The New York Herald Newspaper, May 26, 1845, Page 1

i Vol, XI., No. 143—Whole No. 4005. JAMES GORDON BENNETT, Proprietor. Circulation---Forty Thousand. DAILY HERALD—Every day. Price 2 cents per copy—$7 25 per annum—payable in advance. WEEKLY HERALD—Every Saturday —Prico 6} cents per copy—$3 12 cents per annum—payable in advance. ADVERTISEMENTS at the usuel prices—always cash in advance. PRINTING of all kinds execiited with beauty and despatch. oo All letters or communications, by mail, addressed to establishment, must be |, or the postage will be deducted from the subscri ion money remitted JAMES GORDON BENNETT, Proprixtor or THE New Yorx Henato EstaacisHMent Northwest corner of Fulton and Nassau streets TO WESTERN, TRAVELLERS. as EXPRESS AND PIONEER PACKET LINE, From Philadelphia to Pittsburgh via the Pennsylvania Rail- roads and Canalthrough inate dav.” The above lve ie now fall operation and offers great inducements to persons who wish a pleasant mode of f welling to the west. ‘he cars are bui the most approved modern style, the boats are fitted up ina superior manner, and every effort is made A the proprietors to conduce tothe comf id convenience of travellers. scenery on this route is unrivalled, and the jv of Feunaylvania interual improvements is well wor ug seen, Toute passengers avoid all the fatigues and dangers at- tendant upon stage travelling, andat the same time make an ex- litious trip. \¢ cars leave every morning at7 o'clock. Passengers are mi vised to sngeae thelr places at Philadelphia. Office in Philadel. phia N, E. corner of Chesnut and Fourth streets, and at Nos. 13 and i5 South ‘Third sts. ‘A. CUMMINGS, Agent. Philadelphia, May 12,845, For i of New York, apply to For information, | B. NISELL, tf BCH & CO. Lines” Weat at, NR. my!7 6m rre ALBANY AND BUFFALO RAILROAD No. 59 COURTLANDT STREET. ‘The Bubseribers Bove Agents ia N cri} ty ts in New, York, for forwardh tt be stacks eee. ire enabled to send them per People's Line, Stexmbonts to Bang, and thence, par arp, to Utica, for 83 Ws Soham ata tigaes ook peeit rciens catee pie tea i Au Bort ; c after the Lith instant, all bagyage ‘nthe Railroad is entirely ier I inf i different routes git i sce etch coreeh ved code Geers an tea tees St the lowest rates bectibers would eall ‘paiticular Hon to the fact that THEIR TICKETS ON! mst tized at the office at Albany. WOLF &RICKERS" No. 50 Courtlandt street, its Albany & Buffalo Railroad, 2d class cars, April, 1845. a9 Im*ec CHANGE OF HOUK. UNITED STATES MAIL LINES TO BALT! PHILADELPHIA, WILMINNGTON AND MORE RAILROAD LINE. Via Chester, Wilmington, Newark, Elkton, Havre de Grace, &e. ‘Through in Siz Houre—Fare $3. ‘On and ae Fi ahiskee ath, the. © ; ; P, being Sole New York, 81 'IMORE. BALTI- Cert lense sly (exee } eli wine std FM, and aif pat 10 os Fieave Baltimore for Philadelphia, at 9 o'clock, LINE. ven in Seven Hours—Fare $2. Onand after Monday next, My, l2th, the steamboat ROBERT MORRIS, Capt. Donglass, will leave Dock street wharf ily, (ereert Sunday.) at half past3.o’clock. P. M., instead of 6A. Mas hei This Line leaves Bowly’s wharf, Baltimore, for Philadelphia, ei SUNDAY MAIL LINE. rhe ony Hine dNakec meets ae tals eee Oe ‘Market a ck Pe M. a ay REIGHT PASSENGER Tita’ : t iti be ‘A Passenger Car attached to the Freight Train, will lerve the Depot corner 11th and Market street, daily, (except Sunday). at 5o’clock, P. M nd ach Baltimore at an early hour next morale AUDDELL, “Agent at Philadelphia, Pa, G Vor farther perticulars, appl Fon farther pertonlnassAPAe Fs: FISHER, Agent, my10 1m re No. 17 Wall street, or 6 West street. FROM BOSTON Hack PHILADELPHIA INA NEW CASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAILROAD ane SREAMBOAT are now a for passengers to leave Boston at 6 o’clock and arrive in New York at 4, as waa the case last evening; and take the Philadelphia train at quarter before 5, and arrive there at my23 tf SUMMER ARRANGEMENT. LONG ISLAND RAILROAD COMPANY. HE TRAINS the LONG ISLAND RAILROAD INS upon TRAINS RUN AS FOLLOWS: From Brooklyn Depot— Boston Train#% A. M.daily, es : Accommodation AUM. and 47, M- for Hicksville ani atermedinteplages. Andon ‘Puesdays, Tharadays and 89 Pong ten £9 Noha rt at 94 A. M, om Greenport Depot— Bonin ‘Tat deity Suodars excented, a 185 ollock P.M, i the steamers le © Xecomiodation Train—At 9% A. M., on Mondays, Wednes- daysand Fri om Hick: Te ‘ ea than Tein for Brooklyn—At 7 A. M. and 1% P. aie erent ae weap only at Farmingdale and St. George's anor. ‘Trains stop at, the following places on Mi Accomp oth ways to receive and delfver passen % oT 12g Thi 10 12 1% 13 Se iB " it 200 44 6 or 206 50 212 50 2 +36 225 Farmingdale 56 my22tf re NEW YORK AND HARLEM RAILROAD CO SUMMER ARRANGEMENT. ‘On and after Monday, April 11th, 1945, the cars will run as follows :— City Hall for Leave City Hall Srdhamand Wile for White Plains. and Morrisiana. i eam. Tae 2 00 P. M. 800 500 1b on 100 P. M. 20 300 39 500 He Leave Momisia Leave Williams’ Leave White ‘and Harlem for Bridge for Plains for City Hall. City Hall. City Hall, 740 A. 715 A. M. 716 AM. 8 00 7 ~ ww 9 00 10 40 240 P. M. 19 00 240 510 11 00, 5 00 200 P. M. 540 3.00 400 520 50 600 1% ‘The Freight Train will leaye White Plains at 7 A. M., and the City Hall at 1 45 P. M., for the present. al2 im m EW FERRY FOR STAT 2 Vanierbites wil Pier No. 1 East River, {oot of Whitehall street, every day at 9 and Ll o'clock, A, M., and 3 and 6 o'clock, P. M. irenge ten Island: a¢ 8 and 10"ofclock, A. M., and and Ycloel . M. °'f Fare Gi¢ cents. Freight in proportion, Landing at Tomek He Xn A “iN each way. " : 9° boat wi our. NB By patronteag this bose tne ‘rablfe will have the fare proportion to other Ferries. Forfurther informa- an the boat, or at 19 West st, _ my!7 Im*ec SUMMER ARRANGEMENT. NEWARK AND NEW YORK, DAILY. FARE ONLY nh, CENTS. Change of Hnur. On and day, Mi , PASSAIC, Capen Solin’ Galiy: wll eae follows, watil further notice, vig TAVE NEWARK LEAVE’ NEW YORK. Me ? ON ‘SUNDAYS. “ry Leave Newark, Leave New York, 8A. M. and 2P. M. 10 A. M. and 4 P.M. ‘The Passaic has been lengthened 4 feet, and is now two hun- dred and twenty feet long. She has anew boiler, and commodious and elegantly furnished deck saloon, 60 fengtiy and 1s in complete order. Her accom: freight and passengers have been very much improved. il is ced ral a%6 1 ht carried at im* im ver tes. lower side of Chesnut street Wharf, every y |, at T o'clock, through in § hours, ‘laware Canal, and connect with all the ov hand west from Baltimore. On the Del On Chesapeake Bay Suamer PORTSMOUTH, — Steamer THOS. JEFFER- Capt. J. Devoe, BON, Capt. Phillips. ‘And through the Canal, a distance of 13 miles only, are rate packer boats. Tn fact the accommodation by this line, both for 9 comfort, is eyed vo sey, ‘Ger line betweon the two cities. Philadelphia, Apel 17, 18, MORRIS BUCKMAN, ai7 im*m Gittee No.0 Saath -Wistves T]\0 BOATMEN, AND —Paving Stone of firs rate qui ir a A a y aldim?r oat Nortolk rvet and THE NEW YORK HERALD. | NEW YORK, MONDAY MORNING, MAY 26, 1845. Price Two Cents. FASHION AND