The New York Herald Newspaper, November 8, 1848, Page 1

~ NO. 5271. Our London Correspondence. Lonvon, Oct. 27-28, 1848. Bigns of a@ Commercial Revulsion—The Young Letter—Revelwtion Ahead—Two Journals De- fumct—The Suffrage—Curious Puseyrte Docu- ment--Cotton in India—Irish Matters. Aw dull November, harbinger of winter, ap. proaches, political and commercial gloom in- creases. Diminishing exports and stationary im- ports will soon tell with fearful effect on English ecommerce. The former have fallen off, during the last six months, five and a half millions ster- lig, which 1s attributed to the unsettled state of the continent. This is seriously affecting all those collateral interests which hang upon staple manu- factures. The shopkeeper who dispenses anything but the necessaries of life, stands nearly idle for want of customers. House property is being much depreciated. In many large towns, dwell- ings may be seen empty by hundreds, as two fa- milies are now compressing themeelves into one, to reduce expenditure and save the overwhelm- ang poor-rates that are levied. With this, beggary and crume are rapidly on the increase. Land, too, is begimning to feel the pressure. An estate, hav- ang @ good soil and location, in Ireland, was lately offered for sale at seventeen years purchase, with- out a buyer. Under ordinary circumstances, it would have brought from thirty-two to thirty-four years. At last, the Times 1s opening its sleepy eyes, and sees a very sombre picture before them, It mene plainly of the crushing avalanches that are fulling on every side, and hopes, but despond- ingly, that Englana may escape their visitation to her shores. _ The conclusion of a recent article on this subject, 1s expressed evidently under the impression that it is now time for government to be conceding largely to the wishes of the country. That the reader may judge for himselt, here are its words:—‘‘ Should the storm reach us, no po- “icy but the popular policy will stand. That prin- ‘ciple may not be interpreted here, as in France; but it must at least mean the well-being of the people, without whose gratitude and affection our boasted constitution will not long survive.” The foregoing isevidence, froma reluctant source, that something must be done. The necessity has been too long endeavored to be disguised, and it as only now confessed because the government well know that the middle classes are preparing to strike un early and heavy blow at its infamous corruption and dishonesty. It was naturally to be expected that the treason- able letter of Mr. Thomas Young, the privaie se- eretary of the Home Minister in 1831, should pro- duce an impression of mirong disgust in the public mind against the Scrern ny factions of the coun try, more particularly the whig portion of it. Jt is a matter that-has been hanging over their heads for many years; and now that it has come out, they scarcely know what to say, or how to act. here 18 ne want, however, of journals to concoct every kind of plausibly looking excuse for what is called a silly effusion penned, during a moment of giddy political excitement One of them says it is like the idle gasconade of a servant 1n livery, who brags what ‘master will do.” But Mr. Thomas Young has himself appeared in print, to eropraic “*Master” Melbourne from all blame, rung that he wrote it without his knowledge, an a coufidence which he is sorry General Napier hasseen fit to violate. The Globe, which 1s Lord Palmerston’s sl.p-pail, abuses the General, and calls him a mean, shabby fellow, for his conduct. The Zimcs tikes the letter on its own merits, and says that there is nothing in it worthy of all the indignant fuss that has, and 1s being made about it, as it only speaks of what might have taken place, and cau- tiously avoids giving any offence to a man who knows how to wield his pen quite as well as his sword. Notwithstanding a host of extenuators ot whug villany, the exposure has had a damnin, effect, from which they will never recover. An a lucky event it 1s, as nothing but some such cir- cumetance as the present can ever drive them from office, to which they stick with a tenacity thatis fe , to*persons who know how honor ought to regulate the minds of pene men in such matters. Trifling as some of the friends of the government assert this event to be, it 1s still an element of impulse, added to the growing impetus with which public opinion rolls on. Treachery to the people is the very soul of monarchical institutions. Look, for one instant, atthe papers of the Count Latour, the Austrian War Secretary, which were found before his body was made a pendant to the gibbet. They proved the intentions of the idiot emperor's tools to sup- press all that was a guaranty to free institutions, and a determination to silence those members of the Diet who dared to speak their sentiments 1n fa- vor of the people. What is the English minister doing but silencing similar parties in Lngland?!— Not the chartist and physical force contederates alone, but the nglish and Irish press. In Ireland its liberty is virtually Sanne whilst the habeas corpus act consigns its e: why or wherefore. Any one may know this, from the subdued tone of the few editors that remain octside the four walls ot the Queen’s dungeons. Whilst Galileo was being sent to one, by an inter- ested bigotry, for having proclaimed his discove- nies to the world, and a recantation was being ex- torted from him, he sighed, and mildly observed that what he had said was true, notwithstanding. Justice and truth may be suppressed for a while, but time will prove too strong for this restraint. They will burst their fetters, and shine forth in all their purity. The chief cause why these hea- ven Boe are at present pent up in England, arises irom the fear of the middle classes losing their property in a revolutionary arial They know itis only by such an event a real redress can be obtained. Thus it is that they bear with their present ills, ax they apprehend that those which would follow would visit their interests with great- er severity—and the government are well aware of this circumstance, and endeavor, as much as pos- sible, through the instrumentality of the host of servile journals in their pay, to keep alive this feel- ing in their minds. But in sprte of all this, new doctrines are dawning in men’s minds. They are those, principally, that will operate agaist the ever increasing tendency that, under present circum- stances, exists, of property accumulating in such masses. t yf stituted, consists nominally of three classes— he upper, the middle, and the lower; but virtually they are the rich and the poor. The rch, the great ind owner, sways like a_petty prince, as Lord JAeutenant of a county, The Marquis of West- minster has an income of nearly four thousand dol- lars a day. Place in juxta position to this, the case of the poor one, and think of the following allow- ance that 1s awarded him as an inmate ot the Ci- rencester Union Workhouse, in the south of England. ‘To prevent too inuch detail, the best and worst days of the week are taken rom the dietary table for the week, of the food given to an able-bodied man, ‘whereon to sustain his labor. Sunday—Breakfast, seven ounces of bread and one-and-a-half pint of gruel. Dinner—two-and-a-half ounces of bacon and one pound of potatoes. Supper—seven ounces of bread and one