Evening Star Newspaper, June 1, 1935, Page 8

A—8 THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. BATURDAY..... .June 1, 1835, ' nomeless persons were kept in | treme left to extreme right, is ex- THEODORE W. NOYES. . . Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company | | told save as sym may be detected before the major | slips occur. Even so, warnings are of | no avail for there is no place of | | refuge in such an area as that of | Ave 42nd St e Michigan Buildine European Office: 14 Reeent St.. London. Encland Rate by Carrier Within the City. Recular Edition, he Evening St he Evenine and Sunday Star (when 4 Sundays) G0c per month The Eveming ano Sunday Star (when 5 Sundavs) 65c_per month The Sundav Star Nizht Final Edition ieht Pinal and Sunday Star 30c per month | t nal Star 55¢ per month | Collection made at the end of each | month. Orders may be sent by mail or | telephone National 5000. | Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. | Daiiy and Sunday. 1 yr.. $10.00: 1 mo., ¥5¢ Daily only 1vr. $6.00: 1 mo. 30¢ ‘ Sunaay oniv 13 $40001mo. 40c All Other States and Canada. Daily and Sunday 1 yr..$12.00: 1 mo. $1.00 Daily onlv yr. N Sunday onlv . . 1¥r Member of the Associated Prems. The Associated Press is exclusively en- titled to the use for republication of all news dispatches credited to it or not othe: wise credited in this paper and also 1ocal ne ve nublihed herein Al rights of nublication of special dispatches herein are also reserved. —- S —— Back Fifty Years—or Two? Does the Supreme Court decision on N. R. A. put us back fifty years— to the days of the horse and buggy— or does it merely put us back two vears, to the interpretations of the Constitution which prevailed before the descent upon the Capital of the facile-minded brain trusters and their | large ideas? Has the Supreme Court really cur- tailed the power of the Federal Gov- ernment over interstate commerce, or has the court merely restated funda- mental limitations on that and other powers? The lawyers will dispute the im- pression created by the President’s ap. parent interpretation of loss of ground brought about by the Supreme Court's decision. Certainly the enactment of N. R. A. represented a radical de- parture in grants of power to Con- gress and to the Executive. Nobody had ever seriously attempted the far- reaching measures so quickly spon- sored by the New Deal because, until the days of the New Deal. nobody ever seriously believed that they were valid under the Constitution and its Interpretations. The child labor amendment is a good example of the anomaly which has been found to exist in other New Deal experiments. Here Congress ad- mitted its lack of power to regulate child labor when it submitted to the States—after an adverse decision of the Supreme Court—a constitutional amendment. expressly giving to Con- gress the “power to limit, regulate and prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen vears of age.” But one of the overnight accomplishments of the N.R. A. (and one of the most praise- | worthy of its accomplishments) was the elimination of child labor. Yet, and despite the fact that the amend- ment was submitted to the States ten vears ago, and despite the fact that | elimination of child labor under N. R. A. has been almost universally praised for two vears, only half of the States have ratified the amendment. What the New Deal was anxious to do by an N. R. A. short-cut Congress has lacked the power to do. and the neces- sary number of the States even now ! has been unwilling to grant that power by ratification of the amendment. It is true that had the Supreme Ccurt placed its stamp ot approval on the New Deal’s principles as embodied in N. R. A. we would not have gone back fifty years, or even two. We would have burned all bridges behind us, forgotten the past and entered into a period of Federal control that would affect all business in the coun- try. big and little, whether confined to village, city or State. And the N. R. A. of the first two years would have | been as nothing compared with the | N. R. A. of the future. Has the country gonme back fifty years merely because the Supreme Court by unanimous decision has de- clined to permit the extension of | Federal control over business of every kind that nobody dreamed of before the Johnsoris and the Moleys and the | Tugwells and the Richbergs came to | town? | a century’s gain through the Supreme | Court's finding that Congress cannot, | with one broad sweep, delegate its | law-making powers to the President | or to his agents? | The Supreme Court has not set the | country back. The Supreme Court | has merely reaffirmed constitutional | principles which, in the dust of the | past two years, had apparently been} lost to view. | —— e And has the country lost halt | Prance organizes new governments but still has the same old tempera- | mental public to deal with. RS Earthquakes. This uneasy earth is quaking again. | In Northwestern India shocks have occurred that at latest accounts cost 30,000 lives in an area with a total population of less than 50,000. This is one of the most grievous aisasters of recent years, indeed one of the greatest in proportion in history. The region where this convulsion occurred lles within a zone extending from the Western Pacific islands east of Aus- tralia through the Malaysian archipel- ago. across the northern section of India and the Levant into the Medi- terranean. Severe quakes have ac- curred at several points in this region In the present year. One of them took more than 3.000 lives on Formosa, which lies within a branch zone ex- tending northward from the Philip- pines including the Japanese islands. The map of these recent disturbances suggests a persistent tendency toward readjustment in the crust of the earth within a vein of instability which is ominous of further disasters. It is & region of dense population, though