trees which I supposed to have once given sbade arid shelter to suffering humavity here, I thovght at length I would repose my weary limbs, and +e@ccape|the intense heat of the sun, within the walls of an unostentatious conventicle looking little church, whose doors stood invitingly open on my path. Just as I was about to put this pious thought into execution, and while I was yet enjoying the comparative coolness of its portico, a handsome two-horse carriage, with driver and footman attired in plain blue dress, drove up, and a gen- + tloman and Isdy—the latter drossed in deep mourning, * and wearing her veil over her face—stepped out, and en- tered the church before me, The gentleman I had scen once before, on an occasion of deep solemnity; it was ‘while the ashes of the lamented Webater were being con- signed te their Iast resting place; bat the pale and thoughtful features had then impressed my fnemory, and 1 instantly recognised in the personage before me the fea- tares of Franklin Pieree, the Presideot of the United States. ‘be pair parsed in unnoticed, and toox their pests in an ordiwary pew in ths ceatre of the little church. The congregation was smailand fsr from fashionable, and none seemed to be aware of, or, if they were, to consider in any way iemerkabls ths preses ce in their midstof the chief ruler of this mighty Republic and of his amiable, but grief stricken, consort. Even the negro women and chikiren in ove of the side galleries fanned themselves with as much noncbalance, and chimed in the hymns with as great an exbibition of zeal, as if they were in one of their vom exclusive temples of Zion, under the ministry of a colored clergyman. I myself liogered at the portals of the church for some moments, till the negro verger informed mo I might ste; ‘into any of the vacant pews. I mechanically followe his direction, and by the merest chance found myself seated on the bench just in front of that cones by the dittinguisbed persons referred to. In all this { could not but feel struck with the unassuming deportment, the piety, and the simplicity of him who is the elected head and governor of the greatest nation of the universe; and to contrast that plain manver wich the contemptible dis- ‘of pomp, power avd dignity with waich royalty in Be old ould tarrounds iteelt when tt goer to woratip in the temple of bim in whose sight thereare no distinctions of rank, but before whom all men are on terms of oquahty. js The officiating clergyman , who, I afterwards jearned, was the Kev. Mr. Sunderland—tne church being known as the First Preabyterian—preached his sermon from the text 16 Romans and 29th verse, and labored to prove the divine origin of the gospel, with such a display of argu- mentation as would seem to prove the existence of scep. tical ideas pretty generally among his flock, The service over, the president and his Indy left the church as quietly, and eliciting as little notices, us when they entered ‘The terrible calamity which this estimable pair ea- countered in the lose of their only child by « railroad casualty, sbortly previous to tho President’s inaugura- tion, has left its impress on both; but the pale couate- nance of Mrs. Pierce is the too true index of a mind which, like Rachel’s, refuses 10 be comforted, and will ever again experience joy on this wide the grave. The President leaves Wa-hin, this afternoon by the half pact three o'clock train, en route to New York. to attend the opeoing of the Exhibition of the Industry of al Nations He will be ac- com| by the Secretary of the Treasury, the secre: ‘of War, the Attorney General, and his private Secre- tary. Mr. Webster. He will be received at the Baltimore depot by Mayor Gilpin, the members of the Council and other corporation officers in carriages, and will be thence escorted to Barnum’s Hotel, where rooms have been pro- vided for himself and suite. Arrangements have been also madeto pay him suitable honors in Philadelphia, Trenton, avd elsewhere by the way. ‘The essly pert of yesterday was excessively warm in Warhiogton, it beiog a rare sight to see a gentleman in the street without an umbrella; but at 4 o'clock, P. the city was visited by « thunder storm, accom with vivid lightning and rain ic great profusion, We will uot reach Baltimore thiy evening until 53% o'clock, so that I fear it will be impossible for me to let you bave av account of the reception. &c , in time for your Tuesday's isrue, You must therefore be content with what will be transmitted you over the telegraph; but I will furnish you with a full report for Wednesday's Hgrawp. TELEGRAPHIC. The President’s Arrival in Baltimore, Baxriworg, July 11, 1853. President Pierce, accompanied by Secretaries Guthrie and Davis, Postmaster General Campbell, and Attorney General Cushing, quietly left Washington city at half- past three o'clock this afternoon, and arrived here at balf-past five. The President and suite were met at the railroad depot by an immense concourse of citizens and a large turn out of the military, who escorted them to Barnum’s hotel. Previous to the firing of the Federal salute announcing ‘the President's arrival, the line for the procession was formed on Sharp street, in the following order:— U. 8. Light Artillery. Firet Regiment Cavalry. First Regiment Artillery. Fitth Regiment Infantry. Fify-dhird egiment Lofantry. irst Regiment Rifles. Civic Associations. Citizens on horseback. The President and suite having been received with the usual military salute, took their station at the left of the line. The military portion of the escort then marched by platoons to the left, after which the procession moved according to the following arrangement:— Marshal and Aids, Military Escort. President of the United States and Mayor of the City of \timore on horseback. Members of the Cabinet. &c., in barouches, Committee of Arrangements in carriages, Members of the City Council in carriages. Officers of the Corporation. Civic Associations. Citizens on horseback, three abreast. The route was up Sharp to Baltimore {street, thence up Calvert street to Barnum’s Hetel, where the eseort halted, formed in line, and the President passed in re- view. The President, who rode on a white horse, was enthu- siastically greeted along the route, At Barnum’s a handsomely decorated stand was erect- ed, on which the President wes introduced by Mayor Hollins, He made a brief address, in which he thanked the people for the enthusiastic reception given him, The followicg is a report of THE PRESIDENT’S SPEECH. “MR. MAYOR, AND FELLOW: crri7ENS oF THE Ciz¥ OF BAL: mMone—My herrt is full, and it would be difficult to ex- press the deyth of fesling with which this cordial recep- tion has impressed me. (Sheers). Your citizens, by their psrtial friendship, and more than gonerous confi- dence, previourly imposed upon me a debt of gratitude which years devoted to their service and to the interests and honor of our country can scarcely cancel, (Cheers), Do be thus surrounded by a population not less distin- guished for its chivalry than for its intelligence