PEYTONA AGAIN. HILADELPHIA AND CAMDEN RACES will com- "RUESDAY, SI May end hve i and continue t 1. Tuesday, May zith, messin tee mile, hess, four Plate year olds and upwards, to carry 104 Ibs. Entrance 10 per cent. fore i Detrse, $100, rife ieate, entrance 10 per cent, oe 28th, purse $1000, to second horse, four Same day, purse $100; entrance 10. per cent, added—mile heats, ‘Tiirsday, parse $300, $40 0 second horse—two mile heat, Same day, purse $500, $100 to second hor mile heats, > On the four mile day, without some accident happens to. Fashion ‘or Reytoua, they will aguin cowtend, for the purse of $1000, four mile heats championship of the tur. \e following stables will be in attendance :—) fashion, Stanley Helipee, Pelawan, 4c.” Mr. K thang and tee others Me? Ten Broce wih Mars any, and three others: “Mr: Ten Brocek wit fand Martha Washington, Mr, Miss two others, Mz. Van Mater has four: Mr. Conover, Bunveran and Li a two. Peyton R. Johnson, the Bei Mr. KteeShawtwo Mr Town olonel, Victor, &e. All horses running in the Plate Race will be permitted to start in any o1 race. ‘Entries to be madee ach day at 2 o’elock, and deposited in the box af the Judges stand with the entrance inguey. ‘ In the event of bad weather the races will be postponed until the firstfair day. in all cases two or more to make arace. Should there be no second best horse the winner to receive $400 and $800, Hes will be hang ap in gold. PUJOSEPH H. HELLINGS, for the mny 20 9t¥re U's. otel, Philadel hia. ——~~GENTLEMENS’ LEFT OFF WARDROBE ‘WANTED ENTLEMEN and Families can obtain the full value for all pertlous effects Booyah to, ispose of, (either gentlemen or ladies,) by sending to the subscriber, who does not pretendto twenty per cent more any other person, but will give 8 fair price for all articles offered. Gentlemen leaving the city will find it to their advantage to send for the subscriber. peyness to selling to any other person. |. LEVENSTYN, N B—A line through the Post Office, directed to 466 Broad way, will be promptly attended to. my2i Im*m CAST OFF CLOTHING AND FURNITURE WANTED. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN haying any any cat off or superfiuous Clothing to. dispose of will find it to thelr ed: vantage to send for the > gh, wil pay the highest Eaahice forthe same. "COHEN: 6 Duane st. N. B.A line through the Post Office, or otherwise, will be romptly attended to. m2 im*ec GENTLEMEN®S LEFT OFF BE. ENTLEMEN or Families going to Europe or elsewhere, wardrobes ether ladies oe wentlomens, alse UEWELRY, jemen’s; als : IRE” ARMS fc. Ke, wil brain from tthe rubseriber rent) re than’ from those wi t Coit Office No.2 iar ies Pc F 2 Wall ; Families or gentlemen attended “at thet Tesldence by ap PoKnd all orders Joft at the subscriber's office, or sent through the post office, will be punctually attended to._ m7 lntec OLD GLO’! OLD CLO?! OLD GLO’! "THESUBSCRIBER pays the highest prices for Second (Glonhing sieeedepstzei | inameala superior se. Remember the Now 138 suet. GEO. LEVIE. mere subscril legant of extension Tables manu- factured; warrant Loc a agen and not to be affect- ol ed by dampness or the wood.’ A large assortment Sf choles patterns, auited foe private parlors, hotels; stcamboets, ke., with a general assortment of Cabinet Furniture, always ou hand, at the Ware-rooms, No. 140. Graud street, cor. uer of £m, where the publicis respectfully invited to cali and expmine. a2 lm*ec COLT’S PATENT KEPEA’ IG. EAR MS, OF 194, TH LATEST | \VEMEN’ pee DEPOT for the sale of the. Cols Pistols Rifles, Car fowling Pieces, has been removed ftom No. 171 Jay st., near Broadway, under the Aster H a reneral assortment, of these superior Fire Arms iskept for saleat reduced prices. ‘They also can, be had at. W, Hi Bormann. 86 Cole, Malden lame, Malford & Wendall, Broadway. Albany, Lyman P. Knowles; Delhi, Delaware co., N. ¥., Goodrich, and H, E. Baldwin & Co., New Or leans, at New York prices. Pistols at from $16 to $28 each, in a case withequipments. Great impositions are practised upon the Public in representing andelling the self-cocking end revolving Six barrel Vistol for Colt’s repeating Pistol, which is acknow: ledged to be s1 ‘ior in every respect to any other Fists mane feetured in this country or Europe, ‘The Emperor of Russia, the Emperor of Austria, the King of Prussia, Prince de Joinville of France, the Imaum of Muscat, all have them and. s the highest terins of them. ‘éxan Army and Navy are sup- plied withthem, and the U. 6. Navy has beensupplied with them to some extent. and the officers have given the most favorable re- Port on Colt’s repeating fire-arms. 220 im*ec [F RSTHER COHEN: | who formerly Tived with Mn. Boarding-house keeper, Union street, Liverpool— left England about nine Years aga ‘te live in New York —will write sa her father, No. 14 New Bail: , Salford, Manches- ter, in England, she will hear soi ‘greatly to her advan- tage. ‘my!0 2m dykwy* re BLACK OXIDE OF MANGANESE. 0,000 EB Sarat 39 mrt ey ae . ‘PERSSE & BROOKS, mitec No. 65 and 67 Nassau street. PROSPECT HA VILLE. Cgnnao ABELMAN respectfully informs his friends and the public, that the above well known and favorite place of resort has recently been refitted, and is now open to receive vi- fitors oF boarders, who may. wish to escape the dust, noise and a city life payin Soa heat ofsummer. most inconveniences of Frospect Hall, one of the tifa country seat in the neighborhood ofthe ey, is situsted directly over Hallroad tansel; and ears be resched (rom the City Hall in thirty minutes, either by railroad or by the Harlem stages. he beauty of the house and of the surrounding scenery is too well known toneed an extended description. 2 ‘The attention of military companies is particularly directed to the excellent conveniences for Karaotreboveing, drill and parade grounds, tenpin alleys, quoit grounds, &e. &e. nt pro prietor,at avery great expense, has built out houses for all these Reppere and he trusts that bis endeavors to please will procure forhim athe Patronage of agenerous public, and particularly of is military friends. He pledges himself that refreshments, &c. shall at all times be of the best quality and charges moderate. ___my22 Imeod*m NY, Bapieivate House of Refreshments by D-W. TELLER, © 206 Front street—Breakfast wer and Supper. Is 6d, each. Breakfast fr ; dining hours from a quarter before 12 until 3; Say 4 e’clock. Also, 28 Beds, all in prime order, ngs 23 cts. AN gentlemen wishing te Fesort to fine cool dining apartment, will do well to call and satisfy themselves. ‘The proprietor also keeps the old stand corner of Fulton and Front streets; 7,8 and 9 Fulton Market, where he will coutinue to serve up all the delicacies of the season. ines, Liquors, of ‘inds and of the choicest brands, direct from the importers. mi7 lm-rh BOARDING AT 27 COURTLANDT STREET. OOD BOARDING, with pleasant roo ns, for single gentle- ikewise, a handsonte furnished parlor with bedroom tee! family—b: “SRS. GERE, 27 Courtlandt street. en. Likewise, i uitable *re 1 RS. GE) SHARON SPRINGS PAVILION CHOHARRIE