Evening Star Newspaper, January 26, 1942, Page 6

Farmers Will Meet % War Needs, Wickard - Assures Roosevelt Secretary Predicts Crops This Year Will Exceed Record 1941 Yield By the Associated Press. America’s farm productive ma- chinery has been shifted from low to high gear, Secretary of Agri- culture Wickard said today, to as-| sure & maximum supply of food and fiber for those fighting the “world battle for democracy and civiliza- tion.” ‘This accomplishment, he said, was no small one, considering that farm- ers as well as agricultural oficials - had for years “been saturated with * thoughts of crop surplus problems.” In his annual report to President Roosevelt the cabinet officer said % agriculture's speedup program brought about a record production of farm products in 1941 and pre- | dicted an even greater output’ this | year to meet an expanding demand at home and from this country’s Allies abroad. | Labor Is Scarce. Secretary Wickard said farmers faced this year's increased produc- | tion goals with a growing shortage | of farm labor, machinery and other means of production. | “Despite the handicaps,” the Sec- retary said, “we are ready for the| ordeal. Foresight and statesman- | ship have given us an ever-normal | granary, stored with feeds that can | be converted into foods. Foresight | and statesmanship have provlded‘ ¢ us a Nation-wide farm adjustment | system, which functions as well in | high as in low gear and which is capable of mobilizing the resources | of almost every farm.” It is the duty, he said, of the Agriculture Department and of | farmers to make fullest use of these facilities, with “national safety | rather than agricultural advantage | as the goal.” | Mr. Wickard asked farmers to| view war problems from the na- tional rather than from their group | interest. Sharply increased pro- | duction of food, for example, in- volves some risks for agriculture, he | said. t “Many farmers remember the sur- pluses that followed World War I| and fear a similar aftermath again,” | he continued. “In vital respecw.‘ however, the situation is different | now. In the first place, the dnnger} to our Nation is greater. If Ger- many wins it will either throttle | our export trade altogether or will | take our goods merely as prepara- | tion for an attack upon us. | “In the second place, our farm program, forged out of the prob-| lems left by the last World War, is | strong enough to meet the strains| of the new post-war period, and to keep the production program well in hand. More important still, vic- tory for democracy will postpone the need for readjustments downward | in our own farm production. It will| give us a transition market and will facilitate gradual changes towasd a peacetime basis.” Mr. Wickard also cautioned farm- | ers agalnst a ‘“high-price” policy, declaring that advances beyond a | certain point might hamper the war | program. He re-asserted bis, belief | in the adequacy of parity price goals | set up in the 1938 Farm Act. These goals have been reached for most commodities, he said. | “Efforts to push farm prices above parity may endanger the parity principle itself,” he said. “The na- | tional farm program, with its com- modity loans and its parity and con- servation payments, has had full support up to now of the general public and of consumers. This is because it has been fair. Attempts to raise farm prices out of line with | other prices; and to bolster them | with artificial scareity, might prove disastrous.” i Trade Treaties Defended. The Secretary asked also that farmers take a national view of this country’s efforts to improve trade relations with Latin and South | America through trade agreements. While conceding that such agree-| ments often “rub sore spots on agri- | culture's skin and stir old preju-| dices,” Mr. Wickard denied that they | were harmful to American farmers. | He argued that they opened up new | markets for all types of American products. | “Farmers should remember,” he declared, “that the agreements have more than an economic justification. ‘They are the pillars in our hemi- | sphere defense — vital safeguards | against Nazi penétration, both com- | mercial and military.” ' | i World War I Recalled. | | Looking to the day of victory, the Secretary said the United States | must be prepared to send large | quantities of food and agricultural | supplies to Europe, or be prepared to | wrestle with new forces of destruc- | tion. | It will pay the United States to| help, if we have the assurance that | the result will be a long peace rather | than new civil or international war,” he said. “Under our lend-lease pro- gram now we are providing foods and munitions to repel aggression. ‘The same logic will suggest the use of foods to guard against a repeti- tion of the danger of revolutionary upheavals in Europe. Warns Against Price Inflation. Payment for such help, he said, | may not be immediately in goods or | gold, but simply collaboration in world healing “As such,” he sai highly acceptable.” Mr, Wickard's report warned against price inflation, and of its possible effects on agriculture. He expressed the opinion that it could be checked and possibly stopped by a combination of price controls and Government fiscal policy. “Actually, want only fair® prices—now and later,” he said. “As long as the patity principle works they have that benefit. Parity prices of course must rise with other