and tried patriotivm, is peculiarly gratifying, and among the plen- sant memorios suggested by the occasion, who can fail to be reminded where the banner of undrilled, unqualified religious toleration was firet freely given to the breeze? You cannot be in such an atmosphere without feeling its vivifying influence; every man who has @ patrio!’s lungs must feel it, because every man knows that religious toleration lies at the foundation of civil liberty, (Cheert.) No transient traveller can enter this city without being struck with the evidences of enterprise and honest thrift which everywhere meets the eye. Bal- timore has stood prominently forth in that astonishing progress of our country, which may be truly said to have outmarched prophecy. Her great advantages, in a com: mercial point of view, have, of course, always been marked avé opparent; but her commanding geographical position, so far aa Internal commoree is concerned, forei- bly alluded to by Washington, as early as 1796, is only beginning to be appreciated even by yourselves. As the “Great West pours in its boundless resources at the bid- ding of your enterprise, and the judicious applica- ‘tion of your means to those internal improvements, ‘the desticy of Baltimore as one of the great cities of the world, is no matter of doubt. (Cheers.) But, after ail, it is not the inerease of your popn- lation and wealth, the augmentation of your ship- Ping interest, your crowded depots and marta teem- ing with the products, agricultural and mineral, of the interior; the erection of splendid edifices, rising as it were by megic—nor all these combined, which chiefly er gross the thoughts of the patriotic citizen, and give his pulse a quicker and a prouder throb as he enters your environs and sees these monuments in the distance ‘They may crumble, that is their destiny; nay, they wilj moulder apd mingle with the common earth, but the inspiration of the deeds of valor they commemorate, which saved you from the presence of the shame of the tread of a foreign soldiery, wili perish never. (Ap- plause.) Who abail say what has been the extent or the power of the example of self-sacrificing heroiam which signalized the defence of North Point and Fort McHenry, in 1814? (Applause.) It was a dark and tryiag hour in our history. We wore perplexed, but notin despair; cast down, but not destroyed—when your example and prow esp re-anizoated courage and confidence everywhere, and it was felt that the shield of protectiion superior to aly human poser, always recognized by our fathers during their great etrugglo, was still over us. Let us remember it, avd ever acknowledge it with humble and grateful hearts. Who shall say how much your monuments for those who fell and your reverence and affectionate es- teem for those who survived the conflicts of the anxious days apd nighis to which I have adverted, have had to do with the free and gallant libation of Maryland blood upon #0 wnany fields of Mexico, (Applause.) The fathers o¢ the Revolution taught their sons that they owed their first duty to their country—a duty not to be avoided, but to be cheerfully fulfilled, in the face of all con sequences, and at every hazard. Has not the Almighty blessed to us, their descendants, their exam- ple, their experience, and their lesson? Nobdler praise cannot be bestowed, than tosay that no State in this confederscy has furnished a more impressive exem- plification of che power of that teaching than that, be- fore whose people, I have now the honor to stand, (Applauce.) Mr. Mayor—A plearant incident at this moment comes back to my memory, to which I may not be censured for adverting : Soon after the bark Kepler anchored with a portion of the Ninth Infantry near the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa, about the 30th of June, 1847, another transport came to anchor within a cables length, ‘We could not discern the ship, but in a few moments we heard pealing forth from her deck the stirring notes of the ‘‘StarSpangled Banner’’—the effect was electrical, I thought, probably from association, that the ship was from Baltimore, and the fact verified the impression. Boats were lowered, and friendly greetings commenced between the sons of Maryland and New Fngland, which I trust may never be interrupted. (Applause.) But, borue on by my feelings, Iam detaining you much too long. (Cries of No, no! Goon.) If already yours were not designated throughout the land as the Monumental City, I would venture to christen it as pre-eminently entitled to the nawe—'+The City of the Star Spangled Banner.” (Ap Flaure.) While you will hail with joy the appearance of every new star, as one after another shall be added to the constollation, you will always proclaim, upon the honor and faith of Maryland, that the number shall never be less. (Great cheering.) Sir, I thank you mos, ecydially—I thank you ull, gentlemen, for your presence here to-day, and I hope we may meet under agreeable circumstances, long years to come.” The President retired amid enthusiastic cheering. SPEECHES OF SECRETARIES DAVIS AND GUTHRIE, AND ATTORNEY GENERAL CUSIIING, ETC. Jefferson Davis was then called for and responded. He spoke in terms highly complimentary to the city, and stated that many ties attached him to Maryland, but none mere powerfully than the consciousness of a com- mon love for their common country. He closed by re- turning hearty thanks for the cordiality of his reception. Secretary Guthrie being called, also delivered a brief addrees appropriate to the occasion. Gen. Cushing was then called forward, and spoke at considerable length, touching on various topics. He re garded the enthusiasm of the present occasion as no honorable to the President, but to the constitution, the’ government, and the country. The President and suite retired to private rooms, the erident declining to receive the throngs who crowded the hotel during the evening, to see and shake hands with him. The distinguished party will leave for Wilmington in w special train, at half-past seven o’clock to-morrow mornivg. They will be met at Wilmington by a comnit- tee, consisting of General Cadwalader, Hon. George M. Dallas, Charles J. Ingersoll, Josiah Randall, S. Breck, aud Richard Rush, who will embark with him on the steamer John Stevens, Remarking upon the subject of the President's visit to New York, the Washington Union says:— “Tt has been announced that the governments of Fng- land snd France are to be® represented at this New Yor York Exhibition by special commissiovers duly appointed for that purpose. Jt is, we presume, in view of these facts, and of the public interest belonging to the occa- sion, that the President of the United States has felt it to be his duty, in concurrence with a general public sen timent, to yield to the solicitations of the Bisectors of the Exhibition, and to be present, ‘with such members of his Cabinet as may be able to accompany him, at its opening in the commercial emporium of the country, notwithstanding his natural reluctance to be yer even for a brief