ounce of cheese, Friday—Breakfast-- seven ounces of bread and one-and-a-half pint of gruel. Dinner—halt a pound of potatoes. Sup- per-zseven ounces of bread and one ounce of cheese. It the French cook of the Marquis is paid according to the standard of wages of some of the aristocratic London club houses, she will receive as much as would support sixty of these poor cre tures, As belonging to the same ¢ the cap talist is sure to extinguish the small fry of com- petitors, the better to secure monopoly,” It is true, there 18 no direct Jaw to sanction this, but the pre- sent ones are such as to favor it. The best proof of it 1s, that it grows and flourishes under them, There 1s the rallway king, Hudson; he rules and influences nearly the whole of the railways north of London. he has emerged from behind the counter of a small Jinendraper’s shop at York, to take up his tesi- dence in the finest house in London, to feast the first nobles in the land. Of the same class is Baron Rothschild, swinging about his money bays on the Stock Ixchange, and playing sometimes with the funds like a cat with a dead mouse. The fault does not lay with them. They take advan- tage of opportunities‘of acting thue, and itis the misfortune of the people that they are enabled to do so with impunity. A question ef this kind is no longer a contest between whig and tory, as these stink in the nostrils of all but their tools. Now is arising, that of how the conflicting inter- este that exist between property and labor may be best remedied. This adjustment is looked forward to by many with great dread, asa longing eye is cast on the land. Three millions of acres at pre- sent lay in waste in England, capable of reclama- tion, but which the owners feel indisposed to dis- or allow the poor to improve or cultivate. A great portion of the available land is assertea by many to belong tothe people, and truly eo, Take ‘ delicate a cense of litors to prison, without a | Society in England, as at present con- | He 1s not to be reproached ‘beceuse | THE NEW_ YORK HERALD. MORNING EDITION----WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1848. ° that belonging, or rather held by the two extremes of the governing factions—that of Lord John Rus- sell’s family and of the Bentincks. These huge estates were seized from the Catholic church by that cruel and licentious monster {Benes the Enghth, and bestowed on his favorities. In the former family they have descended directly, and in the latter, indirectly by marrage. It was no wonder the late Lord George joined issue with Jehn to put down insurrection in Ireland, when his father’s Irish estates, once the property of exiled rebels, were perilled. He well knew that if the rebellion succeeded, there would be little Sepey shown for a claim founded on Orange William’s grant to his ancestor, espe- ‘cially as it was conceded for dyeing his sword in the bleod ®f the Irish Catholics. Let their plunder- ings be threatened in any way with invasions, and it wall be seen how soon the party strifes of the rogues are merged into a common cause of de- fence. When the danger 1s past, they resume their old attitudes to blind the people... _Again, as to the land. It is not denied that, pre- vious to the Reformation, the church was too rich and powerful, and it wanted curbing ; but the man- ner 1n which it was done was not the proper one. Many, at that period, were actuated by good and sincere motives in wishing a change. Jiflerent, however, were the motives of the nobles; they had been long kept under by Woolsey, as they saw him and his churebtne possessors of immense wealth. They were envious of it, and at last, at his downfall, made religion the pretext to take the land. They cared not for religion; 1t was the land, and nothing but the land, and its consequent power, which, through pena aid, they got into their possession. But they did not long remain contented ; they tollowed up their game with a keen scent, for they ousted Charles the First, to get nid of certain feudal dues that weighed inconve- niently on them. Then, amet tiey only took back Charles the Second from his exile on the condi- tion of his relieving them from the land tax, and placing the burden on the shoulders of the people in another form. James the Second they expelled to get hold of his crown lands, to share them among themselves. Then, following the course of events, they were ever clamorous at the various distributions, 1n the three kingdoms, of the for- feited estates of traitors to the exieting dynasty. The land of endowed charities, also, they simi- larly robbed, and it was only when Broughem’s ccmmission came into operation that their enor- mity was discovered. In some cases, they had covered their delinquences by a film of authority, in paying a nominal rent of a few shillings, for what brought them in annually thousands of pounds. As a case in point, it may be mentioned that the any of Dublin has been almost wholly supplied with coal, for the last hundred years, ex- tracted from usurped mines, by the late Earl of Lonsdale and his ancestors, belonging toa chanty in Cumberland. When the enquiry of the above commiss‘on reached Whitehaven, every obstacle was thrown in its way, and 1t was ultimately aban- doned, on the payment of a nominal rent, which gre ho retrospective benefit to the charity. ooney, an emigrant now in the States, will well remember the wholesale enclosure of common and waste lands that has taken place during the last forty years. Previous to this, the poor who bordered on them generally kept a cow, which fetes free, and helped to eke out a subsistence; but this was found to be too good for poverty, and it was deprived of it, to add to the already too nu- merous acres of the rich. Under such circum- stances, it is not strange that the longings of 1818 should assume the shape of those of the rulers of their forefathers, They have set the example in ancient times, and have profited by it; and seeing this, 1t 1s no wonder others should wish to follow it now. The present generation say they have held land that belongs to the public long enough, and want them to relinquish all but a proper share of it, to let others have an occupancy in their turn, Hence one branch of the consideration as to the best means of reconciling the rights of property and labor. i A practical proof has lately been given of the utter insignificance’ in which the whig and tory parties, and names, are at present held, by the natural death of two journals, each of whose long career was spent in vigorously espousing the cause ot the above parties. ‘This has occurred in the town of Sheffield. which stands distinguished tor the intel ligence of its operative inhabitants, and the number of popular institutions they have established. They are, forthe most part, extremely pom in their principles ; and among them 13 a large number of moral force chartists. The firet ot the defunct papers was established to Aes whig principles, in the year 1787, and was called | the Shefield Jrts. This paper was long under the uidance and editorship of Montgomery, the poet; ut even his frat name could not Keep it from sinking, in which condition he long since aban- done dit; and now it has gone, after an existence of Gl years. Then followed the Shefield Mercury, | to that oblivion to which its tory principles will | soon be consigned. Jt advocated ‘the divine right | ot the monarch, the interests of Church and State, in their fullest orthodoxy; the implicit obedience of the subject to his rulers; in fact, to do a servile duty, blindfold, to his governors, pastors, and masters. This precious monitor, commenced its earcer in 1805, and has just terminated it, after a struggle of 43 years. They would, now a days, ; want something more than empty names to inte- rest themselves about; they have tried it and found it profitless, and now seek the substance, and not | the shadow. A Fis to liveat present, in [ngland, must espouse liberal principles for its advocacy; it it does not, it may be taken for granted that it 18 | not from its subseribers it derives its support. An | instance, showing the diflerent amounts of sympa- | thy by the journals, for the distresses of the rich and the poor, has recently been given. The Earl of Carlisle, whose death has recently been announced, was father of the present | Duchess of Sutherland, who, at the time of his last illness, was residing in the north of Scotland. Her freee was hastily eummoned to attend on the death bed of her parent. On its receipt, she im- mediately set off in her carriage for the terminus of the Scottish Central Railway, on her journe: southward, She arrived at it on Sunday the 8t! ot October, and was told that her carriage might proceed by the empty Mail train, but that she must remain, or proceed by some other means. | Remonstrance was useless; the statement of her peculiar position and her heart-rending appeals were of ne avail, as the Secretary determined that the rules of the directors should not be re- The train departed, leaving the Duchess crying bitterly on the platform. A kind Samaritan, who witneézed her suflering, suggested the hiring a special steamer, which was gladly accepted, and her grace proceeded sorrowing onward on her journey, to try for another train to the south of the | Forth. ‘The ead presentiment was fatally realized; | the arrived under the parental roof too late; the | Warl had been dead some hours. The conduct | and the bye-laws of the directors are alike in- human, he legislature never could have con- templated placing in the hands of such bigots so great a discretionary power. Whilst the sanctity of the sabbath should not be wantonly violated, it never can be desecrated by allowing railways to be made available in cases like the above, and that to the uses of the poor, also; or else what means the words of the Saviour about domg good on the sabbath day. As itis, it has happened well, that a lady of rank was the sufferer. It has been the means of raising such a storm about the ears of the mawkish fiypoeritical saints, that they will not hear the end of it for some ume. ‘There 1s now some chance of this religious bigotry being knocked on the head, as the friends and connexions of the lady are omnipotent in par- linment, and the probability is, some measure to meet sucn cases will shortly be passed. ‘The | Seotch speak with virtuous indignation about Ire- land being overridden by the Catholic priests; but the tect is, there never was such a priest ridden people as themselves, i magnitude to breathe the fresh air on a Sunday, except in the six journeys to and from the three services of the kirk. The snnual registration of electors has just been completed, and itis found that the usual require- nents of the law which at present constitutes the right of suffrage, so eflectuall restricts it that only one-fourth of the whole number will be entitled to vote for representatives. At present, avariety of taxes must be paid before the name of the voter con appear on the list whig ministry go, in their endeavors to clog this right, when passing the Reform bill, that the late rudical reformer, Henry Hunt, suggested to them the propriety of adding’a clause requiring the pay- mept of the accounts of the voters baker and butcher before he could appear atthe poll. Some trifling concession on this point has been made dur- ing the last eession of Parliament, which allows the list to inclade those whose taxes are paid up to the first of January preceding the making it up in July. Itisa serious matter, that through suc! a means three electors out of four, occupying ten pound houses in every town of the Kingdom, are thus excluded. Lt was the policy of contracting the number of electors in France that led to the downfaii of Lous Philippe. fn the recent contested ele | for Dublin, the voters had to pay no fewer 1 ) thirteen dillcrent taxee before their votee became luxed in favor of her filial duties and affections. - To such a length did the | In Scotland, itis a sin of | valid. Even when Mr. Reynolds, the sitting member, was elected, he was put to the expense ot supporting an unprecedented contest before a pir- liamentary committee, to prove them, to enable him to keep his seat from a factious opposition. A large extension of the suffrage is the only remedy for thisabuse. With large nnmbers, bribery would be rendered impossible. At present it is practiced with the most unblushing effrontery. A remarkable document has lately been brought to hght, which purposes to be the rules on which the growing principles of the English Puseyites are regulated. As they are too long for literal trans- cript, a faithful abbreviation of them is given. The first declares the Queen of these realms to be such by Divine nght. ‘The second, the indissolu- ble union between the Church and State. The third, that no right exists of private judgment in matters of religion. The fourth, that the educa- ton of the lower orders is a public evil. The fifth, that the lower orders ehould exercise no voice in the choice of representatives. The sixth, that persons having dependents are justified in ex- ercising their influence over them in matters con- cerning the government of Chureh and State. ‘These rules have emanated from the King Charles Club, Oxford, the members of which are clerical Pueeyites. A tolerable sample 18 thus given to whet these bigotted ascetics would bring the world to, had they itin their power. They ape the ninm- mery and the power of Popery, as exercised in its darkest days. They would, atonce break down the elight barrier that divides them from that Chureh, could they at the same time retain their Protestant benefices. Iaypily, in this instance Providence has spared mankind a serieus inflic- tion, as .he has not made the vicious powerful. There is, however, ample proof of their intentions te enslave mankind. They are “ too late” in the day for this kind of work, and may try their hand at ecme other ‘“ dodge ” to delude the people. In connexion with the clergy, may be mentioned, on the authority of a Sunday paper, that the late Archbishop of Pans had only eight hundred pounds a year, and died penniless, with the regrets of the civilized world. In Paris the poor and ood shepherd died while tending his flock in the hour of perl. In London, Bishop Bloomfield has a prineely revenue, from which he hus saved, up to the prerent time, half a million sterl No one ever hears of his charity, or of him, except it 18 that some poor curate or incumbent is suffering under his displeasure, as he does not allow au- thority to get rusty in his keeping. The chaiyman of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Bayly, has renewed the consid- eration of the Indian cotton