Evening Star Newspaper, October 3, 1932, Page 11

THE EVENING STAR, WASHINULUN, D, C, MUNDAY, Uuivnnll 3, 1952, A—l1 W——_—_——fi ITEXT OF LEAGUE GROUP'S ACTION BY LEAGUE TAKEN IN JANUARY Lytton Commission Named After Armed Clashes in Manchuria and China. By the Associated Press. ‘The Sino-Japanese conflict, which re- sulted in gppointment of the Lytton | Commission, whose report was published today, began last Autumn. On September 18, 1931, the first clash between Chinese and Japanese | troops in Manchuria occurred at Pei- ng. a suburb of Mukden, when the Japanese accused the Chinese of at- tempting to destroy a bridge on the Ecuth Manchurian Railway. On the following day Japan occu- pled Mukden and China appealed to the League of Nations. In October the League asked Japan to withdraw from Mukden. Jsgpan refused and a day or so later warned Russia against military activities on the Manchurian- Siberian frontier. Moscow denied any interference. The campaign in Manchuria ad- vanced to the North. The Japanese defeated a Chinese army under Gen. Mahohan-Shan at the Nonni River Bridge and soon afterward captured ‘Tsitsihar, an important city of the North. Subsequently they took Harbin. China Refuses New Treaty. Intervention by the League Council brought from Japan only the assertion that there would be no evacuation of Manchuria until China signed a new treaty, guaranteeing protection of Japa- | nese lives and property. China refused to do so, and the cam- paign moved to the south. Fighting stubbornly, the Chinese were driven to Chinchow, the last Chinese stronghold in Manchuria. The Japanese strategists moved against Chinchow from two di- rections and the Chinese withdrew south of the great wall into China proper. ‘The Chinese populace was outraged. At Shanghai there began an anti-Japa- nese boycott. There were riots in which there were some injuries and some deaths. Japan's trade began to suffer and the Japanese governmeny demand- ed that the boycott he suppressed. But by this time the movement had passed ;:_e,\‘ond control of the Chinese authort- ies. Japan landed troops and there ensued weeks of heavy fighting. at the end of which the Chinese were driven from Chapei. a section of Shanghai which they had defended stubbornly. Henry Pu-Yi Installed. Hostilities were suspended shortly thereafter and a semblance of peace ‘was restored in Shanghai. The Japanese still held Manchuria, however, and Henry Pu-Yi, last of the Manchu dynasty, was brought from seclusion and installed as the head of a new government in Manchuria which, in a declaration of independence, estab- lished itself as the State of Manchukuo. Later Japan appointed a representa- tive to supervise its interests in Man- chukuo and recently the Japanese gov- ernment extended recognition to the r> China filod protest after { with the Lezguo of Nations and | ton Commission | stigate the situa- with a view to| a permanent settlement of the | the two great TOKIO DEFENSE UNITS | DEMAND MORE FUNDS| Extra §48,000,000 Appropriations Sought in Preliminary Estimates Subject to Pruning. By the Associated Press. ‘TOKIO, October 3.—The army and navy have submitted preliminary esti- mates for their 1933 budgets, setting forth demands for extra appropriations of $48,000,000 each. These fresh appropriations were asked in addition to the ordinary general ex- penditure, but are subject to pruning bytlhe finance ministry and the cabi- ne The navy's total estimate was placed at more than $120,000,000. including $66,480,000 in new items. Nearly $14.- 000,000 was assigned for expanding and maintaining naval aviation and $19.- 000,000 to maintenance of new vessels; about $8.640,000 was asked for warship construction. ‘The army asked $24,000.000 for new arms and munitions, $36,000,000 for operations in Manchuria and $45.000,- 000 for ordinary general expenditures. Although such preliminary estimates usually are drastically trimmed before incorporation in the budget, army and navy leaders today indicated they were determined to stick to their demands owing to the difficult international situ- ation which confronts the empire. _JUDGE TAKES OATH AS CHILEAN RULER! President of Supreme Court Accepts Post Only Until Elections Can Be Held. By the Associated SANTIAGO, October 3.—Judge Abra- ham Oyanedel, president of the Su- preme Court, assumed the office of pre- | matters in dispute by __(Continued From Tenth Page) should be embodijed in four separate instruments: 1. A declaration by the government of China constituting a special adminis- tration for the three eastern provinces, in the terms recommended by the ad- visory conference. 