period, from the scene of his high engrossing public care: Preparations for the President at Phila- delphia. PuapecPHa, July 11, 1853, The Committee of Reception go to Wilmiogton to-mar- row morning, in the steamboat John Stevens, to meet the President. The number of the committee will be much reduced, the members finding that they have to pay three dollars each for the excursion and collation. After landing at the Navy Yard, the President will be escorted by the military to Independence Hall, where he will be officially received by Mayor Gilpin and the City Councils, He will put op at thé Merchants’ Hotel, and a splendid entertainiwent is to be given him by the cityfat at place in the evening Apart from the preparations under the superintendence of the City Councils, the arrangements, so far, have not been worthy of the distinguished porition of the guest. Office-holders hsving the sole control of the matter, to the exclusion of disinterested friends of the President, bid latter have become disgusted, and refuse to par- icipate. CRYSTAL PALACE WEEK IN NEW YORK. Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations. Notices of Some of the Most Important Fairs Which have been Held in the United States ~--Progress of American Industry, &e., &e., ke. In the Hmnatp of the 9th and 11th inst., in connection with the fortheoming exhibition of arts and manufac- tures, the products of the industry of all nations, at the Crystel Palace, wo give it some account of the com- merce and fairs of the ancients, and of the most celebrat- ed fairs and exhibitions of art and industry in Europe and Asia, Following the same plan, we now give a brief sketch of the rise and progress of mapufactures and the useful arts in the United States, with an account of the most noted fairs and exhibitions of industry, prinelpaliy of manufactures, which have been held ia this country. PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE, Agricultural exhibitions have, during the last twenty- five or thirty years, attracted great attention throughout the United States, but it is not our object in this article to give details on this branch of industry. Agricultural improvement, we may here remark, did not engage public attiention in the United States, until after the American Revolution, An association was instituted In the State of New York, in 1791, for the promotion ef agri- culture, orts and manufactures, and was incor porated in 1793, Among the founders were John Jay, Robert R. Livingston, George Clinton, Samuel L, Mitchel and others. The name of De Witt Clinton appears in the catalogue of 1798, and he was always an ardent promo: ter of agriculture, and the arts and selences, useful and ornamental. The transactions of the society contain many excellent papers, and exhibit the then condition of agriculture, The society found the art of culture with- out method in this country, while in Europe great ad- vances had been made in agriculture, An agricultura; treatise, published in London in 1776, says:—‘' A com- petent knowledge of agriculture is the most useful science a gentleman can attain; it is the noblest amuse- ment the mind can employ itself in, and tends, at the same time, to the imerease of private property and pub- lic benefit. Gentlemen who turn their thoughts into this channol will never want employment, and may be angured of sitting down from thoig labors with the most MORNING EDITION---TUESDAY, JULY 12, 1858. comfortabl: reflections, knowing that their own privata fortunes are flourishing. at the same time that the mo chanic and laborer receive advantage from their exer- tions. Nothing can be more absuri than to atteaipt raising particular crops upon land where the seil is natu- rally ill calculated for their production. To find out what corn, grass, or plants are most suitable and appo- site 40 the ground that is (o be sown or planted, is the nicest part of a farmer's business,”” The average produce of whrat in New York in 1704, was stated at only twelve bushels to the acre, and of Dutchess county only sixteen bushels. The average of maize or Indian corn, at the same time, was twenty-five bushels, thirty bushels per acre being considered then a great crop; yet the average of the State of New York was stated ax then superior to that of any other State in the Union. The farmers at that period were destitute of the proper implements of husbandry. The cast iron plough had not been invented; the horse hay rake, the thresh- ing machine, the roller, and the cultivator, now so com- won and indispensable with large farmers, were then unknown; or if any of them hed been invented, they were 80 imperfect and so little used as to produce no effcet on the general state of agriculture. Our farmers were for- merly very negligent in regard to improving the breed of domestic aninals, Resently, however, the efforts of a few public spirited persons, in introducing cattle, swine, and sheep, frem improved stocky in Europe, have been crowned with great success. The race of horaes has been less improved, although considerable advances have been made in the stock of that noble animal. The breed of merino eheep, now so generally diffused throughout the Northern and Western States, was introduced into this country from Spain, in the’early part of this century, by Colonel Humphreys, of Connecticut, and Chancellor Liv- ingston, of New York. While the New York Agricultural Society of 1793 gave to sgriculture the impulse which has resulted so propi- tiously, it is now apparent that institution was defective in omitting to establish fairs, or gatherings, in which farmers and patrons of the art might exchange friendly greetings, and become acquainted with improvements of tillage and implements, In 1819, under the administra- tion of De Witt Clioton, and by his recommendation, an ‘act of the New York Legislature way passed appropriat- ing ten thousand dollars annually, for four years, to im- prove agriculture, the arts, and manufactures. A Board of Agriculture was established, and provision was made to induce the organization of societies throughout the State. The anniversaries of these societies were the farmers’ holidays, when lectures and addresses were delivered, and premiums were awarded to those who produced the finest animals, the largeat and best crops, the most useful inventions, and superior domestic fabrics; but the societies soon languish- edand became extinct. The chief fault of the law of 1819 was, that it did not hold out sufficient inducements to voluntary effort. The distribution of the public money was unconditional, and whenit ceased the socie- ties were without funds. Nevertheless, the act of 1819 was followed by very beneficial results, Among these were the improvement of the breeds of domestic animals the invention of many useful implements of husbandry, and the introduction of new methods of culture. In 1841 ‘8 new act was passed by the Legislature of New York. An appropriation was made of eight thousand dollars an- nually, for five years, and since continued, to the State Agricultural