question, by laying be- fore the public several valuable suggestions for the more speedy accomplishment of the aims of the manufacturing interests. Among others, h deayors to impress on the home and Indian go- vernment the necessity of extending to the Hindoos liberal institutions and laws, without which he conceives they can never make progress invagri- culture or commerce. The taxation of the Indian empire 18 most oppressive. During the last twen- ty years the East India Company have wrung four hundred millions sterling, in taxes alone, from that SOUNDy, aru have, during this period, spent in roads, bridges, and public works, only one mil- lion and a half. _ It has all been swallowed up by governors’, soldiers’, and proprietors’ dividends, without one atom of benefit to the poor natives, who, if they complam, get well drubbed for their temerity. Among the most prominent of these hardships is the Company’s salt monopoly, which weighs so heavily on the Ryots that one quarter of their day’s wages is absorbed for the oy con- sumption of this article for one individual. If care is not taken, there will be some danger of their being infected with the prevailing epidemic which broke out in Ceylon lately, on the attempt to impose a nie tax, and one which the people in Australia are resisting on the same grounds at the present time. Fiom Ireland, Mr. Dufly’s attempted escape and Meagher’s trial seem to be the only news of im- portance. Mr. Whiteside’s cross-examination of the Government spy, Dobbyn, shows pretty well the description of man he is. 1t will be seen that he has led the lite of a wandering vagabond, and been a pest to every one he has come in contact with. Jt remains to be seen how far the jury will trust to the evidence of a man who, according to his own admission,.once embezzled the money of his employer. Disclosures are said to be on the eve of bringing to light further treasc nable corres- pondence, not the production of a Secretary, but one who holds high office in the present Ministry. From the vagueness of the rumor it is difficult to determine who is the party alluded too. Of its truth there 1sno doubt, nor is there any of one part of Lord John Russell’s journey to Ireland being to bargain with the Catholic Bishops forthe suppres- | sion of similar correspondence in their possession. The life of O’Brien is perfectly sate—any doubt on this point is perfectly ridiculous. Thirty thousand veteran pensioners are now, by the sanction of one of the last acts of Parliament, putupon a footing for permanent service, which goes in some measure to prove that apprehensions still mvade the mind of the aristocracy. _Mr. Bancroft’s late visit to Lord Palmersten 1s said to have been a most agreeable cne. His lordship was most attentive to his repub- lican guest, and 18 said to have “ buttered” him y; in first rate style. Since his fine flattering speec! at the York agricultural meeting, he has become quite a favorite smong the exclusives. Durin ihe Inet few days the weather has been very cold, | which has had the effect of checking the progress of the cholera, which, however, is not general, nor yet very malignant in its character. Our Dominican Correspondence. | Crry or St. Dominae, July 8, 1548. The Face of the Country—Soil—Probable Area-- Population--Agricultural Capabilities ana Pr ducts—-Backward State of Agriculture--Skeich, | Digresswe and Iltustrative—Governmenial Poli- cy in Regard to Foregn Immigration--Con- | Hicting Public Sentiment on the Subject. After a considerable delay I now resume my | series of letters. The territory of the Dominican republic, and, indeed, of the island generally, is exceedingly diversified in surface. It is, in fact, a miniature contineat. Its high mountains, its valleys, its extensive plains, and broad table lande; its numerous streams flowing from the | mountains and highlands, several of which as- sume the character of respectable, and to some | extent, navigable rivers; all unite to give it that character. To particularize: Here, on the south | side, from a point some distance west of this city, | onward past it, to the eastern extremity of the |. island, the face of the country presents one vast and nearly uniform plain, but little elevated above the level of the sea. This portion was designa- tedin the old Spanieh trmes as Los Llanos—the | Plains—and, at the eastern extremity, extends acroes the whole breadth of the island; whule, far- ther west, it spreads back to the highlands and mountains that run east and west, nearly the | whole length of the island. Through this plain there flow into the ocean, on the south, several rivers and smaller streams, the principal of which is the Ozama, at whose mouth this city stands. On the northern slope of the mountains lie the table and prairie lands, known as the Vega Real or Royal Plain. Through this flows the Yuna, the prinespal river on the north side, which diacharges itself into the spacious bay of Samana, on the northeast, a second San Francisco, This latter tract of country, as well as much of the former, is unsurpassed, in the general fertility and varied pro- duetive capacity of 118 soil, by any equal extent of country on the face of the globe, Ber ides every species ot tropical production, ite soil is capable of producing, abundantly, almost all those which are more peculiar to the temperate zones, Speaking of these two tracts, in reference particularly te the sugar cone, Edwards, the English historian of the West Indies, says, im substance, that they are potable capatie ‘of producing more than all the British Weet Indies together. ‘sides the kinds of woods so well known as the staples of the commerce of this part of the island, the mountains are said to abound in the choicest pine and cedar, Its gold mines, now for Many years unwrought, are celebrated not more on account of their productiveness in former times, than from the fact that,to work them, African negro slave labor was first introduced into the New World. Mines of copper, and, it 18 said, i ore, and coal, also, exist ere. Marble, also, of a beautiful variety, is found in eonie parts, ‘The state of agriculture, in this republic, may in scme degree be inferred, trom what I have poi § in & previous communication. The whole popula- tion may, in the entire absence ot any means of accurately ascertaining its amount, be set down as da Et Be one hundred and fifty to two hun- dred thousand. Assuming the area of the whole island to be 45,000 square miles, which 1s probably not far from correct, that of this portion of it may be stated at 30,000, which gives an average of trem fiye toa little over six souls to the square mile; though, in fact, a large proportion of the ~populatyon ts actually lecated ona SomrreSvENy small portion of the entire territory. ere thie population small, and sparse as it 1s, generally de- voted to intelligent and thrifty agricultural labor, the result would necessarily be considerable. But such is far from being the case. In the same manner as did gold mining in the early Spanish times, 80 does mahogany cutting now engage the attention and absorb the little industry of most of the inhabitants of a large part of the country. _And though, this labor and traffic is, dr- rectly or indirectly, one of the principal sources of the national revenue, it may still be truly charac- terised as the bane and curse of the