the present calamity has centered in a comparatively sparsely settled area. On the 15th of January, 1934, earth shocks wrecked seyqx 1 cities in the | sue. he sald. has been raised by the | not make definite reference to con- | | regulating competition to the extent |'of suppressing feuds within its own out India. They caused 2,000 deaths | and injuries to twice as many. In the | | Valley of the Ganges, with a Dopllll-i | tion of 21,000,000, great damage was | done to farm lands and large num= | a state of terror for many days. | No precaution is possible ulln.st1 | these disasters. They cannot be fofe- | toms of unsettlement | ‘t5¢ per month | this latest manifestation of readjust- | about 13,000.000,000 francs 'roundl%lnm by judging solely by his own | | ment in the erust. Warnings are not i | heeded. Indeed they cannot be. For | 5E DT COPY | the people are rooted to the soil and, | inet crisis, 3.166.000,000 francs were | in fact, there is no place to seek where they may be assured of security. If shocks come suddenly and with over- whelming force lives are certain to be destroyed in great numbers. That will continue to be the story of the earth’s contraction as long as life re- mains upon it. e The Issue. President Roosevelt, battling for the preservation of the New Deal, has de- fined the issue as he sees it. This is- decision of the Supreme Court holding the national industrial recovery act unconstitutional. And the issue is this: | Shall the Federal Government have the power to deal with economic and social problems, national in scope, or shall that power be left entirely in the hands of the forty-eight States? It is clearly the contention of the President that, because of the com- plex life of the present day, the States cannot meet successfully these economic and social problems, which go beyond their particular borders. The particular economic and socia problems involved in the national in- | dustrial recovery act and which the President has in mind are wages and hours of labor and unfair business practices, By the decision of the Su- preme Court, which the President holds has made it impossible for Con- gress to control intrastate business in any respect, the Federal Govern- ment is precluded from dealing with | these problems. The President has | said to the country: Do you want | vour Federal Government left power- less to help you in the matter of maxi- mum hours of labor and minimum | wages, and in dealing with unfair | practices in business? The President has called upon the people to voice their demands. He has said plainly that the people will have to settle the issue themselves. | He said he did not mean that the issue would have to be settled this Fall | or this Winter. but possibly over a period of five to ten years. But there can be no doubt that the President would like to have the issue settled without delay, and settled in favor of giving the Federal Government | control over just such questions as were involved in the N. R. A. | In a way the President’s appeal to the country is merely the begin- ning of the 1936 national campaign, despite the fact that he said that the issue is non-partisan. In this country no issue of magnitude is left out of politics. | The issue, after all, ix essentially | the issue of the New Deal, which has sustained a severe check at the hands | of the Supreme Court. When it is written into the political campaign the issue will be whether the Federal Government is to continue its program | ) control over industry and business and labor and over agriculture through the agencies which have been set up during the Roosevelt administration. How is the issue to be settled? The Supreme Court has construed the Con- stitution and that construction hu‘ stricken down the N. R. A. The Presi- dent has expressed the opinion that under the court’s ruling the A. A. A. and other New Deal laws and agencies may go the way of the N. R. A. Can these New Deal laws be written in constitutional form? Not, says the | President, under the theory of the | Constitution now enunciated by the Supreme Court. If there is to be a change, therefore, the Constitution must be amended, nullified or over- | thrown. It will be strange if the platforms | of the political parties next year du} stitutional amendments, in the hope that as the election goes so will go an | amendment. The speed with which the | latest constitutional amendment wWas | adopted, following the results of the 1932 election, is to be bome in mind. | A constitutional amendment, however, which would turn over to the Fed- eral Government powers which have been reserved to the States may be more difficult. Or has the old theory of States’ rights, so dear to democ- racy in the past, fsded completely from the affections of the people? ——e—- N. R. A. was not successful in official cireles. R The Defense of the Frane. After & week of political tension and financial anxiety, Frenchmen awoke today to find themselves with & new government erected over night on the ruins of the Flandin cabinet. On Friday the Chamber overthrew the late ministry by the overwhelm- ing vote of 353 to 202, rejecting specifically M. Flandin’s appeal for dictatorial powers to avert devalua- tion of the franc and consequent dis- aster to the whole French monehryi and economic system. The premier | sought authority to govern by decree until January 1, 1936, as the one cer- tain method of preventing further disastrous raids on the gold reserve of the Bank of France. Even the eleventh hour sacrifice of the Flandin finance minister, M. Germain-Martin, arch foe of devaluation, did not ap- pease the opposition, and, bowing to the inevitable, the government re- signed. Despite the circumstances which destroyed M. Flandin, a coalition cabinet was immjgiately formed by |of gold and the danger of panic if | | stubborn deficit of 6.000,000.000 francs | | cuts in the pensions of war veterans | | ‘We recognize him by his squawk. THE EVENING STAR, WASHL\'(;TON. D. C, SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 1935 president of the Chamber, under con- | ditions that virtually assure him of | all the dictatorial authority denied | to the repudiated ministry. The new | cabinet, ranging in make-up from ex- | pected to proceed forthwith to in- voke those protective measures which M. Flandin planned. Its first objec- tive will be to arrest the outward flow the drain remains unchecked. Gold | shipments since the rush of with- | drawals started on March 29 total $858.000,000). During the week ended May 24, which precipitated the cab- | withdrawn, and since then daily with- } drawals have exceeded 1,000,000,000 | francs. One day last week lhey! reached a high-water mark of 1,500,- 000,000. Ways and means doubtless will be invoked te stop this catastrophic let- ting of France’s financial life blood, but the Bouisson cabinet confronts an | even more desperate task in its neces- | sity to effect budgetary reform. A: stares it in the face. Expenditure is increasing, mainly for defense require- | ments, and revenue, due to diminished trade, is far from registering a cor- responding rise. The government is under strong pressure to make drastic and civil servants, along with heavy reduction in the number of govern- ment employes—a veritable army in France. There is also a clamor for substantial increases in taxation. All and sundry of these proposed remedies arouse stern opposition and it remains to be seen whether, even with the coalition strength amid | which he takes office, Premier Bouis- son can ride the storm. The alterna- tive, he, like M. Flandin, has not hesitated to point out, may be the de- valuation of the franc to the almost ruinous level of the 1926 Poincare pro- gram. Frenchmen's memory of that experience is vivid and painful. It may serve to bring M. Bouisson neces- | to save the franc from another and more devastating crisis. | S “Horse and buggy days” should not | be disparaged. They afforded more | time for reflection. It may be doubted | whether nearly as good a United States Conatitution could be written | in these automobile and airplane days. e T Mussolini’s announced desire for the ancient glories of Rome will hardly be realized by the subjection of a small and remote piece of terri- tory like Abyssinia. — r—o—- The Dionne quints are strictly mod- ern products and appear to manage very well by paying as little attention as possible to old-fashioned parental authority. | | ‘The Chinese have had the reputa- tion of being a peace-loving peeople. | It remamned for Japan to discover them as persistently unruly. = e — Even in a cruelly unfair transaction parents are eager to keep faith. Kid- napers prefer torture and suspense. e SHOOTING STARS. THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. Sometimes one may question stand- ds. While they are necessary, especially in regard to other human beings, when they become an obsession they tend toward injustice, Lowering of certain atandards prob- ably accounts for a good deal of what is the matter with this age, but often the individual will do more harm than standards. This may be discovered by anybody, through the exercise of a little fair- ness. Especially by watching how others treat people, then deciding whether or not they do it fairly. Fairness is an old concept. It is a part of justice, which is even older, Justice has been the dream of fair- minded human beings for thousands of years. Plato wrote some of the finest ab- stractions in regard to it one can find anywhere in the vast world of print. He said much of what ean be said | along that line. Great religious leaders of all peoples have said the same things. The individual mind of man, given & certain standard of education and time enough in which to think, says the same thing. * ¥ & ¥ What happens, however. when a judgment is delivered. solely on pre- conceived standards, without waiting to discover whether there are miti- gating circumstances? Every one knows what often hap- pens—an injustice, in the ordinary use of the word. For we are fearfully made, as the Psalmist said so long ago. No one, by taking thought, can look into the mind and heart of another, and thor- | oughly con every motive there. Wherefore it comes about. in the everyday life, far from special occa- sions, that one who sticks too closely to standards, however fine they may be, often is grossly unfair to a fellow mortal. We have seen this so often, and so has every one else, that there can be no doubt of it. It is an attitude based on too theo- retical an approach to life. * o o* x There are so many situations in | Sary support for strong-arm methods | which the rules must be made all over again. Not every one, of course, is able to do this. Hence the standards. The trouble comes in trying to use standards properly, without injustice ' to any, with justice to all. Clearly drawn up, the rules and regulations, derived from a thousand sources and from the prior ages, serve their purpose with all who are afraid to make new rules as they go along. Perhaps it is not so much new rules, one makes, as new applications. Those of us who are incapable of | doing this continue to react retically to situations. Many a person does this a life long, nel\;er once approaching life realisti- cally. theo- * o x x Old melodramas are built .almost entirely on situations so derived. There was a satisfaction to them, too, in a way. Life was just a pressing of a button; STARS, MEN when it was pressed it rang in & familiar way. The newer drama is built on the supposition that one cannot be sure | what the reaction is going to bé. The button may be d the same as ever, but the bell tnay not ring, or instead of ringing the old | tune it may start singing. Really, there is no way of knowing any m There is no settled plan, as | the peoples of a few