The New York Herald Newspaper, October 26, 1849, Page 1

THE NEW YORK HERALD. NO. 65620. MORNING EDITION----FRIDAY, OCTOB ER 26, 1849. THD BUROPEAN NEWS. It was 4 o’clock yesterday morning before our ‘telegraphic despatch of the Europa’s news, frem Sackville, was finished. This late hour, together ‘with our large circulation, compelled us to put the news in two editions. We annex that portion of the intelligence which did not appear in the first edition. The Europa probably arrived at Boston last aight, in time to have her mails despatched by the ‘New Haven train that will arrive here about 5 o’clock this afternoon. The Turkish and Russian Difficulty. Pending the decision of the Emperor of Russia upon vsho appeal made to him reepeoting the extradition ef ‘the Hungarian refugees, the English papers contain many reports respecting the probabilities concerning the issue; but of course nothing definite cam be arrived at-until the resolution of the Emperor and bis Imperial Couneil shall be made knewn. ‘The reply of the Em- peror, which was expected with the most intense anxiety, would, it was thought, reach the Turkish capital about the 10th or 12th October. Apprehending that the decision of the Crar might be ® declaration of war, the Porte was exceedingly impatient to learn the effect produced upon the Cabinets of London and Paris, by the bearing of their representatives to the Sublime Porte. A large fleet of steamers is collecting In the waters @f the Bosphorus, in the harbor of the Golden Hern; and between the entrance of the Black Sea and the Propontis, and the Sea of Marmora, there are twelve ships of the line at anchor, fully equipped, and plentifully supplied with arms and previsions. In the army of 100.000 soldiers assembled around the ‘Turkish capital, drilling and reviewing were going on from daylight to dusk. A letier of the 25th ult states, that, before entering the Turkish territory official essaranc to Kossuth, that he and his tellow retugees wer leome, and should be allowed to proseed to any part of the ‘world. ‘A considerabla number of refugees have been put on board American corvettes wad the French steamer Lvivévon. Their destination is said to be Greece. Koseuth bas written a very eloquent letter on his present position te Lord Patmersten, which is published entire in the Englich journsls From Widden the pews is somewhat startling. It appears that Amillah had been sent to urge the refu- _gevs to embrace Islamivm. and has not been unsuccess- ‘ul, Kossuth, Dembinski, Gruyon, oyski, and others ‘all swore that no person should indace them to apos- tacy. Bem had no such torupie. e most unwelcome feature of the nows from Tur- key in, that those pashalics im Europe which aro partly Greek and partly Turkish. are in a state of great fo- ment, in consequence of the threatened rupture be- tween Turkey and Russia Under the influence of Russian emiscaries, chiefly members of the Greek ehurch, these varrals of the Sultan betrayed a serious intention of taking advantage of the present opportu- ity, to get Up & revolt. The greatest ‘activity prevails in the sending of cou- riers for and from all the priveipal ports of Europ: Dut the general firmness of the public funds indicates thut the prevailing opinion is that mo serfous results will arire. r The correspondent of the London Times, writi from Paris, says that a note, addressed by the Englis! ernment to its Aimbarrador at St. Petersburgh, on See tunject of Constantineple, couched in firm, mode- rate terms, contains not ® single expression or threat ealculated to wound the susceptibilities of Nicholas, whilst it announces ‘the determination to support the Porte against exigencies that would compromise the ity of an independent wovereign. ‘ord Palmerston has, likewise, sent proper instrao- tions to Sir S, Capning. and bus placed the Mediterra- pean fleet at his dirporal, which has, by this time, sailed for the Dardanelies Ihave also reason for repeating. that France bas imitated the condact of England, and that the most perfect ununimity exiets between the two powers, Affairs In France. ‘The Moniteur anuownerd the appol Murat as Minister to Turin, and M. Sai now Miciter at Turin, as Minister ipotentiary to Warhington. But the fact was stated, of which there was no doubt, that ihe government was totally ignorant af what had passed im vimerica when M. Bois Le Comte wes named. ‘Phe on!y allusion made in any of the papers reesived, te the dificulty between the Freveh aod American es is the following, copied from the Paris e886 ome explanations of the affair are necessary. Th | ¥rench government demanded an indemnity for the losses caused to French subjects by the war in Mexico. | This demand having met with some difficulty, the | Frepeh government charged its minister to sonoun to the American government, that the indemai claimed would be kept back cut of the annuities not yet due out of the twenty-five million france for which we were the debtors of the United States. It appears that the letter written on the subjeot by M. Poussin was couched in rather upsultable language, of which the French government maintalniog the elaim, bas eased its disapprov: “tn eonsequence of the illness of M Falloux, the dis- cussion in the Assembly en the Italian question. and the affairs of the River Plate. together with the American and Turkish disputes, bave all been postponed. ‘On the 4th inst., the Assembly were principally oe- eupied ip diecussing @ bill relative to the completion of the Louvre—the bill demanding a credit of 1s milion francs for its completion and the lengthening of the Rivoli, which, after a lengthened disoussion, was pressed by @ majority of 390 to BY. ‘At was expected. the proposal of M. Napoleon Bona- erte has met with the approval of the Committee iy which it was referred. They declared that the ‘aniting (?) of the Bourbons, and amnesty to the in- wots of June, being ineluded in the same propo- | sition, established an unbecoming assimilation of the pe mentioned, and at once unanimously de- cy on soeemenen ding the Assembly to take it der consideratt “ithe proceedings in the Assembly, between the 5th and Lith inst , are quite unimportant mm. de Hautpoul has been appointed to take the place of Gen, Kostolan, who definitely refused to stay ithetanding the overtures of M. Meroter. | poll, the ex-Euvoy of the Roman republic, who is accused of bi K padiished falve mews from Rome, which occasioned the movement of the 13th of in Paris, hes been sent, under am escort of gen- to Bologne ‘The loss experienced by the fvreign commerce of Paris, in consequence ef the revelvtion of February | ‘amounts to 599 million francs. as compared with the | returns of 1847, w! the total amount of the foreign | trade was 2.019 million fraocs It ip stated that the