Evening Star Newspaper, November 2, 1936, Page 6

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Save for two alterations and a great deal of paint, the machinery built by the carpenters of the Consti- tution for elevating men to the head of the Republic remains very much like it was in 1787, when they laid down their hammers. Tuesday will see the thirty-seventh time it has been used to elect a Presi- dent. It has put 2° men into office, re-elected nine of them. Six Vice Presidents have come into- the White House by death. Two of these, Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Cool- idge, were re-elected. The two changes in the Constitution were by the twelfth and twentieth amendments, The twelfth specified principally that the electors should select one man for President and another for Vice President, making plain which was to be which. The twentieth changed the date of in- auguration from March 4 to January 20 and empowered Congress to take care of the situation if no President or Vice President had qualified before that date. The Constitution makers, sweating through a long Summer in Phila- delphia, found much material to dis- card when they set to measuring off electoral ideas. They decided against a direct popular election, chiefly for fear of the influence populous States | would exert. Just one member, Col. Mason of Virginia—who was one of (the three that did not sign the Con- | | stitution—expressed doubt that the | | people would exercise good judgment. | Decide on Four-Year Term. They also discarded plans to have the State Legislatures choose a Pre: dent; threw out one to have the Go ernors of the States elect one. They debated long over whether his term should be for seven years, Much more | debate went on before they decided | on the four-year term. They decided that the President | should be chosen by electors. Each | State was told to appoint a number of electors (equal to its total number of national Representatives and Sena- tors). The method of appointing the electors was left to the discretion of each State Legislature. The country set out on its first elec- tion during the Autumn of 1788. On July 26 New York became the eleventh State to ratify the Constitution. North Carolina and Rhode Island refused their assent and did not take part in the firat election, September 13, 1788, Congress di- rected that electors to choose & Presi- dent and Vice President be appointed on the first Wednesday of the next January, that they meet in their re- spective States and vote on the first Wednesday in February and that the new Congress meet in New York on the first Wednesday in March. Washington’s Name First. | Mails and travel were slow. But | during the Autumn and Winter the word was spead along the snowy countryside, The first name that leaped tull-syliabled to all tongues was that of George Washington. In Connecticut, New Jersey, Dela- ‘ware, South Carolina and Georgia, the Governors did not call the Legislature in time to provide for an election. New Hampshire and Massachusetts provided a complicated system of choosing electors, in which the people did some voting. The New York Legislature talked so long it did not get around to arranging to take part in the choice of the first President. Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia held popular elections but the voting was light. Returns were slow. They did not even vote on the same day. ‘When February 4 came, the day for the electors to meet in their respective States, two men from Maryland and two from Virginia did not show up. Ice kept one of the Maryland menl from getting there. The others had the gout. The new Congress, meeting in New York, did not have a quorum of the Senate until April 6, more than 8| month late. It was April 30, almost | two months after his term had started, | by the time they got through the busi- ness of counting the electoral vote and arranging for the inauguration of George Washington. He stood on the | Broad street, held fiis right hand high for the oath, and aaid: “I swear it. So help me God.” Subject to Moral Stress, The original theory had been that the presidential electors should exer- olse their free will in the selection of 2 TOLMAN sundsy Poomdont 5248 wisconsin Ave. CLeveLAnD 7800 EEURANEEE LT & stay clean longer. 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Just one instance is recorded of an elector who voted contrary to the in- structions of the ballot. 1n the third election, one chosen on the Federalist ticket in Pennsylvania voted for Thomas Jefferson instead of John Adams. Adams got in by three votes. An {rate Pennsylvania burst into print about the elector who had exercised his own free will: “What? Do I chuse Samuel Miles to determine for me whether John Adams or Thomas Jefferson shall be President? No, I chuse him to act, not to think.” ‘The fourth election demonstrated that under a party system, for which scanty provision had been made, it was necessary for one candidate to be tagged “President” and the other “Vice President.” Originally, with each elector voting for two persons, the candidate getting the highest numter of votes was Presi- dent (provided the number was a ma- jority); the ome getting the second highest number was Vice President. Adams Drew Jefferson. George Washington had his fellow Federalist, John Adams, for Vice Pres- ident. But Adams Drew Thomas Jefferson, the Republican, and when Jefferson and Aaron Burr were teamed together by the Republicans, they drew the same number of votes and thus were tied for President. It took 36 ballots in the House to straighten out the tangle and give thé presidency to Jefferson. Some of the Federalists preferred Burr to Jefferson. 