decades ago | thought they had. | How happy they were, in their thoughts! Just as science must have its theory, | even when it knows it may be super- seded tomorrow, so the world of yesterday had a lving theory. | Viewed in retrospect, it was not a | bad theory of living, after all. It had much to commend it, much to vitiate it, so that the grand pushes of sclence, of invention, especially of machines, had no trouble at all in pushing it off its base. * k ¥ ¥ So we flounder around now, whether we often realize it or not, without a real theory of living and meeting life as we go along. It 5 in the going along, we must | insist, that the theory is needed. It is in holding it too tightly, that | the mistake may be made. With many people life is mostly & | looking backward or a looking for- | | ward. | 1t is not only as the poet said, | “Man never is, but always to be, blessed”; it is more that he fails to see the need for thinking about the actual moment. It is the actual moment, any mo- ment, of which mankind is afraid. | PP | ‘The actual moment, the situation, whatever it is, claims the best one ha: While there is something to be said | for living in the future, there is not | as much to be said for living in the past. The best living perhaps is in the present, with a due regard for both past and future. Hope calls for time to be; some amount of future living is essential. | _ Yet if we concentrate'too much on | what has not come. but for which we hope. we may forget the necessity for meeting the present as a real thing. The present is very real, It slips away all the time, into the | past, and some have even gone to! the extent of saying that it is the {only time there is, since the past is | gone and the future is not yet here. Yet the echoes of the past are all | around us, the murmurs of the future | in our ears; we live in the present | which is fleeting, out of & past which | is gone into a future we know not. | It is all very confusing, so much 50 that one honest way to solve it is |to live as solidly as possible in the | present. | This means that we must hold on | to such standards as we have. It does not mean that even standards must be applied inflexibly, te all we meet, in a determined effort to wrest every other character alive into our | own ways of thought. To attempt |to do that is to deal out small in- | justices every day. to make our stand- | ards iron bands instead of velvet lines leading us on through the mazes of inexplicable life to the radiance of i suns and stars. AND ATOMS Notebook of Science Progress in Field, Laboratory and Siudy. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. On the unprotected faces of moun- | tain cliffs in Southern California are | erude paintings which have with- BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Danny Deever. When you're seated at a table and the waiters hurry near With coffee and cigars to usher in an hour of cheer Some gentle barytone will rise with voice in splendid shape And call on Danny Deever to unfurl a yard of crape. “They're hanging Danny Deever— which they didn’t do. They've hanged him oft before and now they're hanging him anew. The ices iridescent are resplendently | displayed Till Danny Deever turns it to a funeral parade. They're shooting one another in the council chamber dim And folks are shot at sunrise in a manner swiftly grim, But Danny Deever has the situation in command And holds the stage because he brings | along his blooming band. We don't know what he did, but it no doubt was something wrong When “Johnny Marches Home Again” would be & cheerier song; “Should old acquaintance be forgot' has chased away the blues Till they pull another extra on the Danny Deever news. Home Sweet Home. “A woman’s place is in the home.” “So is & man's,” said Senator Sor- | ghum. “People who don’t stay home | are liable to miss some of my radio there are two sides to every question of grafts, the insiders and the outsiders. Business Indication. Every argument that's offered, Calls processions out. | Some may ask when they are proferred | ‘What they’re all about. As the Nation’s shoes keep moving In a grand parade Business surely keeps improving In the leather trade. Bargain, “Do you favor Government owner- ship?” “Of course,” said Mr. Dustin Stax; “if T can dictate the prices at which | the Government buys and have & hand | in financing the deal” Screams But Will Not Seram. ‘That old Blue Eagle is a bird Who still insists on being heard. Cats have nine lives, but even they In course of time will pass away. But Echo tells in accents clear The stout old fowl is lingering near, And mid the mighty din of talk “I bhears talk ‘bout dividin’ around property,” said Uncle Eben, “but jes’ | the aeumlkecpfi?mmhlmwmy stood exposure for at least 150 years. The oil which forms the basic in- | gredient of the pigments used from time immemorial by the Mission In- dians in these paintings, and which may account for their permanence, will be one of the objectives of Dr. John P. Harrington, Smithsonian In- stitution ethnologist. when he re- sumes his field work among these tribes. By extensive inquiries among the Indians last Fall, Dr. Harrington con- firmed the fact that this oil is pressed | from the seeds of the chilecothe, a species of wild cucumber. It now is| quite rare but grows in the Southern | California mountains in places known to the Indians. Formerly closely re- | lated plants were found all over the United States but they now have| grown very scarce. Dr. Harrington will try to obtain | enough of the chilecothe cucumbers | to yield a sufficient supply of the| oil for experimental purposes. The | Indians obtain it in the crudest sort of way, merely crushing it out of the seeds with a stone pestle. Using this oil as a base,ofive colors of paint | are obtained. Red pigment is manu- | factured by mixing it with red scum from the surface of springs whose water