COUNTY, New York—The public are re- spectfully informed that Mr. Landon, of Congress Hall, Al- 0 associnted himself with Mr. Gardiner, and that this. eatstlishment will be conducted by them... ; The Payilion will be opened for the reception of visitors on the first day of June next. ‘The subscribers have many improvements in bathing-honse, a themselves to use their best exertions to re.ider this establi ment fully ‘equal to any watering place in this country. Stages will be in readiness on the arrival of the cars at Cana- Joharrie, to take passengers to the hous ‘Mr. L. will, as heretofore, contin Congress Hall, which will, during thesummer, be under the superintendence of Mr. Se my2i 8mrre lostin. PAVILION, NEW BRIGHTON. "THE PAVILION, af New Brighton, is now in fal opera. tion, and the proprietor will be glad to enter into arrange: ments with parties who who wish to engage apartments for Hotel at all other hors. fe mye 3wre ae WILLIAMSB URGH COTTAGE. T Now ork, Brooklyn, Willismsve ig lela that they have recently opened the large and spleudid mansion WILLIAMSBURGH COTTAGI gpa fumiahed a reat expense for the secommodation of rei ents and strangers, Tine Cottage is eligi south of tra Rek Blip Perry and conveciect nthe Host od Grand street_ Ferris commanding beauti view of the Bay, New York and Broo tached to the C' AGE ali nient Promenades, ‘K bel mechasism oft this has eratuberad Gtiieray, it atl pes ae erent tunes with remarkable harmony and accurtey, ‘The choicest variety of refreshment will at all. times be promptly iehed. ON. Be-tn connection with this establishment, they have WARM AND COLD SALT WATER BATHS—known as the Washington Baths... ‘The in_at all times clear and pare, ‘the Ferre ran from Peck, 8 ip Grand street and Hows ‘ minutes. : (MVIG IMEC HANDRIELD & HOEFT. DISBROW’S RIDING SCHOO. 408 Bowery, on Astor and Lafayctte Places. M*, W. H, DISBROW bas the honor to announce, that his School is open, daily, (Sundays excepted) for Kquestrian ‘Tuition and Exercise Hours for Ladie: from 9 A. M. to 3 P. M. Hours for Gentle 8 A. M.and3to7 P. M. 7 Terms made known on application * above, ’. B.—Highly trained and quiet Horses, for the Road and Pa- rade, to let. my6 Im*re KOULSTONE’S RIDING SCHOOL, 137 and 139 Mercer Street. MR. JOHN $. ROULSTONE has the honor to form his Priends ong pogyatile im general, that his I for I ction in i depeag Es Tcieein Terms of instruction made kiicwit on” application to Mr. r. R, has just received stylish Bagals Horses, Weick We i atiennea eat one aa sonable price. my7re FURNISHED INT, ti fs: Tee Parloo ee eee FO RENT with Breakfast Bio pe ., suitable for gentlemen iin eye rain genilemen; the location in ine ment, suitable for 7 Apply ‘nt 366 Broadway, piches st ey reg > gantlonmen ak ah whee ah ates “TO. nished, to Im*ec at 117 Franklin street. VOR SALE—A beautiful Coun iden Rowille Landing, on m islands a Farm of 49 res of first-rate a = louse Bam, er, Paildings: good it i re id a FSAME: HALL, 39 Broome st sonable and on _ By im*re Highly Important from the Cherokee Nation. The ‘‘Ross” and “Ridge” Parties. Cnenoxee Nation, April 24, 1845. Mr. James Gorvoy Bennerr:— Sm:— Ihave observed recently many statements in the papers concerning the agitations now existing in the Cherokee Nation; some of these statements have been made in truth and candor, but the most of them, however ably written, are destitute of any thing like justice. They have been published with the single view of influencing the public mind in favor of what is called the “dominant party” among the Chetokees, and blinding it to the character and interests of a cer- tain other party. The Cherokee question is becom- ing, if such is not the case already, one of thrilling interest, and must soon command the earnest atten- tion of the whole United States. The history of the Cherokees for the last few years, containing as it does scenes of the wildest commotion, and trage- dies of the most fearful nature and terrible con- sequence, partakes strongly of the character of romance; and it is not without its instruction, for following up the path in which a nati onascends from its pristine barbarity and ignorance to the dit- ferent points of civilization, is to follow the human mind in some of its wildest, and at the same time pani efforts. A people, who from age to age ave wandered savagely in dark forests and gloomy mountains until their very spirit becoi of a cor- responding darknessand gloom, who havelived from time immemorial under stern customs, even more imperious than laws themselves, and those customs far beyond the reach of even an extreme shadow of civilization, suddenly emerging from their ancient state, and, throwing off the weights long centuries have imposed upon them, springing forward to the enjoyments, dignities, and the rights of civilized man, dvipetee as noble a spectacle as can well be pre- sented to our imaginations ; and then to see them, just as they have reached a beautiful eminence as a nation, suddenly hurled back to a condition, if pos- sible, worse than before, and yet, with the native energy of pride, sti for the second attainment of what they have lost, adds a shade to the picture, ies Suen of which makes the spectacle still more noble. , You are, aware, of course, that the Cherokee na- tion is divided into two parties, and has been for several years ; known originally as the Ross and Ridge parties. In 1839, a most Haieal scene was enacted in the murder of the three leading men of the Ridge party—since then, but one side of the question has been heard by the larger portion of the citizens of the United States ; representations have been made entirely false, and deeply injurious to this latter party ; the memory of those who were as- sassinated in has been most cruelly insulted ; they heve been denominated traitors to their coun- try, receivers of bribes from their nation’s enemie: and the act ‘by which they perished been terme jut and right. Sir, justice to the dead, ifnot to the hing, has long been an universal principle with mankind. These men are in their graves, and no voice can come from them to answer the charges against their actions in life ; it is nothing but jus- tice, therefore, that this side should have a voice, and also a listening ear, and considering your He- rald to be a paper proudly independent of all others, bound by the shackles of no party whatever, and open to the free expression of opinion, I have con- eluded to address a communication to you on the vexed subject of Cherokee affairs. I ‘shall speak, however, in no partisan spirit, but shall give only a true statement of things ; and if the j ent fall against the Ross party, they can bear it ; if against us, we also can bearit. All we want is, of our bre- thren of the United States, an unbiassed decision,af- ter a fair view of the case as it stands. I have said there were two parties existing at present in the Cherokee nation. They were recently known as three, however, the Ross, Ridge, and Old Settler parties ; but the two latter, finding their interests mutual, have united, though I believe by no formal act, and are known now as the anti-Ross_party.