prices; but if other prices rise too fast, as in the end they do in inflationary situations, maintenance of parity is difficult or impossible. Farmers con- sequently have reason to approve action that will curb speculation and prevent run-away prices, even if it means putting a celling on prices.” Society to Hear Camalier ‘The Sdciety of Natives will meet tomorrow at 8 pm. at the Washing- ton Club to consider a proposed amendment to the by-laws dealing with meeting dates. Renah F. Camalier, municipal attorney for the Benate District Committee, will speak . A , “it might be | most farmers oppose | inflated prices: for themselves they | REPORT TO THE NATION THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1942. Fourth Installment of MacLeish - Statement on War Effort V. The Battle of Economics While our sea, land and air fighters are meeting the Axis throughout the world, action has been joined on still another front. This silent ‘and stubborn battle may well be the most decisive of all. It is the battle of eco- nomics. It is & war of commerce and shipping, of barter and buy- ing, of loans and agreements, of blacklist and blockade. It i starvation for our enemies and food for our friends. The term “economic warfare,” with all its exciting, if vague, connotations, has become famil- iar to the average citizen in re- cent months. Just what does it mean? It means fighting the Messerschmitt before it is a Mes- serschmitt, fighting the tank be- fore it is & tank, smashing the submarine before it can go to sea. It means preventing the manufacture of Axis weapons of war by preventing the Axis from getting raw materials. It means getting raw materials for our own production. In the days of the Napoleonic wars, indeed of our own Civil War, the technical equipment of armies was relatively modest, and a belligerent nation could furnish its own metal and supply.. To prosecute war successfully today —to build planes, ships, arma- ments—raw materials must be brought from every corner of the earth, Metal Needed for War Tools. The production of the tools of war is an endless adventure into chemistry and metallurgy. Ar- mor plate for battleships and tanks requires not only steel but manganese, nickel, chromite, tungsten and Vanadium—coming from Latin America, Canada, Turkey, Africa and China. Ar- mor-piercing bullets and high- speed tools depend upon tungsten that comes from China, Bolivia and the Argentine. Platinum is needed in the manufacture of smokeless powder. Platinum comes from Colombia, Canada, South Africa and the Soviet Union. South America’s bauxite becomes aluminum for airplanes. For more than 18 months a host of Government agencies, each working in its own special- ized field, has been laying the battle lines to see that we get these necessities, and that the Axis doesn’t. One of our most important moves in this battle of economies has been to counter the enemys attdcks upon us. He has workéd for ‘many yeats to~wesleéh our military potential. Through pat- ent controls, and, cartel Lagree- ments. ke sucfeedéd 1o 'liniting American production and export of many vital materials. He kept the prices of these materials up and the output down. He was waging war, and he did his work well, decoying important Ameri- can companies into agreements, the purpose of which they did not sense. Our businessmen were peaceful traders. The enemy's businessmen were and are, all over the world, agents of aggres- sion. The list of materials affected is long—beryllium, optical instru- ments, magnesium, tungsten car- bide, pharmaceuticals, hormones, dyes and many more. When you match each product with its mili- tary use, the significance of the attack becomes clear, Beryllium is a vital element for alloys that make shell springs; magnesium makes airplanes and incendiary bombs; tungsten carbide is es- sential for precision machine tools. Enemy Long Unchecked. Concealed behind dummy cor- porations, the enemy went un- checked for years, using our own legal machinery to hamstring us. In the summer of 1938 our Gov- ernment began to fight back. Investigation, exposure, antitrust indictments and decrees have broken up many of the agree- ments that bound us. Each prod- uct listed above is now free from restrictions. Our QGovernment also has worked to break cartel arrange- ments under which certain of our products were shut off from South America and other mar- kets of the world. Not all our action on the economic front has been defen- sive. Since April of 1940 we also have carried the economic battle to the enemy. More than $7,000,000,000 of a: sets of 33 foreign countries have been frozen in the United States.” Such action automatically severs normal economic relations be- tween the United States and these countries. Foreign funds control helps our friends and harms our enemies. When Germany invaded Den- mark and Norway, the President by executive order, froze Danish and Norwegian assets in this country. Thus, the assets of these countries are prevented from fall- ing into Axis hands. As other nations were invaded or domi- nated, the control was extended successively to the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the Balkan states. Axis’ Assets Frozen. In June, 1941, the assets of Ger- many, Italy.and their satellites were frozen and, shortly after- ward, the assets of Japan. The control now embraces all of con- tinental Europe except Turkey. After the fall of Manila the assets of the Philippines were frozen to thwart the Japanese. Blocked assets include bank deposits, ear- marked gold, securities, mer- [ chandise, patents, business en- terprises, and other forms of ‘property. These things, in themselves, are the tools of economic warfare, The freezing of assets paralyzed German and Italian efforts to acquire vital and strategic ma- terials in the Western Hemi- sphere. The Axis was using Amerjcan dollars and American banking facilities to underwrite sabotage, spying and a propa- -ganda campaign in both North and South America. The block- ing of Axis assets abrup*ly choked this pojsonous siream. 