The New York Herald Newspaper, July 30, 1851, Page 6

Se AFFAIRS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL, sas Our Washington Correspondence. Wasaineton, July 26, 1851 The Tehwuntepec Treaty. The National /nte!igencer of this morning, in a Boog editorial, undertukes to redeem an ongage meat with its readers, to place them in possession of tho facts in regard to the Tehuantepec treaty, gad the grant to Garay, as gathered from public @ocuments, and other sources. After stating, in part, the substance of the grant Yaude by Santa Anna, in February, 1812, to D, Jose Caray; of the sursequent decree by Santa Anas. dated 20th December, 1843, by which the ©ommencement of the work was postponed for one year; and of the decree issued the bth Novembi 1846, by Don Jose Mariano de Salas, “ then ox! cising the supreme executive power of the repub- Hic, whereby the preceeding acts and decrees were forfirmed, and the period limited for the commence- ment of the work was extended for two years more” — the Intelligencer, to sustain the validity of the Garay grant, next relies on an illegal admission by @e Mexican commissioners, who negotisted the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, that some years previous, the Mexican government had granted the exclusive privilege of making 4 communication across the Istbmus, to Garay, of whose rights Mex- boo could not dispose. The Intelligencer then says :— Tt seems that before the uews of the ratification of the Wehuantepec treaty Dy our government had reached Mexico, and it issid upon & false rumor that it had Been rected by cur senate, the Mexican 0 parsed & resolution dec ariug the grant to G@: null ne void. on the growac (hat Salas, (by whom the de- cree of 6th November. 1546, postponing the period fixed for the commencement of the work was ») Was mo constitutionally elected President, but was a usurper, Flow far & vation can disavow the acts of its govern- ment de facto, on the ground that it was irre; on- stituted, and what effec a legislative annulment of acon ‘tract can have ou thw rights of parties interested, ar questions which at chi- woment it would uot be only Premature but improper to discuss, The Intelligencer does not state what are its other sources” of iuformation, but it is manifes they are not reliable, because ‘the simple narratio: of ” which it lays before its readers is, in mai res] if not alt. ge! ber, erroneous. ‘Pos Mexican Congress did not declare the grant to Garay null and void, because “Salas was an | and not constitutionally elected President,” in hee as President he had no authority to ¥ssue such a decree, involving, as it did, a e of a large extent of ‘he public domain of Mexico. The question, therefore, is not whether or “how far a BTation can disavow the acts of its government de facto, on the ground it was irregularly conatituted;” it it is whether « vation can disavow any of the acta of its executive de facto, however unoonstitu- tional or illegal. Suppose Mr. Fillmore, without the sanction or authority of Congress should grant to sa American citrzen the right of way for a rail- road to the Pacific, and all the public lands within * ten leagues on either side of the line of the road, nd the American grantee should transfer his grant to Britieh subjects, could not the Coi of the United States declare such a grant null and void, for want of any authority in the President to make it? Or would the transfer to British subjects justify that government in interfering to sustain its sub- jects in an effort to assert their claims by force, and , Pea! z | open disregard of an act of Congress declaring the great null and void? We are informed by the the action of the Mexican Congress, have ued proposals for an additional number of !abo- rere, diately, for the purpose of asserting their claims by wance and protection of the goverament of the Caited States. Can it be possible that the /ntelli- gencer will ing ? The Jnéelligencer, in its lengthy notice of the made to Garay, by Santa Anna, in Feb: a of fourth article, which reads as follows: — ~First—Don Jose de Garay shall cause to bo made, at ¢ route should follow, and also of the whieh may be deemed most commodious. All which teem months from the date hereof, and the works shall commenced within the space of teu months next in the time rpecified the exclusive privilege hereby con- grant is evident, from the fact that it became ne- ceesary for him to obtain an extension of the time, | ad witerim, of the 28th Dee., 1843, granting an ad- ditional term of one year, at his own request, for | ‘That the grant was again forfeited by the non- it of the conditions, is evident, from the Salas the decree of the November, 1816, 4th article of which is in these — ewspapers that the Tebuantepec company, disre- om they intend to arm and send oat immo force, and that they confidently rely on the ovunte- sustain such @ ai omits entirely to wention the first paragrap! his own — ® survey of the ground and direc- shail be concluded, at farchest, within the space of eigh- ; and in case Ubix should not be with- ‘That Garay failed to julfil the conditions of the which was granted by the decree of the President | the commencement of the work that it became o for him to obtain “ Art. 4. The term for the commencement of the works et allowed to Don Jose de Garay shall be further extended | for two years more, to be reckoned from the date of the Tan posaphict ioceed by the parties interested ® pamphlet issued by the ied intel in Garay’s grant, in 1849, relagjon to a communication between the Atlantic | Paaific oceans. through the Iethmusof Tehuants | Re. @., in a note upon this article of the decree of , is the following :— “It ia proper here tu observe, that the works om the (sthinus were commenerd within the time presoribed by the deorve. and bare since been continued | Tt ts now, however, admitted, that the works were | ‘Bot commenced, even within the time proseribed by | the deoree of 1516; but it is —— that Garay was | . by the war from fulfilling the conditions, termini on both oceans being occupied by the United States forces Whether this be, or be not a suffivient excuse to void the forfeiture of the privilege for non fulfil- ment of the conditions, it seems self-evident that if tao of the United States could, in the case | ud entitled ‘observations | which can now with truth be onst upon the nations honor, that the federal government wrongs and cheats its own citizens; which reproach is attribu- table to the neglect and indolence, and want of business habits, and capacity, aud absence of con- scientiousness, or sense of moral obligation as to | the fulfiiment of their public duties, on the part of mo wbers of Vong ress, and other public functionaries in this city. When I say this, Ido not moan to | apply it to those now in office, more than to their | for years past, except that the causes | of complaint have continually grown mm maguitude, | and increased in number. ‘The very fact that claims could originate and swell up to the number and amount stated, is convincing of the existence of radical defects in the anisation of the departments, to which have been | delegated the administration of the government, or of the malconduct, or blunders, or remissness, or incapacity of the officers who conduct those depart- ments. [t