— Follow me, if you pleaec, in a very brief history of events, and I will explain their existence. Previous to the year 1828, ora little while before that time, when the oppressions of the whites commenced, the Cherokees lived in the peaceable possession of a ter- ritory lying within the limits of Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Alabama. Formerly they had possessed a much larger territory, but havi Te- duced themselves year after year, by treaties of ces- sion, they were then narrowed into a compass large enough, but none too large for their subsistence as an agricultural people. _ A portion of the Cherokees in 1785, had separated from the whole body of their tribe, on account of a dissatisfaction their part with the provisions of a treaty concluded in that year be- tween their brethren and the U, States,at the termina- tion of a bloody war between them; and had remoy- ed to the then extremely wild country which lay in the Spanish province of Louisiana, afterwards call- edthe Territory of Arkansas. They settled at a point on the St.Francis River, aid held a home there long before the United States had any right to the country whatever. The Cherokees, final ly, be- inning to advance in a degree toward civilization, ecame divided in habits—one portion following ag- riculture, and the other the game. From this cir- cumstance, the Cherokees on the St. Francis River received frequent additions to their number, those in favor of the hunter state continually joining them, and soon became distinguished as the “ Western Cherokees,” or ‘old settlers.” After the United States obtained a reversionary title, (which soon became a stronger title») to the country, including the home of the old settlers, they recognised the right of the old settlers, to the land they claimed, and made frequent treaties with them, by which they removed farther back from their original set- tlements, exchanging the land theyfirst possessed for other lands. They were treated, however, by the United States the same as other ‘uncivihzed Indian tribes around them, and held a title of the same tenure—a title by no means so sure as the one held by their brethren on the other side of the Aississippi. But the time came when a formal division of the tribe was to take those in favor of the hunter state expressed a wish that the nation might be split into two distinct communities; and by mutual agreement, a treaty was made with the United States, by which an ex- change of lands was made--those now “emigrated to Arl or who may hereafter emi 7 in the language of the treaty, (meaning those who should separate from time to time from the general body of the nation,) ae their country “east of the Mississippi” for an equal quantity of fand on the Arkansas and White rivers, or “west of the Mississippi.” Thus, by open act and free consent of all the Cherokees. the nation was divided into two separate and distinct communities, owing no obligations each to the other, maintaining no ia ance, and bound by no compact whatever. This treaty was concluded in 1817. Treaties with the Western Cherokees were made after that, for the adjustment of boundaries, \c., and one for their removal farther West. It is unneceseary to trouble you with a minute detail of all the transactions of the Wnited States relating to the Western Chero- kees—the causes of their removal from one bounda- to another, and so on, and so on. It suffices that they held a title, a sure title, acknowledged by the general government, to a goodly portion of land in the Territory of Arkansas. Though their avowed object wal, in the outset, to pursue a hunter life, they, soon after the year 1817, began to change their character as hunters, and betake themselves to agri- culture. Their progress was rapid, and in 1824, the whole nation became alive to the importance of es- tablishing a regular government, under a written constitution. A general convention was according! held in that year—a constitution written and He ea a form of government and a code of laws approved, and all started into instant operation. Now begins, perhaps, the history of Cherokeedom. We have said that for several years previous to the year 1828, or a little while before that year, the Che- rokees (we mean the Eastern Cherokees, or the general body of the Cherokee people) were in the yeaceable ssion of a territory lying within the imits of Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina. The boundaries of that territory were marked out and fixed by treaty, and the right of the Cherokees to it acknowledged and maintained, by twelve or thirteen treaties, on the part of the United States. By far the greater part of that territory lay within the “ chartered limits of Georgia.” Georgia was one of the States approving these treaties, and binding herself, by her own consent, to their provi- sions, as the supreme law ot the land. She threw the first obstacle in the way of Cherokee improve- ment, by setting ups Tight to the country included in her “chartered limits.” These limita, let it be observed, were limits marked out by the old charter granted by the King ef England to the ancient colo- ny of Georgia. at charter was of course thus Gunee by none other than a mere arbitrary right, e pleasure of the King, and could not extinguish the eboriginal right of the Indians—and even if it had been originally right oat the charter, and even if the Indian title had been extinguished, the American Revolution produced a cl . The United States established their independence, and of course from that time the King of England relin- ished all claim to United States’ soil. Itremained, therefore, with the United States alone to settle diffi- culties and make arrangements with the Indians in relation to the soil, They immediately guaranteed | all the territory claimed by the Cherokees to the Cherokees. Notwithstanding reason and the com-— mon justice of mankind, and the laws of this Union, and the laws of nations, were inst them, the Georgians acted as thor the Cherokee count y ir own. The whites had already intruded | into the Cherokee domain, and exercised the entire | right to all the soil they claimed or set foot upon; | but meaning in the form of legality was done until | the year 1823, when the Legislature of Georgia passed an act to divide the Cherokee country in her ‘chartered limits” into portions separate, and to add them to the adjoining counties of the State. In 1829, she passed another act, annulling “all laws and ordinances made by the Cherokee Indians,” and forthwith extended her jumsdiction over the land, ain onecniranpe of all crimes committed by an Cherokees. The courts of Georgia, in their trials of Cherokee offences, were exceedingly severe, reaching, in their severity, a high degree of ‘cpa tyranny. They punished not only real, but imaginary offences; and many an in- nocent man has swung on the Georgia gallows, in- nocent so far only as he was not an Indian! Alaba- ma, Tennessee, and