3 Against Japan, the blow was even more telling. Japan's econ- omy is heavily dependent on imports. So is her war machine. Japan's purchases of mercury— vital in certain explosives—in- creased 240 times in 1940 over the amounts acquired in 1938. Her purchases of zinc increased 60 times. In a 3i-year pe- riod she bought 4,350,000 tons of scrap iron and steel here. This accumulation of stocks for the war that is now a reality ended on July 26, when the United States, Great Britain and the Dutch simultaneously applied freezing control. License Contrel Applied. Approximately 2,500 business enterprises with varying degrees of foreign domination now are operating under licenses granted by the Foreign Funds Control. Each firm is required to file an affidavit giving the organiza- tion of the corporation, officers and directors, nature of opera- tions, and its principal cus- tomers. Periodic reports must also be filed. As a result of this, plus the first comprehensive cen- sus ever made of foreign-held property in the United States, the Treasury Department now has in its files strategic information on the structure, activities and back- ground of Axis-owned and Axis- dominated concerns. All security accounts of for- eigners have been frozen. The unlicensed importation of securi- ties from any foreign country has been prohibited. This struck against the Axis, which has at- tempted to dump into the Ameri- can market a wealth of securi- ties looted from fallen coun- tries. Another powerful weapon in fighting Axis influence has been the blacklist or, to give it its legal name, the proclaimed list of certain blocked nationals. First-used against Axis agents in this hemisphere, the blacklist has now been extended to cover the neutral nations of Europe. ‘The blacklist is, in effect, a roll Sallof indlivguals ang Qrms ity which Americans must not trade. There " are “now approximately 5,600 names on the list. They repres,.t billions in Axis invest- ment.” In one small Central American country alone German firms did an annual business of between $75000,000 and $100,- 000,000. The names on the blacklist—a Who's Who of Axis undercover agents and their dummies—rep- resent months of investigation and intelligence work by the Office of the Co-ordinator of In- ter-American Affairs, the De- partment of Justice, Treasury, the Department of Commerce, and State Department’s diplo- matic missions in the various countries. Dislocations Prevented. Particular effort has been made to prevent dislocation of the economy of the democracies of the Americas, as a result of the eradication of Axis influ- ences. Guatemala is an exam- ple. The Germans there owned 50 per cent of the coffee indus- try. To have barred this Ger- man-grown coffee from the United States would have cre- ated a desperate financial crisis in Guatemala. Treasury and State Department representa- tives arranged for the Guate- malan government to take over the coffee crop and clear it to this country through a central bank in Guatemala City. The blacklist has effectively ended, except for small quantity smuggling, all direct trade with Axis firms. The problem now is to deal with firms serving as cloaks for enemy trading. The profits from dealing in contra- band are enormous. Some com- panies have been offered as much as 75 per cent of the value of an export cargo merely for the use of their names as the shippers. It is now accurate to say that Hitler and his partners will find no further economic aid or com- fort in the republics of the Amer- icas. Directing our campaign in this battle of trade, the Board of Economic Warfare aids the mili- tary in the establishment of blockades. It also is empowered to control exports under a li- censing system and to requisition and seizé commodities whose export is forbidden under emer- gency laws, Recently 580,000 pounds of tin plate were seized in & New York warehouse, Purchased a year ago and kept in storage, the tin plate was consigned an in- dustrial concern in a nation now dominated by the Axis.. Thou- sands of tons of aluminum :# iron and steel products original billed for similar destinations: have been found in warehouses and in railroad yards. The Gov= ernment is taking over and using these goods. : Axis Air Lines Curbed. Control ' of exports and the blacklist are inseparable. The shipment of many non-vital com- modities to South America and the British Empire is freely per- mitted under so-called general lcenses, but such licenses are not granted until the biacklist has been consulted. Issuing of N- censes has been greatly. speeded so0 that legitimate industry does not suffer. Some 3,000 applica- tions are being handled a day. In most instances s decision is made within two days. The elimination of Axis-con- trolled