may be safely asserted that eight out of ten ofthe just neglect or biunde have originated in the or inefficioncy of public of- ficers. The difficulties can often be traced to the | non-exercise by them of powers that the: ht to have exercised; or to the som perforesante of dutios that they should have performed. Sometimes they are utable to their assumption of authority not conferred by law, though all this is immatorial in most cases, for whether the case is one of inatten- | tion, neglect, or a of duty, from any cause, or imperfect fulfilment of duty, or of blundering, orig- norance on the of an officer here, or a case of anunwarrantable usurpation of power, the citizen has to bear the responubility, and to sustain the loss. The ready excuse for & public Saeed, if located in this latitude, as to his official acts, ifin tion of the claim ofa citizen, viz: “his re- for the public interests entrusted to him,” is always at hand for his protection, andthe du corps influences to give him immunity at the ex- pense of all others. The dey mental feges nom script, which, like the British constitution, can be construed to allow or to prohibit aay- thing prompted by the whim or caprice, or pre- judice, or malice, or partiality, or favor, personal or political, of the men appointed todojustice be- tween the government and those who have transac tions with it—and which rules are as plastic as gutta percha in their hands—are effective weapons wherewith to repel a claimant, however eqaituble his demand, when all others fail. Were the public departments and bureaus, and subdivisional a: ments, less imperfeotly orga- nized, and were the public officers more intelli- gent and impartial, and more faithful, diligent, and effective in the discharge of their duties, but very few of these olaims could ever have arisen. Tho legislation of Congress should, therefore, be direeted to the reorganization and reform of the mode and manner of conducting the public busi- ness, and to securing fidelity, and strict attention to their duties by public officers. Remisaness of official duty is the disease to be cured. This is the evil which must be eradicated—this is the cancer to which the caustic must be applied. Pro; lation on jubject is the only preventive of these claims being r made. If public affairs are rightly conducted, there is no necessity —there cannot be any necessity—for these claims arising, except in very rare and extraordinary emergencies, and they can be promptly adjusted and satisfied. ae The obstacles that a claimant, without political influence, generally meets in the prosecution of his demand sgainst the United States, however just it may be—the delays and ex, he is obliged to submit to—the meray of hed as fraudulent, by some one who is ambi- tious ofobtaining a character for scrupulous integ- rity, at the expense of — more than by any merit of his own—the probal oy J that his repata- tion will be assailed—are causes for the preferring of demands for extravagant and unressonal amounts, and, in fact, for the attempted commis- sion of some of the frauds sought to be perpe- trated, by urging spurious ol 3. Retaliation jhe system at upon the government is provoked, by t! react Prectioed in this pres the principle fiat it is loss wrong to cheat a rogue than aa ho- nest man, frauds upon the United States are, by many, pallisted, and, by some, justified. Tho pre- sent system of things has the effect, too, of oom- ing the government to a, larger prices, Rr all that it purchases; for the risk of dis me with officert, and of becoming another of the legion of “‘waiters on Providence” to month, secking settlement and payment of claims, causes al! who are prudent, to exact a cor- responding price or compensation. The public credit ie now lower than that of merchantsin good repute in any of our commeroial cities, ex with | those who seek transactions with it, with the in- | tenttotake care of themselves from the outset, prepas @nefas But the most verious effect of the present ate of things isthe moral effect it has upon the citizen. His respect for, his attach: t to, and his confidence in the government is weakened, alti- mately destroyed. His patriotism becomes extin- | guished If be does not regard the government as | an engine of oppression, or a¢ an instrument of in- ustice and wrong, he learns to despise its imbooi- _ | lity and inefficiency, which cannot establish right, | anddoright In vain may you talk to a citizen, | who is writhing under a sense of flagrant injustice, of our ** free and happy institutions,” ‘* of our glo- rious Union,” and the like; be wil tell you it is all 8 mockery, and that the whole establishment is for the benefit of political aspirants, and official drones im office, and demagogues who want togetin. The galling sense of wrong be endures etifice his affec- tion for the government, and will, if anything san, a him a factionist. I have some means of know- Img, and I do not hesitate to express the conviction, that a vory great degree of the disaffection to the federal government and even to the Union—nay, the hatred of both, that is manifested in some ex- treme sections of the country—is attributable to the present «ystem of things, founded, it would seem, moe the erroneous hypothesis, that the functiona- es in office are the government of the United States, instead of being tho servants of the govern- ment. All reform must commence by the eradica- tion of this error. Paradoxical as it may seem, under the presen order of things, a fraudulent claim, aad especially if for a large amount, and somewhat aacient, and if it can be made to appear at all plausible, stands @ better chance of being favorably considered and su; above, of grant by Mr. Fillmore, declare it null and void. the Mexisan Congress an equally unquestionable right to declare null and Void the at oonstitutional decree is#ued by Salas. It ie motter of eurprise that the eli gemrer rely on the alleged admission of the Mexi- can Commissioners who negotiated the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, as stopping the Mexican go- Verpment from now denying the validity of Garay’s Bravt; for every one knows that those Commission- xs could not bind the Mexican government or peo- “= by A act of theirs, until the same had been uly ratified. not on): y by the Execative, but by the Congress of Mexico A.G. Wasnineroy Crrv, July 26, 1951 Aacher Later aloxt the Claims Against the United | States ~— Delay avd Denials of Iustice— Pubdic Honan — Frauds, ¥ Io my first communication I stated the probable amonnt and the general character of the oatetand- ing claims against the United States, that are yet | idated and unacknosledged. An intelligent ofBcer in one of the departments here, with whom I bave conversed upon the subject since I deepatehet you that letter, bas saidte me that eighty millions wold be nearir the agarege these claims, as presented, than millims, as I estimated. ‘Their continued rapid accumalation imperatirely | demands that something must be done. The aburos how peactized, and frauds now committed, require immediate legisiation, which must be stringent to be effectual against fraud, and yet careful to avoid Wrong to worthy claimants. Justice to the honest ereditors of the government—the preservation of the public honor, aud of the respect and