government is to recall a ion of the army im Italy, amd to | division ef 10000 | mo at Citta Vecchia. A ringie regiment is to occupy | the capital of St. + ngelo, and the Spaniards are to en- ter Rome. Italian Affuire. ‘The French government bad received advices from | Rome tothe 4th i ter from Home states that “ the effect of raising the o of riege of that eity, demanded by the three eardinais, will be to deprive the Freneh general of all | sutbority In civil a tieal questions, and to invest the cardinals wit ited power, The French pre- consequence, apprised several ex. natituent Arsembly that warrante had been jerued againrt them by the pontiseal police, but that the French authorities would euepend their execution until the Ist of October; and t a the meentiae, they should bave ® free passage to Franes, with the ltherty to resid re. Sixty deputies left immediate! ast crowds attended them, cheering them. thelr remarks of respect The eme toms of the people kad @ effvot not only om the French troops, but t ment.’ It fe reported that the t ver nm larity for the Pope Private letters from Geneva, of the 4th mention that — pompano proceeding thence tended torettle, Bince th from the Mont y;, Who offered iio, whieh of- ‘The Ministry having demanded uneucoosefally of the mber of Deputies 1 GOO 000 francs of rentes, im y the first instalment of the indemuity dae tris, it bes been officially sunounced that the ill be disrolved ‘port says that ® formidable comaplinsy had been ered in Piedmont, which was to have breve out 08 on the oocasion of the landing of the boa, of Charles Albert Tt appears from the French and Piedmontese corres. depee seized by the Turin authorities, that the ‘both sides of the Alps reekon on the core of the Freneh Army of theAlps to maroh ast them, and there fs good reason to Deileve that, if they bad consented to mareb into io. at ell, it would be to give their rupport to the Sledmontese patriots, and to oppose them Austria and Hangery. that the Hungarian by ‘Widder, the lenders excepted, have &) isd fer Jeave to return to the Austrian territery, an hetr re Sefhe atom a owen had been shet at Kegon. , who was exec by 8 brother of Gount we a be | type, is placed; be confirme: aihen the potions possession of the fortress 6 im maki ery favorable terms with Austria, Prussia. The Wurtemberg movement has formally intimated to the Prussian ministry that it will not join the fode- ral league proposed by Pruseia, Hi and Saxony, end thet Hanover has already announced ita intention | ‘to withdrew from this confederation. ly been nearly arranged. The distinct administration from that of Naples with a Consulta cr Chamber chosen by the Dicipality. ‘ a ire 5 A faint effort is being madw to revive the political ex- eltement of the country Conciliation Hall bas been opened—letters of adhesion. as of old, have been read the ebair, and £25 66 of rent collected. Jobm O'Connell is, of eourse. the principal. England. In certain quarters, money is offered freely on loan in the share market, at 434 to 6 per cont on good seourities, Public securities have been very steady during the week. Consols closed on Friday at 93%, and on Saturday reported by telegraph at 924 to 3g. Names of Passenge: Mr and Mrs Turnbull, Mi end Mrs Otro, Me and Ms Harris, Messrs Legar ton, Mrs ie art, Mra, a Vanderh Biggins, Fv son, Boyler, Cr Buringer, Thornton. Dixon, ‘Lean, ham, Carbelle, Clark, Anarea, Steph Guyre. Shipping Intellige Arrived from Boston, Sept 28, Chiskory: at Cronstads, 26th, Frederick Warren; do Oct Ist, Strabo, Blsirour; 34, Catha- Fina, Flusbing: Oth, Factory, Welvogt; 74h, Louisa, Grave end. Sailed for Bostos + rearet Hin, from St Om mj; Sth, Pulaski. Deal; ed from New York, Peptem- 2th, Woodside, Bron wershaw; Seldep, Marseilles! Goober ‘Asper! nee. rb; oe 7th, Li IL. ber 26, Bd, Chierine, oui Cadiay Dade: Boo Fraters, Hem berg: ta, 5, jamiurab; 4th, onia, Cly jenis, rot Merecilics: 5th, Orline, Antworp; Victoria, Bremen; Prince Albert, Gravesend; Fanny. FarhouTn—Of, Mervin, Shields; Splondid, Havre; Louise, Dovex— Of, Bowsrd. Berony Heap, Oct 8-Off, Oliver, Antwer Ss Teabella, Belfast end. Amphitrite, it; Pomona, Cowes; West ter, Uraves~ "The Newspaper Business in Europe and America, THE YRINTING PRESS OF LA PATRIE, OF PARIS—THE INVENTION OF MR. HOE, OF NEW YORK. [Translated from La Patrie, of September 20.) ‘The art of prinung 1s, without doubt, one of the uobiest inventions of the human mind. By means of this art nothing can perish; by means of it great men and great events are rescued from ob- and Romans were also acquainted with a sort of moveable type, and in the ruins of Herculaneum there have been discovered letters of invitation printed by means of moveable type. Also ii and in Japan, printing on separate blocks has been In tact, come historians assert that Guttenberg was not even the inventor of printing in Germany. They affirm that one Lawrence Coster, of Harlem, was the inventor. They relate that one day, happening to be walking in’ the woods, he took it into his head to cut out letters ia relief from the bark of a tree; afterwards, with several letters thus rudely formed, he printed a few verses and sentences upon eet for the instruction of his hte grandson. /ith the aesistawce of his son-in-law, he after- wards vented a more tenacious and thicker ink than the fluid in common use, and finally printed with ita book, consisting of pictures and types, entitled * Specwum Nottre Salutis.” Lawrence Coster, after various trials and efforts, instructed scme workmen to assist him. One ot these men, named Faust or faustus, efter he had when his master was gone to midnight prayers at the cathedral, ant he was now suflicientiy well instructed in the new craft and mystery, ran off with the necessary implements for starting the bu- siness. ‘This dishonest servant afterwards, in 1450, went into partnership with John Gutenberg at Mayence. At a subsequent period he went to Paris, and died there in 1466, having been accused oe wssereh, because he sold Bibles printed im red ink. There 1s a world’s difference from printing, such as it wes then to whatit is mow. Never in any art has such wonderful progress been made, and es- pecially of late years. here is, however, one man, who above all others in these times, seems to have carried these improvements to theur utmost possible pitch. That man is Hoe, of New York; he 1s the inventor of the press used in our office, of which we give at the head of this article, a faithful representation, by means of a wood cut. Ais press, of the invention and manufacture of Mr. Hoe, prints off 133 copies in a minute. It often exceeds this number, because its velocity and ewifinesss depends upen the speed with which the workmen are able to supply the sheets of paper. When our