Society, the American Institute of New York, and sccieties in other counties in the State—on condition, however, that they should respectively devote to the improvement of agriculture funds otherwise ac- quired, equal to the sums contributed by the State. The effects of this beneficent Jaw are seen in the volumes containing the transactions of the State and county agri- cultural societies, from 1841 to 1851, inclusive; in the general attention to agricultural science, and in the an- nual exhibitions and fairs of the State Agricultural Socie- ty, and the several county associations. The numerous agricultural journals established throughout the country, have contributed much to the promotion of that important science. These journals have not meiely diffused information concerning the pro- gress of agriculture, but thoy have assigned to the farmer bis proper position and just influence in society, and shown him the importance of intellectual acquirement. They have elevated the occupation in popular respect, to the dignity of a profession. Here, too, as in Europe, agri- culture has advantages from a more intimate connexion with ecience. Yo Sir Humphrey Davy belongs the honor of making chemistry subservient to the art. Davy was followed by Chaptal, Liebig and Johnston. The works of these and other European authors have now attained very general circulation, and American writers on agricultural chemistry and other branches ot useful science have contributed to improve the intelligence of our farmers. It is worthy of remark that those who have done most by their genius, enterprise, and experiments, for the promotion of ogriculture in this country, have been professional men, merchants or mechanics, and were not originally bred to the plough and the field, Retiring from their professions or the active pursuits of a busi- nees life, they have brought to the aid of agriculture the aids of science aud skill, which have been neglected by farmers, accustomed to follow without variableness the manners and prejudices of their fathers. Agricultural eocieties and agricultural journals are now common throughout the Union, and this primeval science is oow the study of practical men, as well as of retired gentlemen of fortune, in every part of the country, Horticulture was practised as a merely useful art, from anearly period, A great variety of fine fruits and plants was introduced soon after the Revolutionary war, by the late William Prince and James Bloodgood, who established nurseries on Loxg Island. Many Awericans travelling abroad sent home rare and valuabie varieties of trees and plants. Chancellor Livingston and others took especial pains to introduce seeds of valuable plants, which have flouriehed and became abundant. The New York Horti- cultural Society was formed by a number of amateurs and practical gardeners, in 1818. The first president was Thomas Storm, and among its active members were Dr. Hosack, De Witt Clinton, Dr. Mitchel, and Martin Hoffman; also, Messrs. Wilson, Bridgeman, and Hogg, as practical gardeners. Under the foatering care of this aoeiety, horticulture acquired a rapid growth. The New York Farmers and Horticultural Repository, edited by Samuel Fleet, was an organ of this society. A close investigation into the history of the plants peculiar to different parts of the globe, the original distribution of plants among the races of the human family, and the great revolutions which have occurred in the distribution of plants, and their present condition, will show that it is almost solely the Caucasian races which have effected these revolutions, and that these have taken place almost simultaneously with the increas- ing civilization of these races. The Caucasian races, and above all, the Europeans, and their descendants in America, have been able to transplant by degrees, into their own homes, the characteristic plants of other races. They have brought the finer kinds of froit, the almond, the apricot and the peach, from Aria Minor and Persia; the orange from China, They have transplanted rice and cotton from the East to the coasts of the Mediterranean andthe continent of America; brought maize or Indian corn and the potato from Spanish America to Europe aad the United States, where they form an important part of the food of millions of human beings. These races have, moreovor, been able, by their extensive industry and commerce, to acquire possession of the products of foreign characteristic plants which will not thrive atjhome. They have procured, partly, even for daily necessities, the tea of the Chivese, the cofive of the Arabs, and the rice and cotton of the Hin doos—the two latter, however, buing successfully and extensively cultivated in America by the races referred to. On the other hand, what other races have done to change the distribution of characteristic plants is very little. The Arabs contributed to diffuse cotton, the sugarcane and the date paim. But the Arabs belong to the same primary race asthe Caucasians. The Chinese appear to have procured cotton from Hindostan, and the Japanese the tea plant from China. PROGRESS OF MANUFACTURES AND THE FINE ARTS IN THB UNITED STATES. Tho British colonies in America, it is well known, were dependent on the mother country for their principal supplies of manufactures, No sooner had the oarly colo- nists commenced some coarse woollen fabrics for them- selves, than the jealousy of English manufacturers was excited, lest they should not only supply themselves with woollen, but also foreign nations; and, as early as 1609 Parliament declared ‘that no wool, yarn, er woollen manufactures of thetr American plantations should be @uipped there, or even laden, in order te be transported from thence to any place whatever.” In 1719, the House of Commons also declared ‘that the erecting manufac- tories in the colonies tended to lessen the independence of Great Britain.”” Complaints being made to Parlisment, the Board cf Trade, in 1782, reported that manufactures of paper existed in Masrachusetts; of linen and woollen cloth, for the use of families, in New England and the- middle colonies ; also. of rundry articles made of flax and bemp, in various pans of the country. Iron manufsetures of different kinds, and hats in great quantities, were also made in New Eugland. In New York and Pennsylvania there were manufactures that could affect Great Britain, The Board conclude that there were more manufactures and trades carried on prejudicial to thos of Great Britaim, at the North, perticularly in New England, than in the other American colonies, and recommended to Parliament to give the colonies proper encouragement for turning their industry to such manufactures and products as might be of service to Great Britain, and more particularly to the production of all kinds of naval stores, In 1750 Parliament prohibited the erection or contin- uance of ay iron #litting, or rolling mills, but permitted pig and baz iron to be imported from the colonies free of duty. The various acts restraining the manufactures and commerce