affection by the people for, and confidence in, the govern- amnt, calls for the adoption of measures for the separation of the bovest and just debts due by the country, from the spurious and fraudulent claims; and for the adjustmeat and payment of the former It was once propo-sd, with respect to the national debt of Grest Briain, to “wipe it out with » sponge, wad begin anew.” Such modo would doubtless be the cheapest and moet effecvual aa to fll these claims, just and unjast; and, shooking as such repudiation would bo to the moral seuse of sity decided, than many honest claims for ¢mall amounts. A large claim will admit of division and sub-divi- elon into shares amongst several persons. Specula- tors can be got to besome interested init. Dex- trous, busy, and influential men, generally politi- cians, can be secured, usually as secrot, though by po meena dormant, or silent partacrs. Large feos can be distributed to judicioudy selected agents and attorneys, and powerfal combinations created, e*pecially if consanguinities, and affinities, and associations, are looked to, all increasing the chances of securing its allowance, by meane direct and indi- rect. As in thie world @ great deal of “ kissin, goes by favor,” the wise and prudent choice of agents is the priscipal matter. Ina claim for a large amount, extraordinary care can be well afforded, ae to the preparation of the papers. All vouchers and proofe can be prepared in the strictest ferm—secundem artem—adorned with the duc num- ber of certif mnter, and seals, and, if a foreiga doou- ment, with all sorte of imposing suthentioations, attestations, coats of arms, stampa, cruatersigna- tures, rubrice, parafes, and flourishes * also, perjury can be paid for, assistant knavery com- p beate 1, and falsification and forgery receive their tees. The honest holder of a ciaim for a small amount, confiding in the justice and fairness of his demand, and relying on the honor of hw coantry, and the intelligence and sense of justice of hor se- lected functionaries, is perhaps careless as to the technical form of hie voachors sadtcstimonies. Ho connet afford to eulixt » horde of “infucntial” agents, to be known and unknown, to further bis cla'm. He cannot afford to dispense champagne, sherry and jul tf vouison, oysters, end canvas back ducks to satisfy the stomachs, ia lien michis addressed to the heads or to the beart who decide his claim. Speculators fod lit . dusewont to become interested in his trifling do- nde Politicians are deaf aad blind t& such insignificant matters; aod, after waiting till his patience and purse arc exhausted, by innumerable delays, upon all kinds of pretexts, he at last finds « he is not omy to be whistled of from the tre: Lee ment of the fw bus- dred or tho few thousand dollars due him—but the cbaaces is attached to his cams, by accusations of having attempted to swindle the government, by putting forward a false clai And then, forsooth, the immaculate inoorrupti- bility and ioiallibility of those wao have thus treated him, and their patriotic vigilance is vaunted, and their decision against him is adduced as an example of it, and is used to uphold them, if im- of thoee every bonotebic wan, it would not be a whit more iniquitous than curse of neglect, procrastina- tion, endlow delay, and paltry quibbling, that the most equit jaimant has now to bear with, an- lees his care is within the clear letter of some eta tute, as expounded by the legislative or depart. mental Solone io thie ciy | ‘The next sersion of Congres ] sion.” Time will be afforded attend to the public business, plas by whion ail claime may be epecdily invost'- gated, and thore that are unfounded, forever put at rest; amd those that ero meritor ad justed and paid. As our treasury is now over | flowing, it ls s propitious sesson for squaring up | all old scores. if this is done, the foul blot now staining the eroitebeon of the Unite t States, on coount of ber noglec! of thousands of hor jut along sem {f the members will for maturing rome q@eodioors, will be cb uterated. The honest portion | @f the people will bo absolved from the reproach | he ached for the allowance of a spurious demand of urdreds of th 4 of dollars! fi the large case ii ly established, it i “deceived bie is the truth, ae Nay, it constantly osours at this ci Congress is in_seasion and when it te oe claims before Congress, and bureaus, and different fanctionaries. y any one togalnay the verity of this statement, and f any tespeetable maa dares to peril his repate- tion by such denial, over his own signature, tho prods shall be forth soming in due reason These topics should be thoro igtly discussed t most edeotive remedy for all theve evils is the ‘orure of them through the public preas. Tho reas in this city, I regret to not free, or i ‘ hard an expreasion, I will change it, and rey it le deplorably imbecile. Treasary pap has ubs if it dares, or if it ean nrouse enervated 14 officer y to roties the matters contained in these letters wr til it ia constrained to by pablic | Opinion, as it must be by and by, a4 I proceed to pertioulare. Ae yet, | have purposely Iimied my Temarks to genershues, though | am net without ‘pecific inatances and cases to eustain all | have eid, ead which I tatond ata fatary time te aliage | legis | Phis claim being im: | re, from month | intedly. There mast be a reform, a orough reform here. Our functionaries into mere drones, © lethar- ic, y 0! @ as useless as the otouls they siton. Offices are regarded 48 created for the be- nefit of those who bold them more than for the te more radical, ¢ have de; | public use. The evil has swelled so tremendously thatit threatens to taiat the whole goverument. In future letters | may veature to suggest some remedies that shoald be adopted, or, at ff point out what I think should not be done, and the reasons that influence my judgment. Some reme- dies preponea here would, I think, increase the mis- chiefs. I anticipate, before 1 am through, all kinds of assaults upon my essays, and that | have but little suy t from the public press Sageged in the strife of partizan politica, and looking to the division of the spoils of office and public plane der, more than to public weal, most meweponer editors have no t'me to engage in aid of the task 1 have allotted to myself, and to perform which faith- fully I shall persevere, through geod and through evil report, if needs be, pap Pa E and alone, and, “at all hazards, and to the last exaremalty.” Wasuinaton, July 23, 1851. Canadian Reciprocity—The British North Ameri- can Fisheries. | Tho pugnacious demonstrations of Mr. Hinoks, in | the Canadian Parliament, in consequence of the rofasal of Congress to pass the so-called Reciprocity bill, having died away, and the proceedings of the several Canadian Boards of Trade displaying some glimmerings of common sense, it is not altogether improbable the subject of a general measure of ro- ciprocal trade with all the British North American Colonies, upon an enlarged and liberal footing, may meet with favor next seesion—always suppos- | ing that addresses to Bancombe, Presidential wire- pulling, investigations into Galphinism, and other interesting topics, do net monopolize the whole time. The subject of reciprocal trade with Canada is very little understood here, and the great anxiety which has