journal, Zhe Paitrie, first began to use this press, the workmen, or feeders, were only able to feed it with 4,000 sheets per hour. But since they have acquired, by constant practice, greater skill in their work. they sometimes supply the enormous quantity of 8,760. sheets per hour, which the machine of Me. Hoe prints off. It 1s now above four months since this press is in constent use and operation in our office. The proprietors are so well satisfied with its perform. ance, that they have given an orderto Mr. Hoe, tor another machine of the same description and on the seme plan. This machine will have six print- ing cylinders, and will strike off 12,000 copies in an hour! It 18 hoped that we. shali be able to have itat work in about four month’s ume. Notwithstanding th bove astonishing resdlts produced by Mr. Loe emphery, that a few lines will be enough to ex- plain the principle of this wonderful invention. _ An horizontal cylinder, one yard and .35 in diemeter, moves upon an axle which rests in ite ference of this cylinder constitutes the bed of the press, in which the chase containing the letters, or the remaining portion of the cylinder is applied for the distribution of the 10k. The ink greatey linder. ‘The feeding roller takes it off, an y meens of another roller, which has a vibrating, oscillating motion, it spreads it over the form upon the great cylinder. The feeding reller revolves with a slow and regularly sustained motion, taking the mk gradually out of the receptacle in which it is deposited : When this large cylinder 1s in motion, the forms are made successively to come in contact with exch one of the four horizontal cylinders which are arrapged at suitable distances rownd the great cylinder. to print off the four sheets supplied by the feeding rollers, 4 The sheets are laid hold of, direct from the edge of the supplying table, by iron hooks, fixed upon each feeding or depositing cylind " ‘The receivers of the sheets are supplied by | means of wooden frames, which take them from | the conducting straps or bands, and place themina 5 pile upon the four jreetving ties. in front of each ene of the eylinders there are two inking rollers, which pass over the cylindrical surface devoted to the distribution of the ink, take up the ink upon their own face, and lay it on the types by the revolution of the mata cylinder. Four forme are printed off at once by Mr. Hoe’ press, each form being ina separate and distinct chase. They are four superficial segments of a cylinder, detached from each other, aud which are ai plenetie attached to or detoched from the great eylinder. The common and usual type 1s employed on this press; they are fixed upoa the great cylin- der, ond revolve continually, without any danger of becoming loose, being retained in their place by a plan peculiar to,this press. ‘The great central cylinder, on. which the forms are fixed, revolves from left to right; whereas the four others, er —— cylinders, revolve from right to . The paper is placed, by the work- men, in such a manner that it slips between the two cylindere on sne side, and comes out, pertectly le straps and bende, the sheeta are arranged in a pile under frames which rice ond fall alteruately. Sueh is the machine of Mr. Hoe, which, by the recision and exactness of its operations, seems to e, necessarily, the very perfection of typographi- cal ait. At present, it is the apex and summit of that grand edifice of human intelligence of which Coster and Guttenberg laid the first foundation “ronet 1 as may be econ, we are far beyond the made public \y means of the pen. : In ordet t@ CUsvey some idea of the difference to rapidity Of apcmgri tem of serbes and he f ee of prior Ing, we submit to our readers the *— Caleu- lation :— 8,000 copies make 34,560,000 lines. A seribe coule write ebout three lines in a minute; therefore, it would require 11,620,000 minutes, or 192,000 hours, fora tingle scribe to supply 8,000 copies ot La Pa- trie; or, mother words, it at ae Foquire 190,008 men to ’ the same amoun: ic Mr Feige ed es inone hour! Thus his news relative te the surrender of Comorn is ‘ complishes h agit would take the 808 im | that the boon, if granted, will also enrich the public iby Gibraiter, Sd, Columbiag livien. The inventor of this sublime art was not | exactly John Guttenberg, of Mayence ; the Greeks | China | in regular use for above sixteen hundred years. | taken an oath not to reveal the secret, one evening | invention, yet suck is ite — sockets. One-fourth, or thereabouts, of the circum- — 1s pot into a receptacle underneath the | pinres, on the other aide, when, by means of suita- _ times Won human arts and sciences were only | \ ‘The jeurnal La Patrte contains about 4.500 nes THE DUTIES IN ENGLAND ON PAPER, ADVERTISEMENTS | AND NEWSPAPERS. (From the Lendom News. Oct. 1) The | followi fonecs of Edward Edwards, compositor, was delivered at a meeting of printers, heid at the London Mechames’ Institution :— Mr. Edwards said the printing business has for many Years suffered, in common with other trades, from are- stricted field of labor. and an excessive number of la- borers. Im 1846-1, the compositors of the United King- dom. in work. paid to those out. ne less ® sum thea , 40001. Of about 2,000 journeymen in London, 350 | were wholly without employment. The latter were as ope to six. In 1848, the working of en auxiliary fand | showed that fully as many men were still unemployed. Andin 1839, ro tur as it Bas gone, but little reliet has been felt. although this period of the year ought, un- doubtedly, to bethe most active, the houses of parlta- | met being opened. and the other sources of labor im connection therewith being im full operation. We are bow within three months of these valuable aids closing; apd, &smapy men continue to seek for work in vain, and, for aught | can see to the contrary, are net likely to obtain it fer reme time to come, | deem it to be net | only jurtifiable. but a bounden duty on the part of the trade. to step ferward and ark for the repealof those | duties that deter capital from being honorably diffused, | aud cause men to want work, which, but for them, would be lers diftoult to Le obtatzed. This is my upo- logy. if apology be necessary. for the composltors mo- ving in this matter ; we are induced to do so because We know full well. in eeeking this benefit for ourselves, in general. ‘The tax upon Peper, or, as some writers have very significantly termed it, the tax on knowledge,” was Uret imposed in the tenth year of the reign of Queen | | Anne, when it was urged, as a justification for Lis en- ectment, that “it was necessary to raise la money to carry on the war”? It is, th And since the co as happily enjoy: terrupted peace for years, purely the argument which led to its infliction