air lines in SBouth Amer- ica is another excellent example of successful economic warfare. The shipment of high-octane gasoline to suspect companies was cut off. Most of the republics wanted to buy out foreign own- ers, but lacked the means. An $8,000,000 lending fund was set up to facilitate these purchases. In September of 1939 there were 4100 miles of Axis-dominated lines in Bolivia; now there are none. There were 5,494 miles in Colombia, 504 miles in Ecuador, 1210 miles in Peru. Now there are none. The job is virtually complete in other countries. Not content to block the ex- port of products from the United Btates to .the Axis, we have worked to prevent the Axis from getting strategic materials from any country. We have con- tracted for the purchase of ma- terials which might otherwise be sold to enemy agents, Before the end of 1940 agree- ments had been signed which assured us substantially the en- tire copper production of Chile, Mexico and Peru. In November, 1940, we agreed to buy almost all Bolivian tin not earmarked for Great Britain. A few months later, in the face of higher Jap- anese bids, an agreement was made to purchase Bolivia's entire tungsten output. Under the 1941 agreements with Brazil, Mexico and Peru, we are taking the en- tire exportable surplus of almost all their strategic materials. We have made similar arrangements for the control of Colombian platinum and Cuban sugar. Reserve Supplies Guarded. Choking off the enemy’s sources of materials fitted naturally into our broader efforts to obtain our own stocks. The Government's stock-piling program—to build up reserves of imported war ma- terials which might be cut off in time of war—began in the sum- mer of 1939, but feebly. It was stepped up after the fall of France. These reserves will con- tinue to be bolstered, but their exact size will be kept secret. As users of tires and golf balls are now aware, supplies of some ma- terials are not sufficient to meet both our fighting needs and our civiljap desires. . Special studies have uncovered “processes for ‘treating-low-grade domestic ores, providing new sources, of.strategic metals. Agri- culture research men are work- ing to develop substitutes for ma- terials ‘'which we have imported from the Far East. New uses have been found for some of our own most common products. In the case of rubber, we are supplementing our stock pile by building synthetic rubber plants, by increasing the reclaiming of rubber, by stimulating rubber pro- duction in South America, and by preparing the way for in- creased production of guayule rubber, which comes from a shrub we can grow in our own South- west. Our dependence on the dem‘c- racies of the Americas for stra- tegic materials carries with it an obligation to send in return the manufactured goods they can get nowhere else. It is a part of our economic policy to continue suffi- cient exports to our neighbors to satisfy their minimum essential requirements, treating their civil- {an needs as we would our own. Special consideration has been given to supply them with ma- chinery needed for their part in the productive effort. We have granted export licenses for tin plate to maintain the canning industry of South America. We have given high priority ratings for railroad equipment to Brazil. Financing Explained. The allocation of supplies is worked out, 50 far as possible, in co-operation with' the ‘other American governments. To aid in the financing of these purchases and to develop new, untouched resources the Export- Import Bank has granted loans and credits to 18 American re- publics. For example, credit was extended to Brazil for the erec- tion of a steel plant. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragus, El Salvador, and Panama have received loans for highway improvements; Haiti for rubber production. Outstand- ing loans and undisbursed com- mitments now total approximate- 1y $299,000,000. Beyond today’s objective, to defeat the Axis in the war, lies the peace of tomorrow. The eco- nomic highways we have pic- neered in war will still be there. If we have pioneered well, the blows struck in economic warfare will be blows struck for our fu- ture freedom and prosperity, and the freedom and prosperity of all friendly nations, large and small, " everywhere. (To be continued.) District Soldier Killed While on Sentry Duty By the Associated Préss. FORT DIX, N. J., Jan. 26—Pvt. Prederick H. Robinson, :. of ;:;: ington, on sentry duty here day, was killed when the rifie of an- |all of South America, particularly Music Praised as Aid To Solidarity Among American Nafions Educatiohal Project Due To Run Two Years May Continue Indefinitely By JOSEPH A. RAWLINGS, ‘Wide World News. . \" CHICAGO, Jan. 26.—Music is sing- ing & song of Pan-American unity. ‘Through its medium, innumerable staunch friendships between the Ppeoples of North and South America are being built in steadily growing numbers, . 1 ‘These observations were made to- day by C. V. Buttelman, executive secretary of the Musle Educators National Conference, in an inter- view. He surveyed the effects of fhore than a year of work on a music - for - uniting - the - Americas movement, and announced the proj- ect, originally planned for at least two years, probably would be carried on indefinitely. Curiosity Opening Wedge. Since the movement—one of sev- eral phases of a general American unity through music program—got under way a year ago last October, Mr. Buttelman said he noted: 1. A sharp rise in the Latin Ameri- can folk lore music being used in the music departments of the schools throughout the United States, as well as a steadily increas- ing spread of the popular or “Tin- Pan-Alley” types in other places, in- cluding the radio—and a correspond- ing advance in the popularity of North American music in the other new world republics. 