been observed on the part of the Cana- dian authorities to pass through a bill which merely affects a portion of the trade, has naturally caused it to be looked upon with distrust. We have bo- fore us, however, a voluminous report, presented last Congress, and drawn up 4 direction of the Treasury Department, by Isaac I). Andrews, Ex: | U. S. Consul, St. John, New Brunswick, which | goes into @ history of the whole matter, anda de- tail of the trade for a eeries of years past between this country and the provinces. The report is writ- ten with much ability, and ays a good deal of } aoe =. Ce cpmgpg Yaa sh ene tous | to be vei rest Present ntirely new | features in the onion. It “rie ter which | deeply affects a large interest in the United States, A ly in New England, and we there‘ore | give place to it. We purpose at some future time | to give extracts from other portions of Mr. An- | drews’ report. Whatever opinion may be formed | as to the question of reci; trade, it is right and | proper that the subject should be woderstood:— ‘THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PISHERIKS. | The extent and value of the fishories on tho | Grand Bank of Newfoundland, on the shores of Now- | foundland, Nova Mcotia and Cape Breton, New Brunswick, and within the Gulf st. Lawrence, | bave lena heas known and highly appreciated. ‘These fishorice are now prosecuted exclusively by | citizens of the United States, by citizens of France, | and by subj of Great Britain, under various treaties conventions, brief sketch of which will be necessary to elucidate clearly the relative bts of the several parties men! b ‘ne codfishery on the banks of Newfoundland, and { | made of the first British ship which had been at New- | | foundland; where, at the same time, fifty Spanish, F and Portuguese shige vere fiuhinst ‘he French, in 1586, were Gxionmvely engaged in this Gsbory, and in 3855 there were employed in it by Spait,'100 me x England ing tg Se ; ¢ time, 20 to 50 vessels in the whale fishery Newfoundland; and some English ships, in 1693, made a voyage in quest of whales and morses (walrus) to Cape Breton, where they found the wreck of @ Biscay i. and 800 whale fins. Eng- land had, in 1615, at Newfoundland, 250 ships, and the Frowoh, Biscayans, and Portuguese, 400 ships. From this poriod, the fisheries carried on by En, land became of t national consideration. — De Witt observes “that the English navy became formidable by the discovery of the inexprossibly riob bank of Newfoundland.” In 1626 the | French d themselves of, and sottled at Pla- centia; and that nativn always viowed the English fishery with the greatest jealousy. But the value of those fisherice to England was fully appreciated, ae “pene by various acts of Parliament, aa woll ag ph, different regulations adopted for their pro- jon. By the treaty of Utrooht, tho value and impor- tance of the fisheries of Newfoundland, Nova Sects, and Now England, were particularly regarded The French, however, continued afterwards, and until they were deprived of all their possessions in North America, to — on more extensively than the [:nglish did the fisheries on the banks acd ita of America; and in 1734, hoary complaints re made by the English (who had cstablished a extensive and pr<fitable Gshery at Canso, Nova Sootia,) against the Freach at Lewisburg, and at in the neighborhood. About this period, the inbabitants of New Eng- land bad about twelve hundred tons of shipping | employed in the whale fishory; and with their ves- | sels engaged in the , they caught up | wards a of Gsh, valued at 12s. | quintals, which they exported to Spain, and differ. | ent parts within the Meditterranea: id remitted a, | the gg in payment for English manufactares, ee f this vs at é | value of poop Ge the important shi | fishery carried on by the Finglish at N. Tvfoundland, | wore, however, of loss magaitude than the French | fisheries, re aaa rae of Cape Breton. By | thes alone, the navy of France became formidable to all Europe. In 1745, when Lewisburg was taken by the forces sont from Now Ingland, under Sir Yilliam Pepperell and a Bri squairon, the Peonagied gpl Oa tere (A is the North American sons, w lepended on trance posseasin, Caye Breton, was stated at £925,000. = twas maxim with the French government, that their American fisherics were of more national value inregard to navigation and power, than tho fold tines of Mexico could Lave been, if the latter ad been possessed by France In 1744, however, ut the treaty of peace, England restored Cape Erotom in return for Madras, whiob | the forces of France bad conquered two years be | fore; and that nation again enjoyed the full advan- | tages of the Gshories until 1709, when the sarronder wfoundiand, and Canada, des- treyed Frenob er in North America. By the Sfth and Paris, signed in 176%, it was agreed as follow: - t the French eball have the liberty of fish- ing and drjing on rt of the coasts of tho island ot Newfowndiand, ae epeciGed in the 18th le of the treaty of Utrecht, and that the French may also fie in the Gulf of St. 1 that they oe of three to Great the isla: the ents guif to the fichery out of the said gulf, tue French shall eacreie the same, but at the distance of fiftes leaguer from co: cedes to France of Cape Breton. Great Brita: » #eTVe Ke A shelter for the French Gebermon, the islands of St Pierre aad Miquelon, Majesty oblig ord, Dot to fortafy the said islands, nor to ereet any ether buildings thereon but merely for the convenience of the fishery, and to keep ao more than 6f.y men for thei o0.”* Ry the treaty of Vorenilles, in 1783, the Frenoh consented te renounce the fishery reoured to t by the treaty of Utrecht, between Cape Bona Vista sud ( * *t Jobn, on the cast coat of Newfound | lend he limits of tho fishery on the coast of Newfoundland then assigned te the subjects of ore ey ye as follows * oginning atthe said Cape St. John, it to the : orth mad descending by the western Saat the wlacd of Newfoundland, snali extead to the vr y situnted in 17 dog. 6) min. | north latitude, With regard to tho fxbery on the Gulf of St war agreed that the French should | continue to exercise it conformably w the fifth ar- | ticle of the treaty of Pars At the tite of rigning the treaty of Versailles, Sd of Seplember, 73,) a desiaration of the ing of England ‘was delivered to the King of J vanee, which recited that tho King, having en- tirely egrood with his most Christian Majesty upon the articles of the de’ ve treaty, would eook | every mene to ineure ite excontion, and would be sider, on bie part, give al! powible effi sacy to the prineipls of preventing cyon the least fowudation of | daspuce for toe future. To that ond, the Kiag of | br gland agreed w take the wort positive moa for preventing bis enbjecte from int b fishery npor the con fourdland; aba for chat p fined ments found th re breve hormen Were sot t 7 cutting the wood neces ury f riog folde, Luts, mod fishing vowels it was deolarod that the node of earry tehery should in ow ity With the b ber } ' I ebe e@nly b i oes t * the repair of their fish a winter there A countoe decker tion was, oa tho aus day, aleo asi, will | by Portugal, 50 ships; and by | ips. "Tho Hiscayane had: abous the signed and delivered by the King of France, in con jormity with the declaration of the King of Ko land, and