The New York Herald Newspaper, December 25, 1852, Page 2

Jounonveron J ‘We oome now to consider th ans snd mode by which the resources of this great Amar nian water- abcd s70 to be developed, and the measures and steps which the policy of commétee euggests for weouring te the world the free navigation of the Apazon. The triumphs «f commerce are peaceful; its achievements are seen in the spreading of civilize then, in the march of civil sad religious freedom, and in the dispensation of thrift, prosperity, and weahh smong nations, as well as to individuals. From the statements which I bave siready made, ai] most admit that the valley of the Amazon is not only a great country, but it is a glorious wilderness and waste; which, under the improvement and would soon be made to “ blos- We have, therefore, but to let Joore upon it the engines of commerce—the steamer, the emigrant, the printing press, the axe, and the plengh—ard it will teem with life. There is a line of steemers from England to Rig. The Fiench are getting up a line, amd the stock has Deen taken in it, from Marseilles to Rio.’ Brazil bas a live from the mouth of the Rio de Ja Plata, via Rio, to the mouth of the Amazon. The mouth ef the Amazon is half way between Nor‘olk and Rio. I petitioned Congress, at ite last session, for Riishment of line of mait steamers from southern ports to connec: with the Para, aud thus put our merchants fm direct steamship communication with Rio, Buenos Ayzes, avd Montevideo, and so draw us @leser to the Amazon. The committee to whom the subject was referred, ted in favor of it, and brought in a» bill for ite acoomplishmert. It was, however, not acted upon. But sioce that. events have occurred which make @bis line trom the South still more important and weeeesary. The tyrant Rosas nas been expelled frem tbe con'inent; the navigation of the Rto de la Pista end some of its noblest tributaries have been pened and made free to the world This govern- moxt, with a most praiseworthy zeal, is fitting oat a mava) expedition to explore those streams, and to wake known their vavigability and the commercial vesources of the countries drained by them, tha: our | merchants msy know how to send, what to sell, and what to buy there Brant! bas contracted for two lines of stoamers on the Awazp, from its mouth almost up to its fourees [Chece Awazonian lines are to ran—one Wou'bly betweon Para aud Barra, at the mouth of Rio Negro, a distance of nine hundred miles; the other, connecting with thie at Barra, ia t bstween that city avd Nauta, io Peru, a di @ near three thousand miles from the sea Poling wp the Missiesippe” would, in comparison vo the Means at preeent« raployed for nevigating the waters ef the Arsrou snd La Plata, be considered rapid travelling Hore, therefore, is the commencement of anew ers in sbe business and the commerce of thore two yiver pasins; and the first merchaat steamer, 82 *bhe plougys up those majestic streams, wita ber rich cargo of foreign merchandise, will be anal for revolution in the trade and traffis that bas bern carsied 06 there. Three millions of dollars’ worth of produce now omer down the Amazon (o Para “tbe Peruvian pertion of the upper Amizon,” where this ine of steamers is to go, ‘* is,” said f the Spanish- Amori- . 1 “You y'—should have ‘the Rio correspondent ef the Obser- wal Bonhian ne vapaper—of last. This corres] Fe Zo tcRe in tho te of the ioremah and ‘bo doubt spoke the sentiments of at jous cabinet :— wwigation of the Amazon goes om swimmingty; or igoversment of Peru, by the convention of the 234 of jast October wade with our wew minister, Duarte da Ponte Ribeiro obliges {teelf to assist the first enterprise —€ upon the Amazon ith & sum never Jess than repo’ cone, wee | s pave an Fn aete e been their reply to Brazil. 1 The government has wamed in quslity of resident minister. avd for an extraordinary mission neat the go- verpmente of the republics of Veorguels, Bouador. aud New Granada our minister to Bolivia Miguel Maria Lis- boa. The object of this mistion is a treaty with those republics for the navigation of the Amazon, because, as I think, #¢ is feared that the United States will hastem to arrange one for the navigation of some of the tribataries of the Amazon, and thus judge them-elver euthorized to enter the Amazon from without, es the journals of New York and Now Orleans already propose. We have been careless in this matter. ard must now hurry about it. ‘This nation of pirates like thore of their race, wish to disgrace ‘all the people of America who are not Anglo- OLS. Thus the objects of Da Ponte’s mission to Peru and Bolivia, and of Lisboa’s to Venezuela, New Gre- nada, and Ecuador, are clearly sot forth. ‘They wero to frustrate any attempts at troaty the commercial nations might be dieposed to make with these republics touching river navigation, and to seal up tighter then ever the great arteries of those countries, and thus perpetuate the stagnation and @eath that have for t! hundred years reigned in the great Amezonian water-shed. Brazil seemed already to have forgotten that what was right on the south tide ef the tropic of Capricora, must be right also under the equator; for the same arguments that apply to the free navigation of the ie Plata, apply ae to the free navigation of the ma: Pern fell into the trap, and made the required treaty; but the more sagacious statesmen of Bolivia got wind of the design, and not only refused to treat with Brazil upon the subject, but the enlightened President of that republic proposes to establish upon the Ameronian tributaries of Bolivia, free ports to all the world. ** Como los Brazileros,” says a gentleman,of Bo- livia, « riting as te this pretensien of Brazil to steam- boa navigetion upon the rivers of Bolivia, ‘‘preten- den el privilijio, y el Presidente Belzu. es bastante capas para conocer lo que le comviene a Bolivia, et se ha negado a dar dicha comcesion, y espera qui los Es- tados Unidos sevan los primeros en descwbriet equellos rejeomes.”