Evening Star Newspaper, July 24, 1932, Page 19

THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY 24, 1932—PART TWO. CHILDREN AND INFIRM HIT] BY NEW YORK MILK RACKETi Origin of Means of Adulterating Product With Water and Cocoanut Oil Is Laid to Former Health Employe. BY DENIS TILDEN LYNCH. INCE the Autumn of 1923, save for an occasional short respite, children in certain Jewish sec- tlons of New York City have been the principal victims of a most cruel conspiracy, the milk racket, invented by Thomas J. Clougher, then sccretary _of the Commissioner = of Health. The milk was skimmed of its cream or butterfat, water added, and coccanut oil and other fats substituted: end milk and cream from unapprovei dairies were sold in the city through the collusion of mercenary inspectors. Millions of dollars were made by these racketeers, and criminals in other cities followed their unholy example. A cable dispatch from Havana, Cuba, on April 5, 1931, described the whole- sale adulteration of milk in that city and the destruction of 50,000 quarts of the adulterated material. Several were arrested. Health Department officials s2id thyy feared that thousands of deaths among babies had been caused bv the racketeers. In Havana the vigilance of the health officials and the severity of the courts stopped the poisoning of babies almost at the outset; and in the few places outside New York where the racket flourishes, it is little more than a gang- sters’ agreement to promeit price cut- ting or other practices forbidden by their employers. Revived This Month For about 18 months the people of w York were permitted to forget the nilk racket. Then, on the eighth of this month, a newly organized group of milk_distribution, called the Central Dairy Dealers, Inc., of which Irving Akalow was elected president. an- nounced that they had banded together “in insist upon drastic action against persons dealing in diluted and bootleg milk.” No reason exists why the industry cannot be put on a reputable basis. The Health Department has unlimited powers in all matters aflecting the health of the people. Health Commis- sioner Shirley W. Wayne succeeded a man who frowned on all protective or- ganizations in milk and other food- Etufls. It was not until the early part of 1926 that the country learned of the exist- ence in New York City of a successful scheme to sell adulterated milk under oficial sanction. When Dr. Louis I. Harris, then Health Commissioner. caused the arrest of the slippes Harr Danziger, the czar of the racket, it was believed he was oniy the head of an- other trade organization using violence to maintain prices and enrich the rack- eicers. But when Harris tore the mask from Denziger. Clougher and their gang. the old town. case-hard- ened to iniquity. 0 And_ all echoed the name Dr s gave them ~baby poisoners Dr. Harris becan town over night out of office trying to in politicians who h racketeers Old Order Rcturned. With ti- resign the old crder re. then the rackeotecrs brazen that would make an would be more inves invariably, in the acq; cused. The most speciccvlar of these fairs occurred in tho Winter of 1931, when most of the members cf the Milk Chain Association, Inc.. were tried on a charge of violating ihe State anti- trust law. The head of this group was the politically powerful Larry Fay, night club owns T of our courts. whose _prot a Tammany district leade: a: oi 140 named in the indictment. And all went free. A few months later another crgani- zztien, of which 2l former aides as under in- idol of the ad prote But no one hes gone to jail for milk Tacketeering since Dr. Harris made him- self unpopular with the influential by trying to send the political masters of the racketeers to jail. The milk racket was developed to its peak of efficiency toward the end of 1924, One of its methods was significantly med the “death wagon." The death gon was used to force a rebellious r teiler to buy milk from the racketeering middlemen at (he arbitrary price fixed b~ the lords of the racket. The death wagon sold milk below cost to a rival o the rebellious retailer until he pleaded for mercy or was forced to the vall The death wagon did not work alone. 1 had allies in the “convincers.” Sev- e:al “convincers” would enter a store marked for destruction and drop souring p-llets into the cans of milk and cream After this the “convincers” would slug the shopkeeper. The adulteration of milk was not done with_the thought of poisoning babies In this respect the urders were o dcliberate. Yet William Milton Curtis, sometime judge of the Marine Court. wrote to Jacob Panken, then judge of the Municipal Court, who was demand- ing long prison terms for any person found guilty of adulterating milk, that his proposal was not in keeping with the crime. Another menace to health was in the illegal sale of cream from unapproved dairfes. This cream was bootlegged from Middle Western States, points too distant for inspection by the New York Health Department, or from nearby dairies whose sanitary conditions were below standard. Faid $1,000.000 Annually. According to Dr. Harris, at least $1.000,000 annually was paid by owners of these unapproved dairies to officials to permit the sale of the bootlegged cream in the city. Railroad _employes in the local freight vards were also in the racket Their job was to replace the tags on the cans of cream, disclosing the point o shipment, with tags indicating that the cream came from appr--cd dairies. The milk situation was a matter of investigation a year before Dr. Harris became health commissioner. John F. Hylan was mayor at the time. Charges were brought by Abraham L. Abraham- | son, president of the Hebrew Retail Grocers’ Association of Brownsville and East New Yok, the two largest ghet- trapped Danziger he found some of the prosecutors hostile. A notable excep- tion was John E. McGeehan, district attorney of the Bronx, later supreme court justice. At this juncture the Citizens' Union, through its chairman, | William J. Schieffelin, requested the cutors with a special assistant attorney general. There were many reasons why he should act. The daily disclosures by Dr. Harris