agreeing that the fisheries ween the island of Newfoundland, wad the islands of Si. Piorre and Miquo'on, should be carried on by either party only to the middle of the channel; that the King of France should give the most positive orders to the French fishermen not to go beyond this line, bein, firmly persuaded that the hing of England woul: give like orders to the English fishermen. ‘This treaty, with the accompanying declaration and counter-declaration, are State papers of very considerable importance, as up to this hour tho Freneb fisheries of North America are conducted upon the terms and conditions, and within the limits, therein specified. The 13th article of the treaty of Paris, ia 1814, replaced the Frenoh fisheries upon the same footin, ae pnor to 1792, and this agreement was confirme by the 1th article of the treaty of Paris, in 1816. Having thus traced down and defined the French rights of fishing in North America, those of the nited States will now be pointed out. Tho inhabitants of Massachusetts, and of the fibres frat along the adjeccat chares, cd after 5 t shores, an wards on the po A and coasts of Nowfout and Nova Sootia. According to Mr. Pitkins’ stute- ments, before the revolutionary war, about four thousand of the inhabitants were employed, chiefly in echooners ard small craft, measuring about twenty thousand tons. The @ quantity of fish caught was about three hundred an fifty thou- sand quintals—value sbout two handred thousand pounds. h r By. the 3d article of the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, in 1783, it was ‘ovided a8 follows :—** the people of tho ited States shall continue to enjoy, unmoles! the right to take fish of every kind on the Gran Bank, and on all other b. of Newfoundland; also in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and at all other in tho sea where the inhabitants of both countries used at any time to fish; that the inhabi- tants of the United States shall have liberty to take fish of any kind on such part ef the coast of New- foundland as the British 1 use, (but not to cure or dry them on the island;) and also on the coasts, bays, and creeks of all other of His Britannic Majesty’s dominions in America; and that the Awerican fishermen shall have liberty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbors, and crecks of Nova Scotia, Magdalen islands, an: Labrador, so long aa the samy shall remain unset- tled; but so soon as the same, shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for tho sai without a previous agreement for that purpose, with the me ite, proprietors or possessors of tho The New England codfishery was nearly oxtin- guished during the war of the revolution. It com- menced at the peace of 1783, but does not seem to have prospered; for in 1790 the Legislature of Mas- sachusetta hig gag to Congress the embarrassed state of this ry. In consequence of a report wae iy, the Secretary of State, a bounty was rant uy ee general government on tho exporta- ion of sa. fish, by way of drawback of the duty on imported salt; and afterwards, an all: money was made to vessels employed for a cortain number of months in this fishery. From this en- couragement, and the happy effects upon trade and commerce produced by the establishment of tho ‘eneral government, the codfishery inoreased unti! the commencement of the embargo and commercis! restrictions in 1808, and the war between (iroat | British government considered the shore fishery, as it was called, as a lege granted at the peace of 1788, and which was fo: or gs tend done away, in | consequence of this war, and therefore refused to Te-grant it without an equivalent. In the negotia- tions for peace, some of the American commission- ers were disposed to concede to the British the right of navigating the Mississippi, as an equivalent for | the shore fishery, but a majority of them were op- posed to it. treaty of Ghent, and ¢ho gom- mercial convention which immedintely ')owed it, citizens nevertheless proceeded, as formorly, to off the British conste, and to use the for curing and drying fish, according to the | ions of the former wee They wore im- mediately ordered off by the British naval forces, | and some were captured. The groundalloged was, | that the treaty was no longer in existence. Our | | government obtained @ suspension of these appa- | rently hostile orders and ings, until the two | governwents could mako efforts adjusting a question of so much moment. The negotiations which followed resulted in a convention, which was signed at London on the 20th October, 1818. By this convention, it was agreed that American citizens should have forever, in common with British subjects, the liberty to fish on the southern coast of and, from Capo Rey to the Ramean islands; and from that cape to the Quirpon islands, on the western and northern c , and on the shores of the Magdalen islands; and on the coasts, bays, harbors, and creeks, from Mouxt Joly, on the southern coast of Labrador, through the Straits ef Bellisle, and thence inde- | pesorse | along the coast northwardly, but without | Re ice to any exclusive rights of the Hudson's is Comey Also the liberty, forever, to cure and dry fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbors, | and creeks of the southern coast of Newfoundland, as above described, and of the coast of Labrador, subject, after settlement, to agreement with proprietors of the soil. The United States the: renounced forever the liberty of fishing within three miles of any other part of the British coaste in America, or of curing or drying fish on them. jut Ame; ishermen were to rmitted ti bays or harbors on the prohibited coasts for shelter, — damages, and obtaining wood and water, subject to restrictions necessary to pre’ * Such was ae cae a Rus! ‘i final! agreed upon. ye most jcult part of our tas! was the Tyecation of permanence. Britain would not consent to an express clause, that, in future, war was not bo abrogate the rights thus secured to us. We inserted she word forever, and drew up a paper, to be of record in the negotiation, purporting that ifthe convention should, from any cause, be vacated, all anterior rights were to be revived.” Under this convention, American citizens prose cuted the fisheries, as they had been accustomed, within the Guif of St. Lawrence and on the coast of Nova Scotia, at three milos from tho land. Bat ¢ of contention #oon sprung up, the peo tia insisting that the three miles sured from the headiands, or ex- pinte of land on the coast, or of the entrance On | fish | shores treme of the bays, and not from the interior of such bays or indents of the coast. The government of Nova Scotia led to seize and condemn a number of Awerican veseols which were fishing within hoad- lands, but yetat a greater distance throe miles from the land. In 1541 Mr. Stevenson, our minister at the court of St. James, addressed # note to the Seoretary of State for Foreign Affaire, complaining of these pro- cerdings of the authorities of Nova Scotia; and this complaint was referred to the Governor of Nova Scotia for explanation. The Hons of Assombly of that cole ny pared a case for the opin onof the 4 Jaw officers 0! Bogiand, which was forwarded to ‘bo imperial government by bord Falkland, then | Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. ia reply, | the