cannot be longer maintain- ed, inasmuch as the cause bas long been removed ; therefore the printing trade, aud the community at | large, should be freed from its evil effects, From the last published returns of the revenu rived from “ paper,” the sum of £751,000 ars. This amount, however, includes the duty reovived from * all hinds of paper, fine and common, whije and brown,” snd consequently must not be regarded as the result of the tax on “ printing paper ouly. It fe conjectural to ray how much of the sum mention- ticned was paid by newspaper proprie! publishers, writers, &e ; but judging from the number of stamps sold, and t periodicals advertised in the | course of # year, satisfied that at least one haif of the entire smount., or £375,000, was paid, in the shape | of duty, on “ printing peper.” ‘The number of “penny | stamps" isened in 1545 exceeds eighty.two millions, or 164,000 reams of paper, Viewing the latter in the ag: | gregate ach paying, say, duty of 10s. per ream, this newspaper part of printing alone per tax to mount of £82000 per year, which is oue-ninth of the whole sum raised. To charge 13d. per pound on paper does not, at first sight, seem apy very great im- ition. On papers such as the Times and Chronicie, the duty is but one farthing per copy, about 1s 6d. per reom of 6(O sheets; while upon printed works, | where the theet is pot so large, the addition to the | price of manufacture is still less, If thus viewed, the consequences appear but trifli Yet, when the uum. | ber of copies of a newspaper is multiplied by thousands and the sheets of publications aud works are recko: | by tens of thousands, then the effects of the tax becom | strikingly arpprent, Supporing wo take a daily jour- | nal. the tale of which is 10,000 per diem —€0.000 » week —three millions a year, ‘This demand will consume 6.600 reams of paper. the duty on which will be (at lls | €d. per ream) £3460 annvaily. ‘This is for one daily | pewepaper. Now, let the tax be repealed, and to whom wouid thie money Competition would oblige one | of two things, perhaps both, to follow. Either the size | of the paper would be increased, which would neces- sarily give increased employment, or the price would be reduced. . These observations y press. | As tor as th | upem them 1s equally seriou number of their Edinbur, they were unable to continue | eclely on sccount of this tax. roper force, they might What we have | been obliged to pay, as pape would have afforded us the requirite profit for continuing our publication.”” ‘There are two weekly pericdicals printed. whore united each week, re Chambers, ioe ‘gh Journal, stated that their baif penny tracts, To. give thle remark tts 00,600, or eight millions yearly, of paper, the duty upon which is © proprietors of these penny pub- licetions from this annual tax,and they would certain- | ly give the public in returm more literary fod. Go, | then, to the religious publications, and to works that, for the future happiness of mankind, should be placed | | im the hands of every child. Many of there enjoy a | | comparatively large cireviation; but who will ay, if | their proprietors could purchase paper from 3s. 6d’ to | | 6s. per ream less than they now pay, sccording to the | size, that the money raved would go into their pockets? | Why, the money thus raved would enable an extra quaiter sheet to be given, or smaller type to be | intrcduced; or, by reducing the size and price of the sheet, double the numbers told; or there might be two megazives where there is now only ow | So far, | have only treated this paper tax i | sense. IfT call to mind the incaleulable advantages | which society would tecelve from its removal, in bi many expensive works placed within the means of ali | | but the very poorest, which assuredly would be the immediate consequence, and also in enabling the worst | paid laborer, for «trifling rum, to get that requisite understanding would teach him to respect his privileges, and be sensible of his reepousibility — if this paper tax be thus considered, then all other tho ‘most give place to it, all revenue difficulties must be | counted, iparmuch asthe cry for mental attein- # is irreristible—one which, Yor the good govern- nt of society, it is bighly politic to satisfy. My chief object, however, is to sai the meeting that, | tains to employment, it is deeply concerned in th: | ject under discussion. To the removal of these dui | printers must look for that increased busi uid aflord them more constant work, an: py in their eectal condition thi ‘tisement tax realizes £163,000 nt to conaider those levied on gold and silver plate — they #ay,in substance. those who can afford to adve | tire can afford to pay the duty. But thia is mot tra Jundreds of the w: classes have reco xeellent method ef He ad bis trade, w! pt frei , derirous cf extending of publicity, | ‘The more will it be for trade vident, that if the tradesman could ertive int jc papers for lees mon the amonnt saved in single advertisement would go towards paying fora | recond notice, increasing bis business by the repetl- tion, and thereby giving additional employment to the productive clases of the ecmm Formeriy, this tax wee Se Od In Great Brital 2e 64. in Ireland ep each det, in the reign of the late | King Wilt ity war reduced to ls 6d ia(ireat Britain in Ireland. om each advertisement. bi at Observe what bas been the effect of this reduction wf | { duty on the number of advertisements, and the total | Im the year previous to the reductioi ber of bews} advertisements, in the | ‘The daty amounted to | fum realized, the entire * ationary for several years, In 1848. the number of newspaper advertivements ta the United Kingdom, wae 2.100179, or an increase of | | 1,187,996. that is mere than double; theamount realixed | the revenue ts ing but litt jetion of duty. whi pobiie bave been greatly benefited by it. ‘it rade has been so much augmented by a retuctic of | duty of one-half, would it not be wire and politic, see. | ing that there fs so much uncecupied Inbor in the country, to repeal it altogether, and set the eprings of industry free, so far as they are affected by the impetus | given to trade, through a more ready interchaoge of ecu medities one with another! With the inequalities | of the tax iteelf, most persons are acquainted. The | advertirement of ve limes, and the one of fifty or hundred, are both charged alike; while, such is t power given to the stamp commissioners, that many | peragrephs are often charged with (hie daty thet have | n inserted by editors as public informa low. In such | exiensive places as wchester, Liverpool, Ginegow, kuin burg ery possible facili- | ty ovpht to be given to this ex t and effectual means of making known im nea, inventions, and the commodities for sale