Evening Star Newspaper, October 18, 1936, Page 35

Editorial Page Political Round-Up — Part 2—12 Pages AVERAGE MAN WILL PAY COST OF THE NEW DEAL He Will Contribute Directly Most of Taxes and Through Process of “Di- luted” Currency, Says Observer. BY MARK SULLIVAN, WONDER if all that has been said about the cost of the New Deal has really enlightened the average man. I wonder if he €loses his ears to much that comes over the radio, thinking it is just campaign talk. I wonder whether he knows that he—unescapably he—is going to pay the bill; that he is al- ready paying. and that he must puy1 even more heavily. Is he still under the illusion, sprayed over him by poli- ticians in this administration and before, and often in both parties, that somehow the rich can be made to pay the whole bill? If the average man, the “little fel- Jow,” whom the politicians flatter— and at the same time fool—if he knew | how certainly he must pay he would, | by his vote, bring the waste and ex- travagance to an end. The process | by which he is made to pay is not easy for him to understand. I am going to try to make it clear. And first let us dispose of the myth that the rich can be made to pay the whole bill. This involves a little history, but it is history only a year old, and it | has a bearing on this campaign. Mr. Roosevelt Uneasy. In the month of June, 1935, Mr.| Roosevelt was uneasy, for more than | one reason. He had just rebuked the | Supreme Court for its unanimous deci- | sion invalidating N. R. A. He had re- buked the court with the expectation | tricate that I am confident not one the cost of the commodity without any addition in value. President Roosevelt needs some money. He needs it for W. P. A. or for relief, or for regular Government ex- penses or what-not. There is not in the Treasury as much money as he needs. The President sends for Secre- tary of the Treasury Morgenthau. Mr. Morgenthau calls up the Bureau of Printing and Engraving. He tells the bureau to print a billion of Govern- ment bonds. The bureau prints them. Mr. Morgenthau takes, for example, one of these bonds to a bank. The bank takes the bond. Then the bank makes an entry in its books. The bank “credits” the Gov= ernment with $1,000. The Government now has a “deposit” of $1,000. Against this deposit the Government draws checks just as the average citizen draws checks against the money he has actually deposited. It is the average man who will pay the cost of the New Deal. He will pay, directly, most of the taxes. And in addition to paying the taxes, he will pay for the New Deal in another way. He will be made to pay—he is paying | right now—through a device so in- person in 10,000 understands how it works. I have tried to explain it be- fore; I repeat the explanation here— it is needed by 2l America as a pri- mary lesson in Government finance. The average person, any of us, earns that the country would rally to him. | But the country had not rallied to| him. On the contrary, the country | had rallied to the court and rebuked Mr. Roosevelt. It was perhaps the first really serious setback in popu-; larity that the President had had. The condition called for some gesture to win back popular favor—or at least to cause the public to cease thinking #0 much about the attempted rebuke to the Supreme Court, to give the public something different to thlnk‘ about—an art of changing the subject | at which Mr. Roosevelt is extraordi- | narily skillful. About the same time, in June, 1935, Benator Huey Long was making prog- ress with a slogan he had coined, “Share the Wealth”; Long was going to start a third party under that ban- ner. To prevent this, to avoid a third party of radicals and hold the radicals | to himself, was one of the main lines of Mr. Roosevelt's political strategy throughout his administration. | To kill two birds with one stone | {Mr. Rogsevelt, during the latter part “‘of June, 1935, sent to Congress a mes- sage advocating a new tax measure, ® measure which, he said, would en- | courage “a wider “distribution of wealth.” This phrase, while softer than Sepator Long's “Share the ‘Wealth,” was well adapted to take some of the wind out of Senator Long’s slogan and hold the radicals to Mr. | Roosevelt. Surprise to Congress. ‘The message surprised Congress. | They had been told by Mr. Roosevelt | the previous January that he contem- | plated “no new or additional” taxes. | It was apparent that Mr. Roosevelt's | own leaders in Congress had not been consulted, he had sent the message as & sudden gesture. His- leaders, and Congress as a whole, were embar- . rassed. They had been hurrying to clean up the business of the session | and they expected to adjourn within | three weeks. I think it safe to say, @and it was commonly felt at the time, | that Mr. Roosevelt did not really ex- | pect Congress to act on his message. | It was merely an opportune recom- | mendation, without suggestion as to time. When, later, commotion arose | and Mr. Roosevelt got into hot water, Mr. Arthur Krock of the New York ‘Times ‘used the phrase “brutal oppor- tunism,” and said: “The incident is| unpleasant * * * once again ‘deep strategy’ has proved too clever; once | again over-subtlety has overwhelmed #ts own inventors.” But if Mr. Roosevelt did not expect | his tax recommendation to be acted | upon, the radicals, in Congress and out, determined that enacted it must be. They began agitation for