law officers of England expressed their opinion that the treaty of 1755 was annulled by the war of 1912; that the rights of fiehery by Amerioan citi- 1s must Dow be considered as defined by the oon- vention of 1818, and by that only; that tho pro- scribed distance of three miles w vw be measured from the headlands, or extreme points of land, or of the entrance of the bays, and not from the inte- rior of ruck bays, or the indenca of the coast; that, | indeyendeatly of treaty, no foreign couatry has the right to wre or navigate the passage or strait of | Coreo; that the convention did not expreraly, or by implieation, concede any right of using or navi- geting the passage in question; aod that American citire ne have no right to land or conduct the Gsh- erios from the ehores of the Magdalen islands. in con: equence of the attow pts of the government of Nova Seotus to carry out tne opinion thus given with great strictness, American fishermen have been frequently driven off their fisning grounds, ard, in several iastancer, their voeecls have been seized and confiseated. Tho complaints of our minieter in London were constantly reiterated until int, when ber Majesty's government considered it aavitable, for the intorcets of both countries, to | relaa the «trict rule of exclusion exercised va treat | Britain against American veseols ontering the bays of the sea om the British North American coasts. Lord Stanley communicated this resolution of | her Majesty's government to Vircount Falkland b aderpated, dated 19th May, 18%. Lord Falkland, on the 17th of June —e requested that ne- otiations might be ones jed wotil he should | ee #n opportunity of addressing Lord Stanley on | the subject. On the 2d of July, 1845, Lord I'alk- land communicated his objections to the proposed Arrangement, and, at the same time, forwarded an elaborate opinion on the subject, prepared by the | Attorney General of Nova Scotia. These repre sentation, which were couched in very strong venting ‘he action of the British government ae for Lord Stanley subsequently forwarded 7° Ke vernment had abandoned the intention it #4 entertained upon the subject, and shouli ad a. copt e fer as related to the Pay of Fundy, which bad been thrown open to American citizens, ander atly to be regretted that the wise eotions of the Dritish government terms, appear to havo had the desired effect of pre- hi to Lord Falkland. etating that hor Ma- hore to the etrics letter of tho existing treaties, n reetatetions srried out, as touch annoyance and jil- during tho last few years would thereby Deen prevented, From the foregoing brief statement, the existing te with reference to the fisheries on the fowndland and Nova Scotia, aad with- 1 of St. Lawrence, be clearly seen; Gerried ont by the eoloniets or either of en | fishermen to dry or cure fish at suoh sottlomont, | lowance in | Britain and the United States which followed. The | were both silemt on the subject of the fisheries. | i | | i | | | i} | i latest avd most authentis information as to thore fisheries. It has been found impossible to obtain fro’ oflicer commarding at the French islands Pierre and Miquelon, « copy of bis reports on the French fisheries of Newfoundland; but as contain ing the best and most recent information relative to those ficheries, reference is made to the annexed copy of a report from Captain Oak, captain of the Newfo id revenue cruiser for the protection of the fisheries. The Legislature of Newfoundland has occupied itself, of late years, with complaints of tho falling - fof wnets 8 ries, and vy es last A posslon the Le gi © addressed a ition to Queen, re} senting that not a sin, Britten vessel now ae cuted the deep-sea fishing on the Grand Bank ; that such fishing was exol uted by citizens of France and of the United }, the governments of whioh countries gave peek encouragement to their fishermen by lar, unties, and by such treaty arrangsmente with fore countries as so- cured good markets for the ioe of the It was, therefore, that similar bounties and arrangements might be made by the British go- vernment to encourage the Newfoundland fisher- men, and maintain a branch of business so impor- ime both in a commercial and political point of Ww. ‘The colony of Prince Edward’s Island ia pecu- liarly well situated for the prosceution of t h- ories in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; yet those fish- eries are but little followed by the of that colony. It possesea many five ord, and ite shores are well adapted for and curing fish. 7” Beng ae its coart is muo! Lappe cy Ad. merican vessels every season, as affor some of the best venga at Hey gulf; and it is especially the resort of the American maokerel fishers, who Fesnaely obtain full fares of that description of fish in a very short space of time. The Legislature of Prince Edward’s Island, at its session in March, 1849, taking inte consideration that the people of the island did not prosecute the fisheries near tho shores so fully or effectually as they might and ought to do—that American fisher- men, during the sexson, were continually to be seen from the land, following their occupation with m the of Mt. id | great diligence aud success, and that such fishing afforded ne profit to the island, almost unanimously, to a petition to the Queen, pray ing that her Majesty would be pleased to re lax so much of the convention of 1518 as re- lated to Prince Edward's Island, and permit the legistature of that colony to enter into arrange- | ments for permitting American fishermen to land on the shores of the island, set up fis! stations, azd conduct the fisheries from the lands instead of | } | Walking from the | and activity meet the eye, m the way of trade and | sek | river, Galveston, and ports on the const of Toxas, ae alee the manner in which they are sought \o ve from their vessels in the open sea, as heretofore. It was stated, in the course of the debates on this petition, that if a relaxation of the oconveation could be obtained, the legislature would be willing to pormit American fishermen to set up their fishi establishments on the shores of the island, an carry on their fishories precisely as if they wore permanent residents of the colony, upon condition of their paying a small tonnage duty on the vessels they actually employed in the fisheries. The pe- tition, which was concurred in by both branches of the legislature, was forwarded to her Majesty by the governor of the colony, but the reply. ifany, has not yet been made known. Appended to this report are a number of state ments and returns obtained from official eources in the several colonies, which, on reference, will be found to contain much valuable and interesting in- formation as to the extent, character, and value of the fisheries in cach of the North American colonies ; and it only remains to be obsorved, that a oueful examination and inspection of those returns wit, amply repay all who are desirous of obtaining ac- curate information on the important subject to which thoy relate. Conset.ate or rue UNITRD States, Sr. Jonn, New Brunswick, Deo., 1860. Our New Orleans Correspondenec. New Oxceans, July 16, 1851. The “ Can’t-Get-Arcays”—Dull Times in New Or- leans—The Pretty Creoles— English Cotton Buyers —The Lake Trade of New Orleans,and Commerc, of the New Basin—Amusements in New Orleans — The Watering Places Over the Lake—Regattas— Amportant Movement Concerning the Tehuantepec Treaty—Antuipated Buffalo Hwnt—Great Indian Convention at Fort Laramie—Candidates for Con- gress—Political Newe, &c., §c. The “can’t-get-aways” of our city, like dogs chained down to a kennel, begin to feel the un- Pleasantaces of their situation, and the dull and enervating influence of summer, in all its realities. It isnot the heat so much that deprosses one hore, asthe forlorn and deserted appearance which our city wears at this season, compared with that of the carnival in winter, for our nighte and mornings are cool and delightful; and «!