* 4 Moreover, a8 the good genius of Amazonia and free navigation would have it, neither tne Brazilian nor the Peruvian plenipotentiary appeared to have sufficient knowledge ot the subject of which tho two were treating; they evidently knew very little of the | pavigability of those waters, the monopoly of which they simed to secure. | | This tremiy was ecoretly negotiated in Lima last | Caste!pau, who was then on bis way nome after tra- | velhng through tre fairest parts of South America | —*ibe Peruvian por 10n of the Amazon is tae most Deantiful country in the world; its fertility is prover bial.” There is found the famous silk tree, which produces w st»ple lise cotton to the eye, but silk to the touch. There the labor of one man is worth but two snd a he!f yards of our coarse cotton stull | the moptu—ro abundant are the fruits of the earth, 80 pearce are the tebriecs of the shop and loom, and so ‘ar has that country been removed from the in- Raerors of commerce. It is now just abous to be brought within ibem But what are the opportuuities which Americans will have for get ing a feir share of this new busi October twelve months, and wus ratified in Rio two | or three monibs ago only. I have a manuscript | copy of it before me. its title is ‘A treaty of fluvial commerce and navigation and of boundary between (he republics of Peru and the empire of Brazil.” Toe question of boundary was settled in two word: Itt possidetis. 1 quote with regard to the river steamboat navi- gestion :— ARTICLE FIRST. ‘The repubiie of Pero und his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, desiring to encourage, respectively. the navigation of the river Amavon and its contluents by steamboats, | Which by imsvring the exportation of the immense pro: ducts of those vart regions. may coatrivate vo inctewse the number of the inbabitauts aud civilize the savage tribes agree thet the merchardise, produce, aud craft | pseing fiom Pern to Brazil. or from Brazil to Peru, across the frontier cf both States ehail be exempt from all ousy imports, or rule.duty (xl pele) whatsoever, te which the fame products are not subject in the territory where pro. | duced; to which they shail be wholly as:imilated, AntieL® SECOND | ‘Thehigh contracting pariies. being aware of the great Rese to which the free navigation of the La Plata | and the imtrodnetion of steam upon the Amazon will give rise? I reply, very small, unlese this southern line of steamers to the Amazon be esta! hebed; otherw all the ivtelligence from Brazil and the La Pi: maykets, will go direct to Englaod and to France by their steamera; aud then, atter the mervcawats there shall bave had some.ten days or two weeks the start of their American competitors io taking mevaptage of that inteiligence, it will arrive here in the United States by the Cunard or Collins line of swamers from Liverpool ‘Now aud then an American clipper, happsning at the mouth of the river, or in the offing at iio, atthe Bight time, may chance to bring intelligence to the United States sooner than it cau go to Earope and then come over by stexmer But that is uacertaia. The free navigation of the Rio de la Plata is an expense attending the establishment of steam mavi. gation. sud that it wil! not yield s profit during the first yeare to the shareholders of the company deetined to na Vigste the Arron from its rource to thé banks (litorel) in Peru—wbich should belong exclusively to the respeo- gree to give to ti rst company which sum of money daving five years in aid 3; Which eum ¢hail pot be less than twen- lars aepunily for each of the high con- , either of woom may increase the said suits its particalar interests, without the | other party being thereby obliged to contribute in the all the advices concersing the | aehievermen’, and commerce is chiefly indeoted to | Brazil for it. Honor to Brazil, therefore. It isa gow inthe crown of the peror. which, if it be tarnisbed not, will make his reign illustrious. Rosas held the mouth of river La Plats; Brazil, Banda Orievtal, Paraguay, sod Bolivia, (all iade- | pendent sovereignties.) owned navigable water- @earres Which emptied into it; but Rosas would not allow any of these powers to follow those waters through bis part of the river tothe sea. Brazil made war with bim, drove him out of the country. and the firet fruits of the victory the commercial is about to receive is the free navigation of there noble streams. With a quarrel more just than that wicked one about opium, Braz, in her triumph, followed the generous exemple ot England in opening the ports of Chins, without any claim to exclusive privileges Brazil hes not opened the ports ef so populous a eoupt:y as Chine, but she has opened the water- eourses of one with which commerce will, in a fow years, be more valuable then it is with China. tame ravio The conditions to which the shareholders are to be subject, in consideration of the sdvantages conceded to them rsbali be declar-d im separate articles The other conterminous Staves which, adoptsng the same priociples, muy desire to take partin the enterprise vpon the same conditions shall likewise contribute a certain pecuniary quota te it REPARATE ARTICLES, For the better understandteg of Article 2of the con- vention siemed this day. the bigh contracting parties have further agroed to the following articles: — AMTICLE FIRRT. The shareholders of the etcnm nevigation menttoned in the second article of the convention concluded on this Gate. shv)i be bound to the following condition: :— Ast. The stesmboats shall meke three voyages the first year. four in the second, and at least six voyages in the third. fourth. snd fifth When, owing to circumstances sriemng from the great distance. obstruction of the river, mabing experiments connected with its navigation waat of combustibles, or other weighty reacons, it may be im- porricle to mabe that number of voyages, the shareholders | | ehail receive only five thousand dollars for every voyaze There arrangements about the La Placa naviga- | are Dut completed. @ fair way of adjustment; and therefore, in giving honor to whom Honor is dae, | give it to the Empe- ror of Brasil, upoo the rupposition that no untoward thing will occar to thwart the measu: But the commercial world has been sparing of its @emmendations of Braril for her seeming liberality With regard to the free navigation of the La Plata ‘They ray— and have, alas! too much reason for say- ing—that there was no generosity, no liberality, no sign of any fairness whatever, in the course of Brazil ‘With regard to the pavigation of the La Plata Bo livia, Paraguay, and Banda-Oriental, they say, had each as much tight a8 Brazil to claim the free use of the La Plata ‘or getting vo sen with their merchan- dise; and if, upon che full of Rosas, Brazil had then Attempted wo extort from Buen yres any exclu- Bive privilege in the use of these waters, abe knew that not only would these repadlics—bor next door meighbors—al! bave turned against her, bat tha: the three great commercial natious of the north would have sxepped in to prevent any such exclusive and selfish appropriation of nature’s nigh vays Aes proof that Brazil wae not actuated by any of thore really enlarged and liberal views