revealed a city-wide con- spiracy. A grand jury in one of the five boroughs could not investigate | crimes committed In any of the ether four. Dr. Harris said that the sellers of aduiterated milk disposed of 1.200,000 | quarts dally, after paying graft to offi- clals charged with preventing the sale of impure milk, and that it was highly | probable that the untraceable typhoid cases in the city, being 60 per cent of | the whole, had their origin in watered | milk. Extraordinary Term Promised. This was said a fortnight before Schieffelin requested the Governor to order & city-wide investigation. The | request had scarcely reached the State | Capital when it was announced that | the Governor, Alfred E. Smith, would . | convoke an extraordinary term of the Supreme Court. This was on May 20, 1926. Three weeks went by and the Gov- | ernor did not convoke the extraordin- ary term of court. Then Clougher was | placed on trial. Danziger, who had |turned State's witness, gave most up- | usuat testimony concerning the division |of the graft he collected. Instead of | the_divisicn being on the customary 50-50 basis, he divided it 10 and 90, the larger share going to Clougher. Danziger testified he paid graft to scores of others, including Kautzman and Kehoe; and that Kehoe in turn paid tribute to Clougher. Kehoe. a henchman of Clougher, admitted that he had deposited $122.000 in two years in his own bank accounts. To the ordinary milk inspector, Danziger paid about $2,500 in graft annually. Four indictments were returned against Clougher: one in the Bronx, two in Manhattan and one in Queens. He was found guilty in the Bronx and hopes were high that he would confess to escape the maximum sentence of 20 years, 10 on each count. These hopes were in vain. Clougher also announced through ccunsel that he would not throw him- self on the mercy of the court. Clougher was observing _faithfully the cardinal tenet of the underworld in not squealing on his pals in the | racket which netted them $3,000,000 in two years, according to Dr. Harris. Promised Arrest on Release. After sentence of mot less than 5! vears and not more than 10 had been imposed, Ferdinand Pecora, first as- sistant district_attorney of New York County. said_Clougher would be a rested when he finished his term and | returned to New York County for trial | on another bribery indictment. On this and the other indictments pend- against him, Clougher faced a max- | m penalty of 30 years. ut Dr. Harris was not satisfied with postponing trial on any of the indictments against Clougher. He as- sailed the prosecutors for not pro- cceding with the other trials in order to force Clougher to confess and get the real heads of the racket behind the bars Dr. Harris recalled tha{ after Clougher had served his ‘“relatively short sentence he would leave prison a rich man.” The people were with the fighting health ‘commissioner; and in his ig- norance of the weird ways of political machines he thought that this sen- timent was shared by the local rulers of his party. In appointing him, Mayor ‘Walker told Dr. Harris to rout out the milk racket. This he was doing. but he found political forces arrayed against him. Aware of the situation, civic organi zati-ns grew more vociferous in thei demands that the Governor supersede the local prosecutors with the long- sought extraordinary term of the Su- preme Court And the city took up the cry that the Governcr act when they saw that Kautzman, Kehoe and Clougher had been sentenced t~ Sing Sing and the bigger fish were still at large. And the Fall came, and it being an even num- bered year—1926—there was a contest for the governorship and politicians of the opposition party began echoing publicly what civic organizations and newspapers had long been asking: Im- | pricon the man higher up! Every one conversant with the racket had infor- mation that Clougher had a high pro- tector. and that it was not his former superior in the Health Department. In the midst of the clamorous demands, George W. Olvany, successor to the late Charles F. Murphy as lexder of Tammany Hall, mace reply. And here is what Olvany said, word fcr word: “I made inquiries of my own when it was charged that some Tammany higher-up” was being protected in the milk inve-tigation, and I know that this is not true. If there is any man higher up—and I have no information that there is—the trail leads elsewhere than to Tammany Hall.” This was most astonishing, for had Olvany gcne to Dr. Harris he would have been given the name of a Tam- many district leader as the man whom he looked upon as Clougher’s imme- diate protector. Political Faux Pas. In striking at the unnamed —am- many district leader, Dr Harri- -ade a political faux pas of monu: . ntal proportions. No cne objected so long as he removed little fellows from office or sent them to jail. But he blundered in seeking to open a oell door for & district leader. The big thing is nct to send a dis- trict leader to jail. Once there was a Governor who did this. His name was William Sulzer. And Tammany re- moved him from office before he could send a gecond Tammany chieftain to prison. After many months Gov. Smith re- fused to call a special term of the Su- preme Ccurt. His refusal brought forth protests from Schieffelin, chair- man of the Citizens' Union, who had | been most persistent in demanding action. Now let us return to Clougher to re- call the uncontradicted testimony of Danziger at a John Doe hearing before Court Justice Arthur Governor to supercede the local prose- | toda: isarmament Issue and Trade Isolation of National Policies Can Do Nothing in Overcoming Business Restoration. LY VISCOUNT CECIL OF CHELWOOD. RADE is the life blood of the nations. Stop the circulation of and money in the in- ternational body, and in each { member slow death sets in. That is precisely what is happening y. Those of us who preach in season and out of season the cause Of CO- operation between nations and the cutting down of armaments for the common good are often dismissed as idealists out of touch with the realities of life. Are we? Let us see. Between February, 1931, and Feb- ruary, 1932—things are