of the colonies were considered by the Americans as oppressive and injurious, and were regarded no furth erthan was necessary to prevent an open rup ture, During the war of the Revolution, the Americans continued and increased their househcld manufactures and as far as possible introduced the manufacture of various articles necessary for their defence. The want of machinery, however, prevented the rapid growth of manufactures, and the absence of manufacturing shill and knowledge caused great privation and suffering for articles of absolute necessity. ‘The merchants of New York, in 1765, first exemplified the policy of directing their British correspondents to ship no more goods for them until the stamp act was re- pealed. A similar non-importation agreement was subse- quently made by the merchants of Boston and Philadel- phia. The non importation agreement was geadually propagated throughout the colonies, To encourage wool- Jen manufacturers, it was recommended to the colonists to abstain from eating the flesh of lambs. Instead of wearing British cloth, which was formerly accounted a mark of fashion and quality, the wealthiest colonists set the example of clothing themselves in homespun habili. ments. Associations were formed, and resolutions ex_ preesed, to abstain from particular luxuries which could be procured only from Great Britain. The American Indien distinguished themselves by the eagerness with which they promoted these purposes, and rendered both themselves and the interests of liberty additionally dear to their countrymen, by their prompt and cheerful surren- der of every ornsment and indulgence, of which the ure was accounted a demonstration of ser- vility, or a contribution to arbitrary power. The self control ard endurance practived by those who dispensed with the costly luxuries to which they had been accustomed, served at once to loosen the dependence of America on England, to discipline the character of the Americans to the vigor of warfare, and to diminish the resources of their enemy. Immediately previous to the revolution, there wasa consicerable amount of refinement and taste prevalent among the wealthy classes in the colonies. Burnaby, an Eng'ish traveler, in 1764, who was accustomed to the grandeur and comfort of England, remarks that all the elegant and even the luxurious fruits of wealth, were displayed in the American provinces. In the houses of some of the inhabitants of New Jersey, he found speci- mens of the works of the great painters of Europe. In 8 journey of twelve hundred miles through North Ame- rioa. this traveller did not meet a single individual who solicited alms from him. He declares that it was a fro- quent remark that the tide of dominion was running westward, and that America was destined to be the mistress of the world. From the peace of 1783 to the adoption of the constitution in 1789, some attempts were made to introduce manufac- tures, but generally without success. The first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton, was the great advocate of American mapufactures, and his report on this subject, in 1791, is well known as recommending it to Congress. President Washington delivered his speech to Congrosa in January, 1790, dressed in s suit of broadcloth made in Hartford, Connecticut. From the adoption of the conati- tution in 1789, to 1810, the manufacture of staple articles in the United States steadily progressed, and in the latter year the value of manufactures of wool, cotton and flax, made in the United States, was estimated to exceed in value forty millions of dollars. FAIRS IN THE UNITED STATES. The first exhibitions of American skill and industry which attracted general attention, were made imme- Giately previous to the Revolutionary war, or about the time of the Stamp act of 1766, when the colonists were resolved to show their ability to manufacture for them- selves. These exhibitions, or fairs, were madeat New York, Philadelphia and other cities, and displayed an un- expected variety of useful and ornamental articles. Local fairs had been previously known in some of the colonies. Previous to the war of 1812, fairs were held at Brighton, pear Boston, by the Massachusetts Aricultural Society. They combiced exhibitions of the products of agriculture and manufactures. Some of the most distinguished men in Massachusetts took an interest in these fairs, and en- tered the lists of competitors. In other parts of Massa- chusetts, aud the New England States generally, fairs and agricultural exhibitions continued to be held until the decline of manufactures, after the peace of 1815, soon after which thoy were graudally discontinued, or failed to attract much of the public attention. In the city of New York a fair was held in October, 1824, under the auspices of the Mechanic and Scientific Institution, The place of exhibition was at the State Arsenal, in the Sixth ward, and the articles displayed attracted much attention, as evincing great progress in the skill of American mechanics"and manufactures. Pre miums were offored and awarded for woollen, cot‘on, and silk goods, paper, printing, iron, leather, and brass manufactures; also for glass and manufactures of stone, and a few miscellaneous articles. The amount of pre- miums offered amounted to only five hundred and forty dollars. The exhibition was not, of course, very exten sive, consisting of cotton and woollen manufactures chiefly, with some articles of household manufacture. The Scientific and Mechanic Institution was incorporated by the State, and resembled similar sovieties then in vogue in England. Gideon Lee, Thornas Richards, Peter H. Schenck, and other citizens of New York, were mem- bers, but soon abandoned it, and with several of those who belonged to an institution called the American So- ciety for the Encouragement of Domestic Marufactures, joined with other citizens in forming the American Insti- tute, in 1828, FAIRS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. The American Institute of this city gave ite first an nual fair, or exhibition of Amorican manufactures, in October, 1828, at Masonic Hall. No charge was made for admission, the expenses being defrayed by the Institute and its friends, The subsequent year, the Institute bav- ing received an act of incorporation by the State, a sec ond fair was held at Masonic Hall, in October, 1829, when 4 more systematic plan was adopted, and a charge for tickets of admission was made. The result was very successful, the exhibition being well attended by the public, and a large increase of exhibitors appearing for competition and dieplay of their manufactures, Since that time, the fairs of the Institute have beea held regu. larly in October of each year, the whole number of annual fairs held by them having been twenty-five. The place of exhibition was changed to Niblo’s Garden, and subsequently to Castle Garden, where the next fair is to ve held in October, An agricultural department wi sdded in 1855, since when the prodacts of agriculture have been exhibited, in addition to