passage. | They had Mr. Roosevelt “on the spot.” ‘Unless Mr. Roosevelt would unite with them and help press the measure through Congress they would accuse him of having made the recommenda- tion without good faith. In a phrase one of them used, they “turned the heat” on Mr. Roosevelt. Much of what followed I shall not gecite. In the end Mr. Roosevelt and his leaders in Congress—themselves unwilling under duress—held Con- gress in Washington throughout a hot Summer and passed the tax bill “en- couraging & wider distribtuion of wealth.” It came to be called the *soak-the-rich” tax measure. Adopted More Drastic Bill. ‘When Mr. Roosevelt's proposal was examined closely with a view to actual passage, it was discovered that the largest amount of revenue it would raise from the rich would be somewhere between $200,000,000 and $300,000,000 a year. The Democrats in Congress, now under a kind of compulsion to make good on Mr. Roosevelt’s phrase about “a wider dis- tribution of wealth,” drew and passed & bill even more drastic than Mr. Roosevelt had suggested. 1 do not know how much taxes this bill has raised. I do not know if there are any figures which would show. But from the debate that went on while the bill was in Congress, from the intricate calculations that were made, I think it is safe to say that this measure, designed to take as much as it is practicable to take from the rich (in addition to what they already paid) would hardly meet the expenses of the Government for a month, perhaps much less. No, the rich will not pay. It is not practicable to make them pay. If the Government should take literally all they have, it would still be not enough. The income and inheritance taxes on | enormous deficit each year. No, it is the average man who will pay. He will pay in actuality most of the taxes that appear to be paid by | average man should have little dif- some money. He takes it to the bank. The bank credits him with a deposit. | A depositor can get his money back any time—there is no present doubt about the safety of the banks. That | is, the person who deposits $100 in the | bank can at any time get back $100. | He can get 100 pieces of paper called | dollars. The pieces of paper he gets | back will be identical in all respects | with the pieces he putin. They are the | same size, they are the same kind of | paper, they are printed with the same colored inks, they bear the same words, including the words, “one dollar.” But while those dollars have been in the bank, something subtle has been done to them. It has been done by the Government. Let us see | what this is. We can envisage the scene. “Made Dollars.” Now where did this thousand of new dollars come from? Nobody earned it. The money which the average man deposits is the fruit of working and trading and saving. The | average man's ‘money consists of “earned dollars.” The Government's money consists of “made dollars.” Father Coughlin is not far wrong when he calls it “money created by the stroke of a fountain pen.” (Though I think Father Coughlin is incorrect when he applies the same term to ordinary commercial credit brought about by bank loans to busi- nessmen.) 5 What is the effect of adding 1,000 new, Government-made dollars to the earned dollars of citizens already in the bank. The effect can be de- | scribed as so much air injected into the average man’s dollars—by that figure of speech the process is prop- | erly described as “inflation.” Or it can be looked upon as adding so much water to milk—by that figure of speech the process is properly de- | scribed as “dilution.” | Whatever it be called, the effect is to “thin” the average man’s earned dollar, to reduce the purchasing power of each dollar. Every time the Government gets a dollar by the proc- ess here described, a tiny fraction is taken off the purchasing power of every one of the dollars already in ex- istence. The aggregate of these frac- tions (in addition to taxes) is what meets the cost of government. The ficulty in understanding that in the end it is he who pays the bill. I should add that the process I have described is not “borrowing” as the average man understands it. Borrowing money which has already been created by work and saving is a | different thing. Some of the money the Government spends, it gets by borrowing. But to a degree that alarms many who have good judg- ment in this field, the Government gets its money and pays its bills by & kind of manufacture of new money, by the process I have described. (Copyrighted, 1936.) Great Delhi Temple Soon Open to Public BOMBAY .—After 26 years of work, the great temple in New Delhi has been completed and will open its doors to the public soon. This vast and beautiful edifice to Christianity has had the support and contribution of people throughout the world. George V of England laid the foundation stone in 1911, and money came from England, Australia, the United States and even Japan. ‘The designs of the mighty church, which is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Our Lord, are from Sir Ed- win Luthyens, one of the famous architects of modern times. At the inauguration of the great edifice there were present the apostolic delegate to India, six bishops and a multitude of Catholics, Protestants, Mahommedans and Hindus. —_— New Public Pawnshops Are Planned by China NANKING, China (#).