even worse now —the total volume of international commerce shrank by about 50 per cent. In one year the edifice of world trade, laboriously built up by & century of industrial development, cracked from |¢0P to bottom and half of it fell to the 1 ground. Within the last year the num- ber of those who are without any em- ployment has risen to 25,000,000. Mean- while the annual expenditure of the nations upon military armaments is | now estimated at over £900,000.000. In Germany one in four of the popu- lation of the capital is out of work. Practically no transactions in foreign exchange are permitted. Germany can leave thelr country only after paying | {what most of them cannot afford. Salaries, wages and rents have been arbitrarily reduced again and again; | taxes have been doubled; unemploy- | ment allowances have been cut to the | bone. And between the battling mal- contents—Nazis and Communists—the government strives to maintain order and prevent the bankruptcy of the Reich by a system of decrees whose severity is distinguishable only in de- gree from that of the Russian dictator- ship. European Farmers Ruined. The farmer of Exstern and Central | Europe is ruined. Hungary, Greece and | Bulgaria cannot pay the interest on | the loans which they contracted under the auspices of the League of Nations | { because of their inability to buy the foreign currency in which to pay them. | In the United States an army of un- | employed veterans has descended upon Washington, and behind them lurk 8 or 10 millions of unemploved without the | same appeal to patriotic sentiment to | help them, and Congress has had to| struggle with an unprecedented deficit | in the Federal budget France, more self-supporting than other countries, has seen both her im- ports and exports fall by 51 per cent Within the last two vears. To take | only one industry, the textile industry, ‘ upon which the prosperity of the North | depends, the value of its exports has | shrunk in three years from 12,600 mil- | lion francs to less than 6,000 million francs, while 20 per cent of the 500.000 { or more workers who derive their liveli- ! hood from the looms have become un- | employed. | 1" The cotton industry of Great Britain. though somewhat relieved in the last year owing to the British abandonment of the gold standard, still had 27 per cent of its operatives unemployed at the beginning of this vear, as against {about 12 per cent three vears ago. British exports of coal in 1931 were 12.000 tons less than in 1930. | “Germany's exports are 49 per cent below those of 1930; her imports are down by 66 per cent. The exports of the United States have dropped 63 per cent and her imports 58 per cent. Spain, Poland, Rumania and Canada. Ito quote only chance examples, are all | buying from various countries between 60 and 70 per cent less than they did two vears ago. Three-quarters of the | whole of the export trade of Spain and l | | Hungary have disappeared. League Experts’ Figure. | These facts are no mere estimates; the figures quoted are those officially | adopted the other day by the Economic | Committee of the League of Nations— |a body of experts, most of whom hold | high positions in their own countries. E"nge salient fact is that unlike previous | economic depressions the evil is world- Wide and can be effectually dealt with only by world-wide remedies. Yet the governments of the countries | concerned have wholly failed to realize this truth; they do not seem to ap- preciate that their object should be not to promote the power of competition | between one country and another, but to increase the total volume of world trade. The difficulties in each country are so great that governments are | driven to adopt immediate palliatives, however bad their ultimate effect, as the drunkard hopes by more alcohol to | obliterate the consequences of past ex- | cess. As the members of the Economic | Committee themselves confess: “Day after day they themselves are led by the pressure of circumstances to apply those very measures which. when met together at Geneva today. they find to have such small advantages and such serious drawbacks.” These measures may be summed up as the principle of “sauve qui peut.” Every | government, faced with the imminence | of an unfavorable trade balance, and, feeling that it could wait no longer for | international action to save it, has| | rushed up the barricades against goods from abroad and has imposed restric- tion after restriction upon the move-l ment of money. In the last few monthe lone, 16 countries. including my own, | have added to their import duties or | raised their tariffs. Austria, Bulgaria, | Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Ger- many, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Ru- mania, Norway and Turkey have all made it impossible for their citizens to deal in foreign exchange without gov- ernment permission. The object of each government has been to stop the fall in value of its own currency and the con- sequent confusion of the national finances, already hit by wholesale with- drawals of money by foreign creditors. Other expedients have been tried. The abandonment of the gold standard, in the case of Great Britain and 10 other countries, has given a temporary advan- tage to some of their export trades; but this has immediately led to retaliation by neighboring countries. 