2. A 8ino-Japanese treaty dealing with Japanese interests 3. A Sino-Japanese treaty of con- ciliation and arbitration, non-aggression and mutual assistance 4. Sino - Japanese treaty. It is suggested that. before the meet- ing of the advisory conference, the broad outlines of the form of adminis- tration to be cansidered by that body commercial parties, with the assistance of the coun- cil. Among the matters to be con- sidered at that stage are the following: ‘The place of meeting of the advisory conference, the nature of the repre- sentation, and whether or not neutral observers are desired. The principle of the maintenance of the territorial and administrative in- tegrity of China and the grant of a large measure of autonomy to Man- churia; ‘The policy of creating a special gendarmerie as the sole method of maintaining internal order. The principle of settling the various | means of the separate treaties suggested. ‘The grant of an 2mnesty to all those who have taken part in the recent political developments of Manchuria. When once these broad principles have been agreed upon beforehand, the fullest possible discretion as regards the details would be left to the repre- sentatives of the parties at the ad- visory conference or when negotiating the treaties. Further reference to the Council of the League of Nations would only take place in the event of failure to agree. Advantages Claimed. Advantages claimed for the cedure: Among the advantages of this pro- cedure, it is claimed that, while it is consistent with the sovereignty of China, it will enable effective and prac- tical measures to be taken to meet the situation in Manchuria as it exists today, | and at the same time allow for such mod- ifications hereafter as the changes in the internal situation in China may war- rant. Notice, for instance, has been | taken in this report of certain adminis- | trative and fiscal changes which have either been proposed or actually car- ried out in Manchuria recently, such as the reorganieation of provincial governments, the creation of a central bank, the employment of foreign ad- visers. These features might be with advantage retained by the advisory pro- | should be agreed upon between the | | | | | conference. The presence at the con- | ference of representatives of the in- habitants of Manchuria, sclected in some such way as we have suggested, should also facilitate the passage from the present to the new regime. The autcnemous regime contemplated for Manchuria is intended to apply to the three provinces of Liaoning (Feng- tien), Kirin and Heilungkiang only. The rights at present enjoyed by Japan | in the province of Jehol (Eastern Inner | Mongolia) would be dealt with in the treaty on the subject of Japanese in- terests. The four instruments can now be | considered seriatim: | 1. The declaration: The final proposals of the advisory | ccnference would be submitted to the | Chinese government, and the Chinese government would embody them in a | declaration which would be transmitted | to the League of Nations and to the signatory powers of the nine-power treaty. The members of the League and the signatory powers of the nine- power treaty would take note of this declaration, which would be stated to have for the Chinese government the binding character of an international engagement. | The conditions under which subse- quent revision of the declaration, if required, might take place would be laid dcwn in the declaration itself as agreed to in accordance with the pro- cedure suggested here above. The declaration would distinguish between the powers of the central government of China in the three east- | ern provinces and those of the au- tonomous local government. Powers to be reserved to the central government : 1t is suggested that the powers to be reserved to the central government should be the following: 1. The control of general treaty and foreign relations not otherwise pro- vided for; it being understood that the central government would not enter into any international engagements in- sonsistent with the terms of the dec- laration. 2. The control of the customs, the post office and the Salt Gabelle, and possibly of the administration of the stamp duty and the tobacco and wine taxes. The equitable division, between the central government and the three eastern provinces, of the net ineome from these revenues would be determ- ined by the Advisory Conference. 3. The power of appointment, as least in the first instance, of the chief ex- ecutive of the government of the three eastern provinces in accordance with the procedure to be laid down in the declaration. Vacancies would be filled in the same way, or by some system of selection in the three eastern provinces, to be agreed upon by the Advisory Con- ference and inserted in the declaration. 4. The power of issuing to the chief executive of the three eastern provinces such instructions as might be neces- sary to insure the carrying out of the international engagements entered into visional Vice President lats yesterday. It was understood that Javier Angel Figueroa, Who resigned as chiie! justice of Chile in June, was trying to form a cabinet for the prospective govern- ment of Judge Oyaredel. Dispatches told of celebration through- out the provinces on news of the an- nouncement that Gen. Bartolome Blanche had retired from the provision- al presidency. When Judge Oyanedel took the oith as Vice President he automatically be- came the nation's chief executive under a provision of the constitution similar to the situation prevailing in the United States when the presidency becomes vacant. Judge Oyanedel yielded to the per- sonal request of Gen. Blanche to take the reins. but