which it is the policy of commerce to carry out, I point to They are thought to be in the Amszon. There Don Pedro is the Rosas He b tbe mouth of the Amazon—he shuts it up F. sovereign sud indevendent nations own its head waters, and cil of them have provinces oats upon the bank of its navigable tributaries; yor. them is allowed to follow the course vigable stresms through Brazilian waters of these te the sea. Justice, the policy ef commerce, the sentiment of the age, all the principles of national law, and the Fights of people, are in favor ef the free use of that river by those five Spanish republics; and it cannot be taid that Brazil acted from principle in the case | ef the La Piats until she makes, of her own accord, the navigation of the Amezon free. Formerly there was a Roras who threatened to stand at the mouth of our Mississippi, and we, who then owned ready to assert with the sword, our right to follow thom, and to use them for commerce and naviga- tion, until they mingied with and were lost in the een. It has now not been quite four years ago sincs this aubject of the free nevigation of the La Plats and the Amazon was brought to the attention of this goverpmest. The proposition was, we should offer to Bra- sil our friendly mediation gas, aniuse our kind offices to iniuce him to free the naviza- tion of the La Plata, and so the war lt wae proposed, also, that we should treat with Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, New Grenada, and Vene- suela for ports of entry to fereign vessela, aad com: merce up their navigable tribu:aries of the Amazon, and thos turn upon Brazil with the eame argaments for vhe free navigation of the Amazon that Brazil Food ready to urge in favorof her right to navigate the Ls Plate. Brasil got wind of this. She found out that such © thing as tho free navigation of the Amazon began 0 form the subject of conversation in commercial and political circles here, and she immeliately took the Most active stops to render of no avail way @:- tempt on our part a. bj “4 gotion of tbe Agee? for ite object the free navi. Bhe redoubled her enerpi Boras, and ehe despatcred in pot heate ministers extreordinsry and plenipotentiary to Peru, to Eoundor, aod Now Grenada, and Venezuela, to treat with ench of those five Spavish American republics = the exclusive right to navigate their Amazonian ° Por the Portuguese, who had owned the Amazon ad not had the power impression upon its forests, nor to launch @ stoumer its bosom, to go and talk to the Bolivians and | ‘nes in the war against he bead waters only, claimed, and were | one round trip @ month; the second three a year, | that the boats make doying the two first years, and three | thousand dojlare for every one made during the third, fourth. and 2d. They et convey. free of charge the mail bags of the government and of the post office. and deliver them | at the places on the banks as they pase along, until the end of the voyage Jd They +ball aleo convey every voyage, passage free, four civil military, or ecclesiasti: officers. in the ser- Vice of each govermment. the luggage of these persons in quantity equal to thet of other passengers, and the pack- ages that each government may in particular wi-h to send, provided they do not exceed two tons h. ‘They shall be obliged to take on board or in tow the troops, émmunit‘on, and effects chat the two govern. ments may wish to rend, receiving therefor an equitable remuners’ion—the amount of which shall be fixed as soon as it rhell be ascertained what is the meceevary cost of | performing eaid service. Sth. The company shall arrange with both govern- ments touching ‘he respective point of the river Amazon or Maranon, to which the rteamboate shall nevigate. and concerning the pazts at which they are to touch, and it shall be rubject to the fiseal and police regulations, not- withstanding their bemg liberated from imposts of every kind. ARTICLE SECOND. Fach government shall grant to the company the pro- priety of one-fourth ofa league square, at the places in which it may be necessary to establish a depot tor com bustibies. at any point not belonging to private persons; but the titie to the same shall be forfeited. antess the conditions above mentioned be eomplied with daring the five years, [t shail be lawful to cat wood for fue occupied Iands, and to open and work coal mines.” Under this treaty, B agreement with Jrineo Evangelista de Louza to in- troduce the river steamer upon the Amazon This contract was entered into ou the 30th day of lies that ever was inflicted upon free trade, or tnat now retard the progress of any country. A strin gent monopoly of sieam oat trade and travel on the Amszow for thirty years! The preamble to this Contract stutes, that in order to enable this Louza te form a company for the establishment of steam navigation upon the Amazon, the exclusive right for thirty yoars to the steamboat trade, travel aad pavigation up and down that river, has been grant. ed to him upon certain conditions, the princ:pal of which are these :— Ast The copitel of the company shall never be lets them | “yo. saa, gold-exploring party, of which I have | $000 C00 (1.200 ; O60 $0E0 ) ud There shall be two lines—one from Para, at the mouth of the Amazon, touching at the intermediate places to Barra at the mouth of the Rio Negro; the pecond, from Garra, touching ae eforesaid, to Nauta, at the mouth of the Ucayah in Peru. 34. To the first line am actual subsidy of $30000 | (160 : 000 $000) ie to be daid the first fifteen yours; and the second line is to be paid the $29,000, which by the treaty of flavial navige foo and commerce, of which [ have | already rpoken, Peru obligated herself to pay. | ates about sending steamer away up the frank ofthe Amaton, to paddle cp and down | } Tepione | lish on the Amezon and ite tributerii 4th At the commencement. the first live is to make The company, on the other hand, obligates itself to do certain things, sud among these ia to es' sixty colo nies, which sball consist of Indians or emigrants from tuch nations as the Crown may designate. The firet thing in thie treaty of fluvial commerce and navigation between Peru and Brazil that strikes one, is the want of sagacity on the part of its nego: | tiators. and the marvellous degree of infatuation by which Peru fell into the flimey net that was 60 un- kilfully spread before her. When Peru was invited to treat upon this subject, and wae told that Brazil wanted to introduce the river steamer upon Peruvian waters, there was, right at the mouth of the Amazon, the Tocantins, a most magnificent stream; it crotses more