1If all the forms of economic warfare, that which has certainly caused the most damage is the quota system, by which only a fixed amount of any particular type of goods may be imported into a coun- try. Germany, Spain, France and Italy are among the many countries which have had recourse to this system. Never before has our modern world had so terrible an object lesson of the futility of trying to remedy the eco- nomic evils which affect the whole world | o~ i —Drawn for The Sunday Star by Joseph Simont FOR MANY NATIONS ARMAMENTS ARE ALMOST AN INTOLERABLE BURDEN, sult of these expedients, reminiscent of the life of the jungle, is what the Pinance Committee of the League calls “the strangulation of international trade.” What, then, is the remedy? In my own country, as elsewhere, there is a great cry for economy 50 as to lessen the burden of taxation on industry. As far as that implies elimination of waste. it is all to the good; beyond that point the remedy is of more doubtful value. Diminution of public expenditure by it- self will do little or nothing to restore the circulation of world trade. The remedy must be threefold. The King of the Belgians, the British Prime Minister and President Hoover have combined within recent weeks to pre- scribe it. King Albert. in a message to his Prime Minister at the Lausanne Conference, put forward a vigorous plea for cutting down the barriers to inter- national trade which have been created by tariffs, customs duties and restric- tion upon imports and exports. The first thing that a good doctor does, having found that some particular treatment is a failure, is to abandon it; and the isolated protectionist system has proved to be a most desperate fail- ure as a means of restoring health either to any one nation or the world as a whole. The proposal that there should be a customs agreement between Belgium, Holland and the Scandinavian countries is an encouraging step in the right direction. Mr. Ramsay MacDonald has pre- scribed the second part of the remedy. It is to wipe the slate clean of all the inter-governmental debts arising from the World War. That is essential, not only because some of the debtor coun- tries are unable to find the necessary money, but also because no scheme has vet been devised to work these huge, annual unilateral payments into the general system of supply, demand end exchange which makes up the com- merce of the world. There is no way in which they can be looked upon as anything but burdens, disadvantages or impediments in the general task of economic recovery. Reparations and war debts, clogged, as they ares with hatreds, should be thrown overboard. The accord reached at the Lausanne this directicn. these drastic economic or financial | remedies would succeed without the for five months has been struggling to | find, and which President Hoover pre- scribed in_so vigorous a fashion off June 22. Reduction of armaments, he said, “would be the most important step to be taken to expedite economic recovery. We must make headway against the fear and friction arising out of armaments, throughout the world."” | It is not only or mainly that for many nations armaments have become an almost intoleraBle financial burden. It is that the maintenance and devel- opment of rival military preparations jon such a scale wither the faith of mankind in all peace pacts, covenants and treaties; it is that the flagrant in- equality in status between victor and vanquished keeps alive the mistrust | and hatred of the war period: it is, in short, that the volume and distribution of the world’s armaments today are | both the cause and the symptom of the lack of confidence and good will be- tween nations. Till these are restored no economic recovery is possible. For the crisis is first and last a crisis of confidence. Suspicion of one nation's motives by another, fanned by that evil genius of democracy, the nationalist | newspaper, too often subsidized by | armament firms—it is this that makes people afraid of investing their money abroad, which makes crecitors want to recall their loans, and which paralyzes | the whole operation of international credit. Without success at Geneva the set- tlement at Lausanne cannot be lasting: the “strangulation of international trade” cannot be stopped: and there is no chance, either, of persuading the Americans to dispense with the debt- payments of European nations. or. what is far more important, to show would pay them and us to wipe the ! slate clean. Hugenberg Puts Great Publicity Power |Of Nationalist Party (Continued From First Page.) sleged central powers. But, although he was never accused of slackness or want of zeal, he still found time, this industrious and secretive man. for Do litical and propaganda activities on an increasingly large scale For Hugenberg had become acutely aware of the part that propaganda plays in the political life ol modern states He now began constructing a_propa- ganda apparatus which may be con- sidered the beginning of the Hugen- berg-Konzern, the great press trust he controls today. He had a pan-German | and annexationist program to put over with the German people. He acquired the Scheri-Verlag, the big newspaper and magazine publishing concern, and founded the Ala and the Vera, organizations to control news- papers. Having got a hand and foot in, he felt the pull of his new activities strongly. There lay his real bent. He hed been a bureaucrat, a banker. a big incustrialist. He had about ex- hausted all the possibilities in their fields. The Winter of 1917 passed. Now he made a new switch, the biggest of his life_until then. He resigned his job at Krupps. He had decided. he said. to devote himself henceforward to political tasks. Goes Into New Ventures. He was up to his scalp in new enter- prises. His organizing experience, his financial affiliations, his Prussian state archy of heavy industry stood him in good stead in the new times that had come to Germany. He might have been expected to join the New People’s party, formed around the brewer’s son, Strese- mann, and financed by big business in German Election | with Stinnes in the van. He and Stresemann had both been members of the National Liberal party and of the Alldeutscher Verband. But he always betrayed a strong dislike for Strese- mann, whom he once called “the mis- fortune of the German middle class.” Perhaps the Prussian state official of unimposing exterior was not at ease among the rude, robust new men of the new party. However that may be. he offered himself to the Deutsch- nationale. This extremely conservative group warmly welcomed the former chief of Krupps, a man of family, wealth, influence and, above all, news- paper power. As a member of the die- hard party Hugenberg was elected to the Weimar Assembly and subsequently into the Reichstag. Once in the German Parliament Hu- genberg resembled a conspirator who had slipped into the fortress for sap- ping and mining