—Pawn- brokers, who form a not inconsider- able and- not uninfluential part of Chinese society, fear the loss of busi- nesses which have been handed down from father to son’for centuries if the national government goes through with its public pawnshop program. In a recent order to district and municipal administrations, the na- EDITORIAL SECTION he Sundwy Star ‘WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 18, 1936, New Deal and Diplomacy America Has Lacked Definite Policy It Is Claimed by One Who Calls Present Courses Bungling. BY WILLIAM R. CASTLE, Former United States Undersecretary of always be in large measure the history. of diplomats. have that ambassadors and ministers are little more than clerks who ce- posite. We all know the difference between the spoken and the written breaking up the friendship; he de- pends on expression and intonation pelled to write something unpleasant there is real danger that you will be United States must often rebuke other | nations for one thing or another which what appears to be unfair treatment. This can be done in a manner that in a way to irritate and perhaps cause lasting rancor. This depends on the If nation X has a fair and able representative in Washington, espe- place in Washington. If we have a thoroughly able man in nation Y, or appears mot quite trustworthy, most of the work is done in the capi- Assistant Secretary of State, who has general superivision of our relations | to do everything himself, or is a good administrator who realizes that work therefore eager to throw the re- sponsibility for action on others. Washington who sends them their orders. It makes no difference Who President Fountain Head. It is true, theoretically, that the ally, until the present administration at least, the President has let the assistants. He has wisely refrained from discussing official matters with be thrown into the scale at once. When this has happened the Secre- fully plotted it out with the President beforehand. and has often, unfortunately, spoken-| lightly words which they have taken State. T Whatever silly idea the world liver mesages sent them from Wash- word. If you have tact you can say quite as much as on the actual words. misunderstood. This is even more affects us adversely; it must often places international friendship on a men in the Department of State and cially if we have a second-rate man epsecially if the representative of Y tal of Y. Something depends also on with some particular part of the must be divided to keep up esprit American representatives in the field signs the instructions; the field men President is the fountain head of all work be done by the human tools at foreigners except when the whole tary of State has been present at Mr. Roosevelt has talked officially . Nor has he the sense of HE history of diplomacy must and many members of Congress may ington, the facts are quite the op- almost anything to a friend without If, on the other hand, you are com- true in diplomatic interchanges. The protest against discrimination or firmer foundation, or it can be done their agents in the field. in X, most of the exchanges take in the United States is ineffective whether the individual, usually an world, is a forceful person who wants de corps and morale, or is timid and can very quickly size up the man in know where they originated. American diplomatic -dction. Actu- hand—the Secretary of State and his weight of the United States had to the interview or has at least care- with foreigners whenever he pleased organization which would n‘? him CURRENCY | STABIIZ¥¢ PLANS Q e limit discussion of international mat- | licly on international affairs and has |and through them their governments, ters to the Secretary of State or such | not asked them to retract their state- | have been confused, have been un- | officers of his department as he might | designate to speak for him. The | President has permitted various mem- | bers of his Government to talk pub-' ments even when the statements were in flat contradiction to the policy of the Department of State. Because of this foreign diplomats, AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT BRINGS AMERICAS CLOSER Reap Moral and Material Benefits Lead- ing to Better Political Under- standing. BY GASTON NERVAL. cruises to Latin America and | new, faster schedules over thef West Indies route to Brazil| and Argentina have served to em- phasize the unparalleled development in commercial aviation which the countries of the Western Hemisphere have witnessed in the past seven years. It was only a few years ago that Herbert Hoover, during his good-will tour of South America, foresaw this development and spoke in one of his official addresses of the day when the New World weuld be crossed by air- lines from one end to the other. His prediction was then called premature, and one New York editorialist re- ferred to it as “an optimistic glance into the future, with a Jules Verne touch.” At that time the Pan-American Air- ways Co., operating an airline to Cuba, was just beginning to extend its serv- ices from Miami to the West Indies. In February of that same year, 1929, Col. Lindbergh flew the first load of mail to the northern part of South America from the Florida base. In August the Nybra Line was only car- rying pasengers on a West Indian hop of 125 miles. Regular Plane Service. Merely seven years have elapsed since those pioneering attempts were being carried out in an atmosphere of doubt