parallels of lati- tude tban our Missiesippi or Missouri; it lies wholly within Brazilian territory; the banks of its upper tributaries are enlivened with towns and villages, and peopled with 125,000 subjects of Brazil; it takes its rise m the very heart of the empire, and from the emperor’s palace, at Rio, to the headwaters of this noble river, the distance is not five huadred miles; and yet, with all the enterprise of Brazil, ebe bud not been able to put or to muster energy enough to make the attempt to pat @ singl amar on this river It wae a little peak then, that the sas picions of Peru wore not excited; for there was some thing strange to see this Brazilian envoy passing by the mouth of the noble Tocantias a: hone, whic bis own countrymen, with their dag-outs and rude crafts. can ascend only at the rate or seven miles a dey. It wan stratye, | eay. to see this envoy leav- ing the rivers in his own country in such a condition, the Drevilians claim the privilege, and as Presi- dent Bela understands the intercets of Bolivia in the jer be bi sed to make any euch concession, and nee the Un totes will be the fires to explore those zii has entered into an | ard tre . the Ameson, sieges Sortie alae sme ie jgate among the Andes, her tributaries of the meron Besides this, there are and the T: jor, with a dosen otber le lying wholly within Brazilian t:rritory; of them come from movntsins of diamonds, ard is in the beds of all of them. y are all gers to the steam- boat. sources are 80 ly lost in un- known regions of the vast interior of Brazil, that we are far better acquainted with the geography of the moon than we are with that of these rivers; and yet, secing that, and bow, that government had neglect- ed them all, Peru could still be induced to listen to ite shallow propositions. " - Nay, there is the beautiful river of San Francisco, which empties directly into the sea, and the bead- waters of which are just behind the firat wage of bills in the rear of the capital of the empire ‘ith- ont having had the energy to intreduce the steam- boat even upon the waters of this river, the Chava. lier Da Ponte is eent off upon this shallow mission about the headwaters of the Amazon, whic, by fetaiey, the diplomatists of Peru, it seems, could not oma This attempt of Brazil to negotiate with those five Amazonian republics, can be considered in no other light than an attem,t to stop the progress of civi- lization; for, to close the Amazon to commerce and boat, is to shut out from that benighted the steam! country which it drains the lige of civilization, the blessings of Christianity, and all the eloments of homan bappinees. But the treaty! Tho Brasilian minister, 1 am told, did not heritate pelvaely to advance tne sen- timept, when in Lima, that it was not be pall of Brazil to treat with nations more powerful than self; that in the interpretation of treaties the strong- er power always enforced its own construction, and the weaker as invariably went to the wall. At any rate, I shall show how faithfa!ly Brazil has acted up to this policy in the case of this treaty with Peru. By it ench of the coneaenng parties iedged itself to give annually a sum not less than $20,000 for the introduction of the steamboat upon the waters of the Amazon; and what has been the result’? Why, thie: Brazil, as we bave seen by the Louza contract, has taken this $20,000 of Peruvian ree and given it to one of her own subjocts, to evtablish a line of steamers under her own flag from the mouth of the Rio Negro to Nauta—that is, iv ig to run 1,500 miles through Brazilian territory, and when it gets a few miles into Peru to stop short. But stili Peru must psy the piper. When this line reaches the mouth of the Rio Negro it is to feed there with its freights another line under the Brazil- ian flag to Para. Thus Peru, to get about 250 miles of her thousands of miles of naviguble waters navigated by steam, is made to pay Brazilian bottoms and subjects for uavi- gating 1,500 miles of Brazilian waters ! Ibave no pleasure in exposing this memorable trickery of the vourt of Brazil But she has arrayed herself egainet the improvements and the progress of the age, and she has attempted by intrigue 30 to thape the cousse of events, that she might look up ond seal With the seal of ignorance and superstition end gavage barbanty the fiuest portiongof the earth. Science, commerce, aud the wants of mankind are begining to call loudly for admittance there; and up the Amazon they must and will go, for when Cr call, the world is right apt to heed. ‘he object of Brazil in negotiating this treaty with Peru was, as we have s:en by the Rio corres pondent of the Observator, already quoted, to ex- clude ‘* this nation of pirates,” as we ure there styl- ed. from these water. courses. But the “high contracting parties,” as it often happens to the wicked, fell themselves into cho net which they had epread for other feet; for they seem bot to _bave recollected the provisions of a treaty which Randolph Clay, our moat skilful and accom: plished representative in Lima, had just negotiated with Peru. Only three months before the date of this fluvial treaty, that excellent diplomatist had negotiated in Lima a ‘treaty of friendship, commerce, and Davigation with Peru ” ne? the tenth article of that treaty it is set forth that— The republic of Peru, desiring to increase the inter. couree along ite coasts by means of steam navigation, | hereby engyges to accord to any citizen or citizens of | the United States, who may establish a line of steam Veesels to navigate regularly between the different ports of entry within the Peruvian territories. the eame privi- leges of taking in and landing freight entering che by- and their baggege. speole and bulion, carrylog the pab. Hie mails, estebis ‘ing depots for coal, erecting the neces- sary machine and workshops for repairing and retittiog the steam veerel, and all other favors enjoyed by any other aeociation or company whutsoever. trecting parties. tbat the tteamers of either shail not be rubjeot. in the ports of the other party. to any duties of tenusge, harbor. or other similar duties whatsoever, than those that are or may be paid by any other associa- tion or company, By the third article it is agreed that— ‘The two high contracting parties hereby bind end en- goge themselves not to grant any favor, privilege. orim- munity whatever. in matters of commerce and naviga- ticn to other mations, which shall not also be immediately extended to the citizens of the other contracttog party, who rball enjoy the same gratuitous or, on giving a com: pensation as