manufactures and works of art, and plowing matches and cattle shows have been held, In 1841 the Legislature appropriated nine hundred and fifty dollars annually to be distributed by the Institute in agricultural premiums, which appropria- tion has been regularly continued and distributed up to the last fair. The whole number of exhibitors at the fair of the American Institute, in October last, was about two thou- sand five hundred, and their fairs have been thus far more nationalin their character and better attended than any others in America, FAIRS OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE AT PHILADEL- PRIA. The Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, established about the same time with the American Institute, has given exhibitions of manufactures aad the arts, in th autumn, biennially, and their fairs have always attracted ‘a large share of the public attention. FAIRS OF THE MECHANICS’ CHARITABLE Ars0cta- ‘TION IN BOSTON. The first fair of this society was held at Fanueil and Quincy Halls, in Boston, in the sutumo of 1887, since when, we believe, six other foirs have been held. These exhibitions have been remarkable for displays of manufactures, ma- chinery and works of art, equal to those at any other place in this country. The exhibitors have always been numerous and the threng of visitors large. Boston being the great manufacturing mart of the largest part of New England there is no difficulty at any time in‘getting up an attractive fair or exhibition of manufactures. OTHER FAIRS IN MASSACHUSETTS. The fairs at Lowell, Worcester, Springfield, and other large towns of Massachusetts, which have been held in late years, were well sustained, and in every case within our knowledge showed a great variety of works of manu- facturin> and mechanical skill. FAIRS OF THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE, BALTIMORE. ‘This Invtiture Lo» held five annuals fairs in the city of Baltimore. The Jast fur was in October, 1852, when the number of exhibitors was two thousand five hundred and seventy-eight, and the receipts for tickets of admission, &e., were over twelve thousand dollars. The exhibition of mechanical and manufactured arti, cles, machinery, and works of art, received the highest commendation from visiters. ‘The Society owns one of the most elegant halls in the United States, and is in a very flourishing condition. METROPOLITAN MECHANICS INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON Ys This Society gave its ‘rst exhibition in the Patent Office, in March last, when @ very large number of ex- hibitors appeared, and the fair was well attended. The variety of articles displayed was unexpectedly large, and their quality highly creditable to the artists and mechanics, NATIONAL FAIR AT WASHINGTON IN 1846. In May, 1846, the manufacturers of the United States held a National Fair at Washington city, for the purpose of showing the members of Congress and others samples of staplo and ornamental articles of manufacture. There were nearly one thousand exhibitors, from twenty different States. FAIRS IN THE WESTERN STATES. Within a few years past, fairs have been held for the exhibition of manufactures at Cincinnati, Pittsburg, Chicago, and other cities of the West, but we have not space for details of these exhibitions. ‘We way remark, in conclusion, that numerous as fairs have been in the United States, and much as some of them have been admired for their variety and excellence, there never yet has been an exhibition of the kind which has called out the energies and best talents of our manu- facturers, mechanics, and artista, to their full extent; consequently, it would not be fair to compare the coming exhibition of the industry of all nations, with any pre" vious one in this country composed of American manu. factures and arts alone, The Crystal Palace Exhibition will be to us new and unique, The New York Crystal Patace. ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE CONTRIBUTION. A limited, but most interesting; group of articles and specie ef the native manufacture and current coinage of the Empire of ‘Japan, which are intended for exhibition at the Crystal Palace, arrived bere yesterday, in the steam- ship Mlinois, from [San Francisco. Tney were brought from that city by First Lieutenant W. C. Pease, who is now attached to the United States revenue cutter Ar- gus, and bears the commission of Gov. Bigler, of Califor- nia, authorizing him to act as a commissioner on behalf of that State, at the World’s Fair. Through the kindness of Lieutenant Pease, we were enabled to inspect this rare collestion, at the Astor House, yesterday morning, and also obtained a slight sketch of how they came into his possession. We are, therefore, enabled to present our readers with an enumeration of of the several curiosities contained in the Japanese contributions. It consista of :— First, and perhaps the most curious, twelve pieces of gold coin, current in Japan, and of the value of one dollar each. This coin is of an oblong shape, and about half an inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Fach piece bears upon both sides some curious devices, resembling characters of Chinese writing, and has the appesrance of one of the small weights used by droggists in compounding medicines. Second—Two packages of silver coins, made up in pa- per, and tied with a white twine manufactured from the same material as the paper, and very strong. Each package contains nearly forty pieces, and each piece is of the value of thirty-three cents. The silver coin is ob- long in shape, about one inch in length and three quar- ters of an inch in breadth. it is also atamped with a de- vice and inscription. Third—Four copper coins. Three are ofan oval shape, and each is about two and & half inches long and one ands half inch broad. The fourth is ciroulur, and near- ly as large as a cent. All the copper coins sre porforated with a equare hole in the centre. Their value in Japan hasrot been ascer tained. Fourth—The log book of the Jspanese junk Ya-tha ma. roo, This is very voluminous affair, although it was kept upon separate sheets, but each is of about a yard long. The characters are written ina large, broad, and running hand, and more connected with each other than those made by the Chinese. The writing runs down across the papers, in the same order as the Chiuese writing. The paper is stamped on each sheet with tue government mark, and in its appearance and texture re- sembles the tea paper in use here. Fifth—An exceedingly neat and extremely delicate mariver’s compass of Japanese manufacture. It is in- closed in # solid box and covered over with gli ‘he edges of the box are marked with symbols and cha- ractere done apparently with silver leaf. The four car. dina} points are indicated by similar characters, marked in arich vermilion tint. The compass differs from that in general ure, inasmuch as it has only twenty-four points instead of thirty-two Each point is marked with the shape ard named after some animal, as goat. dog, cat, rt, &c. The