said he was willing to serve only until the October 30 elec- tions, which had previously been called. Prominent politicians met with Judge Oyanedel last night to decide on methods to obtain quiet conditions dur- ing the presidential campsign and to insure a free and fair election. CHANGES RECOMMENDED Report Concerning Far East Mis- sion Work Made by Commissioner. NEW YORK, October 3 (#)—The Appraisal Commission of the laymen's for misstons inquiry, instituted at & meeting of laymen of seven Protestant denominations January 17, 1930, an- nounced yesterday that it will recom- mend far-reaching changes in the plan and scope of missionary work in the Far East. Details of the recommendations were not made public. They will be made in @ report to be issued within a few months. The commission, which returned re- eently from its trip to the Far East, headed by Dr. Willlam Ernest Hock- P ot Harmre. by the central government of China in matters under the administration of the autonomous government of ine three eastern provinces. 5. Any additional powers agreed upon by the conference. Local Government Powers. Powers of the local government: All other powers would be vested in the autonomous government of the three eastern provinces. Expression of local opinion: Some practical system might be de- vised to secure an expression of the opinion of the people on the policy of the government, possiply through the traditional agency of the chambers of commerce, guilds and other civil organ= izations. Minorities: Some provision should also be made to safeguard the interests of White Russians and other minorities. Gendarmerie: It is suggested that a special gendar- merie should be organized, with the collaboration of foreign instructors, which would be the only armed force within the three eastern provinces. The organization of the gendarmerie should either be completed within a period to be .specified in advance, or the time of its completion should be determined in accordance with a pro- cedure to be laid down in the declara~ tion. As this special corps would be the only armed force in the territory of the three eastern provinces, its organization, when completed, should be followed by the retirement from this territory of all other armed forces, in- cluding any special bodies of police or railway guards, whether Chinese or anzn?c, i Foreign advisers: An ngclqunr.e number of foreign ad- visers would be appointed by the chief executive of the autonomous govern- ment, of whom s substantial propor- tion should be Japanese. The details would be worked described above, th J. S bl SINO-JAPANESE REPORT Lytton Commission Offers Suggestions De- signed to Help Shape Definite Pro- posals to Solve Problem. in the declaration. Nationals of small states, as well as of the great powers, would be eligible. The appointment of two foreigners | of different nationalities to have super- vision of (1) the constabulary, and (2) the fiscal administration, would be made by the chief executive from a panel submitted by the Council of the League. These two officials would have extensive pawers during the periods of organization and trial of the new regime. ‘The powers of the advisers would be defined in the declaration. ‘The appointment of one foreigner as a general adviser to the central bank of the three eastern provinces would be made by the chief executive from a panel submitted by the board of direc- tors of the Bank for International Set- tlements, ‘The employment of foreign advisers and officials is in conformity with the policy of the founder of the Chinese Nationalist party and with that of the present National government. It will not, we hope, be difficult for Chinese opinion to recognize that the actual situation and the complexity of the foreign interests, rights and influences in these provinces require special meas- ures in the interests of peace and good government. But it cannot be too strongly emphasized that the presence of the foreign advisers and officials ested, including those who here su | during Iglge period of the organization of the new regime must exercise ex- ceptionally wide powers, merely repre- sents a form of international co- operation. They must be selected in | a manner acceptable to the Chinese government and one which is consist- ent with the sovereignty of China. When appointed they must regard themselves as the servants of the gov- ernment employing them, as has al- ways been the case in the past with the foreigners employed in the customs and postal administration or with the technical organizations of the League that have collaborated with China. In this connection the following passage in the speech of Count Uchida in the Japanese Diet on August 23, 1932, is “Our own government., since the Meiji restoration, have employed many foreigners as advisers or as rcgular offi- cials; their number, for instance, in the year 1875 or thereabout excecded 560.” A Chinese Civil Service. The point must also be stressed that the appointment of a relatively large number of Japanese advisers in an atmosphere of Sino-Japanese co-opera- tion would enable such officials to con- tribute the training and knowledge specially suited to local conditions. The goal to be kept in view throughout the period of transition is the creation of a civil service composed entirely of Chinese, who will ultimately make the employment of foreigners unnecessary. 