operations, rather than a challenger who bellows his de- fiances from the battlements. Gets Control of Papers. In the inner circle of politics it was well known who was at the back of the anti-Stresemann press campaign, but it was not generally known just how wide and deep the Hugenberg ramifications went until 1927, when he revealed him- self as the founder of a secret press | organization and the real owner of the | newspaper trust which now is known as | the Hugenberg-Konzern. | The most important paper of the | connections and his place in the hier- |group is the Berliner Lokalanzeiger, | acquired by Hugenberg in 1916 as a | medium for his_annexationist propa- | ganda. This is the only paper to which | the press lord himself occasionally con- | tributes. Then there are Der Tag: the evening paper, Berliner Illustrierte A DOLLAR A WORD BY BRUCE BARTON. YOUNG man who graduated from college in June asks me how he can develop an effective English style. I make two suggestions. First, beware of adjectives, that adjectives are “like leaves on a switch; the look pretty, as a branch, but they prevent it st when you use it.” He added an anecdote about his father, pointed at a public meeting to draw up a resolution. “It is wrong.” was_once af He had written one sentence: Henry Ward Beecher remarked may make it king tinglingly Lyman Beecher, who Some one in the meeting got up and moved, in his enthusiasm, that this be cor- rected and that the sentence read: “It is exceedingly wrong.” Ly! writin; man Beecher answered in his mild way: ‘'When I was | Nachtausgabe; the weekly, Der Mon- tag; sundry magazines and a whole chatn of provincial newspapers fed with | material frem the central syndicate of Wipro, founded in 1922. There are also the Telegraphen-Union, one of the lead- ing German news agencies, and some other similar enterprises, not forgetting the film business of UFA, the biggest in Germany, and a news reel organization. Hugenberg lately has been more suc- cessful as a publicist than as a politi- cian. He is neither popular nor ms: nela{‘f——nol the stuff of which leaders are made. Tried to Form Alliance. Last December he tried to rally all the Nationalist_forces to unseat Chancellor Bruening. He got himself. Hitler, Seldte of the Steel Helmets and some other leaders on a_common platform at Bad Harzburg. But the same day Hitler slighted Hugenberg by intimating that he was only playing politics with him; and when, subsequently, the Nazis be- gan to bargain with the Bruening crowd for a Bruening-Hitler ministry, Hugen- berg was not even brought into the pic- ture. It was not surprising. after that. to find him_running his own candidate, Col. von Dusterberg, for the Presidency. instead of making common cause with Hitler against Hindenburg. Today he is in the midst of another battle. " This time he is fighting for a majority in the new Reichstag_which is to be elected next Sunday. The re- cent Lausanne reparations accord has given the Nationalists a new fighting point—and Hugenberg's papers have hinted that shouid his forces come into control they may repudiate the agree- ment accepted by the government of Chancellor Franz von Papen. He is not the sort of man who in- spires pity. and yet there is something almost pathetic in his unswerving faith | in his creed and in his fixed hope of | becoming one day Chancellor of a Ger- | man Reich either converted to his views | or having his views forced upon it. Weaker Sex Protest Brings School Strike JOHANNESBURG, South Africa. — Middelburg, a pretty little town in the Transvaal, has been the scene of one of the most spectacular school strikes in the history of Soutl Africa. It was all because the local school board had a silly, old-fashioned idea that girls belong to the weaker sex. When ar- ranging the annual interschool sports for the district they stipulated that the longest race for girls should be 120 yards. The girls at the local high school. naturally, were indignant at this re- | they marched down to the track in a | body and started to run. Some dropped | out after the first quarter of a mile had been completed, but not many. Others fell out after a mile, but fully a score were made of sterner stuff. the end of three miles there were still 11 girls in the race and, at last, thoroughly alarmed lest their charges suffer some recriminations and the memory of past ' reparations conference was a step in | But I am convinced that neither of | major political remedy which Geneva | which kill confidence | flection on their athletic prowess. so | BY GASTON NERVAL. N intellectual ambassador of go-d will from Latin America was in A Many distinguished | come every year from Europe, par- I ticularly so since the World War ended the isolationist myth of the United Stctes. But the presence here of an "the Latin American intelligentsia still | is news. Not because their kind may be scarce on the other side of the Rio Grande. Quite the contrary. But until a few years zgo the United States was n-t the usual destination of Latin American in- | tellectuals. Either because it is only |Tecently that the cultural aspects of i pan-Americanism have been brought to light or beczuse their traditions end their ties of origin directed them more to Europe, Latin Americans wh> were | concerned with the things of the mind, !and sought larger horizons, usually | crossed the ocean and settled in the old, ! historic centers of continental Latin culture. The last few years, however. have witnessed a change. Although there is t much to be desired in this respect, enlightened citizens of the United States | —college professors, writers, artists, { journalists—have lately tcured frcm time to time the Latin American re- publics. Some of them have remained | there. Until then, the type of American | visitr to which Latin Americans were accustomed was the traveling com- mercial agent or the business promoter | The presence of intellectual leaders | from the “great Northern nation,” thera- fore. awoke the Latin Americans to the possibilities cf cultural inter-American | relationships. Leoking to U. S. Now. Encouraged by this departure from the purely materialistic attitude