nearly as possible of proportiouste value aud effect to be adjurted by mutual sgreement if the conces- sion shall have been conditional. ae finally by the second article itis declared at— ‘The United States of America and the republic of Peru mutually agree that there be reviprocal liberty of commerce and navigaticn betwren theic respective terri- | frequent with their veescls all the coasts, ports, aud places of the other wherever (enque) foreign commerce is per- belonging thereto shall be reepeoted. and shall not basub- jected to any arbitrary virit or search ‘The ratd citizens shall have full liberty to trade in all Parts of the territcries of either, according to the rules establirbed by the respective regulations of commerce. in all kinds of goods, merchaniize, manufactures. and pro duce not prohibited to ell, and to open retail stores and shops. under the same munictpal and police regulations as native citizens, J ™ 2 * ° Ld * m &z-0-n, has treated us into it, for, by solemn sti- pulatiens with Peru, American citizens had already the right to- frequent with their vessels all tho coasts, ports, and places in Pera wherever foreign commerce is or may be permitted. And, furthermore, in,this treaty Peru binds and engages herself not to grant any “‘ favor, privilege, cr immunity whatever, in matters of commerce and navigation, to other nations, which shall not he also eae extended to the citizensof the” United rates. Thus, therefore, this treaty of “fluvial navigation and commerce” between Peru and Brazil has lot us into the Amazon, 80 far as Peru can let us in; for we have the same tig ord to trade upon her Amazonian tributaries that Brazil has Moreover, Lieutenant Herndon informs mo that the vessels of Brazil that go poling about the Ama- zon and its Spanish American tribatarios are in the habit of visiting all places acd ports im the repab- | lica, without let er hindrance. They gather the try ad libitum—in short, that the Brazilians enjoy | house or an excise officer in the whole valley, or a single restraint upon perfect freedom of trade, uti) | you get down into Brazil. We have, therefore, in the Amazonian provinces, and upon the Amazonian waters of Peru, all tl pe and privileges that Baszil has, if we ean gi Te. Which made her Amazonian provinces for a while | the common property of the world. already mentioned, returned with their 700 pounds’ weight of gold, washed in gourds from the streams | of this water-shed, the ministers of Peru wrote let- | ters and had them published, inviting all the world | in consequence, as they said, of these discoveries of the ore end washings of gold in her province of Carabaya, to come and take advantage of them, and meke use of the natural productions of those regions; and the world was assured that the emi- grants of aj! nations going there should have all | civil and religious anf | . But this mvitation fell still-born, because tho Andes, with their snow capped «ummits, and tho | long, boisterous and dangerous passage of Capo Horn, stood upon one hand 28s barrier to keep out the immigrant by way 01 the shores of the Pa | cific, end on the other hand Brazil closed uo the | Amazon against his psseage up from tho Atlantic ocean. Hence aries the question of the day—that of the free navigation of the Amazon. The question as to tho free use for navigation of a river which runs through the dominions of more than one power is @ familiar one to statesmen. It has been settled upon the everlasting principles of right Jong ago, and cannot now admit of dispute. In Europe the navigation of the Rhine is conceded a8 aright in common to those to whom its waters sme 4 Tn North America it is @ right—this free use of waters that are common property —which in- volves principles very dear to the people. The Mis- tieaippi is an illustration of this fact; for the people do not forget that the mouth of that river was once in foreign bands that threatened to shut it up to of the co Weat when wo were owners of its head able waters only, and not of its mouth. It ig a right which, in the case of Texas, wo prac- tieally conceded to her citizens with regard to the Red river without the asking, when she was an in- dependeut republic. t is wright whioh the United States have always claimed with regard to the St Lawrences, but which we have never thought worth a contention. booxuse for all, or rather for very great many, of the pra tical purposes of life, our poople hive broughs the commercial meuth of the St Lawrenes down by railroad aud caval from the straits of Belle Isle, and placed it Sandy Hook. Canadian mercbovte sud Kaglish snvjoots px folie to ovr reilroads aud pmale for takiog thelr terdnce to Bew-York-aade market, We Dot carago see the St. Lawrence Tp South Amerien it ie a right which Brazil has asserted on the Le Plate, even to the ‘ultima ratio,” wben sbe was one of the United States, 0) ‘iple; and B-azil is ¢: to it. ave contended for it here on the north side of t! parece of Concer; Brazil bes fought for it under Capricorn; and #e must both mand up for it Sogether uader the Equator - 1t in the case with us on this side of the line, there were vever more toan two nations conceree) in the navigation of a single water course. Ho in South America thero are a dozen; and this makes the cage 80 much the stronger in favor of @ liberal policy on ail sides with regard to this question. Jn case of the Rio de 1a Pinta, the up-countries which Rosas out off from the sea were the Bands Orieptal, Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, not to men- tion Uraguay, Corrientes, Entre-Rios, Santa Fe, and some half @ dozen other States, which were in such an anomalous condition that one knew not whether to class them as nations or anarchies. In. case of the Amazon there are five differeut re- publics in the uo-country, with Brazil at the mouth of the river; not one of these five has the means or the power to force her way down, and Brazil will not let them come down peacably. The Amazon, therefore, presents a question for which, as there is no river-basip equal to it, there is no precedent. We have the right from Pera to navigate hor tributerics, if we can get to them. Bolivia is talk- ing of waking hers as free to all as the sea. iS der ie inclined to do the same; and both New Grepads and Venezuela will no doubt follow suit the moment they are invited to do s0. We bavo heard of the question before as to “free goods and free bottoms.” But here the question is whether ‘free ports make free rivers.” Buy @ the five Spanish American republics ehould ail proclaim oxe or more of their river tewns upon the