by the trading popula | tion. ‘This can only be done by repealing the adver. | tirement tex; by permitting a man to give as much publicity to bie trade, and at ae cheap s rate, ae his | means Will allow, And what would follow! Supple nunte, prior to the reduction of the duty, were almost | wrknown Now the name is familiar to all 0: Cally paper regularly poblithes three supplements « week— filled, almost exelurively, with adverti*ements, | ‘Lhe paper and the ropplement make twelve pages, ix of which are ceoupied with paid announcements The public must be furnished with the news of | | the day as the particular events occur If the | pdvertienment pertion be Ineresred, the paper must | be enlarged, cr supplements must be given. as the sire of the work or newspaper determines. | From this inereare, the printer would be benetit- ted. in common with trade tan 6 It te, then, | fer the complete freedom of trade, that thi- be also repealed; it not being to | a queet y who advertise oan afford | yay the duty, but cne of Isbor—how it can be encou- 4 and the people better employed, by the removal ort upon their ind . | believe thet it repealed. the ad vertiee! omprted thet im 1847 the contained fall eleven millions of advertivements. ie five times the oumber of thore published and Scotland, the population of the United tof Great Britain being about the sam: jens. There is no tax upon adver- Amert®; and! can account for this ¢: Giffe“Dee in number in no other way than and periodi- PP ce uty concerns publications, ite weight | this | 1) pepe . | eb by referring it to the fact that men are there allowed to announce their goods for ral a cheap rate, no fecal obetruction standing betweem them and their de- sires to promote trade paper publieity. Aud, now, a few words upon the penny stamp on newspal —the worst penny of all. af @ noble lord has called {t; tex which, in its effects, is quite as injurious as on paper There never hes been s good dofinitiongiven of what constitutes a newspaper. The Board of Com- missioners are the only judges mn this matter; and if their decision be felt to be arbitrary and unjust, they coolly give you the opportunity of taking them into a court of Jaw, which they advise to be done, otherwise their decision must be abided by. This is tl great chjection to the duty. Persons may origi periodical, the sale of which shall be confined to Ueular trade or town. If they attempt to give any. pe of news, such as law and police pro- pgs of a general character, paragraphs respecting operations of trade, bankrupt notices, and com- mercial tubler, the authorities of the stamp office inter- fere immediately, and the periodical must be printed upon stamped paper, or cease to be published. To for « stamp upon each 51 dd to the price of that ap duties, many barking in the ne ‘The details appal them when they lisposed to order 600 r jaily journal, about ‘as the tax upon paper charged by the manufacturer equal to £345 as the amount of duty only, the bill for 609 reams will be £1,450, and to get them stamped will coat £1,200 mor These two sume positively frighten them.’ Hore are 220660 required for paper an: business. before them. They are paper, enough to last, if end they discover, 25 reame dail £00 eoples, of the size of the Daily News or Chronicle, It is net the printer's work that concerns them greatly. About £50 per week will suf- fice for composition and machining, which, thrown over four weeks, shows that the printing labor is just one quarter of the charg £000. Then come the y ot! tal to a daily publication; and euch a = total is m: ‘that ft is quite clear pene but very rich men can enter | the newspaper trade in competition with who now exclurively hcld it. ‘Two objections hat started against any alterations being madv in this tax. Look, it is said, st the great advantages which thi post-cfkee gives to sewspapers, through their f it were not compulsory on news: fetors to print upon paper 0 marke: would have postage, and thus, ine of encouraging the sale of papers, this alteration 4., of contracting their wapaper ia @ luxury, issues. and that they who need extra comforts, ought to charged extra prices; that, in short, it is a justifiabie source of revenue. the first of these cbjections, and no evidence to prove that the second had ceased to be tenable, then the sup- 4 in their tena- clonewers to keep things as they But the facts thow that without having recourse to any new in ticns, the displa ent of, or the substitution for, any machinery in tion, that which exists now would till be require On such works as Punch, the the- | neum, Literes jzette, and other (so called) class yublicetions, the proprietors are permitted to send the stamp cfice an indefinite number of reams of paper, which are stamped as ordinary nows- papers, ‘These wor town and country sale. ‘That is to sy, ts w stamped for the purpove of sending it into t ountry, &@ penny more than the customer does who only it for his pri jing, or to place in his cottee- or parlor. difficulty iu any way. publisbers room discover the number of stamped copivs uired, and this number they hi printed; while mainder, being unstamped, circulate in London in price, thus saving the responsibility Inasmuch as therw is the cost of the vony stamp also, lying umproduct po People are Wistahen when they suppose that ull the newspapers printed pass through the post-office, Hundreds of thourands of copie: sent by railways, are filed, burnt, or otherwise kept or disposed of. For example : it has been remarked in the papers, that in one week, in 1846, the number of newspapers which passed through the London post-office was 750,000! Take, them, this extraordinary number, and throw it over the year, that is, multiply it by 52, and the product is thirty-nine millions, Add to the latter number twenty- three miliiiova for papers posted in the country oMens, and there are twenty miliiows left. [if ia state. ment be admitted, then there is a capital of upwards of £80,060 paid to governizout for stamps on papers that ae not ported!) It is no reasen because tho buyer can post his peper, that therefore he should be charged the same price as he who canses the post-oflice the labor of transmission, then, rtamped and unstamped newspapers Let the post-office, as mow, earry the stamped papers, as also those upen the outelde of which @ Queen's head is Aifxed, and at ones the objection us to portige couse to be of any importance. Then every publication would be ® newspaper, avd writers would be abie to publish to their readers such matter as they think Let there be, | Fould most interest them, without fear of being visited by # government official, in the form of an officer from the board of inland revenue. And then to say that the daily or weekly newspaper is a luxury, and