of yestercay, Latin American intellectuals, in turn, began to look to the North They began to think of the United States not only as an economic em- porium or a financial market, as there- | tofore, but also as a cultural center in | which the seed of inter-Amercian in- | tellectual understanding could bear fruit Dr. Victor Andres Belaunde. of Peru. who was here last week lecturing in George Washington University, is one of those Latin Americzns who have had | the vision of the new pan-Americanism | Indeed, he is one of the pioneers of this movement of cultural interchange Detween the two races of the New World For the last 12 years he has lectured in | various universities of this country on the history, civilization, social and poli- | tical problems and the economics of Latin America. He is at present head of the Latin American department of the University of Miami. Just before | coming to Washington to lecture on the rative background of Latin America, ke | took a leading part in the discussion of | radical tendencies in Latin America, at | the Institute of Public Affairs of the University of Virginia the first week of { July Dr. Belaunde is certainly the Latin- American professor with the most d. tinguished record in American unive: sities. But the significance of his pres- {ence here derives not only from his | record in the educational field. Dr. Belaunde is one of the outstanding | leaders of Latin-American thought to- !day. and his reputation. both as a scholar and as a statesman, has long | transcended the boundaries of his own coyntry. Member of Parliament. | Victor Andres Belaunde is a graduate |of the University of San Marcos of ! Lima, from which he received his doc- ! tor's degree. He is a member of the Peruvian Parliament, where his ora- | torical ability and political record have {won him a place of leadership. Three wezks after his address to the members yof the George i ity { seminar on Latin America. he will tal | his seat again at the Peruvian Congress, when it opens for its annual session in Lima next Sunday ‘The Royal Acade of Spain and the | Academy of History of Madrid have | made Dr. Belaunde their correspondent ! member in Peru. He is also a reputed | author and journalist, having published |a rumber of books on international | affairs. the last of which, “La Realidad Nacional,” ijs commanding wide atten- tion throughout Latin America. He is_editor of Mercurio Peruano, an in- | tellectual periodical which he founded lin Lima. As if all this were not suffi- | cient to take up his time, he also lec- j tures at the University of San Marc | his permanence in S America git- | ing him an opportunity to bring back each vear new information on current | events for his courses in the United States Before coming to this country, Dr | Belaunde figured prominently in th> diplomatic service of Peru. He was | charge d'affaires ard Minister Plenipo- tentiary in Bolivia and Uruguay. Later |on, his defense of individual iiberties violated by the Leguia dictatorship caused his exile from Peru. When the 11-year regime of Leguia was over- | thrown, two years ago, Dr. Belaunde's name was mentioned for the presi- dency of Peru I had met Dr. Belaunde in one of his previous visits to Washington. This time I interviewed him at the Legation of Ecuador, where he was the guest of another “ace” of Latin-American belles-lettres, Don Gonzalo Zaldumbide, today representing his country before the White House. Discuss Current Problems. We talked of current inter-American problems; of the political changes which have upset Latin America with such frequency during the last few years; of the economic factors which precipitated the revolutionary wave; of the radical tendencies now menacing the stability of some of the Southern governments. Dr. Belaunde had just delivered an address before the Char- lottesville Institute of Public Affairs tracing the appearance of radicalism in Latin America, and praising the Southern nations for their constant struggle against it, from the very be- ginnings of their independent life. We talked of the obsoletepess of the Mcnroe Doctrine; of the new Latin- American policy of the State Depart- ment, more respectful of the sovereign- ty of independent small republics; of the reversal to the Jeffersonian theory of recognition of revolutionary govern- ments, announced last_year by Secr Internationally known representative of | 3 [ENYOY OF GULTURE MARKS NEW PAN-AMERICAN TREND Lectures of Dr. Belaunde at G. W. U. In- dicate Significant Change Toward New Intellectual Relationship. | American movement, he says, these | three basic factors should be consid- |ered jointly. If any one of them is neglected, the efforts of the other two The first two factors alone, Dr. Belaunde points out, have so far been attended to. the second one only re- cently. But the third element, the ethical, has usually been disregarded. And he gives some examples. Inter- | vention by the United States in the Caribbean region is in conflict with | this ethical element. because it destroys the sovereignty and self-respect of | small but independent states. The old conception of the Monroe Doctrine as giving the United States the protec- | torate of the Latin American repub- lics—which is stil the interpretation |of some politicians of the “big-stick” type—is in conflict with it, because it destroys the sense of equality which is the moral foundation of all interna- tional relations. The policy of aligning the countries of the Western Hem- isphere in a united front against Europe—another misrepresentation of the Pan-American ideal—is in conflict | with it, because the final task of any continental understanding should be the good of all mankind, not the pros- perity of one group in detriment to an- other. It is because all these things are in conflict with the ethics of Pan-Ameri- canism, Dr. Belaunde concludes, that they have been in the past. and still are, the greatest barriers to the success of a true inter-American accord. Only when the ethical considerations have been taken into account, just as fully as the material or the cultural elements, will the spirit of harmony and