contains a high percentage of iron. White and yellow paints are obtained by mixing it with native clays of those colors. A glossy black, hich retains its gloss for years, is | made by mixing the oil and oxide of | manganese. Blue can be obtained from a mixture of the ofl and pow- | dered azulite, a mineral common in | neighborhood. Apparently no other substance enters into any of these paints, which withstand all the vicissitudes of weather literally for centuries. These rock pictures are referred to by the Indians as “spirit paintings.” Fresh ones still appear from time to time in the depths of the mountains. Near the missions are some which are known to be at least 150 years old, having antedated the coming of the Spanish missionaries. ; The “spirits” always work during the night, their handiwork appearing in the morning. The paintings, of course, are the work of the medicine men. The attitude toward them of the people as a whole is a curious mixture of belief and sophistication. Few actually believe that “spirits” produce the picture, but some still hold that they are the work of super- natural agencies working through the medicine men. It was from some of the shamans themselves that Dr. Har- rington obtained the formulas for the | paints. The oil also is used extensively by the Indian women as & sunburn lotion. These women, in spite of their red skins, burn badly when exposed to the Summer sun for long periods. The ofl presumably not only absorbs those wave lengths of the solar spec- trum causing sunburn, as do many preparations regularly sold for the purpose at beaches, but also tends to make the skin redder. Redness is considered an attribute of beauty. k% % ‘The “educated man” is a vanishing figure in American life. The Aerican college no longer is in a position to turn out such a to a critique of in the United States by Dr. William 8. Learned of the Carnegie Foundation for the Ad- vancement of Teaching, in the an- nual report of that bod: As profgssional training-has grown more and;more specific and efficlent | little relationship to one another. | and chaotic, according to Dr. Learn- ed's observations. There is no longer | much excuse for “going te college,” | Unless the student has quite precise objectives. The college students of today, he points out, fall naturally into types. ! Pirst is the professorial aspirans—the | future physician, lawyer or englneer.f To bim, as a rule, the general courses | required are merely so many obstacles | to be gotten out of the way. He tries | to select courses as close to his own | specialty as possible and the college accommodates him by putting more | and more of them in the undergrad- | uate years. As a result he may grad- | vate a real master of his profession, | but rather profoundly ignorant of | anything else. The second is the “general student.” | whom Dr. Learned characterizes as | “that darling of the American edu- cational philosopher, the boy or girl who goes to college for what are called the intangibles.” But in the present set-up, he says, very few stick to this cbjective. They are in an atmosphere | of professionalism and almost uncon- sciously are diverted into some spe- clalized fleld after wandering from course to course which seem to have The third class to whom the col- leges must stop catering, Dr. Learned says, is that of the “parasite, too nu- merous as an undergraduate and too vocal as an alumnus to be ignored. “This is the parasitic accretion of the past 25 years, whose presence finds its sole defense in the ‘socializing pur- pose’ of the university. | “Innocent of any place in the true intellectual life of the place or respect for it, this individual has acquired the knack of ‘getting by’ his minimum | professorial obstacles. He performs{ such admittedly useless gestures for | the sake of a free and sociable exist- ence, for making friends, for capitaliz- ing athletic prowess, or merely as a| result of soclal aspiration. He dis- avows the power of the college to educate him, and any sort of general examination would undo him com- pletely. But in return for indulgent conditions of attendance he will per- mit himself to be ‘socialized,’ providing he may leave to the institution the responsibility for this mystic process. “The unsatisfactory feature of this practice is, of course. not that the trivial purposes of these individuals are wrong, but that the whole relation is insincere. The only form of educa- tion not altcgether lost on such a student would be his retirement from college. The game of golf has been not inaptly compared to love. If you don’t take it seriously it is no fun and if you do it breaks your heart. A true education, whether general or profes- sional, demands a somewhat analogous point of view. If not a broken heart it should at least insure that only a disciplined and chastened spirit attain its honors.” * * % % The “devil pig”—a swinelike ani- mal with cloven hoofs, which feeds on vegetation—will be one of the objec- tives of a British expedition under G. M. Dyott and E. W. P. Chinnery which is about to explore a hitherto unknown area of British New Guines. A British magistrate in New Guinea claims to have seen tracks of the creature and it is greatly feared by the natives. —————— Italian Expansion. From the Muskegon Chronicle. Jire et = ey of ts ne, and Emmanuel. | close neighborhood to each other. | distance; Congestion of Pablic Buildings To the Bditor of The Star: ‘The present public building pro- gram of the Government has given us & number of magnificient new build- ings, which are an ornament to the ¢ity. They are larger than the older Government buildings. While this is an advantage in various ways, the size of the individual buildings makes it desirable that there should be con- | siderable space between and around them. While of course there were importan reasons for placing the re- cent buildings as they are, it would e an error to