heace 4 fit thing to be taxed, is to raise an antiquated ob- jection. which the extension of commerce and an ia- creasing population absolutely show to be anything but correct. Does the mercbant regard his newspaper in apy other way than that which be does his breakfast! Are not beth, to him, indispensable’ Hesore Aim are the previous evening's cloving prices of stock, and a de- tailed account of the leading movements ut home und abroad. A perusal of these arms him with the requisite knowledg he encers the city at ten o'clack, prepared to transact busi- ness, and to secure himself from imposition. Which, to fuch a wen. is of most importance—his morning paper or bis breakfast’ Verily, | believe the former, Thea look to coffee hovers @od taverns. if it were not for the fact, that in coffee houses both body and mind can be chenply fed, they would not be fo successful as they sre. Golpto a coffeehouse at eight o'clock in the wornivg,end, if the morning paper be not In, one feols that the place bas lost its chief attraction, ‘To mo- dided extent it ts the same with the public hoose. All find it to their interest to take ia one daily and week- ror more, Noman can sey, with any degree of trath, that the newspaper of the present age is o juxury, in the sense itis meant. It is luxury when viewed a contributing to the comforts of social ex- ietence and mente) attainment. it iss iuzury when to make ® man rich in general out bis better qualities, and to make him feel bis responsibility; but it in uot lux- wry which pride makes indispensable, nor one which habit only bas madeesrential. All other things which are rtyled luxuries have their substitutes id cording tothe of men, there enjoy be more exte ly indulged in. The poor man dria! beer or coffee, the rich man port or claret; ines om “ homely fare,”’ the latter has his made di Y~ the newspaper is the seme to all rheet wt not go—it would tamp, inarmuch as eon a8 fe, a0 now, toe resiriot these sheets as to in paper making { ifa sheet of be one baif-penny bneourage ome in Engiand’ he prices of newspapers fr | aware of the papere publi onehed T in 1°40, according * S47 period ing to the average 1508 to 1840, the population v © try for ten yen the | nited States 1400 weekly, ere, tegether with in that cowntry, Thi ery ) murt be borne in mind there ar stamp duties, of Cuties on advertisements, to pay.” Theo, in reference t we merly equal to one balf-peony nees are in themeeives indieputable evidence of poe pe he ~wdgh J jut PS ~ Fe | dee r not all re@netions of im tended | i Take mn attended with incalculable th * of the post-omce. Waser & reecived by a“ Fenny rate smount received was £1. i ne erence of nearly £28000. OF seeely £58 000, Obverr Again, the repeal of the duty Cuty wae ne sooner repraled, than 200 new aimanscs immedin started. som og 250.000 copies; knowns Mocre's being doubled circulation, inally, stamps only for four | Weeks, eupposing the sale to be 150 reams weekly, or | Now, if there wero uo remedy for | + | ple, of alleges end eexer, roaming about and admur- if 1 am supported by my follow- work: work of unshackling the press. and the sympatbies and of satisted that, with tI tended by the greater portion of the public journals, such an opinion may be brought to bear upom it as to induce the government to forego exacting these ob- Three years ago, it was found off the taxon the food for the protestations gainst the Fo tad equally expedient to reli food for the mind, Whilst duti d newspapers are perpetuated, there never toexist an unfettered press. What it is to be in practice, The working 'e deeply interested in this en lasers for the public cheap and useful kno’ cause of labor lacks exponents of its sufferings and Ite poverty is the consequence of the non- f that wer. ‘They, then, should take up d, and_ resol Bi : E = i = t= E B e 3 5 & E é g E § world’s greatness. Close ef the Great Fair of the American Institute, at Castile Garden. Periodicial fairs are of very ancient origin, and way be traced buck to the remotest ages. We hear efthem among the ancient Greeks and Romans, | The early mode in which goods were beught and sold was by periodical fairs. Shops and stores in cities were then unknown ; they are of much later origin. We read, in Cwsar’s Commentaries, merchants reeorting to various places in Gaul, trom Rome, and other countries, who carned their goods, to expose them for sale at the fairs. Thus, in ancient times, merchants were great travellers, | and the news and political intelligence, as to the | state of any country or people, was almost entirely made known by them only, when printing and newspapers were unknown. Thus, we read again, | in Cwear, that, preparatory to his expedition into | Bntain, he enquired of the merchants what sort of | a people they were—what sort of ports or harbors | they had; and it was from them he obtained all the mtelligence with which he was furaished be fore he made his descent upon that then unknown, but since so famous, island, progenitrix of a race o! enterprising Yank Fairs, or periodical annual assemblages of mer- chants of all kinds, and of buyers of all kinds, at one regular place, for the purchase and sale of | goods of all kinds, are, we belivve, especially of Ori- ental ongin. No doubt the Ishmaelitish merchaate to whom his eruel brothers sold Joseph, were going to some great annual fair in Egypt, for the modera system of consignees and retail store-keepers was unknown for many ages afterwards. Anibulatory merchants and periodical fuirs are still prevaleat in the East, among a people who love to retain, unchanged, their primitive customs. —_ : In modern Europe, the Eastern fashion of tairs came eatly into use ; during the feudal they were the only means by which the great ilies | supphed themselves, for the year, with what their | households required. At the regular fairs, which were regularly held all over the country, they were in the habit ot laying in their stores of all sorts of things, for all sorts of things were there to be met with. In those times fairs were of so much na- tional and popular importance, that, like the public gemes of Greece, of the Olympiads and Isthmus, they served for periods of chronological computa- tion, and people were in the constant habit of da- ting events from the time of, or before the time of, such andeucha fair. The fairs in Europe were al- ways a great public holiday, and in process of time they became the signal for the assemblage of ali sorts of people, and professors and professio: ‘The mountebank retailed his nostrums, the Ang: glerexhibited his feats, the dancer displayed his agility, the play-actor brought forward his drama, while the merchant sold his weres and the hucketer his goods. In England, eapenially, where the common people are