and skepticism. Today more than 200 planes of all types cross the continent regularly from the Anglo- Saxon American shores to the south- ernmost Latin American capitals. One hundred and forty-two of them belong to the Pan-American Airways, the largest air communications system in the world, with 40,000 miles of air- ways linking 38 countries and colonies, and a world record for regularity of service and dependability, with 99.93 per cent of schedules maintained on time. The rest fly the flags of vari- ous Latin American commercial air- lines. Until aviation came along, Buenos | the Dominican Republic and the THE recent inauguration of air| Central American countries are all| within one or two days of Miami: Havana and Mexico City are but hours away. Influence Is Two-Fold. The influence of aerial communica- tion between the Americas is two- fold; moral and material. The first to derive benefits is, of course; inter- national trade. With the aid of aerial transportation, commercial in- terchange is greatly encouraged—not only because innumerable commodi- ties of smaH volume can be directly conveyed by air express, but mainly because the airmail service, rapid, immediate in itself, greatly facilitates commercial operations, financial ar- rangements and all business transac- tions in general. United States exporters, previous to the inauguration of airmail to Latin America, had to struggle with the lack of facilities for the rapid conveying to South American mar- kets of samples, parts and other ar- ticles which were urgently needed to overcome European competition. The transportation of small packages con- taining samples required the same length of time as that of a 50-ton locomotive, the delivery of which in two days or in two months was im- material. ‘The quickest steamship service to Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, for instance, took from 12 to 17 days, and those to other important Southern commercial centers from- 20 to 25 days. To this had to be added the tife employed in the identification of custom documents, port formalities and the usual delays caused hy un- favorable salling weather conditions. Political Advantages. ‘The suppression of all these bar- riers and the great saving of time which it represents is not the only accomplishment ‘of inter-American aerial communication. Even more im- portant, and certainly more far-reach- ing. than these immediate material advantages, are the political benefits which it will bring in the way of closer personal contacts. Understand | able to estimate the policy of the | have even | American Government, complained that it had no policy. Directly under the President and directly responsible to him, the Sec- retary of State should be the sole policy-making officer of the Govern- ment so far as foreign relations are concerned. Mr. Hull has been un- able to assume this function because the President has often spoken and acted without consulting him. Hull Has Been Handicapped. For example, at the beginning of the trouble between Italy an Ethiopia the Secretary of State was in con= stant consultation with the Italian Ambassador and with the Ethiopian government through the American Legation in Addis Ababa urging on them the devotion of the United States to the cause of peace and our deep interest in the sanctity of treaties. It is easy to imagine the relief—not to say the delight—of Mussolini when the President an- nounced to the press that the United States was not even interested in the matter. It can easily be understood also, that the Secretary of State would thereafter hesitate to commit himself even to the most obvious truths. So, also, Mr. Hull has been handi- capped by the careless statements of other officers of the Government. In the same connection—Italy and Ethi- opla—his hands were tied by what the Secretary of the Interior was re- ported to have said about the export of oil to Italy. His reciprocal trade treaties, so far as benefit to the American export trade in agricultural commodities is concerned, have often been hamstrung by the words and deeds of the Secretary of Agriculture (Continued on Tenth Page.) should increase in proportion to the shortening of the distances separating them. The growth of aviation in Latin America has not been confined, how- ever, to the establishment of interna- tional airways. The progress of do- mestic aviation in nearly every one of the Latin American republics has been equally impressive in the years in which the pan-American air sys- tem was being built. In spite of the severe economic - depression through which all of them went since 1929, the Latin American countries have witnessed great' strides in their own commercial aeronautics. Their na- tional lines are operating:today more than 38,000 miles of airways. The result of this unprecedented air development is that, having thus over- come the otherwise insurmountable barriers of high mountain ranges and vast areas of uncharted land, the Latin Americans have at last begun to break down their disintegrated na- tional economies, the greatest handi- cap to their material progress in the past. The fruits which they already are reaping, both internally in their domestic prosperity and externally in their contacts with those of their neighbors who also are growing com- mercial wings, should be sufficient demonstration. that they have not taken to the air in vain. (Copyright, 1836.) 