Amazon free ports to the commerce of the world ; and suppose that Brazil, instead of owning two thourand miles or more of this river after it passes the borders of these republics, owned only two wiles: would any one pretend that Brazil, in tuch @ case, would have the right to control the navigation of the whole river and its valley, because its mouth bappencd to pass through two miles of her territory, Just before entering the sea ? The doctrine that concedes to any on tion the arbit right to shut out other nations from the highway of the world, is monstrous. ‘be arbitrary right even to shut one of the citi- zeps of thts uation from the public highways is not prssereed by any of our governors. And if his beighbors must allow him free peasage through their own Jands to the common market way, with how much more force does this humane principle ot right ayply to vations and their right to follow. through neighborivg territory, the great thoroughfares which pature has constructed to lead from the ia: terior of the land out upon the broad ocean, the great highway of the world? Broz\l kus no more right, in consequense of her two thcueand miles of Amazon between these pso- ple and the sea, to shut them up and out from the highways of commerce, than ehe would in the sup- pored care of two miles, The policy of the United States is the ‘policy of commerce,”’ and we do not wish to be on any terms with Brazil but those of pease and good-will, We buy now haif of all her coffee. aud coffee is her great staple. Sbe isa good customer of ours too, and we value highly our present friendly relations with her; but as highly as we value them, wo value more the everlasting principles of right. We want nothing exclusive up the Amazon; bu’ we are vearer to the Amazon, or rather to tho mouth of it, than ary other nation, not even ex- cepting Brazil herself. if we count the distance in time, and measure Rio de Janeiro, and from New York or New Orleans ag the centres of the two coun- tries And, therefore, i: way well be imagined thut this miserable policy by which Brazil hag kept shut up, atd is continuing to keep shat up, from man’s —from cbrietian, civilized, enlightened man’s—uso the fairest portion of God’s earth, will be considered by the American people as a nuisance, not to say ah outrege China wants to trade with us, but Japan stands by the wayside, and shuts herself up and out of che pots ior the purpose of receiving and landing passengers , It is furthermore under-tood between the high con- | tories and citizens; the citizens of either republic may | mitied. and reside if ail parts of the territory of either, | apd cecupy dwellings and warehouses: and everything | Thus Brazil, instead of treating us out of the A- | August lact, aud is oue of tite most odious monopo- | Products of the forest, and the staples of the coun- | there a perfect free trade, there not being a custom | e Not only eo: Peru, in 1850, published a decree | ) leoned by world. She is not in the fellowship of nations, and we send a fleet there to remind her that she cannot | be in the world and live out of it at one and the vame time. God has put the land she occupies on this earth, and she cannot take it away by her olfey. » ‘The: five Sp:nish American republics want to trade up and down the Amazon; bat Brazil, worse | than Japan on the wayside, stands right in the | doorway, and says, “‘Nay, I will neither uso the Amoaron myself, nor permit others to use it That~ great up country hall remain @ social and a com- mercial blank ” Is it the policy of the great commercial nasions to permit that? No, itis no more their policy than @ state of war: and not of peace, is their policy. In fine, the people of thie country caonot look with indifference st the policy Brazil has pursned, and seems disposed to continue to pursue, with re- gard to the Amozon She and ber rulers have had it for three hundred years. and the first practioal step towards anbiving it and developing its resources has yet to be tazen. Uncer theee circumstances, it appears to mo thas Brazil, if she percist in her dog in-tho manger policy sith regard to the Amazon and the countries drained by it, rune some risk of gevtiog up a dis- cussion br § the enlightened and commercial na- | tions, as to what her rights are to the Amazon, and whetber they are not in danger of being forfeited by non usege | “This cestainly is the question of the day. The problem of the age is that of the free navigation of the Awszop, acd the settlement of the Atlantic slopes of South America. It is to stand out in after times, and among all the great things which this geveration has already ao complished, as the achievement in its way of the pineteenth century Bu; it is not to be worked out by the band of violence, or the strong arm of power. It is for science, with its hghts— diplomacy, wich its ekil—commerce, with its influences--and peace, with its bleseings, to bring about such a great result as would be the free navigation of the Amazon— the settlement and cultivation of the great Atlantic slopes of South America. With many thanks, Mr, Editor, for lendiog so maoy columne of your valuable journal to me aud this subject, L conclude. Very truly, “Age | NCA. List of patents issued from the United States Patent office, for the week ending December 21, 1852, and bearing date Decembor 21, 1852: — Jearum A'kins, of Chelsea, Iil.—For improve ment in sakes to grain harvest William 8 Carr, of New York, N. Y.—For im- provement in water closets. A.8 Dozier, of Norfols, Vi in ventilators Waren Gale, of Louisville, Ky.—For improve- ment in straw cutters. Willism A Gates, of Mount Comfort, Tonn —For improvement jo ploughs |. Lavairg E Hopkivs, of New York, N. Y.—For improveweats in machinery for manufacturing of hat bodies. Joba Jones and Alexender Lyle, of Rochestor, | N. ¥.- For improvement in grain threshers an: \ clearers. Wiliam H Morrison, of Indianapolis, Ia —For improved equalizing apparatus for engines which | use steam expansively Jacob L Ream, of Mount Pulaski, Ili—For im- | provement in maize harvesters. | 8. W. Rogers, of Baltimore, Md —For cut-off valve motion Jcese N. Seeley, of Foreyth, Ga.--For improve | Ment iv potato diggers Thomas Snook and Stephen Hill, of Rochester, N. Y.—For improvement in lamps for locomotive —For improvement | engines. ohn Swindells, of Manchester. England —For improvement in the manufacture of chromate of 60 da. Dated December 21, 1852. Patented in Eag- land. November 14, 1850 William E. Underwood, of Middlefield, Mass.