country, as were the gold mines in the early periods of its colomal history. Wholly withdrawing, or what is nearly as prejudicial, constantly diverting the attention and labor of the rural population from anything like a regular or systematic cultivation ofa goil unsurpassed in the amount and variety of its capabilities, this applieation of its labor keeps the country poor, and stationary—unless, 1n- deed, the tendency be in fact downward—in its poverty, while comparatively only a very tew in- dividuals, indeed, are enriched by the results of the national labor, as at present directed. Hence it is, though there are doubtless other causes com- bining with this, that agriculture is almost wholly neglected, and that this garden of the West In- dies is probably in-a less advanced state, in regard toagriculture, than it. was at the moment when Columbus first landed on the island, Undoubted- ly, it supports a smaller population now than it did then, and, in regard to the physical condition, at least of the people generally, at the two ‘respective epochs, I yery much question whether a candid comparison would not lead to a decision, injfavor of the former, for itis difficult to conceive how any human being could, in any such country, be satisfied with amore scanty eupply of the resources of human exigency, and of the comforts of life, than is the great body of the rural population here. Contented to live in a contracted cabin; constructed of the rudest ma- terials, in the rudest manner put together, floor'ess. unfurnished, in many cuses with househol utentils whatever, except those flamed by the lavish hand of nature, ma state almost ready for use; satisfied with a hog-skin spread.on the ground, with, perhaps, a coarse blanket for a covering, as his sole couch of repose; the climate permitting him, though not without the sacrifice of comfort, and ,requently of health, to dispense with all cloth- ing that decency does not absolutely require him to wear (and nowhere in the West Indies have J found the mage of the common people, of either RR to entertain any very fastidious notions on this subject; (while the earth yields spontaneously, or with but little of the rudest kind of cultivation, the products that serve to satisfy the absolute de- mands of nature—the rustic Creole feels little in- ducement to labor, and is wholly unable to com- prehend the utility, or practical philosophy, of in- dustry and toil. 46 Such has been the general condition and state of things here, as far back as the period of the uni- versal emancipation, which was proclaimed in this part of the island by Boyer, when, at the head ot hts army, he crossed the trontier and entered the gates of this city, in the year 1822. The plantations of sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, &c., as an inevitable consequence of that measure, soon went to waste, and at this day the luxuriant young forest growtl with the occasional ruins a igh amend alo..e obecurely mark their former locality, As to the present methods of agriculture, there is not on this side of the island, at least within the limits of this republic, any implement of husband- 1y answering to our plough; nor, dol believe, that there is on the other. Nor 18 its place apaeraly eupphed by any such instrument as the mattoc! or spade. Usually, the ground is preparedby sim- ply cutung off the bushes or trees, and then burning itover. The seed or cane sta!k is then placed in a hole or trench made for its reception, and here all labor ends till that required for fence in the product. ‘The grains of May and early June, the period of planting, in some measure prepare the ground for this imefticient kind of cultivation. Ot the method of tobacco‘culture, on the north side, I do not speak, not having had an opportunity of observing it. ‘iin scarcely any other country in the. world would this meagre and inefficient ind of cultivation produce any result ; but in this prolific soil and genial climate it is otherwise, to a degree that shows what might be effected under‘an 1mtel-* ligent and thorough system of husbandry. The sugar cane produced in some districts, even under the present,system, 1s unsurpassed, 1n size and qual- ity combined, by the product of any of the West Indies. |The supply raieed here is exhausted by, though it is far from supplying the full extent of, the home demand, in the form of sugar, syrup, and an inferior kind of rum. < As a particular picture drawn “in detail will usually convey a more vivid and correct general idea than the most elaborate generalities, 1 will, while on this subject of the agricultural condition and capabilities of this country, sketch one from personal experience and observation combined. ‘The occasions of private business called the writer from the cry into the country, where; in a‘rude cabin, the half part of whose entire space, conceded to him by the occupants, was barely ample enough for the purpose, he eae his hammock, and, with the exception of a weekly visit to the city of a day or twojeach, slept and lived, or rather “staid,” some two months, embracing the latter part of the last spring and the beginning ef the present sum- mer. Around this, of course, floorless dwellin; | which was situated just above the immediate ba mangrove swamps of the turbid and sluggish ma, there was a very small clearing, which indicated some degree of former cultivation ; while a few. weed-choked vegetables of the le- gvminous kind, and—discernable only by the practiced eye—an occasional sweet potito vine creeping stealthily and laboriously along beneath the overshadowing weeds and bushes—marked the kind and extent of the present culture. This | spot--as isdlated and solitary, nearly, as though it were the only human abode on the island—is yet within a tew miles of this capital, and within the occasional hearing of the deep reverberatron of the heavy breakers that eternally Jush the rock- nbbed shore beneath the city wall This spot, and the now wood-covered grounds around, once produced, or now doin a half wild state, almost evely conceivable production. Tere once waved luxuriant fields of the sugar cane ; -lere were coflee plantations now traceable by-the wild rowth of thattree ; while, around are scattered | fhe cabbage-tree, which fumishes abundantly, | in the bln extremity of its trunk, a nutricious esculent that gives the name to this useful variety of the palm ; the various varieties of the orange tree, the lime, allivator-pear, sapotee, sour-sop, | mango, guava, cayenne (or a similar) pepper, Ge. to say nothing of yams and other esenlents, kindred species. Here, too, would grow, at the cost and trouble of a little culture only, the cotton lant, now found wild hard by—as also plantains, pananas, and upland rice, a8 the two former are, indeed, found on almost every other cleared patch in this vieinty. Such is a specimen of the capa- bilitres ot the soil of much of the Dominican ter- ritory ; and yet the writer was wholly dependent, for moet of lis necessary supplies for daily ¢ sumption, on the market of this‘city--to wh agein, they had been imported from New York! The approaches to this spot from the city, and from the distant and widely separated cabins of a simular kind, are by bridle or foot paths—the only roads kere--which are at times extremely itricate, and, to one habitueted to such roads as Broadway and the other