4 , Part Two | D HITLER COLONY DEMANDS CHIEFLY AFFECT BRITAIN Territory Sought in Africa Reported to Include the Gold Coast and Nigeria. Schacht Is Guiding Force. BY CONSTANTINE BROWN. HAT Germany must recover a colonial empire is a matter which is definitely settled in the minds of the German leaders, notwithstanding diplomatic gestures to the contrary. The only divergence of opinion is in regard to the methods to be employed to achieve this purpose. ‘The Reich officially went on record as claiming a colonial empire on Sep- tember 9 this year with Adlof Hitler's spectacular speech at the Nazi con- vention at Nurnberg. He was blunt, almost brutal. Hitler spoke, but the ideas he expressed were those of the | militant Dr. Schacht, financial wizard | of the Reich. Schacht is pugnacious, | and so was Hitler in his speech. But the president of the Reichsbank does | not belong to Der Puehrer’s camarilla. | He maintains his position of influence in the government because he is in- dispensable. Now the Reichsfuehrer seems to be | relaxing and has indicated that he intends to dissolve the Colonial League, an organization similar to our Navy League. The Colonial League was vociferous in demanding the re- turn of the German calonies which are now mandated to Prance and Great Britain. Advice of Von Ribbentrop. ‘This surprise move of Der Fuehrer is due to the fact that his trusted Ambassador to London, Baron von Ribbentrop, is insisting that mild | methods will go further than the | mailed fist in obtaining concessions from the British. The fact is that | informal conversations between the | German and the British governments regarding the colonial question were initiated in Berlin this Summer when | 6ir Robert Vansittart, the British went to see the Olympic games. he spent more time with Hitler and Schacht than at the Olympic Village. Shortly after the Vansittart visit, | Schacht went to Paris to return the | call of the president of the Banque | de France, M. Labeyrie. There were hints in the French and British press | that, at the two diplomatic teas which Leon Blum gave in honor of the Ger- | man statesman, questions other than | banking policies were discussed. Actually Schacht went to Paris to| acquaint the French government with the minimum claims of the Reich re- garding colonial possessions. The German government does not want the old colonies buck. During the | frequent talks between Vansittart and German high officials it was pointed out to him that the question of col- onies is not so much a matter of pres- tige as the necessity for Germany to possess her own sources of raw ma- terials. And, in order that there | should no longer be conflicts about “political penetration within definite | zones of influence,” the Germans are | now claiming sections of West Africa which would in no way bring them |into conflict with France and Great | Britain in the future. Scope of Zone. This zone extends, I have been in- | formed, from Liberia to the Belgian Congo and includes: Independent Liberia, the Ivory Coast (at present a French colony), the Gold Coast (a | British colony), Togoland, a man- dated territory; Nigeria, a British colony and Kamerun, a mandated territory. Dr. Schacht, who is an excellent mathematician and statistician, fig- ured out carefully that this territory, enormous as it is, represents less than the value of the colonies which the allies took away from Germany after the World War. He has pointed out to Premier Blum and to Vansittart that it would be | ernment did not surprise Berlin. | territories. | have continued more advantageous for the future peace of the world if Germany had all BOREHAM, England (#).—As high as $5 a day is being earned by farm | workers operating a co-operative agri- cultural experiment here on about | 2,000 acres of Essex land. ‘The experiment, called “Fordson Co-operators,” was launched two years ago by backers including Henry Ford, American motor car magnate, and Sir Percival Perry, chairman of Ford's British company, to show that there is scope on the land both for more men and higher incomes. Workers are formed into three co- operative societies, each running a farm. Seventy-three permanently em- ployed men rent and work the land through the societies. Sir Percival Perry, who was direc- tor of food production for the Brit- ish government during the war, has stated that the men probably are the highest paid agricultural workers in the world. Two societies, working 1,239 acres, her colonies concentrated in one sece tor, separated from the main Prench colonies in North Africa by the Sahara. Desert and from South Africa by the enormous territory which is the Bele gian Congo. The fact that Liberia is an independent state and a member of the League does not seem to worry anybody in Europe very much. The colored republic has been giving head aches to all the important government in Europe and to the United States and it might be just as well “if a little law and order is brought into the country by stern Nazi discipline.” Rich in Raw Materials. The entire territory which the Gere mans demand at the present moment is rich in raw materials which the Reich needs badly. But the geograph- ical position of the colonies is such that communications with the Reich could be intercepted easily by the British fleet in case Germany showed any aggressive intentions in Western Europe. The main sacrifice in this