80 in went the twelfth amendment to specify that a first and a second place should be provided on the ticket. Arguments arose over this change, however. In Congress, some said it would degrade the vice presidency and invite the nomination to it of men who would not be thought of for the presidency. One House member put it this way® % “What will be the effect of this principle? The office of Vice President will be carried to market to purchase the votes of particular States.” In the beginning, most of the States that had popular elections put be- fore the voter the choice of just three electors, two for the State at large and one for his congressional district. This gave a split electoral vote for many States. The politicians soon dis- covered that it was worth more to a State to put its whole electoral vote on one side or the other. Maryland, the last State to give up the district Miss REE LEEF *CAPUDINE relieves HEADACHE 1WAS FLATCHESTED,RUN DOWN AND SKINNY UNTIL 1 TOOK VINOL 1RON TONIC. THEN MY!FIGURE BEGAN TO FILLOUT AND 1 GOT MORE CURVES TO MY BODY. 1 HAVE NO TROUBLE GETTING BOY FRIENDS FOR DANCES AND PARTIES NOW. GETVINOL AT YOUR Get Your VINOL Today at | All Leading Druggists system, did so after the election of 1832, Recelved All Bpt One Vote. Aside from the two elections of George Washington, when he got the full electoral vote of every State vot- ing, only one other President came Hear getting & unanimous election. James Monroe, up for re-election in 1830, got every electoral vote but one. ‘Many say that Willlam Plumer, the New Hampshire elector who voted against Monroe, did so be- cause he felt that to Washington should be reserved the honor of be- ing the only President to be elected by the voice of & whole people. One close and generally accurate student says, however, that Plumer distrusted Monroe. It was not until after the Civil War that every State put the choice of presidential electors to a popular vote. Through the election of 1860, South Carolina chose its electors by Legis- lature. All the other States had abandoned that method long before. South Carolina and 10 other South- ern States were too busy with guns to think much about elections in 1864. In 1868, Florida, Mississippi and Texas ~in the grip of reconstruction—re- vived the practice of choosing electors by Legislature, The election of 1872 was the first in which the whole Union participated by popular vote. Colorado chose by Legislature in 1876 but, be- inni ith 1880, held e 890, W1 Bt ten bave e | son at either of his elections, popular elections. ‘Two elections have been decided by the House of Representatives. They were the Jefferson-Burr contest in 1800 and that of John Quicy Adams and Andrew Jackson in 1824. Jackson had a plurality of both the popular and the electoral votes Henry Clay, then Speaker of the House, was also & candidate. No one had an electoral majority. Clay threw his support to Adams, and Adams won. Clay later became Secretary of State under Adams. The Jackson men shouted “trade.” Clay and Adams denied it with vigor. Votes Are Disputed. The contest between Samuel J. Til- den and Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876 did not reach the House from the electoral college. In it, the vote of several States was in dispute. A com- mission, on which were members of the Supreme Court, was set up by Congress to decide the dispute. There ‘was hope that the Supreme Court Justices would give it a non-partisan blessing. But they voted along party lines, too. There was much talk of fraud on both sides. Tilden, who had gotten a popular majority, stayed in New York and Hayes became Presi- dent. Many elections have bzen close, In several, men have gained an electoral majority and been a minority Presi- dent as far as the popular vote was concerned. James K. Polk did not have a popular majority. Nor did Zachary Taylor, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland at his second election, William McKin- ley for his first election, Woodrow Wil- Only once has the Senate been called upon to elect a Vice President, that duty falling there when no per- son has a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President. Red-vested Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky, about whose personal life a \/A{ade of pure Jamaica ginger and fine cane sugar CANADA DRY ““THE CHAMPAGNE OF GINGER ALES” now at lowestprices In history 5 10° 15 (plus botsle deposis) PHILCO Model 660X ‘120 Plus wmall carrving Purchased on the charge. if udget Plan A powerful American and Foreign Philco that will “write rings around” most other radios in this price class. (Main Floor, Electrical Arcade.) NO MONEY DOWN EXTRA LIBERAL THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. .C, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1936. Election Data at a Glance B the Associated Press, Voters will ballot tomorrow for: President and vice president. Thirty-five United States Senators. Four hundred and thirty-two members of the House of Represent- atives. (Congressional balloting will take place in every State except Maine, which elected a Senator and three House members in September.) ‘Thirty-three Governors. A host of lesser State officials. Senate—The full membersship is 96, the present line-up being: Democrats, 69; Republicans, 23; Farmer-Labor, 2; Progressive, 1; vacancy, 1 (Democratic). House—Full membership is 435, 17 (Democrats, 13; Republicans, 4). Number of voters registered—Unofficially estimated at 55,427,000, an increase of 8,527,000 over 1932. Expected vote—Perhaps 45,000,000, or more than 5,000,000 over 1932., Voting units, 122,464, an increase of 2,277 over 1932. Number of election officials, clerks, ballot counters, etc.—612,000. Cost of campaign—More than $13,000,000 has been reported to Con- gress to date. great many words were said in Wash- ington, lacked one vote of having a majority when wily Martin Van Buren succeeded Jackson to the presidency in 1836. Elected on First Ballot. Johnson and Francis Granger of | New York being the two high men, they | went into a run-off in the Senate. Johnson was elected on the first ballot. Only once has a man been elected , present line-up being: Democrats, 308; Republicans, 100; Progressives, 7, Farmer-Laborites, 3; vacancies, President without the electoral vote of either New York or Pennsylvania. That was Woodrow Wilson in 1916. And only once have electoral vom; been cast for a dead man. Horace Greeley, who had helped to foster the Republican party, was the Democratic candidate in 1872. Between the elec- tion and the time for counting the electoral votes, he died. Three Geor-| gia electors considered themselves so | tightly bound by their instructions for Greeley that they voted for him anys way. It was objected at the joint session that Greeley was dead. Doubt was expressed, in spite of this, that Con- gress could take cognizance of the ineligibility of & presidential can- didate. The two Houses ended their joint session to consider separately that and other objections. The Senate voted to accept the votes for Greeley. The House voted to reject them. They finally were thrown out. Grant had won the election anyway. First “Winter Claim” Filed. HARTFORD, Conn. (P)—It's an early Winter, agreed the staff of the corporation counsel's office as it studied a claim for damages from the city for & broken ankle received in a fall on an ice-covered sidewalk October 28. 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