thoroughfares of the great metropolis, at firstrather perp]: + while, again, they pureve amore ditect course along the track of the broad roads oravenues of former times, now choked vp by a rank undergrowt)—their @ cient outlines being alone. traceable by the lat ral rows of large and thickly set trees that were planted along their borders. Of the plantations that once slurted these now nearly obliterated avenues no cultiveted traces remain at this day, save, at long intervals, the small clearing and rude hut of the colored American settler, or the still ruder cubin of the creole—himeelf, perhaps, an old emancipated slave, formerly imported from Afric in front of whose low posted door, or at the en- trence to hie apology of a field, the passer by can hajdly fail to observe the bullock or cow’s horns stnck up on.a stake or poll—a sure talisman; in his superstitious belief--to ward off the eflects of the ‘evil eye,” which he fears some malignant spirit, in human shape, may be disposed to cast, to bewitch himself or blight his crop. In his rude cabin, in this wild: secluded spot, such es it has been above described, which the lover of romance, to a slight vein of which malad the writer himselt pleads guilty, will doubt! consider &s vastly romantic; but which the nightly intrusion of troops of unafinghtable rats, with an eceasicnal visit from an inquisitive scorpion, to say nothing ot the descent of vast swarms of huge, voracious muequitoes at all times—surrounded with associations that partook much more largely Z, this planet of ours, has never, he ventures to as- sert, found its way to a wilder or more out of-the- way nook or corer than that. ‘to return from this digression. I have before spoken of the lower and large class of the rural population. There 1s another much smaller one that I wish to delineate briefly. This w the large landed proprietors, resident in the provinces, whose vast estates, lying in the-wildness of primeval nature, in many cases streteh for leagues in extent over the plains and prairie lands, and are stocked with immense herds of cattle, and other domestic animals, that have returned to a state of almost absolute wildness; while the pro- prietors of these extensive domains, living al- most as secluded from the little world congregated within the walls of this capital, as from the rest of the world, pass their lives in unintellectual ease and indolence, supplying their few demands for the commodities of traffic and commerce by the barter of hides brought with them on an oeca- sional visit to the capital or other marts. This class are as proud and haughty as old Castilians, or other Spanish hidalgos, might be conceived to be. They disdain and contemn every species of TWO CENTS. Theatrical and Musical, Pann THeatex.—The two Vacides appeared jnat evening as the two Dromios, in the “Comedy of Er- Tors,” with Miss Mary Taylor as Luciana. Notwith- standing the exeitement prevailing out-doors, there was very good Louse, and the audience testified their appreciation of the excellent acting of the two brothers by the warmest applause. Mr. H. Vlacide erwards appeared in ‘ Grandfather Whitehead,” » part in which he appears to much advantage, and ich is derervedly popular. During the perform- ances the voices of the actors were often drowned by the stirring notes of the fife and drum, and the cheers of the various bodies marching past the theatre. This evening, Mr. H. Placide will appear as Sir Harcourt Courtly, in “London Assurance,” with the east of Monday evening. The * Comedy of Errors’? will also be repeated, with the brothers as the two Dromios, Boweny Tueatne,—The house was finely filled last evening, considering it was the evening of election day. The lower tier of boxes was crowded with a most brilliant artemblage, and the other parts of the house Were cqually well filled. The beautiful new piece of trade and barter for mere gain, and would not deign to contaminate their hands with They are averse to all innovation of every kind; know little of the world or what is going on in it,and care still less; probably, never in their lives heard of a steam engine or railroad, much less of the mag- netic telegraph, (which latter, by the way, 18 all Yankee gammon to nine-tenths of the peeple here, if one attempts to describe it to them;) and whose respect for the legendary miracle of Our Lady of Higuey 1s not half as deep-seated as is their hatred’ of all foreigners—especially those of an heretieal_ stripe. . Ihave delineated two extreme classes—compris- ing, however, a large majority of the actual popula- tion of the country. There is still a small medium class characterized by farmore favorable traits than either of the Head This embraces the body of the Dibrcaniite and other trading classes of the capi- tal, and other larger towns, and is sparsely dissemi- nated through the provinces, and is pretty fairly represented in the nattonal legislative councils. This class generally entertain, in some measure, just and liberal views of government, and the true foundation, sources, and means of national growth and prosperity. But will they ever be able to in- tuse this leven into the minds of the great mass of the people? That is a hopeless result, as that mass is now constituted. The government has the sugacity to see this, and has even, in eflect, avowed it. Hence the plan of promoting, or, rather, of creating and giving the first impulve to the agricultural interests of the republic by the 1n- troduction of a foreign agricultural population, has, from the first, been a favorable scheme of the present government. To expect to infuse into the creole rural population, which has vegetated for generations in its present indolent, thriftless mode and habits of life, anything like the energy and enterprise requisite for adopting and steadily pur- suing any ¢flicient system of agriculture, with the ordinary requisite mechanic arts, it well knows would be to look for a result which nothing short of a miracle could ever accomplish. ‘This month, last year, a law was passed by the Congrese, having for its object the promotion of foreign immigration. It provided for the defray- ing of the expenses incidentto importing the future colonists, and, moreover, guarantied to each im- migrant head of a family, and his descendants, in fee, a peonra of land, or farm of fifty acres, with an immunity from all military service, on the sole condition that he should reside on and cultivate 1t. Some measures were taken at the time, though without any euccessful results, to carry the provi- sions of this law into eflect. The President again called the attention of Congress to the subject, in his message, at the opening of its late ses: . But, since that time. a material change, which has recently manifested itself, seems to have taken place in the views and policy of the government, on this subject. The fact that the government was encouraging, and, in- deed, taking active measures to eflect the intro- duction of colonists from abroad, appears to have at length awakened the apprehensions of certain classes for the security and preponderating in- fluence of the established religion, should bodies # enterprising colonists of a different religious ‘ith be introduced into the country from Europe or America. The government, to which these appre- hensions would seein to have at length been