(hough the heat is of greater duration with us, yet, with you, it is a well known fact that the mercury trequently rises somo four or five degrees higher. All kinds of business has fallen into a state of soporiferousness. Ne gay crowds are seon standing at the corners of the streets, as in winter, andthe runes de Cemp, de Chartres, et de Royal, are no longer thronged with the beauty aud fashion of all parts of the Union, which but » few months sinoe made them wear the appearance of a gala day. Towards evening, however, our fairy formod cresies tteal out, in all their loveliness, to catch a glimpse, as it were, of our magnificent sunsets, and for an hour or 6o to dissipate the dreary look of our streets. ‘The sweet creatures rejoice within themselves as they pass down Koyal street, that groups of un- c= and boorish English cotton buyors and rokers arc no longer seon mpotee front of the open 46 is their wont in the business season, to crowd thom off the sidewalk, and jostle them as they pass, instead of giving them tho way. As these gentry are 20 devoid of natural politencss, I think it big not be a RS Step, sex = it up @ sign, cepecially by the Post Office Frances te the effect, that “tho ladice roa request the privilege of the sidewalk, as Mr. ‘Toodie would say. Our Lovee along the Mississippi is the bost mercaturomeéer (to coin & word), or index of the rise and fall of trade, that I know of; for when our streets are smeryor f deserted, and there are no signa of bi any kind being transacted, the: ill alway found some stir of life on the Loves, and just in proportion to the advance or decline of the business season. At present there are but fow steamboata at the landing, and no i mense piles of cotton aud produce meet the cyo, in winter timo. There are also but few ships in port, and the most of these, as well as the packet eteamers which run in the cotton trade, are | up on the other side of the river, awaiting the fall | ese. You may now er ¢ Levee without | toar of being eun over, or having to wait half | heur! line of come Ofty drays to which enerally tattic al at a most furious rate. to the New Basin, ic the pality, more signs of life 1 to en- poctfully | sometimes,” rear of the Second bi commerce, which is generally lost sight of. When | we speak of the commerce of New Orleans, the | | trade of our coast on Lake Ponchartrain and the | nei hbording seaboard, which is here carried on, is + i thought of, or spoken of in comneotion with | it A large caval of eome seven miles in length, of which the Basin is the head, leads from the rear ity to Lake Ponchartrain, and is navigated and veesels of from sixty to three ‘There is also another canal in the iret Muni called the Bayou St. John, but which is not in a very fiour.shing eon- dition. the East river is to New York, and I will give you an idea of its commerce. Its trade croes Lake Pontehartrein to Madisonvill e. Mandeville, and Coving- ton—flouriebi in the parish of St. Tam- many, and which contain many beautiful country residenoee. Aleo, to Pearl and Paseaguola rivers, in Missisei te Mobile andsup the Alabama river to Montgomery—along tho const, eastward, to Pensacola, Apalachicola, and other towns on the coust of Floridi nd weetward, to the Sabine and to Tampico and Vera Crus, in Mexico. The og domestic articles of trade are cotton, lam- t, brick, charcoal, sand, eheils, wood, tar, and naval stores generally. The number of vessels om- poe in this trade, estimated from the clearances, over 5,000—and the aggregate tonnage 160,000 tons. The number of clearances from Now Or- leans, by the Mississippi river, foroign and coast- wise, in IS49, were 2,578 vessol*, of an aggregate tonsa ge of "64,165 tons. Since thon, the commerce of New Orleans, which has entered by the Missie eipppi river, has fallen off, while that of the New increased, und ehows a difference only of teen per cont between the amount of tonnage leared 'a one year from New Orleans, by the river, andthat from the New Basin. So mach for tho in New Orient at tho New Tasin Ww which left hore ge crowd of our : andnearly all those who ean leave their business have taede tracks North. 1 think there are | tizens of every elaas that have left our | ranche th muy han were ever known before. Kut, note ithetandiny: deserted appenrance, and € gloomy feelings that steal over @ bachelor, when coonsic binking of the pleasures of a Northern tovr re ies great deal of fun to be had b v ve dancing a: tho Varicties btful rides down the now road, to the Lake, aad pomping—a sa | s Koad, and the old eg wherycropkors, aoft-ehell crabs, yt The New Havin is to New Orleans what | plotion. perb ich thing quantity of Sho are foferd fo rocaate ene hens who are forced to res ct may go and fad n day or two, and’ ionable wateri: Christian ieee The Sbristi \. are our Newport and toga. The ing and Bathing are delight- ful, with no sa0squitoes to annoy one, and fice bands of music to dance by or pi nade by the light of the moon, just as one ides this, wo have any quantity of regattas ehting on the shore. The Hon. J. . Benjamin, of this city, Loft hore a few days ago for the federal city, for the purpose of baving an interview with Mr. Webster on the subject of our affairs with Mexico, in relation tothe Tehuantepec treaty. Some ar pane action oa the part of our government, in this matter, is con- seatge Wilkins Kendall, Eaq., of th Picswnne ioorge ins Ke: tay, of the ’” is off 5 another tour of travel. He will leave on the 19th inst., with several English gentlemen, who came on here for that purpose, for the Kook: Mountuins, to enjoy a buffalo hunt, and will atte: also, the great | Council to be held at Fort Laramie, soven hundred and sixty-two miles from Fort In ndence, to be componed. of delegates indians this side of the Rocky Motatafas for the pose of mak ¢ Rocky Mountains, for the ie of making @ Aft jations of porme- Mr. Kon- general treaty, and effecting Bt pata shee I e uis from this, to joia ing places are Pass S 8. and ya Bont peace, Ke, with this dal] and his party fe to St. the United States Commissioners, who are empow- ered to treat with the Indians, and will then pre- geod to Fort Laramie, under an escort of dragoons. It will be the largest thering of Indians ever known to have assombled at one timo. There will be delegates from the Camanche nation, with their warriors, andfrom the Apaeies, Sioux, Crecks, Blaok- feet, and other tribes, all decorated in their various costumes, which will make one of the most imposing soones ever witnessed. Whether George pre- ceed to participate inthe new anticipated revola- tion in Mexico, or not, remains to beseon. The faetis, be is so fond of having a finger