passionately attached (or, till of late yeara, were) to their ancient customs and pnvileges, these old fairs are still kept up wriodically, at different places throughout the Enited Kingdoms. i i But while the framework is kept up, the ori- ginal intention of them is mostly lost, and they are now merely periodical assemblages of booths and people, for the purpose of theatrical exhibitions and other amusements ; and the merchandise is chiefly confined to the merchandise of gingerbread, toys, and articles for the amusement of the younger pot tion of the community. At these times, all chil- dren regularly expect their “ fairing,” which is fome toy or present to be brenght them frem the fair ; and the village belle expecta her rustic beau | not to forget her on this solemn occasion. Every- bedy knows the old ballad— “Ob, dear, what con the a y Those ancient Tare, were under no management of dirsctors or committees ; the people, merchants | and ell, flocked thither by the force of loag custom, and it was more than his kingdom was worth for the monarch, or any other power, to think of pre venting them. At every tair there was a regular extemperancous court of faw, called the “ Pie poudre Court,” of which Blackstone makes mention, in his ‘Com. | mentaries;” and here were judged, summarily, all | the oflences which were commutted in the fair, and here all the disputes were adjudicated which arose between the merchants, the buyers, or others. Some of these old mercantile fairs are still kept up, chiefly in Yorkshire, in Eogland, where the cloth menulacturers still resort, as in ancient times, to the regular cloth fairs, to sell the proceeds of their menufactories; and in some parts of Germany, | where, among others, the great annual fair of Leipeic is still kept up, and is the resort of mer- chants from all parts of the world. Dutin America, a new world, we have new habits, and have dropped and forgotten the old feudal hebits of the old world. In this couatry, | till ef late years, the periodical fan and frolic of | the fair were totally unknown. The staid, steady, | rolemn habits of the original setilers repudiated | altogether these seeemblages of the world, in whieh all the world, young and old, met together to laugh and enjoy fun end frolic, eat gingerbread id buy toys and rattles for the children. In America only two species of fairs are known, both of them of recent origin, viz: the Ladies", or the Religious Fair, and the Exhibition, or Pair, such | as that of the American Iostitute, which has just closed its iniereeting period for the present year. | hese, our firs, are a quasi imitation of their more ancient predecessors, but are, in fact, as un- like their parents as we of the preseat day are unlike our tathers who preceded us. The beautiful and interesting exhibition of the great Fair of the American Institute was closed | yesterday, in a very imposing and interesting mane | ner, and terminated its existence for this year in a bleze of rockets and fire-works worthy the | oceasion i At4 o'clock, P. M., every preparation having been made, and the several committees and judges having, with great impartiality, and, we believe, h with strict honesty of judgment, made their decisions to ‘the merits of the several articles exhibited, his Honor, Judge Meg eceme forth from the grand committee roo armed with the books of judgment, in which | the fate of the several competitors was de- | cided upon. Aa anxious crowd gathered below the tribunal from which the sts 9 was about to | read the judgments of the several committees, and pronounce the happy m * of thore who were to be the recipien ts t wards and honors of the institution. It was fitting thet a judge should pr rounce those judgments; but it wae an arduo task, as the list was long, and would fill a good tized octavo volume. Accerdingly the Judge read ovt the names from the ominous book whieh he he'd in his hand, standing beneath an archway, or triumphal ar composed of long stalke of Indian corn, appropriate emblems of Ameridan toil and industry, end significant, teo, of the ultimate ob- ect of all our tol and industry, namely—bread, Under this emblematical throne’ the Judge tend forth with etentorian voice the several awards, till, at Jost, overcome with the fatigue of his exer- tions, he was obliged to call to his aid an assistant | to conclude the long list. Meantime, while jous group below the corn-stalk throne listened to the — of Rhi dementhvs, the vast area of the saloons and gal- leries was filled wath an inattentive crowd of peo- uncon- | Thus terminated ing the eplendid products on exhibition, scious of the anxious ordeal which w frem the tribunal of decision. ‘ ‘The above interesting ceremony occupied a con- siderable time; after which, at half past 7 o'clock, ing was swepended for the still more inte- Testing ceremony ot Srile bedhes te ora. | don by General Talmadge, the President of the Ig- | etitute. General Talmadge, accompanted by the offices | directors, and members of the I “Ay ascend: the pene, while Bloomfields brass band, paced in the eppesite gallery, executed mm fine style, a variety of national airs. As the General took his station, the band struck up Hail, Columbia, whickt ad a fine eflect, and was greeted, at tte concla- sion, with loud plaudits from the immense aumber of pees Ne assembled. . t this moment the coup @’a@il was magnifeent. The vari rticles displayed shone with d eplendor, reflecting back the light of innumerab! chandeliers and lamps. A multitude, amounting, to some thousands, were circulating all around vast edifice, swarming like bees; ateach curious object, might be seen a curious group, examuming and admiring. In this vast multitude, at least & third consisted of beautiful women. General Taiwanae then proceeded to deliver the a add: in it} and manner highly inte- resting, adverting wil jngular appropriateness to the various rubjects which presented themselves. as the tepios cf his discourse After some introductory re- marks of an interesting character, the Pro- ceeded te expatiate in detail upon some of the mere important and prominent objects of American industry which bad been exhibited, and which had received pre- miums and rewards corresponding with their merits and the purposes of the Institute. The first object which General Talmadge selected from s variety of meritorious productions, as worthy of cular remark, were some large crucibles, or melt- ing pote, such as are required in the manufacture of steel, and which hitherto have not been able to be manufactured in this country. These crucibles were from the pottery of Mr, Dixon, of New Jei reseed all the pncgeonge | qualities of abidin, ensity of any fire or furnace, attention to come beautiful specimens of Ameri- can steel, and several fine articles