North Carolina, followed the example of Georgia, and the oppressions of the poor Indians, (poor at that time, cued !) beeame intol- erable—they were driven from their homes, their bodies buried in filthy dungeons, and lacerated by the white man’s scourge. The native magnanimi- ty of the States themselves was appealed to, but in vain. Appeals, bearing the signatures of thousands of humane whites, were, sent to the President at Washington, in behalf of the suffering Cherokees, but all in vain. Tu 1831, as the last hope of an un- fortunate people, as the last refuge to which a bleed- ing nation could flee, an appeal was made to the Su- preme Court of the United States, in its January term, for a writ of injunction, restraining the State of Georgia from extending her jurisdiction over the Cherokee country. If this had been obtained, you perceive that when it would become necessary to apply for another against the other States, the prece- dent would justify the appeal, and the writ be again obtained—but this failed, the Court answered “'The Writ of Injunction is denied.” ‘The Government of the Cherokee nation was then, and had been, administered for several years by John Ross, and what he called his “ Constituted autho- rity;” and although the act of Georgia, and of the ether States would ‘‘annul laws and ordinances” made by him or any body else in the nation, he still continued his control over Cherokee affairs. It is important to notice what was that “constituted au- | the difficulties he piled in the way, thority.” Let me extract from a letter written to the United States Government, in close relation to this matter, by an intelligent and strong-minded Cherokee. Bid obstacles to a speedy release from their heart-rending situation avon of his breth- =) did not exist by a combination of a few rich half-breeds, it would be needless, &c !” “But since, for these long years, our government has been sup- pressed by the jurisdiction of the States, a few men, at the head of whom is John Ross, who is a white man in color and feelings, have affected to be the ‘Conatituted authority’ in the nation, by holdin; councils on the frontier of our nation, in the torm of Committee and Cownci of his friends, who have used up all the Cherokee annuities, and exhausted the credit of the nation, under the pretence of de- fending and saving the Cherokee lands, While this was believed by the Cherokees, he maintained hisauthority in controlling their confidence, until, for any practical use, the r Cherokees have no country, no homes, and no laws. Men there were who urged their people to consider their condition, and release themselves by treaty, so as to exist as a nation without the limits of the States; but this self- organized Council told them to restassured tat they would all be restored to their rights, and the white people and their laws , would expelled by the general government out of their country. Previous to the extension of the laws of Georgia, Alabama, Tennesse, and North Carolina over our nation, our government was elective, according to a con- stitution. This government ceased in 1830. and no elections have been held since, and all the members of that government, chiefs, members of committee and council, became private individuals; but being still united, this government, which was thus expir- ing, contrary to the constitution, in a small council of the people, selected twenty-four men to hold a convention to decide how the government should be continued. They decided that the chief, John Ross and the members of committee and council should hold office until the nation should be restored. This Committee consisted of sixteen members, and the Council of twenty-four members. If vacancies oc- curred, they were to be filled by the principal chiefs. This, of course, was adopted in the form of alaw, by the very men who had chosen the twenty-four, to say they should continue in office. This council, thus organized, was tolerated while the ple re- tained confidence in it, but eventually tio feo le rose and held councils in other parts of the nation, and called aloud for a treaty, and bid defiance tothe Red Clay authority. (Ross’ council was held at Red Clay.) Whenever any of the chiefs left the council, John Ross would pa in their places his friends; so he has retained the influence of that council, and on the same principle he can keep it organized all his life, without any responsibi- lity, if the general government’ will allow this man to be the speculator of a ruined nation. At various times, Major Ridge, Alexander McCoy, Alexander McDonald, Wm. Boling, John Ridge, David Vaun, W. 8. Coody, Tus-a-tasku, and George Chambers abandoned this Council, ‘and John Ross filled the vacancies.” Now this is matter of history. This “Constituted authority” was a mere arbitrary power, organized without the consent of the people, its members chosen by one man, and not elected by the people according to the constitution—chosen by one man, who, himself, also, contrary to the consti- tution, might hold his office for life. It is a matter of history, too, that this same man, with his friends, consumed individually the annuities due the nation, and blinded the people to their true condition, telling them the whites would be driven from their borders, and they be restored to their ancient rights in their ancient country, when there was no possible power, and he knew it, to effect it. His “Constituted a 1tho- rity”when brought up to the standard of the Cherokee Constitution, would be as destitute of all just authori- ty, as would the authority of the President of the Jnited States, were he to assume to himself the it of choosing members of the Senate and House of Representatives, when brought up to the standard of his country’s constitution—for it would be a ty- rannical assumption, and if successful, a despotism. The people bid defiance, at one time, to the Red Clay authority, and thus is shown, there was no legal, no constitutional government in the Chero- kee country, in the opinion of the Cherokee people themselves. The whole nation was ruled by a few rich half-breeds! I might follow the acts of these men yet farther, and show how illegal, how uncon- stitutional, and, in fact, how arbitrary,was this “con- stituted poe aig ge Constituted aui jority! Consti- tuted by whom t By itself{—maintained by money, and underhanded influence. It began to be evident that no measure was practicable for Cherokee sal- vation but a treaty; and fearing that the people would be in favor of it, (which appeared to be e case,) and they thus lose their power, this “constituted authority” | da law, punishing with death who- ever should make a treaty. Jack Walker became a een advocate of the measure, and riding on is way home one day, he was shot by an unseen assassin—it was believed then, and yet believed, at the instance of this “constituted authority.” Chero- kee patriots were, however, not to be intimidated, and other advocates arose for the same measure, among whom Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, were soon distinguished. Their lives were threatened by the ‘‘constituted authori- ty,” and were in constant danger—men with guns lay around their houses, night after night, seeking an opportunity to kill them, and all his merely because they had the independence to express their views in relation to Cherokee affairs, and to advise a treaty. They were called the “ Treaty par- ty” at first, and then the “ Ridge party,” John Hie being the leading man. The stern decision of the Supreme Court, in 1881, confirmed those who had been in favor of a treaty—confirmed them ? It told them, in hs jag ag as if it had been reeorded on the Heavens, that. that was the only alternative.