2. The Sino-Japanese treaty dealing with Japanese interests: Full discretion would, of course, be left to those who will negotiate the three suggested treaties between China and Japan, but it may be useful to in- dicate the matters with which it is suggested that they should deal. The treaty dealing with Japanese interests in the three eastern prov- inces and with some Japanese interests in the Province of Jehol would have to deal principally with certain economic rights of Japanese nationals and with railway questions, Aims of the treaty: The aims of this tregty should be: 1. The free participation of Japan in the economic development of Man- churia, which would not carry with it | of interest: |a right to control the country either economiczlly or politically. 2. The continuance in the Province of Jehal of such rights as Japan now enjoys there. 3. An extension to the whole of Man- churia of the right to settle and lease land, coupled with some modification of the principle of extraterritoriality. FOR SALE BY— DISTRICT HARDWARE & ELECTRIC CO., 2148 P St. NW. H. P. FISCEL, 423 8th St. SE. UMME! W. F. HI R & SON, 802-810 B St. NE. VIRGINIA HARDWARE CO., Rosslyn, Va. FARM SUPPLY COMPANY, Leonardtown, Md. H. MITCHELL HARDWARE C9, La Plata, Md. C. Z. POSEY, Indian Head, Md. LLIAM V. MILLER, Cheltenham, Md. MEREDITH LUMBER & SUPPLY CO., e BOWLING ' COMPANY, lughesville, Md, H 4. An agreement regarding the opera- tion of the railways. Japanese rights of settlement: Hitherto the rights of settlement of Japanese nationals have been confined to South Manchuria, though no definite boundary line between North and South Napohuria has ever been fixed, and to Jehol. These rights have been exer- cised under conditions which China found unacceptable, and this caused continued friction and conflicts. ra- territorial status as regards taxation and justice was claimed both for the Japanese and the Koreans, and in the case of the latter there were special stipulations which were ill-defined and the subject of disputes. From evidence given before the commission we have reason to believe that China would be willing to extend to the whole of Man- panied by extraterritorial status, the effect of which, it was claimed, would be to create a Japanese state in the heart of a Chinese tersitory. 1t is obvious that the right of settle- ment and extraterritoriality are closely associated. It is, however, equally clear until the administration of justice and finance had reached a very much higher Manchuris. Twe Means of Compremise, ‘Two methods of compromise have suggested themselves. One is that the existing rights of settlement, accom- panied by extraterritorial status, should be maintained and that such rights should be extended both to Japanese and Koreans in North Manchuria and Jehol without extraterritorial - status. The other is that the Japanese should be granted the right to settle anywhere in Manchuria and Jehol with extra- territorial status, and that the Koreans should have the same rights without extraterritorial status. Both proposals have some advantages to recommend them, and both have rather serious ob- jections. satisfactory soluticn of the problem is to make the administration of these prov- inces so effizient that extraterritorial status will no longer be desired. It is with this object that we recommend that at least two foreign advisers, one of whom should be of Japanese nation- ality, should be attached to the Supreme Court, and other advisers might with advantage be attached to other courts. The opinions of these advisers might be made public in all cases in which the courts were called upon to adjudicate on matters in which foreign nationals were involved. We also think that in the period of reorganization some for- eign supervision of the administration of finance is desirable, and, in dealing with the declaration, we have presented some suggestions to that effect. A further safeguard would be pro- vided by the establishment, under the treaty of conciliation, of an arbitration tribunal to deal with any complaints which the Chinese or Japanese govern- ments might bring in their own names or in those of their nationals. ‘The decision of this complicated and cult question must rest with the 1 [} ' churia the present limited right of set- | tlement, provided it was not accem- | that the Japanese would not consent to | abandon their extraterritorial status | standard than has hitherto prevailed in | It is obvious that the most | parties negotiating the treaty, but the present system of foreign protection, when applied to a minority group numerous as the Koreans, who are, moreover, increasing in number, and who live in such close touch with the Chinese population, is bound to pro- duce many occasions of irritation, lead- ing to local incidents and foreign inter- vention. In the interests of peace it is desirable that this fruitful source of | friction should