of cutlery manw factured out of it. “Now,” said the facetious old General, “ if we have # good piece of roast beef on our board. we need no longer be tormented with the plague of bad carving for if you come here and get one of those steel carvers, you may cut such slices so deli~ cately thin ax to add to the flavor of the beef, and the pleasure of mastication.” The witty effort of the General was greeted with general applause. where the band, to give the orator, who was rather in! from 9 recent attack of sickness, an interval of repose, struck up, in admirable style, a fine piece of music, and added conside: bly to the imposing and pleasing ly m: effect of the whole nifloent scens, ‘The President then proceeded with his remarks, and called the attention ef the company to some remarkably fine rcils of wire. manufactured from American railroad iron. This wire Is of astonishing tenacity aud strength; the efforts of several borees pulling at it could not break it. It is of the manufacture of Mr. Cooper, of New York city, and is the first achievement of the kind im American art. ‘The next subject of comment by the General was one of peculiar interest—that was as specimen of American linen, made trom American fax. ‘This linem was of very fine and superior quality, and obtained as a premium ©The Talmadge Medal,” which it well de- served. The next object to which attention was called, were rome fine pieces of broadcloth from American’ weol. Here the orater commented in @ happy manner apon the wonderful advances made in this manutacture within the last few years in America The compara- tive statistics on this subject which the General ad- duced are truly astopishing, as exhibiting the progress America bas made and is making Next im order of the wonders which appeared to be inexhaustible, were some beautiful shawis, manufac- tured in the Bay State. The statements furnished by the orator on this subject were pertectly astounding! it seems that mo less than 1,000 shawls per diom are daily produced from the looms of this manufactory, equal in fineness of texture and elegance of patterm, to the best foreign imported shawls Aiter having dwelt for some time, in an interestin and eloquent strain, upon this department, the then directed his attention and remarks to the agri- cultural departinent Here the specimens shown of t fertility of the American fields and gardens, and th skill and industry of the American gardener and farmer, were most delightful and wonderful. First aud fore- the parade of culinary fruits and roote attracted eneral attention. ‘There were some Irish potatoes f American growth which weighed the enormous and incredible weight of 25 oz, ‘These, with the mammoth umpkin, proved that America is the mammoth land, Ele 'Sene ape the memancth peagla, enn hee teal piemmoth fruit Some pears, apples. grapes, and other fruits. of exqul- site flavor and large size, were then exhibited, and the extraordinary results produced by art and indastry, calied forth some happy and eloquent remarks from the orator of the evening. On the subject of manufactures in general—the great subject and object of the great Fair and indus trial exbibition—the General stated some interesting and very striking facts. T! it appears that the South is turning her attention in an extraordinary degree to the subject of manufactures. Lappy omen, this anid ‘al for the prosperity of our Southern yrethren, and the happy cementation of our national Union According to the interesting statistios brought for- ward by the erator of the evening, it appear: a Georgia, there are now 45 cotton factories in succe: operation; in North Carolina, thy there are 20; in South ¢ by are beg! ene facts Fp Scuthern brethr they chow they sprang, and that the fterh ef ou ilesh.”” What 5 General, © these facts gi be continued unity of our bappy Uniox, in one band of brethren united in one common pursuit, and one common interest’ Thus, the South, as it were, Northernizes itself And let us hope that the North will meet it half way, aud South. ernize itself. ‘The most rapturous and unbounded applause followed this most profoundly interesting address of General Talmadge, which, in its extent of information, v jeties, happy allusions, cheerful hits aud pleasing ments, Was worthy of the occasion. and highiy plearing to all who were within reach of ‘oles; for it murt be under there were several huodreds ® of When the closing oration was ended, Bioomfeld’s bacd struck up some Hvely airs, and continued to tertain the yin the saloon with poul-atics 1 the hour approached the fire-works, wore to o close o'clock the fire wor! order was preserved by many ladies hemmed 2 unable to get out or move Ai te delay, denly the blue lighte, and red and green, aad des sling white aud golden showers of golden fire, aad nd rockets, serpents and Romaa’ can- @ after another scription The Fale is Closed.” ir with « foe id a2 the exhibition iteelf has ing th be said by its opponents, and nd with some inevitable and curiosity | of their P more wi any Principle of promoting utilitarian purposes. U.S.A; Me M% 0 Coben, Sayanvab, 8b. Warren, roy, R. Y.; Rey, W. Bittinger, District of Cottme bia; in, Nantucket; ¢ Stewart, U. 8. Em pincers; S Poulimey, lady and daughter, Baltimore; Chas Findlay, do.; Judge Barnard, Hudson, N.Y. PL Bi, Harris avd lady, Hamilton, ©. 'W.; Joweph Tiitem, Montreal, Wm. Bourne, Boston; Mirses 1 Go: J.J. Allen, Philadelphia; W.'Hal G B. Dixwell, Boston, Cooper, All Bonticon avd lady, Springteld; John deipbia; © M. Beach and lady, Hartford; Joseph K. Ebefield, New Haven; ™ i Miss Harrison, Balti re; I wich; river and lady, U.S. A. wore among the arrivs aay at the Irving House, t, Philadelphia; H. D. Wolfe, Syracuse ©. Cooper, Ution A Black, Halifax; JL’ Robinson Bostem: A. Anderson, Sprimgfeld; Thos. Stephens, Be: verly; Hi. Rogers, Baltimore; 8. Salsbury, Dorchester; Rey, W. Chanulog, Hartord, W. Cofin, Newport, Ma: Jor Walker, Washington; Hon. D. Seymore, Troy; Hon. J. Rockwell, Norwich; Geo, Wade, Philadelphia, J. Pole vom, U8. A.. arrived yesterday at the Irving House, W. H. Wettleberger, Savannah; Dr. Dulsinan, Bos- ten; Jaceb Lex, Philadelphia, EB. Colt, Paterson; J. D Davideon, Virginia; J. Taylor Raltimore; T H Burr, Virginia, O Colben, N. Orleans; Dr. Farqubarcon, Washington; 1, Sanford, Albany, are at the American. ‘W. Hart, Obie; Cyret Coburn. Loweil; Gi Wood- ward, Constantinople; Dr. D. Clerks, U.8, A.) EB. Hole den, Daitimore, 8S Pelleys, Indiana: W. Fege, Florida; ‘W. Tate, Montreal; 7. Turney, Detroit; J, Petter, N. Carolina, oceupy apartments at the Howard. Capt, Alden, | 8A, and lady; L. G. Morris, and lady, Westebester: Dr. Rand, Netors leland; A Yess, fom, were on at terns eet pr Signor L. de la Rows, Mexican Minister to the Waited QI —isCisCi(R