go far with the practice of setting structures of large size in | It is to be hoped that all buildings here- after to be erected.will be widely spaced. It is often a great convenience to individual persons, both officials and private citizens, to be able to go from office to office without traveling much and doubtless much ex- pense for land has been saved by economy of sites. Both these con- siderations, however, are more or less temporary in their nature; they must necessarily be overruled by future developments. Present economy of either time or expense should nnt‘ be allowed to bring nn policies which it is plain will be injurious in the fu- ture. Excessive crowding of public build- ings leads unavoidably to crowding of private business in areas adjacent. On account of the crowding it is in- creasingly difficult to do business down town, with the Government or otherwise, and we are threatened with | the calamity of having to put a sub- way under the city. Congestion of personnel increases housing difficulty and expense. The esthetic beauty of the National Capital is seriously threatened; in fact, it is already im- paired. substantial buildings may be expected to stand for centuries. Therefore, as residents of the city and as citizens of the Nation, we ought to urge upon Congress, the Treasury Department, and every au- thority which has to do with this subject, that the long-time values of the Capital City ought not to be sacrificed for temporary considera- tion, or otherwise lost sight of. It is reasonable to ask that Congress take this attitude with regard to fur- ther plans and appropriations, and not continue on a line of action whieh, however good it may have been in limited scope, bound to lead to disaster. The citizens’ associations in every part of the city should take this up. In particular, the new buildings to the west of the White House should be widely spaced: and every building, the nature of whose use is such that it can be placed at a distance, should be so placed. and not in the downtown section at all. Other parts of the city should be utilized, for public buildings and for residential use. WILLIAM C. LEE. Prefers Street Cars to Busses for Transport | To the Editor of The Star: 1 am writing on the questions of the transportation problem in the city of ‘Washington and your good editorial {on the kind of cars that are in the | service of the Capital Transit Co. As it is now we have one-man cars, side-entrance cars. cars that were in the service for 25 years or even longer—which is not very helpful to adding to the revenue when the time comes to find out if any profits were made at the end of the year. When it comes to my advocation of the “street car” over the bus I have S0 many reasons that the street car is a more natural mcde of carrying passengers that I do not see for the life of me why there is clamor for more busses in the District, unless it is to give the ones that travel the streets more room for themselves. It will be always hard to travel on & stuffy, crowded bus. Even now a Commission to stop the over-crowd- ing and fast driving on the new ex- | press service to the Takoma Paik area, and in the same breath they want an all-day service, which to the writer is very inconsistent, to say the least. They want an all-day service when they have a line on Georgia avenue. one on Fourteenth street and Kennedy street that are able to take care of all the passengers that want to ride to and from Takoma Park. Their reason for a bus is that it is faster. Still, they are now pro- testing that it is too fast. Of course, thev mean that the street car is too slow. If they will take the money be- ing made by the street cars and pur- chase enough new and modern cars, then you will see lots less agitation for the bus. I wonder who is making all this noise for the bus, anyway. Here is my thought: That mostly all who are agitating for the bus are owners of automobileg and do not ride the bus | or the street car. Why must the Pub- lic Utilities Commission or the Capi- tal Transit Co. listen to their sug- gestions? After all, they will not help pay much of the upkeep of running the business of the transit company. Plenty of traffic hazards will be en- countered by adding hundreds and hundreds of busses. It was just proven by an election in Los Angeles that the people are not ready to give up the street cars, because they are the only means of carrying thousands of patrons. made on the investment. Too many busses cause trafic jams and are a menace to all the people, and they are not as safe and reliable as the street car. Iknow that there are thousands of people in the city who like the street car much better than the bus. Just give the street car patrons their Just dues and you will see them ride the safe and reliable cars for many, many years to come. FELIX A. URY. Bt George Washington on Constitutional Changes To the Editor of The Star: You are to be congratulated upon the splendid article by Mr. Mark Sul- livan in your issue of May 29, pointing the profound significance of the Si preme Court’s decisions last Monda Mr Sullivan’s brilliant analysis of the situation recalled to this reader a deathless paragraph from George ‘Washington's Farewell Address, a paragraph which I have read many times during these two hectic years: “Toward the preservation of your government and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only that you steadily discounte- nance irregular oppositions to its ac- knowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of in- novation upon its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect in the forms of the Constitution alteratiors which may impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown.” It is enough for American citizens to know that the Constitution Iives. With that assurance the Nation i that is, | Yet, when once built, these ! vet if continued is | For that reason money is | &ny question of fact by writing The Washington Evening Star Infor- mation Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, Washingtoh, D. C. Please inclose stamp for reply. Q. In commercial flying, are more | accidents due to the human equation or to other reasons?