be removed. Any extension of the rights of set- tlement in the case of Japanese would | apply on the same conditions to_the | nationals of all other powers which | enjoy the benefits of a “most favored | nation” clause, provided that those powers whose nationals enjoy extra- territorial rights enter into a similar treaty with Cbina. Railway Suggestions. Railways: As regards railways, it has been pointed out in chapter 3 that there has | been little or no co-operation in the past between the Chinese and Japa- nese railway builders snd authorities directed to achieving a comprehensive and muvtually beneficial reilway plan. Ii is obvious that if future friction is to be avoided, provisions must be made in the treaty at present under dis- cussion for bringing to an end the compctitive system of the past, and substituting a common understanding as regards freights and tariffs on the | various systews. The subject is dis- cussed in the special study number 1, | annexed to this report. . In the opinion | of the commission there are two pos- | sible solutions, which could be con- | sidered either as alternatives or as stages to one final solution. The first, which is the more limited in scopz, is a working agreement between the Chi- | nese and Japanese railway administra- | tions. which would facilitate their co- | operation. China and Japan might ‘W‘l’u to mf: their respective rail- | way systems Manchuria on the principle of co-operation, and a joint Sino-Japanese railway commission, with at least one foreign adviser, might exercise functions analogous 'to those | of boards which exist in some other countrics. A more thorough remedy would be provided by an amalgama- tion of the Chinese and Japanese rail- way interests. Such an amalgamation, | if it could be agreed upon, would be | the true mark of that Sino-Japanese | economic collaboration, to secure which | is one of the objects of this report. }thlz safeguarding the interests of | China, 1t would place at the disposal | of all’ the railways in Manchuria the berefit of the great technical experience of the South Manchuria Railway and could be evolved without difficulty from | the system which has been applied to | the raflways of Manchuria in the last few months. It might even pave the way in the future to some wider inter- a solution of the rallway question would make the South Manchuria Railway & purely commercial enterprise, and the security provided by the special corps of gendarmerie, when once this body was fully organized, would enable the railway guards to be withdrawn, thus saving' a considerable item of expense. If this is done, it would be wel that special land regulations and a special viously be instituted in the railway area in order to safeguard the vested inter- ests of the South Manchuria Railway and of Japanese-nationals. If a treaty on these lines could, be agreed upon, a legal basis for Japanese rights in the three eastern provinces and in Jehol would have been found which would be at least as beneficial to Japan as the present treaties and agree- ments, and one which would more acceptable to China. China might then find no difficulty in recognizing all the treaties and agreements as those of 1915, unless abrogated or modifted by the new treaty. All minor rights claim. | ed by Japan, the validity of which may be open to dispute, should be the sub- Ject of agreement. In case of disagree: ment, resort should be made to the pro- cedure outlined in the treaty of con- ciliation. Sino-Japanese Treaty. 3. The Sino-Japanese treaty of com- ciliation and arbitration, nm»ly‘ and mutual assistance: It is not nccessary to describe in any detail the subject matter of this treaty, of which there are many prece- dents and existing examples. Such a treaty would provide for a board of conciliation whose functions would be to assist in the solution of any difficulties as they arise between the goverments of China and Japan. It would also establish an arbitration tribunal composed of persons with ju- dicial experience and necessary knowledge of the Far East. This trib- unal would deal with any disputes be- | tween the Chinese and Japanese gov- | ernments regarding the interpretation of the declaration or of the new treaties, and with such other categories of disputes as might be specified in the Treaty of Conciliation. Finally, in conformity with the pro- | visions for non-aggression and mutual | assistance inserted in the treaty, the | contracting parties should agree that Manchuria should gradually become a | demilit would | ganization ~ of the had n effected any viol of the de- militarized territory by either of the | parties or by a third party would con- stitute an act of aggression entitling endarmerie | the other party, or both parties in_the | | case of a third party attack, to take | whatever measures deemed advisable to defend the demilitarized | territory. without prejudice to the right municipal administration should pre- | taking | definite grants made to Japan by such | be tarized area. With this object it | be provided that after the or- | 4. The ‘Sino-Japanese Commercial Treaty: ‘The Commercial Treaty would nat- urelly have