— They must move beyond the limits of the States by treaty, or perish where they were. The “constitu- ted authority” saw that something must be done to satisfy the people, and accordingly sent a delegation to Washington for the purpose of having, as_ the uniformly said, “an amicable adjustment of dik ficulties.” But this delegation, instead of pushing forward the only practicable measure, threw every obstacle in its way. They resisted, on every ocea- sion, the liberal overtures of the government. and put their nation to the extravagant outlay ot bearing their expenses back and forward to Wash- ington, and all for doing completely nothing. ‘The | Manager at last hearing their origin, and the | story of their organization, and the tyrannical ex- | ercise of their power, refused to recognise them as | the authority of the nation, in spite of their vehement | protestations to that effect! In 1886, John F. Sche- merhornand Gen. Wm, Carroll were sent to theCher okee nation, a8 commissioners on the part of the United States, to negotiate a treaty with the Chero- kees in their own country.” John Ross made a | compromise * then” with the treaty party, to treat at | Red Clay, or elsewhere ; and when the people con- | sented, and gave authority, having the majority of | his friends in the delegation, he refused to treat there, determined to come here, that is, to Washing- | ton city. Passing over the opposition made by John Ross and his adherents to the proposed treaty, and I we point you to the Council of the Cherokees, held at New Echota, | C. N., in the month of December, 1835. Gen. W. Carroll, one of the commissioners, being sick, and | unable to proceed with business, John F. Schemer- horn, the other commissioner, gave notice to the Cherokee people, that on the 2lst of December he would meet them in General Council, forthe purpose of entering into treaty arrangements with them, at New Echota—that the decision of that council would be final, he concluding, that those who remained at home or absent trom the Council, gave their consent to whatever should be done and transacted there. The Council assembled, and it was a great Coun- cil— composed of the Spry oat and patriot- ism of the nation; and the Commissioner, con- cluding as he said he would, presented a treaty to the assembly; which, being considered by committee appointed for the purpose, and the ne- cessary or desired alterations made, was unanimous- ly approved, and being nie by the chiefs authoriz- ed so to do by the council, was carried to Washing- ton and laid before Congress. Gen. Wm. Carroll signed it, when it was presented tohim. And this is the famous treaty’of the 25th December, 1835. It was immediately ratified, though not without the strongest opposition from the ‘ Constituted authori- ty.” A delegation under Ross arrived soon after its Tatification, with a long and earnest protest against the treaty, signed by themselves, and claiming to have been signed by thousands more, This latter riations of ithe pleased. There was a Ain cal fund, which was to be distributed spnong al the Chee rokees, allowiyg over one hundred dollars to every individual in the Cherokee Nation, but John Ross has pocketed all this, and the poor starving Indian . has received not a cent of it. Now, these are facts that can be proved to the world, and have been proved to the Congress of the United States, and we ask fearlessly, is it justice that the moneys due the Cherokee Nation by the treaty | of 1835, should be taken trom them and kept forever, by the very men who opposed that treaty, and pro- tested doatiet it after its ratification? ‘But the old settlers!” They were driven from their meee their property confiscated, their lives threatened, ars in continual danger. They were not only robbed of their country, but deprived of all. privileges in country; not only denied a participation in gov- ernment offices, but even the rights of common citi- zens. What then could the “ treaty party” and “old settlers” become but anti-Ross men, the anti-Ross party? This party have from time to time made their complaints to the general government, but of- ficers of the government have changed so fast, and administrations come and passed so rapidly, thet what one Congress has done in their favor hasbeen destroyed by another, and so nothing has been done to theend. They have increased in numbers, and the only power that does keep them down is the moneyed power of John Koss. Their grievances have been laid before the present administration, and it remains now to be seen, whether, indeed, this ‘constituted authority” is to grind in the dust any longer Cherokee freedom, or to Roy aceroopenaae rokee civilization ! A CueroxgE. Address by Robert Owen, on leaving the Uinted States for Europe, June 1, 1845 AMERICANS : was not the case, for the number of signatures was about equal to the population ef the whole Cherokee nation, (blacks excluded,) according to the census of 1833, counting men, women and children, There were more signatures, of course, than there were men inthe nation, even ineluding the men who met in the council that approved the treaty; and it would be unreasonable to suppose that the men approving the treaty, would protest against it! We have the census before us of 1835. ere were then in the Cherokee nation only 3,992 men, and here are the signatures to this protest amoun: to 15,964.— It would take men, women and children—those against and in favor of the tog ema swell to that amount. The protest, however, had no effect. The protesting delegation were told, the United States recognized the authority of the New Echota Council, and not their’s,and the treaty being ratufied,was now the supreme unchangeable law of the land. The treaty of 1835 provided for the removal of the Cherokees to the land occupted. by the Western Cherokees or “ old settlers ;” it ae understood by the Commissioners and Council at New Echota, that they had given their consent to it through a delega- tion sent from their country, which delegation signed the New Echota treaty. e authority of this dele- pete was denied afterwards by the Old Settlers, ut for the sake of harmony they reconciled. them- selves to the removal under the treaty provisions.