—A. A. | A. In a recent montha survey, personnel errors caused 53.6 per cent of the accidents. | Q. How much stronger are the ultra-violet rays of the sun in Sum- imer than in Winter? At noon than in the afternoon?—H. G. 8. A. The intensity of the ultra-violet rays is about eight times as great in August as in January. It increases rapidly from sunrise until noon, when | it again decreases rapidly untii sun- set. great at noon as it is at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Q. What flag floated over Frauce | when Napoleon was Emperor?—F. W. A. The flag of Prance during the | first. and second empires was the tri- color parts of equal width—blue, white and red, the red forming the fly. the white the middle, and the blue the hoist of the flag) having in the center of the white stripe an eagle: and all three stripes were powdered with the golden bees of Napoleon. this country attend school?>—B. H. A. At the last census, in the group 7 to 13 years, 95.3 per cent attended; in the 14 to 15 year group, 929 per cent; in the 16 to 17 year group, 59.6 per cent attended. Q. Where is the largest open-cut iron mine in the world>—C. R. A. Hibbing, Min Q. Can a son of a naturalized citizen get papers to show that he, too, is a citizen although not born in this country?>—E. D. Y. A. He may secure a certificate of derivative citizenship. This sometimes is a convenience, especially when deal- ing with individuals unfamiliar with the naturalization laws. Q. When was the first “Gold Dig- gers”’ motion picture?—A. M. S. A. It was released in 1929. Q. How much has cotton production been cut down this year?>—S. C. A. A reduction of 25 per cent from the base acreage (1928-32), as com- | pared with a 40 per cent reduction in 1934, was announced officially last | November. | Q. How old was King Albert of Bel- | | | gium when he had the accident that ' caused his death?—D. W. C. A. Pifty-eight. Q. When was “The Little Brown Jug” written?—I. 8. H. A. It appeared in 1868. It was the work of W. F. Wellman, jr. Q. How large is Afghanistan?—P. L. ! A Afghanistan has an estimated area of 245000 square miles and an estimated population of 6,330,000. Q. How could a candidate for nom- | ination for President of the United States receive 84923 votes? It is the 23 that is puzzling.—W. C. A. Many times a certain district de- | sires to send to a convention more | delegates than it is entitled to have votes in the convention, in this way showing special honor to individuals, | or providing for a greater number to take counsel together outside of the convention and to decide in which way the votes of the delegation shall be cast Therefore. it has been the | practice to divide the vote. That is, { to give to each individual sent a one- The intensity is almost twice as | (divided vertically into three ! Q. What per cent of the children in | has the largest. | ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. A reader can get the answer 10 | third, one-half, or in some cases one- | fourth vote. When the vote is counted | these are added to make the required ‘number of votes to which the district | is entitled. - Q. Does asparag mins?>—T. M. A. Fresh green asparagus is high in vitamin A and a good source of vitamin B if properly cooked. It is also a good source of iron and eal- cium. It is low in carbohydrates, a0 lends itself to a reducing diet if served without butter or cream sauce. Q. Where was the first post of the G. A. R. organized?—A. F. A. The first post of the Grand Army of the Republic was organized April 6, 1866, at the first Illinois home of Abraham Lincoln at Decatur. The first national encampment was held in Indianapolis on November 20, 1866. Q. Please give the history of class 1;)' planting at Princeton University? K contain vita- A. The first Class Ivy at Prineeton was planted by the Class of 1877 on its class day at its graduation in June, 1877, and the ceremony was accompanied by an oration, called then and since the Ivy Oration. The orator in 1877 stated that ivy had been chosen as a symbol of the per- petual remembrance the class would have of Princeton, striking deep. clinging close and always green. The Class of 1877 turned out to be one of the most remarkable classes in after years that Princeton has grad- uated. The first ivy was planted at the new library. Since then it has been planted at Nassau Hall with a tablet naming the class. Some of the ivy has been historic, being brought | specifically for the planting, one spray having been sent from the castle in Germany of William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, after whom Nassau Hall was named in 1756, Q. With whn’t‘v\;;pom was the duel between Aaron Burr and Alex- ander Hamilton fought’—I1. M. wl‘“ The duel was fought with pis- s. Q. What was Barney Barnaiw s real name’—G. H. A. His name was Barney Isaacs. He was born in tne London ghetto, Q. Has a bill been passed over ! President Roosevelt’s veto before the Patman bill was made an issue?— P.O. R. A. In March, 1934, the Congress passed the so-cailed billion-dollar in- dependent offices biil, giving $2%8,000.- 000 in larger allowances to World War veterans and Government employes. President Roosevelt vetoted the bill, but it was passed over his veto by a vote of 310 to 72 in the House and 63 t0 27 In the Senate. Q. What kind of material is used for circus tents>—M. R. A. The big circus tents are usuallv made from twill weave cotton cloth, we::hing about 8 cunces per square yard. Q. When was the Willard Hotel in Washington, D. C,, given this name’— K. M. K. A. In 1847 Henry K. Willard pur- chased City Hotel i Fourteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue and named it Willard's. It became known as the Willard Hotel and in 1901, after extersive improvements, took its pres- ent name, the New Willard Hotel. Q. How manv stamped envelopes are used in a vear in this country?