as its object the establish- ment of conditions which would en- as possible the ex- change of goods beiween China and Japan, while saf treaty rights of ol treaty should also ding the existing r countries. Th against o nese _trade. ‘movements individual without _prejudice to rights of Chinese consumers. Comments Submitted. nts: suggestions and considera- tions regarding the objects of the pro- posed declaration and treaties are sub- mitted for the consideration of the Council of the League. Whatever may the details of future agreements, the essemtial paint is that negotiations should be begun as soon as possible and should be conducted in a spirit of mutual confidence. Our work is finished. Manchuria for a year past has been given over to strife and turmoil. The population of & large, fertile and Co ‘The al ditions of distress such as it has prob- ably never experienced before. ‘The relations between China and Japan are those of war in disguise and the future is full of anxiety. ‘We have reported the ciscumstances which have created these conditions. Every one is fully aware of the gravity of the yroblun which confronts the League of Nations and of the difficulties of the solution. At the moment of concluding our report we read in the press two state- ments by the foreign ministers of China and Japan, from each of which we would extract one point of the utmost im) ice. g‘:‘u‘ufl 28 Mr. Lo Wen-kan de- clared at Nanking: “China is confident that any reason- able proposal for the settlement of the present situation will necessarily be compatible with the letter and spirit of the Covenant of the League of Na- Nine-Power Treaty, China's sovereign power, and will also effectively secure a durable peace in the Far East.” ported to have declared at Tokio: “The government considers the ques- tion of Sino-Japanese relations as more important that the question of Man- churia and Mongolia.” We cannot close our report more appropriately than by reproducing here the thought undelying these two state- | ments, so exactly does it correspond | with the evidences we have collected with our own study of the problem. and consequently with our own convictions, national agreement which might in-|of the Council of the League to take |so confident are we that the policy clude the Chinese Eastern Railway. Though a fairly detailed description of such an amalgamation is to be found in the appendix as an example of the sort of thing that might be done, only direct negotiations between the parties | could evolve a detailed scheme. Such action under the covenant. 1f the government of the U. S. S. R. desired to participate in the non- aggression and mutual assistance sec- tion of such a treaty, the appropriate clauses could be embodied in a separate tripartite agreement. ! indicated by these declarations, if | promptly and effectively applied, could ‘nlu fail to lead to a satisfactory solu- tion of the Manchurian question in the | best interests of the two-great countries of the Far East and of humanity in | general. ] ACTI to Japanese rich country has been subjected to con- | tions and the Anti-war Pact and the | as well as with/| On August 30 Count Uchida is re- | ENDOF U.S. FLEET ON IS URGED Students Make “Appeal to D. C. “Mayor.” The District Commissioners today re- ceived a thumbnail sketch of the Man- churian situation, accompanied by & plea to halt the prospective fleet maneu- | vers in the Pacific, from a Japanese | schoolboy whose chaste diction would | put, Hashimuru Togo to shame. The new internationalist is Chikai Hojio, a | student at the Takasu School, Giju | Prefecture, Japan. His letter: “Estimable Mayor of Washington: “Pardon me, mayor, that I ask for your permission. According foreign telegrams, a general outcry arose against for Japanese troops at Man- chukuo, in America. At 1st thought it | must be strange. But please more un- derstand for Manchukuo, as President | Ruzevelt said, ‘for the eastern it is | necessity to watch, protect themselves.’ | our troops there are for the Asian peace and for the world peace. They have no ambition and so we are. When they heard the American's general out- cry were dreadfully cut up in these local. For the principle of equal op- portunity at Manchukuo, t hopes were entertain of America. Japan should be recognize the independence of Manchukuo for three million Manchu- | rians, for peace. And Manchukuo should | be confora the principle of equal op- | portunity for her economy. America is the country of the general outery, peace, tc0. Mayor! “Please lead (if America could) for general outery to stop a fleet maneuver on Pacific Ocean, put Japan for hy- posesis enemy. Because from the man down to boy are put into the animosity | each other. Please mayor lead the | American’s general outery rightfully. | “Yours sincerely, | “CHIKAI HOJIO.” Flower Show Tomorrow. HYATTSVILLE, Md., October 3 (Spe- cial).—The Hyattsville Horticultural So- clety's annual flower show will be held tomorrow and Wednesday evenings in Pinkney Memorial Parish Hall. It wil be cpen tomorr:w frcm 8 to 10 o'clock and_Wednesday_from 6 to 9 o'clock. 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