com- municated, has receded from its liberal policy of fostering nnmigration, regardless of religious faith; and though the writer cannot lay his hand on any official dccumentary evidence of the {act—none having been published, it 1s believed, at least, in aprinted form--yet it is well understood here, at the present moment, that no bodies of foreign colonists will be allowed to enter and settle within the territory of the republic unless they protess the nationnl faith This illsberal and retrograde policy, which, itis to be hoped, the government wil not persevere in, cannot fail to inspire with sentiments of lively regret every true friend and well-wisher to ihe promeniy ot this young republic—of which num- er the writer is; and, since his attention was first directed to its history and condition, has ever been sincerely one. For, by pursuing this policy, she pleces serious obstacles in the way of her own advancement and prosperity by cutting herself off, as she thereby does, from the chance of strengthening herself by immigration from among the most enterprising and industrious of the European emigrating population. Still there are not wanting here men who, though professing the national religious faith, take more comprehensive, liberal, and just views of national policy in this respect. These lament, while, at the same time, they tannot, at present, counteract the untoward influences that are brought to bear upon the coun- sels that shape the governmental policy on this ject. : 7 , Again, a no inconsidesable portion of the na- tive population are averse to all foreign immigra- tion whatever. ‘ We want no foreigners,” these say, and some of them are influential men, “ Our | own present pop tiation will, in time, by its natu- | ral increase, people, sufficiently densely, the terri- tory of the, republic ;” while the past history of the country, and the well. established natural | laws that régulate the increase of population, as | applicable to the condition of this people, both chow that this will never be, and that! untegs effi cient measures are taken to renovate the popula- tion trom abroad the agricultural and other re- sources of the country will remain, as at present, undeveloped, and, consequently, the people, indi- vidually and as a nation, and the government, for all the purposes of such an institution, will con- tinue as heretofore, poor and feeble. Coracoa, Oct. 11, 1818, Affairs in Venezuela General Paez is still here, and the government appear to treat him with great respect. Three evenings past, the Monages or Venezulean fleet, P sed the island. When directly opposite the har- t they fired a few guns and rockets, and made quite a commanding appearance. They consist of about five square rigged and five fore and aft | vessels, and we understand they are now laying | in the port ot Cora. | Tux Newsrarer Press.—No class of literature was egies 8 ig 4 greater change during the mid- le part of the reign of George III. than the periodical ree, which was especially affected by the revolutions political and moral feelings which chavacterized the | age preceding, ax well as that which followed, the burst ing out of the French revolution. The newspapers, which bad varied but little in appearance from the beginning of the century to theearlicr part of George's Tejgn, DOW appear with new titles. and present them- telves in amuch enlarged and altered form. Froman estimate given in the European Magazine for October, 1704, we learn that, while in 1724 only three daily, six weekly, and ten tveping papezsthres timesa week wore published in England, in 1702 there were published in | London thirteen daily. twenty evening and nine weekly | papers, besides seventy country papers, and fourteen | in Scotiand. Among these we recognize the names of 2 the principal daily papers of the present day, ‘The Morning Chronicie was established in the year 1770, tke Morning Post in 1772 and. the Mo ning Terald ta 180; and they were followed by the Times in 1788, ‘They began, in accordance with the depraved tasts as well as manners of that age, with courting popu. larity by detailing largely the most indelicate private tcandal, and with coarse libela on public well as private characters—things for which the Poa! joyed The Chronicle was from the first igs; the Post was at firet a violent j it subsequently became revolntion. principles, and then retarned to its original e8; the Herald also has not been uniform in po- lits from its commencement. Of seven new magazines which tarted from 1769 to1T71—the Town and Country Meg he Covent Garden Magazine, the Matrimonial Mog , the Macaroni Magazine, the Sentimental Magazine, the Westminster Magazine and the Oxford Megazine—two at least wore obscene pub- of stern reality thanof dreary romance—the writer may as well here add, were drafted some of the enilier letters of this series. And there, too, re- evmbentin his hammock, did he oft while away the sultry mid-day houre, when the imtense heat of the vertical sun rendered it prudent to remain theltered {rom its influence, in reading the columns of. the Herald—queer contrast Ot eine: ciations !—which, though it has penetrated to many an odd, outof-the-way nook and corner of lications ; and the feeling of the time allowed the titles of the licentious plates which illustrated them, and of the articles they contained. to be advertised monthly in the most respectable newspapers, in words which left no doubt of their character, The others ‘ave insertion toa mass of scandal that ought to have ‘en offensive to public morality. After a few years rociety seems to have reronted the outrage ; the news. Papers became less libellous, and the offensive maga. “ Time Tries All” was acted first. Miss Weymass fally confirmed the very favorable impression she made on Monday evening in this part. \N Weymes is indeed it admirable actress, and in such parts as ‘Leura nn” appears to the best advantage, We think bing in the second act, in the tioal scene but cially, was m perb, Mr. J.M. Seott, as the father, and J. H. Hall, as“ Matthew Bates,” acted admirably. Winans, too, in his part of “ Tom Tact,” though be had not much to tay, was very fanny; and Miss Conway, as “ Fanny Fact,” was quite amus- ing. Miss Conway ise most pleasing actress, and, we edict, will become quite a favorite in New York. The interesting drama of “ Life,” the concert of the New Orleans Serenaders, and a ballet divertisement were the rest of the entertainmonts. This is the cond week of “ Life;”” it is most elegantly got up, and the story is a most instructive one. It ought to be seen by all. The Serenaders are succeeding im. meneely: they are all perfect musicians and vooalists, The ballet was well got up under the supervision of Mr. G.W. Smith. To-night there will bg fine bill presented. Broapway Tueatny.