compass is 80 exceedingly delicate that the marvel is how it can be used in anything like rough rea Sixth—Three large lithographic drawings or tracings, executed ina Big] far superior to anything of a similar nature produ by the Chinese, at least that we have ever seen. Ove of the tracisgs represents the Empress of Japan attended i Me maidens, and isan elegant artistic production. The second exhibits the deity which is worshipped in Japan. ‘The ido! has three heads ard six horns, and stands with ene of his feet resting wi the back of an infuriated wild boar. The faces are all quite different in lineament and expression of countenance, and the seeming interweaving ot them whieh appea: first sight. and then the com- plete difference between them, which is observed after. wards, would argue that the artist who made them pos sessed talent of an uncommon bigh order. The third represents a most severe countenanced per- sonage, of quite # vinegar looking aspect, and is said t> be an excellent likeness of the Japanese Superintendent of Public Instruction. If the exalted original be like the drawing, and if the doctrine of leading physiognomists be true, a person would imagine that Bobby is not much spoiled by * the eparing of the rod’? in the schools and seminaries of Japan. Seventh —Two complete copies of the Japanese alpha- bet, with explanations of the charact-ra. The alphabet is very well and distinctly made out, It appears as if it had been loosely dove, but we were informed by Lieuten- aut Pease that it is quite correct. The words pro ooecooe coco sO CoCo my o San Frarcisco : Ssoecoeoecccooec occ e 5! are written at the end of cach sheet, in the Japanese lan guage The slphabet was written out by a Japanese lad bo cerved for some time on board the cutter Argus, where be sor obtained # fair knowledge of the Roglish iancusge. lie left San Fraveieco, with otners of his countrymen, with Commodore Perry, in order to retarn:; but as he ex- periexced more delay in reaching his native coil than what bs calculated upon, he bas returned to San Fran cleo. “Fighth—Two most extraordinary small bow!s, of exqui- site workmanship. The use of these bowls is unknown, but they would make, here, rare articles of vertu for a lady's Loudoir, avd form fitting receptacles for the cards of her “most particular friends,”’ or notes written with “crow qaill, slight and new’ Each bowl is so light that when taken in the hand the weight is hardly perceptible. They are of the richest w lion color, edged with a delicate gold stripe, and ornamented with the shapes of fishes, &e., done in colors of gold, eilver and light blue, beautifully intermingled. The whole is polished in a atyle exceeding that of any papier mache article we have ween, Lieutenant Pease does not know what material ba are made of. Each bow! stands upon a small base, whieh appears bay & little bowl inverted. tain that if Perry oan but ieee tan Upatrnde with Jedlo, share wiltbe eush arent camueien PRICE TWO CENTS, given to the Japanese shaw! manufacture that the Psis- Jey men and Cashmerians will be astonished at the com- weDoes. **Fenth— A boy's (child) exp, made of the same mate- ris], but fiver, and ind around the edge with black velvet. This is quité » gossamer and is tint- ed the same an the 4 Eleventh—Three pair of Japanese shees. Two e peneny white and the other of a black color. Tuey ear ag if woven from an article of very fine hemp. 9.4 @ of mort superior texture. There is no sesm. Each. ir is united together in the most approved fashion, and stamped with the name of the maker and amark of some goverpment ‘ ficial. The shape differs at the point from: that of our shoes and boots, inasmuch as there is a sepa- rate compartment for the great tos, which uscupies as much room as that which is allotted to the other four. We coult not learm anything of the idea which prompts this errapgemevt, but presume that the bigger toe is looked upon as a somewhat superior member, or that it has to bear all the corns; or, perhaps. that the Emperor and aristocrats of Japan are saluted after the pontifical farbion, and require easy access to the member. How- ever, wo shall know all about the toes of the Japanese whenever our expedition succeeds in treading on the heels of the natives. Twelfth— Four Ja} e towels, each measuring about y ey are of @ pretty stout, but close wufacture Ore halt of each is perfectly white, and the other of a light ry bine. At the central junction of colors, are figures of avimals in deep black, symbolical of romething which was incomprehensible to us; but they looked as if ixtended to show thi e of demarcation existing between a clean face (white end) ands dirty ene, ontorea end,) the black figures pointing toward the colored part. Thirteenth—Two pieces of cloth, one of silk and the other of mixed silk and cottoz, which are very superior articles. One is of a dark blue and the other of a white and lilse color, The first is stamped with the brand either of the government or of a manufactory, contained witbin a large circle. edged with white, Fourteentl—A largo fieos of fine silk and cotton cloth, dyed of a clear but dark blue color, with white croas stripes. This bas a neat little card attached to the end, bearing the price, &c., in true Broadway style, upon it. It is suppored that this article is used to make some ‘garments of mystical sublimity ”’ for the use of the “on cbt we ry light silk itteenth—, it summer coat for a gentleman, made up for wear. The sleeves are very wide’ The ma- terial is quite fine, and the make would not do di-credit to our opposite neighbor here in Naseau street. Tne coat bears a stamp upon the back, right at the edge of the collar, but whether the wearer was branded as a dandy im debt to his tailor, or generally, as » subject of the Em- pire, we could not learn, Sixteenth—Two very heavy silk scarfs. to be worn around the waist of a Japanese grandee. They are of » clear blue color, and over twelve feet long, and about the- breadth of an ordivary neck tie. The differences of rauk io Japan are known at once by the length of the scarf a men ties round his waist, which is an excellent plan ‘Thus, in the cities of that country, a ‘loafer,”’ iastead of walking about shirtless, wears no scarf at all; a demo- crat in gocd standing has an abbreviated one, Profes- sions] men add a foot or so to their belta, whilst, instead of kid gloves, &c., the male inhabitant of guch a locality as the Fifth avenue ties himself up in such a one as we have been describing; and if workingmen ever plas bee tween the ‘wind and his nobiliny” at a theatre. or suck Mike place, he merely hugs his scarf a hitch tighter, and thanks the three faced idol alluded to above, that * he is gir Reiner tece of board like whit wenteenth—Is a piece |, like white pive, about eleven inches long and three and a half wide, having Japanese writing on either side. Ono part shows the pame and number of the junk Ya-tha-ma-roo, and the other exhibits the names of herowners, &c. Such boards are bung up in the chief cabins of all junks and