— I trust, you have noticed what I have said sufficient- ly, to understand that the country occupied by the Old Settlers was their own country, and claimed by none other than themselves ; that the government of the country was their government, and could be rightly administered by none other than themselves —then comes the question, how could the United States government treat away this country to the Eastern Cherokees! It could notdo itjustly—it did do it in direct contradiction to its own principles, and in flagrant violation of its own supreme law. “But it was understood the Western Cherokees gave their consent!!! Well, that forms no excuse for the man- ner in which the United States have since allowed @he old settlers to be treated. Even granting that this treaty of 1835 was made by all the Cherokees, both the astern and Western—yet the Western Cherokees have received not a single benefit from one of itsprovisions! On the contrary, they have lost every thing—their homes, their coyntry, their government, their common rights and privileges as men. No party has been benefitted by the treaty, but the very party that most strenuously and vehe- mently opposed it to the last inch! The Eastern Drevoxess did not remove until 1538, and with the exception of a few families, when they did remove, came under the conduct of John Ross, as “ agent for removal,” who, although he refused to acknowledge the New Echota treaty, or to abide by a single clause of it, received an enormous sum under its first arti- cle. For removing eleven thousand souls, he receiv- ed one milhon three hundred and fifty-seven thou- sand seven hundred and forty-five 96-100 dollars ($1,357,745 86,) which, by universal acknowledg- ment, was a tremendous ‘speculation—it was alto- ether unnecessary, and robbed the Cherokees fair- iy of thousands they would otherwise have been paid. Mark the conduct of this man after his arri- val. In 1839 he gave notice to the Cherokee people, that he would hold a council, for the purpose of uni- ting all parties. All parties according met, and were eager for the union—but the pretensions of Ross were somonstrous, that all but his own party left in disgust. For instance: He claimed that the East- ern Cherokees removed as a government, and of course, their government must go into operation im- mediately on its arrival. Now here is a travelling government, and, as government implies jurisdiction over the land it stands on,—a government exercising its authority, as it moves over all th e States between Georgia and the Territory of Arkansas! giving its mandates to the governments of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, rye ae Mississippi, Missouri and Ar- kansas, and at last letting itself down in a coun- try under the jurisdiction of another government al- ready permanently established! Such a pretension vocal appear ridiculous, laughable in the extreme, were it not followed by events so ruinous, so disas- trous in their character. After the “ Rides party,” who favored the “Old Settlers,” and the Old Settlers themselves had retired from the council ground, John Ross called a convention of the Cherokees, to consider on the state of things; and to determine what should be done. While this convention was ping a plot was laid for the murder of the signers of the New Echota treaty, and so darkly was it hid, so carefully guarded from discovery, that nothing was known of it beyond the minds of the conspira- tors themselves, until the news of the assassination of John Ridge, Major Ridge and Elias Boudinot, on the 22d of June, came like a thunder-bolt from Hea- ven. The other signers were to have been murdered on the same day, but by happy circumstances escap- These murders were committed within a few hours of each other, and with sixty or seventy miles distance between them ; yet early in the morning of the 22d June, John Ross’s dwelling was surrounded by hundreds of his friends, as if to guard him, and the woods around rung.on that day with long and loud shouts of Indian triumph. “What did this mean? It told that John Ross was the arch con- spirator, for how could the news reach him so early from acorer of the nation seventy miles remote from his house, unless by a positive miracle? And what was the necessity of five hundred men to stand around him with as many guns, at that time, if he had not been the spirit {and director of that plan of death? This was the suspicion then, and subse- hone developments have proved it true. The mur- lerers themselves boasted of the deed, and of their authority, sought protection under John Ross’s very roof, and, akoogh or before that, immediately after, piled silver dollars around them! The Ross party, as the next step, declared the long known “constituted authority "the permanent government of the Cherokee Nation in the new country—and this “constituted authority” declared the government of the Western Cherokees no longer existent. Thus, in the face of the United States, before their very eyes, is a beautiful and harmonious government, for years favored and acknowledged by the United States, suddenly overthrown, and on its ruins erected another government, whose long history in the old country was but one connected tale of op- pression, extortion and murder!! It is needless to Follow up, particularly, the acts of Ross’s govern- ment. It was established over the Cherokees with- out the consent of the Cherokees; laid in blood, and supported by money alone—it was a violent usurpa- tion! The murderers of the Ridges and Boudinot were pardoned by a formal decree of the Committee and Council, and another decree was addressed to the surviving signers of the treaty, requiring that they should come within a certain time, and bowing to the “ constituted authority,” acknowledge their “crime,” and ask forgiveness, with, in case of refusal, the penalty of outlawry. And _ this was an awful penalty. It meant, that the victim should be thrust out from the pale of society, denied his natural rights, refused the protection of law, and be liable to death, even as a brute, from the hand of any who should chance to meet him. A few, who were not brave, ! did come and thus bow down, and were pardoned, but the others refused, spurned the base offer, and have unto this day. They were out-lawed by a decree, and hunted from corner to corner; their property was taken and destroyed— their farms left to rain—their names were branded with the epithet of “traitor,” and $1000 reward of- fered for their lives. ‘The moneys arising from the treaty were, from some unaccountable motive on the part of the general government, paid into John Ross”. ands, “although in violation of the stipulations of that treaty, oan the greater part of the money, in fact almost all of it,) bean, Ross divided itamong | his friends and himself, and made whatever appro- After an absence of fifteen years 1 have again spent nine months in your States, and nearly tour months of that period in the city of Washington, du- ring the last session of Congress. Ihave seen in my travels through New England and the middle States, and presume the same has occurred in the south and west, a great increase to your