—This beautifaltheatre, under the spirited direction and management of the proprie- tor, Mr. Marshall, has entered upona new career of fresh triumph and success, Yesterday, when the great battle was fought at the polls, between the two rive aspirants for more than imperial power and dignity— while the free soil party at the battle, like another Stanley, was flying from one army to the other, un- certain which it shoud aid with its balancing forces— the no less famous battle of Bosworth fie! id, with J. W. Wallack, Jr. and Mr. Dyott for its heroes, was fought on the grand stage of the Broadway, with mimio energy, and miagnificent paraphernalia, and gorgeous display. Mr. Wallack’s performanoe of the hump- backed Richard wis a study of great art, in whieh the most rcrupulous care, the most elaborate imitation, and the perfection of histrionic dignity were displayed laet night. Mr. Wallack certainly enacted thi fit- cult character with great talent, if he was not very original, (as who can well be in this part ’) yet he was not very far below, in his imitations, the Didneat stars who have preceded him. A greut degree of the perfea- tion of art and study, with great precision, nice oor. reetners, and imposing grandeur of tone and manner, are exhibited in the lamation and speeches of Mr. Wallack, who, for there and other high qualities, ma; lay just claims to the title of a tragedian of no smail calibre. The other characters were cast with much judgment, and performed with admirable ability. Mr. Dyott, av usual. played with that fine taste, aki ) and taient, for which he is czninently distinguished, Miss Wallack,as Lady Anne, drew down tho most enrap- tured applause cf her admirers, The beautiful. Mrs. Abbott commanded the genuine admiration which ever conceded to her chaste, modest, elegant, and pleasing manners, and poting. ‘The delightful farce of Our Mary Anne.” in which Hadaway, Shaw, and Mra Abbott greatly distinguikhed themsely eluded this most eventful day and evening. Nationat Turatne.—The very laughable faree of “ Ole Bull” commenced the evening’s entertainment | crowds, lastnight, at this house, and it wus received with oon- tinued shouts of laughter from beginning toend. Is certainly is a mort laughable affair, and though of course not very probable in story, it serves the Purpore of amusing the folks. Burke's Ebeneser Calfia a very funny piece of acting—he assumes the Yankee part well,” M: Chapman as the Yankee hetp, was capital. Th t** Jack Sheppard,” which has been so fa- vorably received lately, was again played with as much eclat a8 ever. Mies Mestayer aud Uhanfrau were much applauded in their respective parts, The very suecess- ful extravaganza of the “ Invisible Prince” ooneluded the entertainments. piece is likely to become a great favorite at the National. It is capitally got up, and tke dialogue is very witty, The songa, choruses, &o., are allexcellent, and the mock heroics of the va. rious dramatis persovw are most amusing. ‘The com. pany at the National is first rate, Mrs. Chapman, Miss Mestayer, Miss Miles and the other ledi i hantrau is great favorites, and excellent actresses. determined to kevp the ball rolling at bis house. and he does {t thoroughly, for a batter regulated place of amusement is not to be foundintown. For tonight's bill we refer to our list of amusements, Bunron’s Tueatne, Cuamcens Sraxct, The ir- resistible and ever amusing entertainments at this theatre are not only the topics of general remark, but the incentives to goneral ouriosity. Dombey & Son seem to monopolixe the universal attention justly; for, im the representation of this piece, all the talents of that theutre are fully and effici brought into requisition, The evoutfal period of the election, although it did not limit the number of the audience last night, forbids {our intended remarks upon a performance of much interest and attraction. We havo only to say, that this favorite and popular piece will be repeated this evening. sf ‘we shall have an opportunity of reeording, more effi- ciently than at present we oan command, e te to the enterprise of the proprietors, and the taunie we the ferformers, Broapway Cincvs.—This elegant place of amuse- ment nightly recelves many visiters, who weloome, with plaudits and bravos, the viegant feats of horsemanship cf the admirable, troupe of Messrs. Tryon & Thomp ton, The celebrated McFarland appeared last night in cited the his matchless exercie of still vaulting, and wonder of the whole handsome éeuyére. m of horsemanship, elicited much applause, Little Bob Willian ing and beautitu boy, made a great inipreesion by his 5 rea agbity and daring feats on the horse, re tos John Gorsin, the inimitable clown, and his assoeiates, they produced, as usual. much laughter by their witty conundrums and merriment. In short, the new Bi way cizeus is duing a fine business, and will undoubt. edly enjoy ® most [tie Dia) feason tor the whole winter, A great bill tor this evening is offered, Sanps, Lest & Co.—The periormantes of this well known company are witnessed every evening by hundreds of our citizens. The Olympian Games of Mr. Sands and his truly talented and interestin children, exhibition capable ofettrestin But when we add to these the equestrian an: -other performances, it ls tous no way surprising that is #0 extensively patronised Other g features at this establishment, are the of the twin ponies, and also the pugilie- e ponies Deaf Burke and Tom we mp ne nt time great sagacit tic feate of t! gether with the beautiful dancing and excell of Cinderella in waltzes and quadrilles. Those who love Variety bad better visit this cireus. Cunisty’s Mivsrrens, though black a8 the see of to use rather a hackneyed simile, are ne most musical blackbirds, and they tane tl r 'y evening to some purpose, ag they amw a fwlhoure nightly, They must’ be making Tote of carh ; and as for fame aud ieputation, why there is no ndtoir, They will give @ tiret rate programme this evening. Tur Grnmaxia Muscat Socrety will, om Saturday evening next, give @ most brilliemt comeert at the Tabernacle, under the auspices of @ large committes of profesecrs and amateurs, who desire thus to show their respect for talent of the highest order, The following eminent artists have volunteered thelr gra- tuitous eerviees, viz: Madame Otto, Mra. C. E, Horn. fesse. Thilip Myers, Scharfenbers and 4 Ubcogh last, wot least, the ever pleasing and popular Signet De Begnis, The programme will bes beition: erformancen of spade: th th one. In addition, to the Inlmitnvie the Germanians, the other arests will aj Lod bert advantege, and we expect that th intr festoenacie of the performances will of themselves attract an audi- ence large enovgh to fill every part of the Tabernacle. Campnrru’s Mivsteers — Notwithetandin - citement cf the election. and the immens Sitch tr exhibitions of all Kinds now open in this eity. the Campbells” patrons stick to them bravely, and ili up their rocm nightly in the most remarkable manner. ‘They are a “science band” of darkie the patronage they receive, Mrropron.—The White's Serenad ane ts . ecessful a8 ever. The admiral which the performances are render it s delightful place for fami pasa ata Mssico ILtvstiavep.—In there days of excite for old Rough and Ready, everything connected wits the late Mexican war is interesting. ‘The panorama, now exhititing a Stoppani Hall, is really most gratis it fying and elegant exhibition, It gi Ores: idea of the interior of Mexico, MO*t COrmeet Mr. Murvocn.—The non appea: tlemsn at the Boadway Theatre, when anne nenehe. Play there Inst werk, azore fom #n error in the transm:! whol Just 10 Je Just Attention to bust. this city, ama will consider due to Mr. Murdeeh, fer bis strict Integrit mers matters. Mr. M. is Hef cy shortly commence his Souther! winer dirappeared.— Wright's England under the H. of Honewer, ; ‘The Allegbeny M ae were whit a, Weanerdsy lar uae were whitened with sacw