co-operation which Pan-American- ism pursues be possible. And the only way to bring about & realization of the ethical issues of Pan- Americanism is to acquaint the states- men of this country and the people of the United States with the Latin American point of view, so that they ‘be able to recognize when the principles or the rights of the Latin nations are being hindered. Knows Value of Work. Dr. Bolaunde knows that only by a con Cissemination of the Latin American side of the questions in- volved, and a frank exchange of views, can we arrive at any satisfactory re- sults. So he has undertaken to estab- Lish a Pan-American Institute which may serve as a permanent clearing house for the discussion of inter-Ameri- can problems and the better apprecia- tion of Latin American culture and politics in the United States. Beginning next Winter. this institute, sponsored by the University of Miam will function every year from January 2 to March 25, under the direction of Prof. Belaunde and with the collabora- tion of experts on Pan-American affairs from both sides of the Rio Grande. The institute, as Dr. Belaunde points out, will afford an opportunity not only to all those interested in the trend of inter-American affairs, and to the stu- dents of the University of Miami, but also to the Winter visitors of that popu- lar resort to acquire special preparation in_the Pan-American field The program of the institute will in- clude, in the historical section, an ac- count of the early civilization, the story of the conquest, the Spanish settlement the development of colonial life, the war of independence and the republi- can period of Latin American history. Under the heading of “Latin American Culture,” it will discuss the native back- ground and geographical environment, economic and socia! conditions, develop- ment of literature, art, philosophy, re- ligion and government in the colonial period and in the modern republics of Latin America Another part of the institute will be devoted to the study of diplomatic re- lations among the Latin American countries and between them and the Tnited States and Europe. Plans Broad Program. “Latin American Problems,” anothe: department. will offer a presentati of the political, soctal and internatio questions of Mexico, the Caribbean countries and South America. This course and another one on comparative political institutions, will be conducted in seminar form. A broad program. as may be seen but one capable of realization if one considers the man who has conceived it and is going to carry it out. A man who has the unique opportunity of be- ing connected with the political and pedagogical life of Latin America, while his 12 years of assiduous work in American_universities have also given him a clear understanding of the United States and an appreciation of Uncle Sam's points of view Copyricht. 1032, Washington a_few days ago. | professors, | "5, doomed. | authors and leaders of thought | Kemal Orders History Of Turkey Rewritten ISTANBUL, Turkey. — Among the things that Gazi Mustapha Kemal Pasha, the Turkish dictator, is nation- alizing are Turkey's own history, lan- guage and culture—a formidable task that is already producing uniquely in- teresting results. The gazi decided, for instance, that the usual conception of Turkish history is all wreng. He appointed professors to trace out the first origins of the Turks and lo! they have reported that the Turks are not merely Turks, but | something far beyond. | The Turks, according to this theory. are much older than Islam: they simply adopted Islam when it came along. The | Turks invented, among other things. | the use of metals. When they left Cen- tral Asia to invade the west they founded. among others, these civiliza- | tions: Sumerian, Hittite, Lydian, Phry- | gian, Cretan, Etruscan, Iberian and Celt. Ttaly, Greece. Spain and much of France and Great Britain are. in other words, really founded on a substratum | that is Turkish! This is cultural na- | tionalism with a vengeance. But Kemal Pasha takes it quite | seriously and has appointed a_commit- | tee to write a four-volume “History of | the World"—perhaps the single most | amazing of all his reforms—to illustrate his thesis. The work will be compulsory | as a_ textbook in all Turkish public schools. out this resolution in its original shape that is the way I wrote ft, but to make it stronger, I took out the word ‘exceedingly.’” Second, be simple and be brief. S upreme permanent injury, the teachers rushed the track and stopped the race. Just when they were congratulating toes in Brooklyn, and other Jewish (Copyright. 1932.) tradesmen, that Danziger was director 1 tary Stimson; of the Bolivarian proj- | ects for an “anfictionic” league in the | Western hemisphere. Dr. Belaunde is | | Tompkins. Danziger said that in 1955 | by Isolated national action. The net re- | Kautzman and Clougher asked him to of a group of Jewish wholesalers call- | ing themselves the Metropolitan Milk Dealers’ Association in a scheme to con- trol the sale and price of milk. Hylan sent the charges to David Hirschfield, commissioner of accounts, who traced the sources of the corruption to Clough- er, secretary to Dr. Frank J. Monaghan, then commissioner of health. had a primary contest on his hands and the milk racket was temporarily forgotten. The victor in this primary was James J. Walker. When he became mayor on January 1, pointments was Dr. Harris. Before Dr. Harris was three months in his new job he trapped Danziger, described in the Hirschficld investigation as the “kingpin” of the racket, and wrung a confession from him. Several were in- dicted, including William H. Kehoe, formerly a deputy assistant corpora- tion counsel atiached to the health department, _surnamed the attorney general of the milk racket: Fred W. Kautzman, superintendent of the milk inspectors of the health department, and Clougher, known to his fellow rocketeers as boss of the health de- pertment. Wibia » month Wi Br. Hemis o 1926, one of his first ap- | organize the milk racket, and he testi- fied it had two objects—to prevent pros- ecutions by bribing Health Department | inspectors” and to