— T.J. ON A. The Post Office Department savs that for the fiscal year ending June, 1934, there were 1,580,819.713 Govern- ment stamped (embossed) envelopes used. E)w Worl;Reli-;af Pay Scale Marked difference of opinion over | the pay scale has featured newspaper |comment on the Federal work-relief program since President Roosevelt an- | nounced that the wages would run from $94 a month down to a mini- | mum of $19 a month. | Some critics fear the effect of such | & low scale on wages generally and others speak bitterly of the idea that any family can live on $19 a month, but there is much support for the President’s position on the ground that, after all, it is a temporary emer- gency relief proposition. (Ohio) | patch: ‘The scales announced by the ! President are disappointing. The ex- | ception to them voiced by several con- gressional and labor leaders was in- | evitable. If he continues to believe that $19 to $94 a month is adequate | for the maintenance of the average family in food, clothing and shelter, the beginning. A great deal more will ! follow. A better plan would be to turn over to local communities and their | willing civic and charitable bodies the | task of providing pure charity and use the $5,000,000,000 for what everyone believed it was to be used for—to find real jobs for those able to work—and pay American workmen in keeping with the dignity of honest labor and the self-respect of honest laborers.” ““The scale will breed discontent and defeat the very purpose of work-relief,” in the opinion of the Albuquerque (N. Mex.) Journal, and the Philadelphia Record finds that citizens are “sad- dened when they contemplate the scale.” The Lincoln (Nebr.) State Journal charges inconsistency in rela- tion to Government purposes, and argues that “vast changes must be made if any semblance of fairness in | the national economic set-up is to be | maintained.” | “The eountry probably faces a fiercer fight over administration of work-relief than it did over its enact- ment,” declares the Wichita (Kans.) Eagle, while the New York Sun makes the explanation: “In the schedule | there are 80 different classifications. | This schedule, moreover, does not cover members of the Civilian Conservation Corps, those working under P. W. A. grade crossing elimination projects, or workers on Federal building construc- tion. Rates of pay for these classifi- cations have been otherwise fixed. The publication of the work-relief schedule calls attention to certain inconsis- tencies. Skilled workmen on public works contract jobs can earn as much | as $156 a month, whereas the same | skilled workmen, if put to work in New | York City on a work-relief project, could earn no more than $85 a month.” “If there is to be restoration of | prosperity,” thinks the Philadelphia | Inquirer, “it must come not through | doles and relief, but through the ad- vance of private industry,” and this argument in favor of the President’s position is upheld by the Newark (N. J.) Evening News, the Danbury (Conn.) News-Times, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, the Buffalo Evening News, the Reno (Nev.) Evening Gazette, the Nashville Tennessean and the Rochester Times-Union. this first barrage of criticism is only | contracts, workers on highway and | group is asking the Public Uulmu} Subje(.t Of HOt Controversy. put 3.500.000 men at work for $4,000.- 000,000 unless the allotment for ma- terials is cut, and bitter experience has shown that unless ample allowance is made for materials there will be no work.” “‘While there is a theoretical merger of relief and recovery,” according to the Indianapolis News, “relief still is the primary purpose. Necessarily the schedule is provisional. The Govern- ment should lose no opportunity to economize. Obviously this load can- not be carried indefinitely. The sooner it is transferred to private in- dustry, and the demoralizing effect on self-reliant and aggressive people is reduced, the better.” “It is the purpose of the administra- tion,” says the Newport News (Va.) Daily Press, “to maintain a work- relief roll only so long as industry is not able to absorb the worker.” while the belief that the system is “a stop- | gap” designed “only to help the un- employed until theiy can find better jobs in private industry” is maintained by the Youngstown Vindicator, B More Field for Him. From the Detroit News. Alabama Pitts, Sing Sing’s famed backfield star, is in line for parole He has been a model prisoner and the board feels he needs more space for the longer runs. e Infantile Importance. From the Los Angeles Times. Attention is called to the fact that the papers recently carried a picture lof a baby that wasn't one of the | Dionne quints. It was Jack Dempsey's newborn. —_— e Settled or Sittled? Prom the Cleveland News. A great academic question has now been settled. Indiana educators have | decreed that & hen may either “sit” lor “set.” A Rhyme at Twilight | By Gertrude Brooke Hamilton Violet Arrives in Town She’s sweet as her name, with eyes the same hue, A cross between azure and gentian blue; Her hair is brown moss where the sun trails through, Her mouth is a crescent moon touched by dew. In these Summer mornings she may be seen In a vast art gallery, smock fresh and clean, Doi:u her sketching and seeking to glean Knowledge of sculpture 'mid marbles serene. She‘.:elodxedlnldub'n.hlnllt! gate, Where she washes her lavender socks “The whole plan,” in the judgment of the New York Times, “is squarely t on the foundation of full-time ployment in return for a ‘security ‘.dm'numwm at eight. She may never reach prestige among the great— God keep her, wmmmw‘: Ve - A 3 made fate!