2. The springing up of a legion of natural friendships between North and South Americans as a re- sult of visits to North American | schools by professors, teachers and students of music from the other American republics, | Mr. Buttelman attributed the | rapid growth of friendships through music to the “natural curiosity that one musician has for another’s work”—a curiosity which becomes the opening and unforced wedge to mutual understandings in other in- terests. “Because the curiosity is not forced,” he said, “it becomes much easier to integrate interests through culture than through commerce. A salesman may be suspect, but when one musician visits another musician —just for s visit, with nothing to sell—their mutual curiosity leads to understandings of other problems and results in lasting friendships. | The original contact is all that is | needed to establish these very fine | understandings. | | Sympathetic Attitude. “Something that happened to me {llustrates the point. After I had met Luiz Heitor Correa de Azevedo, a musicologist from the University of Brazil, at the Pan-American Union in Washington, I learned so much about Brazil that for the first time in my life I found myself anxious to go to Rio. “Until then South America had seemed as far away to me as Asia. Literally hundreds of other persons making a musical contact with this one man, have exactly. the same feeling that I baye. It wouid be hard for me now to have anything but a sympathetic attitude toward ‘The Music Educators’ Conference is a department of the National Ed- ucation Association. Approximately 90 different musical organizations, including more than a score of State associations of music teachers —representing instructors from kindergartens to universities, are affiliated with the conference. ‘When the conference’s Board of Directors adopted its general Amer- ican unity through music program in October of 1940 the plan was sub- mitted to the heads of the organi- zation's units for execution. The results were so gratifying that Mr. Buttelman ventured his prediction it would be carried on indefinitely. In addition to the music for unit- ing the Americas phase, the general program was designed to stimulate music as a morale builder during the defense emergency, promote the consistent use of patriotic and na- tional songs in the schools and col- leges afid extend the general knowl- edge and appreciation for American folk and pioneer tunes. Federal Agencies Co-operate. ‘The unity for the Americas activ- ities have the support and co-oper- ation of the Pan-American Union, the Institute of International Edu- cation and two Government agen- cies, the Office of the Co-ordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the Music Advisory Committee of the State Department. “While our group is taking the leadership in this movement,” Mr. EDUCATIONAL. Pace Courses: B. C. S. and M. C. S. Degrees. C. P. A. U. S. Cannot Rely On Brifish Transport, Report Declares Foreign Policy Association Points to Change in Picture From Last War Any substantial American expedi- tionary forcé will have to be carried by United States merchant ships in- stead of by British vessels, as in the last war, the Foreign Policy Asso- clation said yesterday. The heavy demand on British and American shipping for moving raw materials to this country and war goods to the anti-Axis countries has changed the picture since the World ‘War, sald a report by the association, s privaiely funded organization. The report estimated that 7,000, 000 tons of shipping would be needed to supply an American expeditionary force of 2,000,000 men located 3,000 miles away. To transport one soldier that distance, the report said, would require 17 deadweight tons of ship- ping. “On the basis of these figures,” the association added, “an expeditionary force of this size would engage the great bulk of American tormage that has until now been employed in maintaining a steady flow of raw ‘materials coming into and war sup- plies going out of the United States.” The magnitude of this problem, the report said, was contemplated by President Roosevelt when he asked Congress on January 6 to provide for the building of 8,000,000 deadweight tons of shipping in 1942 and 10,000,- 000 tons the following year. fittemnn said, “we are getting help from our neighbor organizations, the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, the Music Teachers’ National Association and the Na- tional Association of Schools of Music. “One object is to insure that when be the kind the South Americans themselves will be glad to have heard—and to make sure that the audience knows what type is being presented—whether it's the type is simply a sort of invention based on the native tunes of South America. ‘The Tin-Pan-Alley types are o. k., but our serious-minded musical ed- ucators do not wish the people to be entirely immersed in this kind of South American music alone.” Dr. J. 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