colonial settlement is demanded from Great Britain since Nigeria is the largest of all these territories included in the German scheme for the resure rection of her colonial empire. The British government has been informed about the Reich's claims, but has exe pressed no definite opinion. The Brite ish public at large and the dominion governments are strongly opposed to any concessions in the colonial field. The greatest opposition Dr. Schacht has encountered so far comes from French quarters. Blum has listened with interest to Dr. Schacht’s expose and has replied, it is reported, that there would be insurmountable diffi- culties when the matter is brought before the French Parliament. He must be in a position, should his gov- ernment show any interest in the sug- gestion, to give Germany the three French colonies, to offer a quid pro quo which would make it worth while for France to abandon parts of its territories. Germany must prove con- clusively, he said, that she does not intend to use the raw materials to dominate Europe and she must agree to a substantial limitation of armae ments. The French premier indicated that the matter could not possibly receive any consideration, as far as the Prench government is concerned, une til after the conference of the signa- tories of the Locarno pact. Should that conference prove successful and should the Germans and their allies, the Italians, show a really concilia« tory spirit and agree to a drastic re- duction of armaments it might be pos sible for the French government to considler seriously the German colo- nial plan. But, Blum added, it is dif= ficult at the moment for any French- man to conceive that @&ermany has pacific intentions when, during the negotiations for a colonial empire, she has practically doubled her standing armies. Opposition No Surprise. ‘The opposition of the French gove 1% was fully expected. But Hitler, through Expert Schacht, merely want« ed to peg in Paris the claim for African Diplomatic conversations in London and in Paris—more frequently in London than in the French capital. The Germans know that the British want peace at any price for two more years at least. “Peace in Western Europe has a price,” say Hitler’s henchmen. “And that price is the reinstatement of the Reich as a colonial power. Great Brit« ain and Prance gained enough terri- tories after the deteat of old Germany. It is a small price to pay, by the cession of a few relatively unimportant colo- nies to Germany.” And, as an addi- tional argument, the German guns can be seen bristling by all who want to Co-Operative Agricultural Project Raises Farmer’s Wage to 85 a Day Sir Pexcival said, made a profit of more than $14,000 last year, the ave erage income of many of the men being above $1000, or about $20 a week. The highest wage averaged $32.50 a week. These figures compare with the legal minimum wage in the district of $7.75 a week. The third farm, however, operated at a loss, thought due to a severe Spring frost, but the men neverthe- less were paid the society's standard rate, 25 per cent above the district minimum. Sir Percival thinks the experiment shows the value of new methods, and is an important development in Brit- ish agriculture. The farmers concen= trate on growing food, while the selling and organization work is left to ex- perts in those fields. The scheme is being studied by officials concerned with Britain’s unemployment and farm problems. MANILA.—In her slow but con- tinuous process of penetration of the Philippines, Japan is making use of & new weapon, which promises to be as effective in the long run as either economic or military conquest. This new weapon is hospitality. During the last few months delega- tions representing chambers of com- merce, manufacturing concerns and expositions have visited the Philip- pines, bringing messages of good will and stressing the advantages to be derived by Filipinos from visits to Japan. These invitations have re- sulted in an increase in the number of Filipinos touring Japan and these parties on their return have been loud in their praise of Japanese courtesy and hospitality. In fact, Filipino travelers who visit Japan are unan- imous in their report that no tourists of any group. or nationality receive iklnder treatment or greater hos- pitality than Pilipinos. ‘More recently, a group of members of the Philippine ‘:Mufl Assembly, Hospitality Is Weapon of Japanese In Penetration of Philippines encouraged by insistent invitations from Tokio, toured Japan. About the same time a conducted tour, ostensibly fingnced by the Japan Tourist Asso- ciation, was organized for Filipino newspaper men, and approximately twenty members of the staffs of varie ous Manila dailies and other publica« tions visited Japan. Their trans- portation to Japan and back was paid by the tourist association and an elaborate program of entertainment was prepared for them. The two Filipino parties met in Tokio and were taken on a tour of various cities, Everywhere they went they were dined and wined by offi- cials, merchants and newspaper or= ganizations. As foreseen by the sponsors of the tours, the travelers sent back to their papers stories of the wonderful receptions accorded them. On their return to Manila the tour- ists continued their accounts of Jap- anese hospitality and most of them came back converted into staunch de- fenders of Japanese culture. ' (Copyisht, 193¢.)