cities—to your population, and in the extended cultivation of the soil. I have also ascertained that your means to increase wealth and power, for good or evil, are illi- mitable for many hundreds or thousand of years, and you could now beneficially absorb into your Union the present population of Europe. You have also progressed in a most extraordinary manner in new discoveries in science, and in me- chanical inventions, to render manual labor of dimi- nished value, and to open the path to a new state of things,which will make labor of little or no commer- cial value,or unsaleable,for the rightful support of the industrious. | . wet In roportion as head scientific power to create wealll has increased, individual competition has in- creased ignorant selfishness, vice, crime and mise- ry among the masses, so as to make all parties blind to their present position of high capabilities and to their interests as individuals and members of so- eiety. Your statesmen are occupied in unprofitable and nationally injurious politics. Your peunaians in petty local party contests, use- less for the attainment of great results. Your capitalists and extensive merchantsare over- whelmed in speculations, hazardous to themselves, and of little comparative benetit to their country or tothe world. There is no foresight, wisdom, or or- der—no permanent, prosperous future in any of their proceedings. ~ Your traders, wholesale and retail, are w: b most injuriously, much of the capital, talent and in- dustry otyour country, and at the same time keepin; the mind and morals of the Union upon a low level, most disadvantageous to ph eg Your most. industrious cl 8 are kent unne- cessarily in toil, ignorance, and consequent degreda- tion. Senseless oo pervade the land without a particle of real charity being created between any of the classes, sects or parties, possessing any one of these monster obstacles to human progress, for any who have been made to difter from them ; and reli- gion is perverted to worldly purposes. Your prisons and punishments increase, and the necessity for more, while the present state of things continues, will daily become stronger. You nave already, to @ great extent, throughout the Union, ignorance, poverty, division and misery. And yet, as the causes of these evils have been dis- covered, they may be now easily removed. For you are in securé possession of a most i- ficent country ; of a territory, even now, move than sufficient to ‘amply supply the population of the world ; more than suflicient to ensure high comfort and elevation of mind and feeling for all. You have all the materials to effect these results in illimitable masses, and surplus power to obtain and apply them. jj There is nothing in your position deficient but the knowledge how, peaceably and beneficially for all, to apply the means to accomplish these glorious results. How important is it then that this know! should be attained in the shortest time in order that the incalculable evils which necessarily arise from ignorance, poverty, division, crime and misery should be made to terminate. But how can this change be speedly ettected 3 It is now ascertained that public opinion governs the world. ‘This change then may be effected by speedily cre- ating a new public opinion in its favor. But how is this new public opinion to be created ? The answer is obvious. All great improvements commence with one or a few, and these, by judicious measures, interest more and more. until a sufficient number unite to accom- plish the object. : There is an admirable spirit abroad anxiously looking out for the right commencement of this change and bold truths announced in the pure spirit of charity will now accomplish that object. Let then the proper measures to create this public opinion be now adopted, and let all good men of every class, sect, party and state unite for this God- like purpose. To this end let a Convention be called of dele- gates from every State and territory in the Union, to consider what practical measures can be immediate- ly carried into execution to ly the enormous means to secure prosperity Tor all the people of these States, that they may become an example to the world of what, with sound judgment, in peace, with order and with the least injury and the most benefit ks every one, from the highest to the lowest, may be one, But what is every one’s business is no one’s in particular, and is too often neglected by all. 1, there- fore, feeling a deep interest in the immediate im- provement of our race, recommend such Convention to be called the “* World’s Convention,” to consider what measures of a practical character can be adopt- ed to ensure the immediate benefit of every class, without violence, contest or ips rear and e: cially what can be done to well educate and employ the uneducated and unemployed, to fit them for the superior state of society, to create which, for all the means are now so superabundant, not only in these States, but wherever men need to live ; or it may be called “The World’s Convention” to emancipate the human race from ignorance, poverty, divison, sin and misery. 5 I The chief business of my life bas been, so far, to prepare all classes, from the highest to the lowest, for this great change in the condition of humanity in this wold, and thus, in the best manner to prepare it for all future changes, whatever they may be, after we shall have done all in our power to ensure know- ledge, goodness and happiness in our present mode of existence. 3 " Ilive but to put into activity the means to accom- plish this change for my suffering fellow men; and to see in progress the necessary measures to effect this object | leave your country on the tirst of June for Europe, intending to return here about the middle of September. Being of no class, or sect, or party in any country, but a sincere friend to all,and being most desirous to abolish all party distinctions, | recommend. that the ** World’s Convention, previously mentioned, be held in the cityof New York, to commence on the first day of October next, and. to continue until the great and good work of establishing equal and just rights among men and mores. the Proareanive im- provement and happiness of all, shall be well under- foOu. " ra will be found, on full investigation, that there is but one interestamongst all of the human race,and that 1s, that each one should be the best taught from birth, the best employed through life, and that the inferior circumstances of man’s creation should be replaced from around all by those only of a superior and_ per- manent character, whether animate or inanimate, foras these are, so will man become. These measures have no individual interest or object in view ; it is, therefore, earnestly requested, for the good of humanity, that. the press will ad- voeate the calland object of this Convention, and prepare the minds of the public for the great and glo- rious results Hebsohs ay by ne ta cote. i for all of every class in eve . dily obtained fo iv meat Ovens New York, 24th May, 1845,