in a fight, that it will be hard to keep him out of it, as we al know he is a stunner that way. Mr. Alexander C. Bullitt, one of the partners of the Preaywne, has been announced, by his friends im this city, as a candidate in the second congressional: district—formerly Conrad’s, now Secretary of War-- for Congress. A point has been raised, whether he is cligible or not, on account of his absence and so- journ in Wavhington city, which many think o; rates aga forfoiture of citizenship here. His connection with the Picayune, however, I think will save him, ag the law provides that if a pare eres an agent in the place which he claims as his resi- dence, during his fommporary absence, he does not forfeit bis yrs enh ‘he question is, whother he left here temporarily or net, and is a mooted one. Col. Cole, of Lafouche, is also a candidate, and it is toy opinion that the county will claim to nomi- nate a candidate at the convention, as the city elected their candidate the last time. The late duel, how- ever, has had a tendency to abate politioal oxocite- meat. Onennys. Our Ohio Correspondence. Co.vumavs, Onto, July 21, 1351. The Approaching Democratic State Convention— The Chances—The Liquor Law—New Papar— The C. C. and C. Railroad, §c. As the time for the meeting of the Demooratie Convention approaches, the conjectures as te ite ac- tion or course of policy, grow still more vague, and wecan come to indirect conclusions by viewing the presont condition of the party in the State; this ie rather anomalous. That there is no preconeerted mevements among the leaders, 1 am well aware, and that there will be concentrated action ia rather improbable. That the Convention will take ve action on the quostion of the next Presidency, is a point generally conceded; the truth is, the Okie democrats will be guided more by coming evoate, than by ® previous choice. Cass yet holds the affections of many, though he is by no means as popular as in former days. This must be partially attributed to the increased interest the lake end river counties manifest on the subject of river and harborimprovements, on which, in consequence of the “noise and confusion,” they were prevented from hearing his opinions, which to them were very importart. True, an attempt has been made by our preeent Governor, to clear away some of the obnoxious features of the transaction, but 60 lame Was the apology that it could not be very effectual toward removing the stigma attached to it. Judge Douglas is daily growing more ia favor, and ne doubt, were his partisans to show more activity im his favor, bis chances in the delegation would net enly be materially enhanced, but would be render- ed almost certain. I think, howover, that the fa- ture course of the party will be governed more by questions of expediency than of prinoiple. The question as to the nominees for State officers will not be as to whether he is a good democrat, but which (be he free soiler or otherwise,) oa poll the largest vote, irrespective of thie miaor oon- sideration. Free soilism will enter more largely as one of the ingredients of the coming convention than it did in the late whig arrangemen:. This is much to bo deprecated. ‘The democrats themselves already begin to see the maguitude of the evils which, by their own actions, they have brought upon the party. The reason why the democratic party have thus dogenerated, by bocoming 40 tinet- ured with free soilism that it may almost be said to be @ component part of its organization, and te which gi be attributed all the defeats they have evffered for the past eix or seven years, arise entirely from @ resolution passed by the national convention, which nominated Polk in 1844, con- cocted by Kobert J. Walker and Col. Medary, of this State, by them introduced, declaring ia favor of both Jregon and Texas, and pledging the party to both iseucs. At that \ime the Weet was nme to be op) to Toxas, and in favor of yregon; the South being for Texas and not for Oregon. Under the arrangement thus made by the plenipotentiaries of the southern and western ée- mooracy, Oregon and Toxas floated sido by side, on erate Polk banner in the West. ‘Tho election of Mr. Polk, it wasthought, scoured either ** phifty- vhour phorty or Cy ge and tho western deme- erats chuckled hugely thoreat. Toxas was ad- mitted and Oregon was not. ‘The mad caps of the West swore that the hotepurs of the South had eheated them inthe dicker, and a they wore, par force, obliged to accept only a part of Oregoa, while the Sovth got the whole of Tex off on s tangent, swearing that no more ritory should be admitted into tho Unio Van Buren, because “Dad was under @ load of hay" when Polk was nominated, also joined forces, and thus a Buffalo platform was constructed, which defeated Caes and righted all of John’s and Dad's ‘ongs; the evils of this course of policy have been, are still, felt. It will yet require muoh time te jente the evil impressions thereby oreated, ia this State. Gov. Wood will be, without doubt, nomipaicd for Governor; as to the other nominee, I cannot epeak with certainty. The anti-ticense law of this State doos not prove to be very effectual toward preventing the axis of liquer. lore is sold now than previous to tne paseage of the law. Many of the retailers ondea- vor to evade it, by placing ever the door a medical sign, patients being charged but « sixponce for a prescription suited to their imaginod wants. The U., ©. and C i is doing a large busi- Dese—-GO0 paraengors pas. ly over the road, py Southern travel. Tho railroad from Zanee- ville to this city, via Nowark, will bo in ——— in about three months. A portion of the Columbus, Piqua and Indiana iiailrond is under contract. The Whole rond will be pushed forward rapidly to com- A strong efiort is boing made to construct a rai! betweenthis city and Ubillicothe. Saowld it be built, which none doubt, it will put us in di- reot communication with some of the richost sountics in the State. Anew daily paper has been started here, called the Catal City Fact. The six publishers are practice! printers, forming one of Greeley's striking illustrations of assooiated industry. Barke Fisher, the principal editor, was noe oconnested with Greeley in publishing a paper. You will observe that but four of the rue 3 rs of the State have endorsed tho proceedings the late Whig Conven- tion, by raising the name ef (ion. Scott for the next Presidency. D.F. W. New Books, Lhe Gipsey Chiof, (a romance) —Stringor& Tawa- send, New York New York Arietocracy; or, the Gems of Japonioa- dom—Charies B. Norton, New Y Graham's Magasine, for August—Dewitt & De venport, New York. ¢ ‘s Lady's Book for Avgut-Il. Long & yao y Brothors, New York enth Annoal » Hartford, Conn Diocess of Connecticut; & Convention— Berford & Co.'s California Dinry and Gi uide—Borm ford & Co., Now York The F ald Monthly Magarine~F. X. Kavee nagh, New ) ork Cable of P » United States on the firet day of ¥, J. C. Green, Washington, D. ©.5 received from Palmer & Sne- then, Washiogton City Four tures on the Kecent Events in ltaly, by Cuptain | 4D) Fanshaw, Now York Tesninth Kavaoms of Tin Coruna at THR Is.anv ov Granp Canany.—A late London paper gives late av vices from the Island of (iraad Canary, wbich stato that out of a population of 4,000, which ae contains, a! lens! 3,000 have perished ot cholera