—For improvement in falling mills. aniel Walroth, of Chittenango, and Lucius Evans of Manlius, N Y —For machinery for separating iron from furnace cinder Caleb C Walworth, of Boston, Mass.—For im- provement-in steam flatirons Aretus A. Wilder, of Detroit, Mich —For im- ovement in planing machines Dated December Hn 1852. Ante-dated July 17, 1852 Wilham H. Woodworth, of Saimon Falls, N. H — For improvement in method of measuring cloth on the cloth beam Linus Yale, jr , of Newport, N. Y.—For improved { safety lock. DESIGNS Sherman 8. Jewett aud Francis H. Root, of Buf- falo. N Y.—For design for stove plates. Bhermen 8. Jowett and Francis A. Root, of Buf- falo, N. Y —For KA for a cooking stove James Wager, Volney Richmond, and Harvoy Sch of Troy, N. ¥.—For design for a hearth- ate. ~ Wasbington L. Pearsall and Sylvester W. Pear all, of New York, N Y —For design for a spittoon Snocxrxa Accipent —The forty. of Tanner Congdon, ving abut a mile west of Middleport, on the Canal road, met with s revere m5 four o'clock on Sunday morning. the 19:h inst. The clothes of Mrs. Congdo: agg | the stove sod she tone, about foorteen and vot beg of age, then tried to smother the flames with t clothes—but thetr efforts only added fuel te the fire. and she was only re. tearing the charred apperel from her body. The hands of the father and 8 Were no terribiy burned, that they wil be perfoctly helpless for weeks to come Mra. Oongdon died on Aunday night.—Zeckport Courier, ire. 40. EBNTUOKY — OFFICIAL, 563 540 re! 423 553 334 5A 2 218 . I 785 724" aye 769 985 2 623,172 323 713 347 517 795 472 234 143 wl 440 =: 1,006 422 446 499. 399 269 348 204 874 826 Sil 815 227 664 1,098 oul 814 473 433 428 497 243 510 230 529 196 806 1,132 736 322 «1,046 319 185 377 125 318 236 294 436 342 399 157 642 153 m1 986 605 218 249 209 322 485 238 809 «1,541 731 698 = 1,159 700 222 260 225 7159 926 664 233 no return. ail 360 368 236 0=—«1,187 191 572 485 529 971 468 772 894 507 345 487 517 512 660 640 516 205 304 166 619 1,239 631 65, 350 56 947 891 896 578 586 528 635 731 559 983 827 =—-1,022 379 169 353 809 7196 766 8,791 1,161 970 476 692 439 299 106 214 1,384 935 1,228 164 648 159 348 478 349 187 488, 115 362 414 313 78 Bo return, 503 521 333, 832, 267 A03 BAD sees ~ 1,294 B84 1.402 Louisville City, with Jefferson co... .2 836 976 541 1,313 782 763 765 91 425 120 496 . 1,337 896 1,631 953 B85. 416 407 308 6a7 230 713 225 Montgowery..... 518 Meares . 4; - 377 350 586 379 316 509 413 490 8i4 653 746 437 958 487 1,149 464 592 721 673 704 701 624 118 512 388 486 476 483 505 1,186 533 810 294 326 330 243 375 599 no return. 225 Dew county. 947 T3A 497 95, 519 130 797 TA 1,434 716 460 351 new county. 808 409 588 632 361 486 5OL 458 1,226 603 721 678 ~ 689 405 534 93 778 337 Whig majority. .3,262 Democratic gain since 1848 Total vote in 1848. Total vote in 1652 Deoreaso in four years. Cherokee ..... woe * 226 Gwinnett. Heberebam 116,861 110,874 5,987 ar 5,902 44,802 47.544 44 802 Whig maj... FAH s $8 railrosd from that ciry A meeting of ottises consider st he we “aed more liberal comme tercourse and the British Provinces Resolutions, affirming sdh+r+ wee to the doctrine of intervention as the tru poiley of the United States, —- North Cerotea Goue of Commons by a to ‘ - FE A eacnang Of tui, Owvers ani merchants, addressed — non- have | vote ot Alfred Brainsrd’s q) ah F eno ushed to deach on the 146 \ instant by the falling of » Indge of rocks fifteen feet long | | 2. Str Bratvara aod an Irishman were also # | ipjured, but not wery eeriously, \ But fifteen dea he ovcasrad ta , Pa, during the week ending on the 14’b ivetant. of the de- cosred persons were under tm years of age, and two were over seventy. P mie Albany wlrgus rays thar the Board of Camel Com y issioners bave it in con emplation pt measured excluding from the saat bats eoovedit oe foot in width ; thore drawing more than three feet, three or | fourinches. This cour-+ is dsemed to pres ‘vent obatructions to mavige ion The will be de- finitively netted at the oext meeting of the Board of © Commissioners early te Japasry next. i The young democrats of O.eide heve reschved to tens der to Goveraor Seymour the complimetit of a public | dinner betore he enters upon bis ex cative duties, ‘Two barns, with all the eont-nta Seoieding 5) lot of bay and twenty sheep. tur prop-rty of Mr, sanben were consumed b; , Om the 18t2 iastant, im Hillsborough, New Hampzhite. The FE: Mass) Agricultural Society, 1 a | ete, dca ta ean bo anes cattle show i wrence, On jest eoday "Thursday of |) next ‘eptember, 7 At the burning of the Valley Hotel, at Bellows Falls, |). on the 20tb instant, twouirle jumped feom the third story, | and fell with ‘at foF © ipsa coe frosem ground beneath’ if | one of them having ner osck b oxen. and the other her ribs, They are vot exprowed to-sesayer. i In Fairfield county, Conn Miles obs 8 tained $100 damages ena from py i) marrying a girl to whom 8 engaged. The lady i Piom: to marry Wakes in January, but Pearce: 1 ii persuaded her to marry him in December. harps wg na sean or po Otis, situated om the Con~ cord road, in Nashville, N. i, was Serceel eas v. consumed by fre om Tue —Wapsenn, Purse $300, Tue Deata Col S M. Hili’s a yg. Wade dowpton, 4 years old, iS | Boston Out of Warywret Woous by Priam. L.E Smith's b m. Onerwer aged by Glenece, of Be'sy Malone by Stockh der. 141 ibe ‘T. B. Poindexter’s wr h ——. 4 years Boston. cam by Big Arnbie 100 lbs.. R.A, Long’ &. he Jack Daviels, 4 years old Belshazzar, out of Ox blive. by Levisthan, Pine B:0t—~ 324634. Tuurevay, Deo. 16 -- (bree mile heatoJockcy Club | | Purse $500. 3.8. Hunter's b rm. Chermer. by Glemooe, dam ‘art. Betay Malone by Stockooider......eseee sees 1 | HLL French's cb: wm. Foiy, oy Gienove, out of i Fanny Wiight by Berteond. 5 yearseld...... 4 3 2) W.A. Blevin'rch f Betty King by Bostor i dam. Fauny King by iwp. Glenooe,. « 1 2dr, T. B. Potdexter’s ch f. by Boston, out of | ‘Queen Mary, by Bevtrand, threo years old.... 2 4dr. _ | Col. R. H. Long’s © b. ny O hetio. dam by Pol Belue, by Timol-on tty bt apppinn a Time, 6:05, —6:08—6: 4 | | ay 2 | Sr. Josern, Mo.