veusels. belonging to Japan. Eig! Is a fine leather pouch for tobacco and calcd Ce a _ strongly and ey, made. A pife and a piece of w! 8 toot and shaj like a firh lic, are with it, e ne This concludes the li: articles in the possession of Lieutepant Pease. He taken them, for the present, to Fdgartown, Mass., from which he will return in time to seeure for them an appropriate space in the Crystal Palace, where, we think, they will be looked upon as ob- jects of most peculiar curiosity. The following history of how these articles came into hie oesession was furnished our re; by Lieutenant soy by whom the substance of the account had been Previously published in some of the California papers. The Japanese junk Ya-tha ma-roo, with a crew of thirteen persons. left Matsmay, a port in the southerm part of the island of Ye-so, on the first day of the ninth woon, (Semptember,) 1852, bound for the city of N-heeng- au-tba, a port of the west coast of the island of Niph in the sea of Japan, distant from Matemay one hundred and fitty Japan, or a litle more then three hundved Eag- ish, miles The jupk was loaded with one hundred and twenty thoussnd she wo sha kee, (salted salmon,) and. had but a small qvantity of rice on board, as the com- mander expected to call at a port at no great dist where rice could be purchased at a cheaper rate than at Matsmay. They bad three tanks of water, two of which were stowed aft, one on each side ef the helm, and the other forward on deck. ‘They bad three days of fine weather after leaving port, during which time they were carried through the straits apd into the sea of Japan. On the fourth day, in the forenoon, the wind died away, and in the afternoon, about four o'clock, a strong northwest gale came on,.and drove ‘hem back through the Straits of Matemay. From this date the unfortunate junk was driven by winds, waves and tides in every dirsetion, for « period of seven and a half months, viz.. up to the seventeenth day of the fourth moon (Apfil). In the meantime her ow tain and twelve of ber men died of disease, induced starvation and cold, until only one man remained, the sole survivor of the merry erew which had previously mapned the Ya-tha-ma roo. His name is Dee-yee-mo- +kee, and he acted as clerk to the owner of the vessel apd ber cargo, a merchant named Jin thu voo. The suf- ferers by death were named as followe:—Captain Koo-ma- giro; first officer, Kats-oo no-skee; second officer, Ke-ne- kee-chee; third officer, Yu au-ge-ro; ship's cook, The- koo-dho; seamen, That no-skee, Yee au ki-chee, Gi-ro4ri- cbee, Ee chi-jim, anc Soo-kay-yo mung. The unbappy’ man whore life was so miraculously Wipers and his ill starred junk, were fallen ia with by the ship Fmwa Packer, in lat. 88 deg. 50 mia. north, and long. 158 deg. 46 min. west, when upon a voyage from ‘Tabiti to San Fraucisco, recently a van carried to the last named where Lieutenant Peace immediatel; recognized him to bea native of Japan. Upon this, Col- lector Saunders ordered him to be placed under the care of the officers of the cutter Argus until instructions tbould be received from Washington his fuc- tp board th hay 1@ cook on board the Argus happened to be a Japanese, and thus Lieutenant Pease enabled to ‘throw a much light upon the manvfactures, aod some of the my-teries, which engage the attention of our more Fastern neighbors. The arti to whica we have called attention, were brought from the junk by the men of the Emma Packer, snd have been since in charge of Mr. Pease, whose abili in explaining their various uses and textures is po *qualied by courteous manner when doing it. Tne Japanese ccok—who had been previously rescued from death by our gallant seamen—afforded Smuch informa- tion to Mr. Pease. The Lieutenant took bis departure from this city, yes- terday evening, for Edgartown, via Fall River, and we hope will return, renovated by the country air, to add his share to what vill be then, emphatically, the exhibition of the industry of all vations, CONTRIBUTIONS COMING FROM HOLLAND—THE DUTOR WAR STEAMER AMSTERDAM-—-ARKIVAL OF THE ¥RENCH AGENT, ETC., ETC. Late advicer, received through Colonel Henry Bohlen, at the Hague, bring the intelligence that the Dutch goverm- ment had determined to send to New York the war steamer Ameterdam, containing some of the contriba- tions from Holland. The Amsterdam is probably now om her parsage, and may be expected soon at New York. Colonel Bohlen adds that it was contemplated to send over in this steamer the young Prince of Orange, with his tutor, to see the exhibition. It is certainly gratifying to notice the interest taken in the New York Exhibition by the most enlightened foreign nations. Most of the governments of Europe contribute, and will be officialy eprecented at the opening of the fair. We are also enabled to announce the arrival of the agent charged with the surveillance of the French go- vernment contributions. He brings the intel that the magnificent contributions of the Emperor, the Sevres porcelain and Gobelin tapestries, are om their way in the St. Denia, now soon expected to arrive. ‘The eight cuits of ancient armor, of which we have heretofore made mention, arrived in the Devonshire. Fach of these euits belongs to a different age in Ei history. They have been preserved in the Tower of dou, and are sent over by the government. We «bail again ellude to these curious relics of the past, after having obtained a look at them, and ascertained the precise period to which each belongs. We may remark that the ceremonies of the inaugura- tion, on Thursday, promise to be very imposing We shall expect a rare treat in the address of the able and indefatigable President of the Association. Mr Sedgwick, bose untiring enorgy, wnited with the labors of his aa- sociates on the Executive Committee, Mesure. Waddell, Livingston, Dunham aud Stone, has contributed so large ly to the success of the undert A place in the pro- gramme, we obseroe, fs assigned for addresses by “dis- tinguished guests.” ” We venture to claims hesring im this place for President Pierce, Attornsy General Cush- ing and Governor Seymonr, as well as fer some of our distinguished visiters from abroad, ARRIVAL OF CHOCTAW INDIANS ON A VISIT TO THE EXHIBITION. ‘The forty-two Choctaw Indians from the distant South, via Boston, on a visit to the World's Fair, will arrive here either this day or to-morrow. They area part of the Choctaw nation inhabiting the southern part of the Indian territory, the present popula- tion of which is about 25,000, Tneir ancient home waa, until reeently, southern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama, Always the friends of the white race, thoy have never been at war with our people, The present company arey com] of eighteen females, twenty men, and two . Dressed in their native costume, they wi , give while here exhibitions of their modes of life, natio .. am the laster being simple reoreath sag sir. It ‘be one of the most int And ove), s00- tacles presented in this city, amid all the ¢ acenes connected with the World's Faiz. —