maintain a high | price for milk. Let us remember also that Dr. Harris, i urging the trial of Clougher on all dictments to force him to bare the | whole corrupt , had said | Clougher would leave Sing Sing a rich |man after serving his relatively short | sentence. | But Dr. Harris never imagined that 2ny Governor would dare to give a con- ditional pardon to Clougher and shorten his term of imprisonment. Yet this happened. Alfred E. Smith was | not the Governor. The clement execu- |tive who pardoned the originator of the milk racket was Gov. Franklin D. | Roosevelt. Clougher was among this ‘Rocsevelt's first batch of pardons; and he walked out of Sing 8ing a rich man after serving a little more than two years of a sentence of not less than five and not more than 10 years. And Pranklin D. Roosevelt's words of ex- lanation for this singular pardon fol- ow in full: “Thomas J. Clougher, Bronx County: sechion 1626 of, vioigtion Qf the genal law and bribery; sentenced June 19, 1926, to five to ten years; based [the conditional pardon] in part on the very excellent recommendations which have ccme to me, but more especially on the inequality of sentence as compared with another prisoner convicted under sub- stantially the same circumstances, whose term expires this month.” There is suppression of truth in his explanation of his action, for this Roosevelt neglected to mention that Clougher invented the racket; nor did he indicate the circumstances under which Clougher was convicted of sec- tion 1826 of the penal law. Nor did he reveal who made the “excellent recom- mendations” on which he pardoned the racketeer. One wonders if any of the “excellent recommendations” came from the sick and infirm in the city's hospitals or from the in the tenement houses in the Ghettoes of the metropolis who survived the adulterated milk upon which they fed. One also wonders why Clougher was not - re-arrested on the. other indict- ments and tried on them. Waa it because he did not amussl2 An important business executive in New York had his first training as a young lawyer in the office where Dwight Morrow was a partner. Morrow was interested in an armory association in his home town of Englewood, N. J. He asked the youngster to draw up a constitution_and by-laws for the association. The lad took the assignment seriously. He sent for the constitutions of all similar associations, adopted all their principal rovisions, and added a lot of new ones of his own. en he ad finished he handed Mr. Morrow a document of about 50 pages. Without even looking at it, Morrow handed it back. “I don’t want to read this just yet,” he said. “I want you first to rewrite it. Ard in rewriting it, proceed on this basis—assume that every word you use is costin, Aytew days later tg e and a half. of nt»Poargrow's formula is one that tion in these present days. We suffer from an over-produci words. of one dollar from your pay.” you, personally, one dollar.” e young man came back with a document ica- could well be given wide a{l = lon o How would it be to pay Congressmen $25,000 a Jear instead of $10,000, and say: “Every word you speak will mean e deduction How about setting a 20-minute limit for sermons, and a 15- minute limit for after-dinner speeches, and sending a bill at a dollar a word to the speakers who run over the time limit? Since we must cg:flger every possible new source of taxation, how about a tax on | express themselves that they had ended “this mad business,” however, they discovered that the 11 girls were engaged in a race back to the school house fully a mile away. The upshot of the affair was that quarter, half and mile races were included for girls in the annual sports. (Copyright, 1932.) Austria Burning Wood To Cut Coal Imports VIENNA.—In an effort to reduce the quantity of coal imported the ministry of agriculture is urging the use of wood as fuel. The country has plenty of timber and it is calculated that it can be sold here 50 per cent cheaper than coal if bought in large quantities. To set the example the ministry of agriculture has a roaring log fire in every room and central heating is be- ing dispensed with. It is proposed also to use wood-burning locomotives on o craboa. Y ke among the foremost authorities on the life and character of Simon Bolivar, + the George Washington of South Amer- ica. He is at present completing a voluminous work on “the Liberator,” which will describe the tragedy of | Bolivar’s political career from an en- urgty new angle. which I heard from Dr. Belaunde, nont impressed me more than his conception of Pan-Americanism. It is, I believe, the most complete one and the fairest I have yet listened to. He represents the Pan-American scheme as an ideal !triangle, with these three bases: Civil- ization, culture and ethics. By civ- ilization he means all the material ele- ments that make up communications, trade, economic links, physical con- tacts. Culture, of coufse, embraces the intellectual relationships, educa- tion, commerce of the things of the mind, _spiritual understanding. And “ethics™. ds for a sense of morals, justice and fair play which should govern all civilized states, no matter how big, in their relations with other states of the international community. Io lnaws e success ol lhis all the many interesting things | 2ap:=1 Man Without Country Faces Life in Jail PARIS.—Charles Piccinelli is not a criminal, yet he is likely to pass his | life in jail. He is 29 years old. | Piccinelli was born in Alsace of Ital- ian parents before 1918 and conse- | quently is held by the French to be either German or Italian. Recently he | found his way to France—he refuses to indicate whence he came—and sought work on the Riviera. As he did not a Labor Department per- mit he was ordered to leave the coun- try. As he did not comply he was sent | to_jail for three months. The man explained to the court that Germany refuses to accept him as a German citizen and Italy as an Italian subject. In these conditions, if he re- mains in France after his sen- tence he will have to go to prison again. If he goes to any other country he will be deported, as he cannot ob- tain & passport. . onmzishis M4 -t