— A letter from St. Joseph, Mis: souri, which is bat a short distance this tide of sunset, | thus sptaks of the prosprctaof the placs:—8t Joseph is | a flourishing youvg city. pnmbe-rieg, fom the best infor- | mation, about four thou-sed ionsbditante, and at this time rapidly improving Che railroad from this point to Hannibal is now under ernisacs, wad to be cbmpleted im | four years. The only portion of the entire route from St. Joseph to New York or Boston not under con- trect is on the route trom Havnibal, across whet is called the miliary tract, to Naples on the Ilimois river, We have but litle doubt but thac ia «few years this con: necting lick will be built, avd thea 8t, Joseph will have a direct communtostivn with all the Eastern markets, This, in covnection with its present mit nt surrounded with as rich w country as we heve im Mis- | souri, and several counties north and northwest being dependent upen ‘hi+ plo» for trade —is destined to maxq &t. Joseph ove of the largest vitivs west of Bt. Louis.” Painrun Accipgnt—Cwo Boys DaowxeD —A’ | moet distressing wc stovet, +ays the Poughkeepsie Tele | graph, ocourred in this village on Saturday last, by | Which two boys were dr woed another resuscitated | only by great efforc and some fifteen or. twenty mora | ercuped with their lives after a good dacking. It being | good skating, ® nomer of bors were improving it om | Dent’s Pong, when # quarret oocurring between two of | the eka: flocked together to eee what was tha matter and the ice oring thin. gave way beneath the eccumulated weight, letiuieg them all into the water, By « gocd ceal ot effort ull but three were soon got out. One of the rematoing ores. a litte son of Harvey Petit, | Was rercued while life just 1¢mained, and by immedicte | effcrt was restored. The o'her two, however, one a som | eliaud, eged twalee | ! or fourteen years, werv dead when taken from the water. Axorner Vicor to Spruit RaPrines.—We hare 16 record another melancholy tustance of self destruce tion, the result of mental aberration esused rappings. Mr. Bishop Peabody bang himself in Graiton, Lor: county. op Fridsy last. admirable, inte! Lt mpd respected young came F0 absorbed in eptrit rappioge, whem that delusion eppeered in bis neighborhood as to completely unbal- anee bis mind. Mr. P. was taken to the insane asylum, st Columbus. and under the good treatment of that in- | atitution recovered He was in Cleveland on the 4th of | July last. still eo weak in mind and pody that the excite- ment of the occasion sensibly sflected him. The case of Mr. Peabedy in but one of @ long list of the insane, oF partially such. cansed by modern rappi spiritual. jem as taught and preotised by the Fil Fin- eee and their followers.—Cleveland Herald, Ban Casvariry —Yes‘erday morning the family of Mr. Everett were awakened by loud sereams from the room of Mrs. Frasier. boarder in the house. Oa opening the door of her apartment. t1¢ brd was discovered on fire. ‘Mrs. Frazier was Jaying on tne floor and an infant child was in thebed. A young girl had rescued a younger sis- ter, and was endeavoring to escape. The fiames were soon extinguished. and the sufferers removed. Mrs. Fra- sier had been in fe hesith and it is suppored that fright. on waking and seelmg the fire, produeeda fit; she remained in a state ofexbaustion but a short time, whem she died. The infant ohild was so badly burned, that ite | Tecovery is doubtful.— Cincinnati Gazette, Dec, 22. i Hepson River.—The river navigation ie about clored Floating ice abounds in large quantities im ¢! channel, bu: noi of euffictent thickness to prevent the Ty boats from making thir requiar trips. This they i tena doing until is re of evflcient scrangth to admit of eams crorsing with eafety. The Hendrik Hadeon this alty yesterday aspect a hie prospect of getting through She carried a fall load of freight This is probably the last boat that will leave this port this tearon, as the jee is forming rapidly in shoal places, and flvate in'o the channel and muoh im- Pedes navigation —.dibany irgus. Dec, 23. a Orrick or Stars Treasveen —On the produc- tion, by the Deputy eher!f of this county, of the warrant issued by Judge Mason directing bim to take and im- Privon Cook. (feleely claiming to be Trearurer, til should make over the papers keys of office, &o., to th rightiul Incumbent, Mr. Cook surrendered his piace to Mr. Welch, who, since Tuesday. js fo the disoharge of his duties. The jucgment in vbis case is finel, and the Bu- Premo Court have decided against the application for # new trial Of course en app al ites in thea a¢ im, other ? cares, which. if presred by the late incumbent, and suc- conefal. would lead to a new trial of the case —Jibany Atlas, Dee. 42. H An Arnocrovs Murp: By the arrival of the | steamers Cornelis und Ningara, we ere advised thet = most cold blondes murder vocarred on Saturday morn- ing, stew miles below Al'on. Constable Thomas Gilham, rho bel an influential famtly who reside near the jadison county, [iliacis, on the morning ® warrant for the apprehension of a noto- rious horee thief, nemed Wikinsen, who was charged ‘with etealing from the wreok of the ill fated Genera. While endeavoring to effect the arrest, Gilham was shot with a revolver by Wilkinson and was so injured that he expired jn the coures or afew moments. He wae shot n the ubicmen, and hie entrails soon protended.—= St. Louis Union, Dec. 18. Heavy Rozsrry. A small box, containing 5.000 In gold. was stolen at the depot of the Southern tchigan iced on Friday evening. It was in ch: of mesrenger of the American Sxprers Company, wi took it from the car. on the arrival of the train. aud de- Pome it om the platform trr e moment, while his atten- lon wae.drawn off to attend to acme other Ley vl Om looking around, the box waa gone, end up to satu evening, no trace of it or its contents had been foun: Four Vincpeate bok been Ley opy Mee) lodged in jail, om surpi ing engaged robbery.—Chicago De- mocratic Press, Dic 20. Fine 1n Orxcisnatr —About one o’closk thie | morning, the large four story bai on the southwest | corner of Lawretce aud Front ot was destrayed b; fire. It was occupied by the Virginia Hotel, and two or three coffer-houses, aud several German families We not leern correctly the loss of the inmates. 4 building adjoinicg. ccoupiea by the poke fictory of Mathers & Co., was also partly consumed. Their lose pcg $25,000, covered by insurance.— Cincinnati 7¥m-r, ImroxTaNtT AkREsT.—A man, Jn raid to be the leader of « I of counterfeiters and thieves who have Infested ihe Onto Valley for many years past was arrested by offiwe sterey , mear the Post Office in tbis city. A large qi of Jeit money, on various denks, was found im his sion. He was arrested in New Albany some six months ngo for passing counterfeit money, but managed to gat cut.— Louisville Democ at. Deo. 18. EmIGRation Across THe PLAtNs —Botweon the | ak Ct May ont the fourth anton there parned earney, mon, en, io 780 cattle, 7,510 wagone, med Dean, who Bibi mn Sra at pecests rr ove Michigen, Of there one tly earney. jt i Onitfornie a persons Tattene one bondred and +leven packed th: , and twenty-nine were on onaicur Porker war Minouri, 04